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Code of Federal Regulations (Last Updated: April 5, 2024) |
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Title 14 - Aeronautics and Space |
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Chapter I - Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation |
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SubChapter C - Aircraft |
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Part 23 - Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes |
| § 23.1457 - Cockpit voice recorders. |
| § 23.1459 - Flight data recorders. |
| § 23.1529 - Instructions for continued airworthiness. |
| Subpart A - General |
| § 23.1 - Applicability. |
| § 23.2 - Special retroactive requirements. |
| § 23.3 - Airplane categories. |
| § 23.2000 - Applicability and definitions. |
| § 23.2005 - Certification of normal category airplanes. |
| § 23.2010 - Accepted means of compliance. |
| Subpart B - Flight |
| Ground and Water Handling Characteristics |
| § 23.231 - Longitudinal stability and control. |
| § 23.233 - Directional stability and control. |
| § 23.235 - Operation on unpaved surfaces. |
| § 23.237 - Operation on water. |
| § 23.239 - Spray characteristics. |
| Spinning |
| § 23.221 - Spinning. |
| Controllability and Maneuverability |
| § 23.143 - General. |
| § 23.145 - Longitudinal control. |
| § 23.147 - Directional and lateral control. |
| § 23.149 - Minimum control speed. |
| § 23.151 - Acrobatic maneuvers. |
| § 23.153 - Control during landings. |
| § 23.155 - Elevator control force in maneuvers. |
| § 23.157 - Rate of roll. |
| Trim |
| § 23.161 - Trim. |
| Performance |
| § 23.45 - General. |
| § 23.49 - Stalling speed. |
| § 23.51 - Takeoff speeds. |
| § 23.53 - Takeoff performance. |
| § 23.55 - Accelerate-stop distance. |
| § 23.57 - Takeoff path. |
| § 23.59 - Takeoff distance and takeoff run. |
| § 23.61 - Takeoff flight path. |
| § 23.63 - Climb: General. |
| § 23.65 - Climb: All engines operating. |
| § 23.66 - Takeoff climb: One-engine inoperative. |
| § 23.67 - Climb: One engine inoperative. |
| § 23.69 - Enroute climb/descent. |
| § 23.71 - Glide: Single-engine airplanes. |
| § 23.73 - Reference landing approach speed. |
| § 23.75 - Landing distance. |
| § 23.77 - Balked landing. |
| § 23.2100 - Weight and center of gravity. |
| § 23.2105 - Performance data. |
| § 23.2110 - Stall speed. |
| § 23.2115 - Takeoff performance. |
| § 23.2120 - Climb requirements. |
| § 23.2125 - Climb information. |
| § 23.2130 - Landing. |
| Flight Characteristics |
| § 23.141 - General. |
| § 23.2135 - Controllability. |
| § 23.2140 - Trim. |
| § 23.2145 - Stability. |
| § 23.2150 - Stall characteristics, stall warning, and spins. |
| § 23.2155 - Ground and water handling characteristics. |
| § 23.2160 - Vibration, buffeting, and high-speed characteristics. |
| § 23.2165 - Performance and flight characteristics requirements for flight in icing conditions. |
| General |
| § 23.21 - Proof of compliance. |
| § 23.23 - Load distribution limits. |
| § 23.25 - Weight limits. |
| § 23.29 - Empty weight and corresponding center of gravity. |
| § 23.31 - Removable ballast. |
| § 23.33 - Propeller speed and pitch limits. |
| Miscellaneous Flight Requirements |
| § 23.251 - Vibration and buffeting. |
| § 23.253 - High speed characteristics. |
| § 23.255 - Out of trim characteristics. |
| Stalls |
| § 23.201 - Wings level stall. |
| § 23.203 - Turning flight and accelerated turning stalls. |
| § 23.207 - Stall warning. |
| Stability |
| § 23.171 - General. |
| § 23.173 - Static longitudinal stability. |
| § 23.175 - Demonstration of static longitudinal stability. |
| § 23.177 - Static directional and lateral stability. |
| § 23.181 - Dynamic stability. |
| Subpart C - Structures |
| § 23.2200 - Structural design envelope. |
| § 23.2205 - Interaction of systems and structures. |
| Fatigue Evaluation |
| § 23.571 - Metallic pressurized cabin structures. |
| § 23.572 - Metallic wing, empennage, and associated structures. |
| § 23.573 - Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure. |
| § 23.574 - Metallic damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of commuter category airplanes. |
| § 23.575 - Inspections and other procedures. |
| Flight Loads |
| § 23.321 - General. |
| § 23.331 - Symmetrical flight conditions. |
| § 23.333 - Flight envelope. |
| § 23.335 - Design airspeeds. |
| § 23.337 - Limit maneuvering load factors. |
| § 23.341 - Gust loads factors. |
| § 23.343 - Design fuel loads. |
| § 23.345 - High lift devices. |
| § 23.347 - Unsymmetrical flight conditions. |
| § 23.349 - Rolling conditions. |
| § 23.351 - Yawing conditions. |
| § 23.361 - Engine torque. |
| § 23.363 - Side load on engine mount. |
| § 23.365 - Pressurized cabin loads. |
| § 23.367 - Unsymmetrical loads due to engine failure. |
| § 23.369 - Rear lift truss. |
| § 23.371 - Gyroscopic and aerodynamic loads. |
| § 23.373 - Speed control devices. |
| Horizontal Stabilizing and Balancing Surfaces |
| § 23.421 - Balancing loads. |
| § 23.423 - Maneuvering loads. |
| § 23.425 - Gust loads. |
| § 23.427 - Unsymmetrical loads. |
| Ground Loads |
| § 23.471 - General. |
| § 23.473 - Ground load conditions and assumptions. |
| § 23.477 - Landing gear arrangement. |
| § 23.479 - Level landing conditions. |
| § 23.481 - Tail down landing conditions. |
| § 23.483 - One-wheel landing conditions. |
| § 23.485 - Side load conditions. |
| § 23.493 - Braked roll conditions. |
| § 23.497 - Supplementary conditions for tail wheels. |
| § 23.499 - Supplementary conditions for nose wheels. |
| § 23.505 - Supplementary conditions for skiplanes. |
| § 23.507 - Jacking loads. |
| § 23.509 - Towing loads. |
| § 23.511 - Ground load; unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units. |
| General |
| § 23.301 - Loads. |
| § 23.302 - Canard or tandem wing configurations. |
| § 23.303 - Factor of safety. |
| § 23.305 - Strength and deformation. |
| § 23.307 - Proof of structure. |
| Ailerons and Special Devices |
| § 23.455 - Ailerons. |
| § 23.459 - Special devices. |
| Water Loads |
| § 23.521 - Water load conditions. |
| § 23.523 - Design weights and center of gravity positions. |
| § 23.525 - Application of loads. |
| § 23.527 - Hull and main float load factors. |
| § 23.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions. |
| § 23.531 - Hull and main float takeoff condition. |
| § 23.533 - Hull and main float bottom pressures. |
| § 23.535 - Auxiliary float loads. |
| § 23.537 - Seawing loads. |
| Vertical Surfaces |
| § 23.441 - Maneuvering loads. |
| § 23.443 - Gust loads. |
| § 23.445 - Outboard fins or winglets. |
| Control Surface and System Loads |
| § 23.391 - Control surface loads. |
| § 23.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line. |
| § 23.395 - Control system loads. |
| § 23.397 - Limit control forces and torques. |
| § 23.399 - Dual control system. |
| § 23.405 - Secondary control system. |
| § 23.407 - Trim tab effects. |
| § 23.409 - Tabs. |
| § 23.415 - Ground gust conditions. |
| Structural Loads |
| § 23.2210 - Structural design loads. |
| § 23.2215 - Flight load conditions. |
| § 23.2220 - Ground and water load conditions. |
| § 23.2225 - Component loading conditions. |
| § 23.2230 - Limit and ultimate loads. |
| Design |
| § 23.2250 - Design and construction principles. |
| § 23.2255 - Protection of structure. |
| § 23.2260 - Materials and processes. |
| § 23.2265 - Special factors of safety. |
| Emergency Landing Conditions |
| § 23.561 - General. |
| § 23.562 - Emergency landing dynamic conditions. |
| Structural Occupant Protection |
| § 23.2270 - Emergency conditions. |
| Structural Performance |
| § 23.2235 - Structural strength. |
| § 23.2240 - Structural durability. |
| § 23.2245 - Aeroelasticity. |
| Subpart D - Design and Construction |
| § 23.601 - General. |
| § 23.603 - Materials and workmanship. |
| § 23.605 - Fabrication methods. |
| § 23.607 - Fasteners. |
| § 23.609 - Protection of structure. |
| § 23.611 - Accessibility provisions. |
| § 23.613 - Material strength properties and design values. |
| § 23.619 - Special factors. |
| § 23.621 - Casting factors. |
| § 23.623 - Bearing factors. |
| § 23.625 - Fitting factors. |
| § 23.627 - Fatigue strength. |
| § 23.629 - Flutter. |
| § 23.2300 - Flight control systems. |
| § 23.2305 - Landing gear systems. |
| § 23.2310 - Buoyancy for seaplanes and amphibians. |
| Control Systems |
| § 23.671 - General. |
| § 23.672 - Stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems. |
| § 23.673 - Primary flight controls. |
| § 23.675 - Stops. |
| § 23.677 - Trim systems. |
| § 23.679 - Control system locks. |
| § 23.681 - Limit load static tests. |
| § 23.683 - Operation tests. |
| § 23.685 - Control system details. |
| § 23.687 - Spring devices. |
| § 23.689 - Cable systems. |
| § 23.691 - Artificial stall barrier system. |
| § 23.693 - Joints. |
| § 23.697 - Wing flap controls. |
| § 23.699 - Wing flap position indicator. |
| § 23.701 - Flap interconnection. |
| § 23.703 - Takeoff warning system. |
| Personnel and Cargo Accommodations |
| § 23.771 - Pilot compartment. |
| § 23.773 - Pilot compartment view. |
| § 23.775 - Windshields and windows. |
| § 23.777 - Cockpit controls. |
| § 23.779 - Motion and effect of cockpit controls. |
| § 23.781 - Cockpit control knob shape. |
| § 23.783 - Doors. |
| § 23.785 - Seats, berths, litters, safety belts, and shoulder harnesses. |
| § 23.787 - Baggage and cargo compartments. |
| § 23.791 - Passenger information signs. |
| § 23.803 - Emergency evacuation. |
| § 23.805 - Flightcrew emergency exits. |
| § 23.807 - Emergency exits. |
| § 23.811 - Emergency exit marking. |
| § 23.812 - Emergency lighting. |
| § 23.813 - Emergency exit access. |
| § 23.815 - Width of aisle. |
| § 23.831 - Ventilation. |
| Pressurization |
| § 23.841 - Pressurized cabins. |
| § 23.843 - Pressurization tests. |
| Electrical Bonding and Lightning Protection |
| § 23.867 - Electrical bonding and protection against lightning and static electricity. |
| Landing Gear |
| § 23.721 - General. |
| § 23.723 - Shock absorption tests. |
| § 23.725 - Limit drop tests. |
| § 23.726 - Ground load dynamic tests. |
| § 23.727 - Reserve energy absorption drop test. |
| § 23.729 - Landing gear extension and retraction system. |
| § 23.731 - Wheels. |
| § 23.733 - Tires. |
| § 23.735 - Brakes. |
| § 23.737 - Skis. |
| § 23.745 - Nose/tail wheel steering. |
| Wings |
| § 23.641 - Proof of strength. |
| Fire and High Energy Protection |
| § 23.2325 - Fire protection. |
| § 23.2330 - Fire protection in designated fire zones and adjacent areas. |
| § 23.2335 - Lightning protection. |
| Floats and Hulls |
| § 23.751 - Main float buoyancy. |
| § 23.753 - Main float design. |
| § 23.755 - Hulls. |
| § 23.757 - Auxiliary floats. |
| Miscellaneous |
| § 23.871 - Leveling means. |
| Fire Protection |
| § 23.851 - Fire extinguishers. |
| § 23.853 - Passenger and crew compartment interiors. |
| § 23.855 - Cargo and baggage compartment fire protection. |
| § 23.856 - Thermal/acoustic insulation materials. |
| § 23.859 - Combustion heater fire protection. |
| § 23.863 - Flammable fluid fire protection. |
| § 23.865 - Fire protection of flight controls, engine mounts, and other flight structure. |
| Control Surfaces |
| § 23.651 - Proof of strength. |
| § 23.655 - Installation. |
| § 23.657 - Hinges. |
| § 23.659 - Mass balance. |
| Occupant System Design Protection |
| § 23.2315 - Means of egress and emergency exits. |
| § 23.2320 - Occupant physical environment. |
| Subpart E - Powerplant |
| § 23.2400 - Powerplant installation. |
| § 23.2405 - Automatic power or thrust control systems. |
| § 23.2410 - Powerplant installation hazard assessment. |
| § 23.2415 - Powerplant ice protection. |
| § 23.2420 - Reversing systems. |
| § 23.2425 - Powerplant operational characteristics. |
| § 23.2430 - Fuel systems. |
| § 23.2435 - Powerplant induction and exhaust systems. |
| § 23.2440 - Powerplant fire protection. |
| Induction System |
| § 23.1091 - Air induction system. |
| § 23.1093 - Induction system icing protection. |
| § 23.1095 - Carburetor deicing fluid flow rate. |
| § 23.1097 - Carburetor deicing fluid system capacity. |
| § 23.1099 - Carburetor deicing fluid system detail design. |
| § 23.1101 - Induction air preheater design. |
| § 23.1103 - Induction system ducts. |
| § 23.1105 - Induction system screens. |
| § 23.1107 - Induction system filters. |
| § 23.1109 - Turbocharger bleed air system. |
| § 23.1111 - Turbine engine bleed air system. |
| Powerplant Fire Protection |
| § 23.1181 - Designated fire zones; regions included. |
| § 23.1182 - Nacelle areas behind firewalls. |
| § 23.1183 - Lines, fittings, and components. |
| § 23.1189 - Shutoff means. |
| § 23.1191 - Firewalls. |
| § 23.1192 - Engine accessory compartment diaphragm. |
| § 23.1193 - Cowling and nacelle. |
| § 23.1195 - Fire extinguishing systems. |
| § 23.1197 - Fire extinguishing agents. |
| § 23.1199 - Extinguishing agent containers. |
| § 23.1201 - Fire extinguishing systems materials. |
| § 23.1203 - Fire detector system. |
| Liquid Cooling |
| § 23.1061 - Installation. |
| § 23.1063 - Coolant tank tests. |
| Powerplant Controls and Accessories |
| § 23.1141 - Powerplant controls: General. |
| § 23.1142 - Auxiliary power unit controls. |
| § 23.1143 - Engine controls. |
| § 23.1145 - Ignition switches. |
| § 23.1147 - Mixture controls. |
| § 23.1149 - Propeller speed and pitch controls. |
| § 23.1153 - Propeller feathering controls. |
| § 23.1155 - Turbine engine reverse thrust and propeller pitch settings below the flight regime. |
| § 23.1157 - Carburetor air temperature controls. |
| § 23.1163 - Powerplant accessories. |
| § 23.1165 - Engine ignition systems. |
| Fuel System |
| § 23.951 - General. |
| § 23.953 - Fuel system independence. |
| § 23.954 - Fuel system lightning protection. |
| § 23.955 - Fuel flow. |
| § 23.957 - Flow between interconnected tanks. |
| § 23.959 - Unusable fuel supply. |
| § 23.961 - Fuel system hot weather operation. |
| § 23.963 - Fuel tanks: General. |
| § 23.965 - Fuel tank tests. |
| § 23.967 - Fuel tank installation. |
| § 23.969 - Fuel tank expansion space. |
| § 23.971 - Fuel tank sump. |
| § 23.973 - Fuel tank filler connection. |
| § 23.975 - Fuel tank vents and carburetor vapor vents. |
| § 23.977 - Fuel tank outlet. |
| § 23.979 - Pressure fueling systems. |
| Oil System |
| § 23.1011 - General. |
| § 23.1013 - Oil tanks. |
| § 23.1015 - Oil tank tests. |
| § 23.1017 - Oil lines and fittings. |
| § 23.1019 - Oil strainer or filter. |
| § 23.1021 - Oil system drains. |
| § 23.1023 - Oil radiators. |
| § 23.1027 - Propeller feathering system. |
| Exhaust System |
| § 23.1121 - General. |
| § 23.1123 - Exhaust system. |
| § 23.1125 - Exhaust heat exchangers. |
| Fuel System Components |
| § 23.991 - Fuel pumps. |
| § 23.993 - Fuel system lines and fittings. |
| § 23.994 - Fuel system components. |
| § 23.995 - Fuel valves and controls. |
| § 23.997 - Fuel strainer or filter. |
| § 23.999 - Fuel system drains. |
| § 23.1001 - Fuel jettisoning system. |
| General |
| § 23.901 - Installation. |
| § 23.903 - Engines. |
| § 23.904 - Automatic power reserve system. |
| § 23.905 - Propellers. |
| § 23.907 - Propeller vibration and fatigue. |
| § 23.909 - Turbocharger systems. |
| § 23.925 - Propeller clearance. |
| § 23.929 - Engine installation ice protection. |
| § 23.933 - Reversing systems. |
| § 23.934 - Turbojet and turbofan engine thrust reverser systems tests. |
| § 23.937 - Turbopropeller-drag limiting systems. |
| § 23.939 - Powerplant operating characteristics. |
| § 23.943 - Negative acceleration. |
| Cooling |
| § 23.1041 - General. |
| § 23.1043 - Cooling tests. |
| § 23.1045 - Cooling test procedures for turbine engine powered airplanes. |
| § 23.1047 - Cooling test procedures for reciprocating engine powered airplanes. |
| Subpart F - Equipment |
| § 23.2500 - Airplane level systems requirements. |
| § 23.2505 - Function and installation. |
| § 23.2510 - Equipment, systems, and installations. |
| § 23.2515 - Electrical and electronic system lightning protection. |
| § 23.2520 - High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) protection. |
| § 23.2525 - System power generation, storage, and distribution. |
| § 23.2530 - External and cockpit lighting. |
| § 23.2535 - Safety equipment. |
| § 23.2540 - Flight in icing conditions. |
| § 23.2545 - Pressurized systems elements. |
| § 23.2550 - Equipment containing high-energy rotors. |
| General |
| § 23.1301 - Function and installation. |
| § 23.1303 - Flight and navigation instruments. |
| § 23.1305 - Powerplant instruments. |
| § 23.1306 - Electrical and electronic system lightning protection. |
| § 23.1307 - Miscellaneous equipment. |
| § 23.1308 - High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) Protection. |
| § 23.1309 - Equipment, systems, and installations. |
| § 23.1310 - Power source capacity and distribution. |
| Electrical Systems and Equipment |
| § 23.1351 - General. |
| § 23.1353 - Storage battery design and installation. |
| § 23.1357 - Circuit protective devices. |
| § 23.1359 - Electrical system fire protection. |
| § 23.1361 - Master switch arrangement. |
| § 23.1365 - Electric cables and equipment. |
| § 23.1367 - Switches. |
| Safety Equipment |
| § 23.1411 - General. |
| § 23.1415 - Ditching equipment. |
| § 23.1416 - Pneumatic de-icer boot system. |
| § 23.1419 - Ice protection. |
| Instruments: Installation |
| § 23.1311 - Electronic display instrument systems. |
| § 23.1321 - Arrangement and visibility. |
| § 23.1322 - Warning, caution, and advisory lights. |
| § 23.1323 - Airspeed indicating system. |
| § 23.1325 - Static pressure system. |
| § 23.1326 - Pitot heat indication systems. |
| § 23.1327 - Magnetic direction indicator. |
| § 23.1329 - Automatic pilot system. |
| § 23.1331 - Instruments using a power source. |
| § 23.1335 - Flight director systems. |
| § 23.1337 - Powerplant instruments installation. |
| Miscellaneous Equipment |
| § 23.1431 - Electronic equipment. |
| § 23.1435 - Hydraulic systems. |
| § 23.1437 - Accessories for multiengine airplanes. |
| § 23.1438 - Pressurization and pneumatic systems. |
| § 23.1441 - Oxygen equipment and supply. |
| § 23.1443 - Minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen. |
| § 23.1445 - Oxygen distribution system. |
| § 23.1447 - Equipment standards for oxygen dispensing units. |
| § 23.1449 - Means for determining use of oxygen. |
| § 23.1450 - Chemical oxygen generators. |
| § 23.1451 - Fire protection for oxygen equipment. |
| § 23.1453 - Protection of oxygen equipment from rupture. |
| § 23.1461 - Equipment containing high energy rotors. |
| Lights |
| § 23.1381 - Instrument lights. |
| § 23.1383 - Taxi and landing lights. |
| § 23.1385 - Position light system installation. |
| § 23.1387 - Position light system dihedral angles. |
| § 23.1389 - Position light distribution and intensities. |
| § 23.1391 - Minimum intensities in the horizontal plane of position lights. |
| § 23.1393 - Minimum intensities in any vertical plane of position lights. |
| § 23.1395 - Maximum intensities in overlapping beams of position lights. |
| § 23.1397 - Color specifications. |
| § 23.1399 - Riding light. |
| § 23.1401 - Anticollision light system. |
| Subpart G - Flightcrew Interface and Other Information |
| § 23.1501 - General. |
| § 23.1505 - Airspeed limitations. |
| § 23.1507 - Operating maneuvering speed. |
| § 23.1511 - Flap extended speed. |
| § 23.1513 - Minimum control speed. |
| § 23.1519 - Weight and center of gravity. |
| § 23.1521 - Powerplant limitations. |
| § 23.1522 - Auxiliary power unit limitations. |
| § 23.1523 - Minimum flight crew. |
| § 23.1524 - Maximum passenger seating configuration. |
| § 23.1525 - Kinds of operation. |
| § 23.1527 - Maximum operating altitude. |
| § 23.2600 - Flightcrew interface. |
| § 23.2605 - Installation and operation. |
| § 23.2610 - Instrument markings, control markings, and placards. |
| § 23.2615 - Flight, navigation, and powerplant instruments. |
| § 23.2620 - Airplane flight manual. |
| Markings and Placards |
| § 23.1541 - General. |
| § 23.1543 - Instrument markings: General. |
| § 23.1545 - Airspeed indicator. |
| § 23.1547 - Magnetic direction indicator. |
| § 23.1549 - Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments. |
| § 23.1551 - Oil quantity indicator. |
| § 23.1553 - Fuel quantity indicator. |
| § 23.1555 - Control markings. |
| § 23.1557 - Miscellaneous markings and placards. |
| § 23.1559 - Operating limitations placard. |
| § 23.1561 - Safety equipment. |
| § 23.1563 - Airspeed placards. |
| § 23.1567 - Flight maneuver placard. |
| Airplane Flight Manual and Approved Manual Material |
| § 23.1581 - General. |
| § 23.1583 - Operating limitations. |
| § 23.1585 - Operating procedures. |
| § 23.1587 - Performance information. |
| § 23.1589 - Loading information. |
| Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 23 |
| Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 41 |
| Appendix A to Part 23 - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness |
| Appendix B to Part 23 - [Reserved] |
| Appendix C to Part 23 - Basic Landing Conditions |
| Appendix D to Part 23 - Wheel Spin-Up and Spring-Back Loads |
| Appendix E to Part 23 - [Reserved] |
| Appendix F to Part 23 - Test Procedure |
| Appendix G to Part 23 - Instructions for Continued Airworthiness |
| Appendix H to Part 23 - Installation of An Automatic Power Reserve (APR) System |
| Appendix I to Part 23 - Seaplane Loads |
| Appendix J to Part 23 - HIRF Environments and Equipment HIRF Test Levels |