98-10793. Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School Certification Rules; Clarifying Amendments and Other Editorial Changes  

  • [Federal Register Volume 63, Number 78 (Thursday, April 23, 1998)]
    [Rules and Regulations]
    [Pages 20282-20290]
    From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
    [FR Doc No: 98-10793]
    
    
    
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    Part IV
    
    
    
    
    
    Department of Transportation
    
    
    
    
    
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    Federal Aviation Administration
    
    
    
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    14 CFR Parts 61 and 141
    
    
    
    Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School 
    Certification Rules: Clarifying Amendments and Other Editorial Changes; 
    Final Rule
    
    Federal Register / Vol. 63, No. 78 / Thursday, April 23, 1998 / Rules 
    and Regulations
    
    [[Page 20282]]
    
    
    
    DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
    
    Federal Aviation Administration
    
    14 CFR Parts 61 and 141
    
    [Docket No. 25910; Amendment Nos. 61-104 and 141-10]
    RIN 2120-AE71
    
    
    Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School 
    Certification Rules; Clarifying Amendments and Other Editorial Changes
    
    AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.
    
    ACTION: Final rule.
    
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    SUMMARY: This amendment makes minor revisions to clarify regulations 
    regarding the certification, training, and experience requirements for 
    pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors, and the 
    certification requirements for pilot schools approved by the FAA.
    
    EFFECTIVE DATE: This rule is effective May 26, 1998.
    
    FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John Lynch, Certification Branch, AFS-
    840, General Aviation and Commercial Division, Flight Standards 
    Service, FAA, 800 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591; 
    telephone (202) 267-3844.
    
    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
    
    Availability of Final Rule
    
        Any person may obtain a copy of this final rule by submitting a 
    request to the Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, 
    Attn: ARM-1, 800 Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591, or by 
    calling (202) 267-9680. Communications must identify the amendment 
    number or docket number of this final rule.
        Using a modem and suitable communications software, an electronic 
    copy of this document may be downloaded from the FAA regulations 
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    (703) 321-3339) or the Federal Register's electronic bulletin board 
    service (telephone: (202) 512-1661).
        Internet users may reach the FAA's web page at http://www.faa.gov, 
    or the Federal Register's web page at http://www.access.gpo.gov/
    su__docs for access to recently published rulemaking documents.
    
    Small Business Inquiries
    
        The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 
    (SBREFA) requires the FAA to report inquiries from small entities 
    concerning information on, and advice about, compliance with statutes 
    and regulations within the FAA's jurisdiction, including interpretation 
    and application of the law to specific sets of facts supplied by a 
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        If you are a small entity and have a question, contact your local 
    FAA official. If you do not know how to contact your local FAA 
    official, you may contact Charlene Brown, Program Analyst Staff, Office 
    of Rulemaking, ARM-27, Federal Aviation Administration, 800 
    Independence Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591, 1-888-551-1594. Internet 
    users can find additional information on SBREFA in the ``Quick Jump'' 
    section of the FAA's web page at http://www.faa.gov and may send 
    electronic inquiries to the following Internet address: 9-AWA-
    [email protected]
    
    Background
    
        On April 4, 1997, the FAA published a final rule titled ``Pilot, 
    Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School Certification 
    Rules'' (62 FR 16220). That final rule, which became effective on 
    August 4, 1997, amended the certification, training, and experience 
    requirements for pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors, 
    and the certification requirements for pilot schools approved by the 
    FAA. The FAA published corrections to that final rule on July 30, 1997 
    (62 FR 40888). This amendment makes minor revisions to clarify certain 
    provisions in that final rule. In addition, this amendment includes 
    provisions that were inadvertently omitted from the final rule.
    
    Discussion of Amendment
    
    Terminology
    
        To provide for consistency throughout parts 61 and 141, the phrases 
    ``performing the functions of pilot in command (PIC)'' and ``performing 
    the functions and duties of PIC'' have been replaced with the phrase 
    ``performing the duties of PIC.'' It was not the intent of the FAA to 
    distinguish between the words ``functions'' and ``duties'' and this 
    revision has been made to avoid any ambiguity concerning the meaning of 
    these terms. This revision is not discussed in the following section-
    by-section analysis.
    Part 61
        Section 61.2  Certification of foreign pilots, flight instructors, 
    and ground instructors. As adopted in the final rule, Sec. 61.2 
    provides that, except under certain conditions, a person who is not a 
    citizen or resident alien of the United States may not be issued an 
    airman certificate unless that person passes the appropriate knowledge 
    or practical test in the United States. The FAA did not previously 
    require a person who is not a citizen or resident alien of the United 
    States to take the knowledge test in the United States; that 
    requirement was inadvertently included in the provisions of Sec. 61.2. 
    Therefore, the references to the knowledge test have been removed from 
    Sec. 61.2. However, the FAA notes that a person who is not a citizen or 
    resident alien of the United States must take a knowledge test for a 
    certificate or rating when otherwise required in part 61, although the 
    test may be taken outside the United States.
        Section 61.31  Type rating requirements, additional training, and 
    authorization requirements. The FAA has revised the heading for 
    Sec. 61.31(h) to read ``Additional aircraft type-specific training'' 
    rather than ``Additional training required by the aircraft's type 
    certificate.'' This new heading more accurately reflects the content of 
    Sec. 61.31(h), which requires additional training and an endorsement 
    from an authorized instructor before a person may serve as PIC of an 
    aircraft that the Administrator has determined requires additional 
    type-specific training. The introductory text of Sec. 61.31(i)(1) also 
    has been revised to correct a typographical error.
        Section 61.35  Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades. 
    Section 61.35(a)(1) requires that an applicant for a knowledge test 
    receive an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that 
    the applicant has accomplished a ground-training or home-study course 
    for the certificate or rating sought and is prepared for the knowledge 
    test. The FAA notes that not all applicants for a certificate or rating 
    are required to have such an endorsement before taking a knowledge 
    test. Sections 61.153 and 61.165 do not require an applicant for an 
    airline transport pilot (ATP) certificate or an additional aircraft 
    category or class rating on an ATP certificate to have such an 
    endorsement. In addition, an applicant for a ground instructor 
    certificate or rating under Sec. 61.213 need not obtain an endorsement 
    from an authorized instructor before taking the knowledge test. 
    Therefore, Sec. 61.35 has been revised to require an endorsement only 
    if otherwise required in part 61.
        Section 61.39  Prerequisites for practical tests. Section 61.39 has 
    been revised to reflect that not all applicants for a practical test 
    are required to have an endorsement from an authorized instructor to be 
    eligible to take the
    
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    practical test. Sections 61.153 and 61.165 do not require an applicant 
    for an ATP certificate or an additional aircraft category or class 
    rating on an ATP certificate to have such an endorsement. Therefore, 
    Sec. 61.39(a)(6) has been revised accordingly.
        Section 61.45  Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment. In 
    the correction to the final rule, the FAA added the language ``Unless 
    otherwise authorized by the Administrator'' to the introductory 
    paragraph of Sec. 61.45(b). This language was added to permit an 
    applicant to obtain authorization from the Administrator to take the 
    practical test in an aircraft whose operating characteristics preclude 
    a pilot from demonstrating all of the maneuvers required to be 
    performed during the practical test. For example, the Cessna (C) 336 
    and 337 series airplanes do not have a published minimum control speed 
    with critical engine inoperative(VMC) and thus an applicant 
    for an airplane multiengine rating would not be able to perform the 
    VMC demonstration task if a C-336/337 series airplane is 
    used to take the practical test. As noted in the correction to the 
    final rule, a similar provision was included in Sec. 61.13(c) before 
    the adoption of the final rule but was inadvertently omitted when the 
    provisions of that paragraph were incorporated into Sec. 61.45(b).
        Upon further review, the FAA has determined that instead of relying 
    on the phrase ``Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator,'' 
    Sec. 61.45(b) should be revised to explicitly provide for the use of 
    such aircraft. Therefore, Sec. 61.45(b) has been revised to provide 
    that an applicant for a certificate or rating may use an aircraft whose 
    operating characteristics preclude the applicant from performing all of 
    the tasks required for the practical test. The FAA notes that before 
    the adoption of the final rule, Sec. 61.13(c) also provided for the 
    placement of a limitation on an applicant's certificate or rating if 
    such an aircraft is used by an applicant. This provision was 
    inadvertently omitted from the previous correction of Sec. 61.45(b). 
    Therefore, Sec. 61.45(b) now provides that the applicant's certificate 
    or rating will be issued with an appropriate limitation if an aircraft 
    whose operating characteristics preclude demonstration of all the tasks 
    required for a practical test.
        Section 61.51  Pilot logbooks. Section 61.51(e)(1)(i) allows a 
    recreational, private, or commercial pilot to log PIC time for that 
    flight time during which the pilot is the sole manipulator of the 
    controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated. However, this 
    provision does not permit those pilots to log PIC time if the pilot is 
    the sole occupant of an aircraft but is not rated in that aircraft. For 
    example, a commercial pilot with a single-engine rating who is training 
    for a multiengine rating is not currently permitted to log PIC time for 
    that flight time during which the pilot is the sole occupant of a 
    multiengine aircraft. The provision to allow a recreational, private, 
    or commercial pilot to log PIC time for that flight time during which 
    the pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft, which was included in 
    Sec. 61.51 before the adoption of the final rule, was inadvertently 
    omitted from the final rule language. This was not the intent of the 
    FAA. Therefore, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.51(e)(1) to permit a 
    recreational, private, or commercial pilot to log PIC time for that 
    flight time during which the pilot is the sole occupant of the 
    aircraft.
        Section 61.56  Flight review. Section 61.56 provides that a person 
    may act as PIC of an aircraft only if that person has accomplished a 
    biennial flight review (BFR). Because Sec. 61.51 now permits student 
    pilots, under certain circumstances, to log PIC flight time, there has 
    been some concern as to whether the BFR requirement applies to student 
    pilots. Before the adoption of the final rule, a student pilot was 
    required to log solo flight time, rather than PIC flight time, when 
    that student pilot was the sole occupant of the aircraft or when that 
    student pilot was acting as PIC of an airship requiring more than one 
    flight crewmember. To avoid confusion, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.56 
    to except a student pilot from the BFR requirement if that student 
    pilot is undergoing training for a certificate and has a current solo 
    flight endorsement as required under Sec. 61.87 of this part.
        Section 61.63  Additional aircraft ratings (other than on an 
    airline transport pilot certificate). In the corrections to the final 
    rule, the FAA revised Sec. 61.63(d)(5) to require that the practical 
    test for an additional type rating (other than on an ATP certificate) 
    be performed in actual or simulated instrument conditions rather than 
    under instrument flight rules (IFR). Section 61.63(d)(5) provides that 
    if the practical test is not performed under those conditions because 
    under the aircraft's type certificate the aircraft is incapable of 
    operating under IFR, the type rating is issued with a ``VFR only'' 
    limitation. That paragraph provides for lifting the limitation for that 
    aircraft type if the person subsequently passes the practical test 
    ``under IFR.'' The FAA has determined that this later provision should 
    be revised in a manner consistent with the previous correction to 
    provide that the ``VFR only'' limitation be lifted for that aircraft 
    type after the person passes the practical test ``in actual or 
    simulated instrument conditions.''
        In addition, Sec. 61.63(f)(10) has been revised to clarify that an 
    applicant for an additional rating in a helicopter who meets only the 
    requirements of Sec. 61.63(f)(9)(ii) will be issued the additional 
    rating with a limitation. The previous rule language referenced 
    Sec. 61.63(f)(9), rather than Sec. 61.63(f)(9)(ii), which was 
    incorrect. Similarly, Sec. 61.63(g)(10) has been revised to reference 
    Sec. 61.63(g)(9)(ii), rather than Sec. 61.63(g)(9).
        Section 61.109  Aeronautical experience. Section 61.109(f) has been 
    revised to clarify when the aeronautical experience requirements for 
    obtaining a private pilot certificate with a glider category rating 
    must be accomplished with an authorized instructor and when those 
    requirements must be accomplished in solo flight. To obtain a private 
    pilot certificate with a glider category rating, Sec. 61.109(f) 
    requires an applicant to accomplish three training flights in a glider. 
    Unlike the term ``flight training,'' which is defined in 
    Sec. 61.1(b)(6) as training, other than ground training, received from 
    an authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft, the term ``training 
    flight'' is not defined. Therefore, the FAA has added the phrase ``with 
    an authorized instructor'' to clarify when training flights are to be 
    accomplished with an authorized instructor.
        In addition, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.109(f)(1) to clarify that 
    the 20 flights and 2 hours of solo flight time in a glider that are 
    required by paragraphs (f)(1)(i) and (f)(1)(ii) may be used to meet the 
    10 hours of flight time specified in the introductory language of 
    paragraph (f)(1). In addition, the three training flights with an 
    authorized instructor required in paragraph (f)(1)(i) may be used to 
    meet the 20 flights also required in that paragraph.
        The introductory paragraph of Sec. 61.109(f)(2) also has been 
    revised to clarify that the 10 solo flights and 3 training flights with 
    an authorized instructor in a glider required by paragraphs (f)(2)(i) 
    and (f)(2)(ii) may be used to meet the 3 hours of flight time specified 
    in the introductory language of paragraph (f)(2).
        Section 61.109(g)(2) has been revised to clarify the type of 
    instrument training required for a private pilot certificate with an 
    airship rating. As noted in the correction to the final rule, the
    
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    instrument training for a private pilot certificate requires training 
    only on basic maneuvers such as straight and level flight, constant 
    airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, and recovery from 
    unusual flight attitudes, and need not be provided by an instructor who 
    holds an instrument rating on his or her flight instructor certificate. 
    In addition, there are no regulations that provide for an airship 
    category rating with an instrument rating on a pilot or flight 
    instructor certificate. Therefore, to avoid any possible confusion, the 
    rule language has been revised to specify the required instrument 
    maneuvers.
        The FAA also has revised Sec. 61.109(g)(4) to require that an 
    applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airship rating must 
    accomplish 5 hours performing the duties of PIC in an airship with an 
    authorized instructor. In the final rule, this provision required an 
    applicant to log 5 hours of solo flight time with an authorized 
    instructor. However, solo flight time cannot be accomplished with an 
    authorized instructor on board the aircraft; therefore, the provision 
    should have stated that the applicant is required to perform the duties 
    of PIC.
        For reasons similar to those previously discussed in the preamble 
    to Sec. 61.109(f), the FAA has revised Sec. 61.109(h) to clarify that 
    an applicant for a private pilot certificate with a balloon class 
    rating must accomplish with an authorized instructor the ``training 
    flights'' and the flight performing the duties of PIC required in that 
    paragraph. The FAA notes that the authorized instructor in that case 
    would be a commercial pilot with a balloon class rating.
        Section 61.129  Aeronautical experience. In Notice No. 95-11, 
    proposed Sec. 61.129(b)(4) would have required an applicant to 
    accomplish solo flight time in a multiengine airplane. During the 
    rulemaking process, the FAA determined that the accomplishment of solo 
    flight time in a multiengine airplane may be impracticable because of 
    liability and insurance concerns. Therefore, in the final rule, the FAA 
    replaced the requirement that an applicant accomplish solo flight time 
    in a multiengine airplane with the requirement that the flight time 
    required under Sec. 61.129(b)(4) be acquired while performing the 
    duties of PIC in a multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor. 
    However, in revising this requirement, the FAA did not consider the 
    applicant who holds a private pilot certificate with a multiengine 
    rating and, therefore, may already have solo flight time in a 
    multiengine aircraft or may be able to accomplish solo flight time 
    without the cost of acquiring the required flight time with an 
    authorized instructor. Therefore, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.129(b)(4) 
    to require an applicant to accomplish 10 hours of solo flight in a 
    multiengine airplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties 
    of PIC in a multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor.
        In addition, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.129(b)(4) to permit an 
    applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a multiengine rating 
    to credit the 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of PIC in a 
    multiengine airplane required by that paragraph toward the 100 hours of 
    PIC flight time required under Sec. 61.129(b)(2). This revision is 
    consistent with the provisions of Sec. 61.129(b) as proposed in Notice 
    No. 95-11. As previously noted, proposed Sec. 61.129(b)(4) would have 
    required an applicant to accomplish solo flight time in a multiengine 
    airplane. The solo flight time would have constituted PIC flight time; 
    therefore, the applicant would have been able to credit that flight 
    time toward the requirements of Sec. 61.129(b)(2). However, under 
    Sec. 61.129(b)(4) as adopted in the final rule, an applicant would be 
    performing the duties of PIC rather than acting as PIC. Consequently, 
    that flight time does not constitute PIC flight time. Therefore, the 
    FAA has revised Sec. 61.129(b)(4) to permit the crediting of flight 
    time accomplished under that paragraph toward the requirements of 
    Sec. 61.129(b)(2). However, this revision does not permit an applicant 
    to log the flight time required under Sec. 61.129(b)(4) as PIC flight 
    time under Sec. 61.51(e) unless the applicant holds a private pilot 
    certificate with a multiengine rating and chooses to accomplish the 
    requirements with an authorized instructor.
        The FAA notes that if an applicant meets the requirements of 
    Sec. 61.129(b)(4) by logging 10 hours of solo flight time in a 
    multiengine airplane (as permitted in this final rule), that time would 
    constitute PIC flight time. Therefore, the applicant may count that 
    flight time toward the requirements of Sec. 61.129(b)(2) and log it as 
    PIC time under Sec. 61.51(e).
        Finally, for the reasons previously discussed in the preamble to 
    Sec. 61.109, the FAA has added the phrase ``with an authorized 
    instructor'' to Sec. 61.129(f) to clarify that training flights in a 
    glider are to be accomplished with an authorized instructor. In 
    addition, the introductory text of Sec. 61.129(f)(1) has been revised 
    to clarify that the 100 flights required by paragraph (f)(1) may be 
    used to meet 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in a glider also 
    specified in that paragraph. Section 61.129(h) also has been revised to 
    clarify that an applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a 
    balloon class rating must accomplish with an authorized instructor (a 
    commercial pilot with a balloon class rating) the ``training flights'' 
    and flight performing the duties of PIC required by that paragraph.
        Section 61.157  Flight proficiency. For the reasons discussed in 
    the preamble to Sec. 61.63, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.157(b)(3), 
    which provides for the addition of an aircraft type rating to an ATP 
    certificate, to permit the lifting of the ``VFR only'' limitation once 
    the person passes the practical test in actual or simulated instrument 
    conditions rather than under IFR.
        In addition, the FAA has removed the requirement in 
    Sec. 61.157(f)(2) that proficiency and competency checks used to 
    satisfy the requirements of Sec. 61.157 include all maneuvers and 
    procedures required for the issuance of a type rating. That requirement 
    was inconsistent with the waiver provision of Sec. 61.157(j) and the 
    requirements of appendix F to part 121. Section 61.157(f)(2) also has 
    been revised to clarify that those checks must be conducted by an 
    authorized designated pilot examiner or FAA aviation safety inspector. 
    The previous rule language stated that the checks had to be evaluated 
    by a ``designated examiner or FAA inspector.''
        The introductory language of paragraphs (g), (h), and (i) of 
    Sec. 61.157 has been revised to clarify that the requirements of those 
    paragraphs must be met only if a flight simulator or flight training 
    device is used to meet ``all,'' rather than ``any,'' of the training 
    requirements and the practical test for an airline transport pilot 
    certificate with the applicable category, class, and type rating. The 
    word ``all'' was inadvertently changed to the word ``any'' during the 
    rulemaking process when the previous provisions of Secs. 61.158(d)(3) 
    and 61.163 were incorporated into Sec. 61.157(g).
        Finally, the FAA has revised Sec. 61.157(g)(8) to reference 
    Sec. 61.157(g)(7)(ii) rather than Sec. 61.157(g)(7). Therefore, 
    Sec. 61.157(g)(8) provides that an applicant meeting only the 
    requirements of paragraph (g)(7)(ii) of that section be issued an 
    additional rating or an ATP certificate with an additional rating, as 
    applicable, with a limitation. Similarly, paragraphs (h)(8) and (i)(8) 
    have been revised to reference Secs. 61.157(h)(7)(ii) and 
    61.157(i)(7)(ii), respectively, rather than Secs. 61.157(h)(7) and 
    61.157(i)(7).
    
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        Section 61.197  Renewal of flight instructor certificates. Section 
    61.197(a) permits a person to renew a current flight instructor 
    certificate by passing a practical test or by presenting certain 
    documentation to a FAA Flight Standards Inspector. A person may renew a 
    current flight instructor certificate at any time with one exception. 
    As adopted in the final rule, a person may renew a current flight 
    instructor certificate through presentation of a graduation certificate 
    from an approved flight instructor refresher course (FIRC) only if the 
    FIRC was completed within the 90 days preceding the expiration of the 
    current flight instructor certificate.
        The FAA has revised paragraph (a)(2)(iii) to permit the renewal of 
    a current flight instructor certificate at any time by presenting a 
    graduation certificate demonstrating that the applicant has 
    successfully completed an approved FIRC. The FAA notes, however, that 
    if a flight instructor renews his or her flight instructor certificate 
    more than 3 calendar months before the expiration of that certificate 
    by presenting a graduation certificate from an FIRC, that course must 
    have been completed within the 3 calendar months preceding the date of 
    presentation of the graduation certificate to the Flight Standards 
    Inspector. The FAA has replaced the ``90 day'' language with the phrase 
    ``3 calendar months'' throughout Sec. 61.197 to facilitate the 
    calculation of the relevant time periods. Section 61.197(b)(2) will 
    provide that if renewal is sought within the 3 calendar months 
    preceding the expiration month of the current flight instructor 
    certificate through the presentation of an FIRC graduation certificate, 
    the FIRC must have been completed within the 3 calendar months 
    preceding the expiration month of the certificate.
        In addition to the correction discussed above, the FAA has made 
    other minor revisions to Sec. 61.197 to clarify the provisions of that 
    section. The following discussion is provided to explain the provisions 
    of Sec. 61.197 as adopted in this final rule.
        Paragraph (a)(1)(i) has been revised to state that a person may 
    renew a current flight instructor certificate by passing a practical 
    test ``for one of the ratings listed on the current flight instructor 
    certificate.'' For example, if a flight instructor holds a current 
    flight instructor certificate with single-engine airplane and 
    multiengine airplane ratings, that instructor would be required to pass 
    a practical test for only one of those ratings to be issued a new 
    flight instructor certificate with both ratings. The previous language, 
    which required the applicant to take a practical test ``for renewal of 
    the flight instructor certificate,'' may have given the impression that 
    an applicant had to take a practical test for each of the ratings 
    listed on the applicant's flight instructor certificate. This has never 
    been the policy of the FAA and it was not the intention of the FAA to 
    impose such a requirement when the final rule language was adopted.
        Paragraph (a)(2)(ii) permits a person to renew their flight 
    instructor certificate without accomplishing a practical test by 
    presenting to an authorized FAA Flight Standards Inspector a record 
    that shows that within the preceding 24 calendar months the flight 
    instructor has served in a position involving the regular evaluation of 
    pilots. The FAA offers the following examples of ``a position involving 
    the regular evaluation of pilots.'' A person who regularly determines 
    whether pilots may use a fixed base operator's aircraft may be in a 
    position involving the regular evaluation of pilots. A captain for a 
    certificate holder operating under part 121 or part 135 may be in a 
    position involving the regular evaluation of pilots. These individuals 
    may renew their flight instructor's certificate under paragraph 
    (a)(2)(ii) if the authorized FAA Flight Standards Inspector is 
    acquainted with the duties and responsibilities of the applicant's 
    position and the applicant has satisfactory knowledge of current pilot 
    training, certification, and standards.
        Paragraph (b)(1) has been revised to state the general rule that a 
    current flight instructor certificate will be renewed for an additional 
    24 months from the month the person accomplishes any of the renewal 
    requirements of paragraph (a). This provision allows a flight 
    instructor to renew his or her flight instructor certificate at any 
    time. The FAA notes that if renewal is accomplished through the 
    presentation of a graduation certificate from an FIRC under paragraph 
    (a)(2)(iii), the new expiration date will be calculated from the date 
    the graduation certificate is presented to the Flight Standards 
    Inspector rather than the date the FIRC is completed.
        Paragraph (b)(2) allows a person who accomplishes any of the 
    renewal requirements of paragraph (a) in the 3 calendar months 
    preceding the expiration month of the person's current flight 
    instructor certificate to renew their certificate for an additional 24 
    months from the month of expiration of the current flight instructor 
    certificate. However, as previously noted, if renewal is accomplished 
    under paragraph (b)(2) through the presentation of a graduation 
    certificate from an FIRC, that course must have been completed within 
    the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration month of the current 
    flight instructor certificate. For example, if a person whose current 
    flight instructor certificate expires on May 31, 1998, seeks to renew 
    his or her certificate through presentation of a graduation certificate 
    from an FIRC and obtain a new expiration date of May 31, 2000, that 
    person must complete the FIRC and present the graduation certificate to 
    the Flight Standards Inspector on or after February 1, 1998. The 3-
    calendar-month window is computed from the first day of the expiration 
    month rather than the last day of the expiration month of the current 
    flight instructor certificate. Therefore, if a person's flight 
    instructor certificate expires on May 31, 1998, the 3-calendar-month 
    window is computed from May 1, 1998.
        Section 61.199  Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings. 
    The FAA has revised Sec. 61.199 to clarify that a flight instructor who 
    holds an expired flight instructor certificate may exchange that 
    certificate for a new flight instructor certificate with the same 
    ratings by passing a practical test as required in Sec. 61.183(h) for 
    only one of the ratings listed on the expired certificate. Section 
    61.199 previously did not require a flight instructor who held an 
    expired flight instructor certificate to pass a practical test for each 
    rating listed on that certificate and the FAA did not intend to impose 
    such a requirement when it revised that section.
    Part 141
        Section 141.35  Chief instructor qualifications. The FAA has 
    revised Sec. 141.35 to require that a chief instructor for a course of 
    training leading to the issuance of a recreational pilot certificate 
    meet the requirements of Sec. 141.35(b). This provision was 
    inadvertently omitted from the final rule. Without this revision, those 
    chief instructors would be required to meet the more demanding 
    requirements of Sec. 141.35(d).
        Section 141.36  Assistant chief instructor qualifications. Section 
    141.36 has been revised to require that assistant chief instructors for 
    a course leading to the issuance of a recreational pilot certificate 
    meet the requirements of Sec. 141.36(b), rather than the more demanding 
    requirements of Sec. 141.36(d).
        Appendix B to Part 141--Private Pilot Certification Course and 
    Appendix D to Part 141--Commercial Pilot
    
    [[Page 20286]]
    
    Certification Course. For the reasons previously discussed in the 
    preamble to Secs. 61.109 and 61.129, paragraph 4(b)(6) of appendix B to 
    part 141 and paragraph 4(b)(6) of appendix D to part 141 have been 
    revised to include the phrase ``with a certificated flight instructor'' 
    when requiring an applicant to accomplish training flights in a glider. 
    In addition, paragraph 4(b)(8) of appendix B has been revised to 
    clarify that the five flights an applicant for a private pilot 
    certificate with a balloon class rating must accomplish are ``training 
    flights.'' The word ``training'' was inadvertently omitted from the 
    final rule.
    
    Good Cause Justification for Immediate Adoption
    
        This amendment makes minor revisions to clarify the language in 
    parts 61 and 141 and includes certain provisions omitted from a 
    previous rulemaking action. In addition, the amendment would impose no 
    additional burden on the public. Therefore, the FAA finds that notice 
    and opportunity for public comment before adopting this amendment are 
    unnecessary.
    
    Regulatory Evaluation
    
        The FAA has determined that this regulation imposes no additional 
    burden on any person. Accordingly, it has been determined that the 
    action (1) is not significant under Executive Order 12866 and (2) is 
    not a significant rule under Department of Transportation Order 2100.5, 
    Policies and Procedures for Simplification, Analysis, and Review of 
    Regulations. No cost impact is expected to result from this amendment 
    and, therefore, a full regulatory evaluation is not required. In 
    addition, the FAA certifies that the rule will not have a significant 
    economic impact, positive or negative, on a substantial number of small 
    entities under the criteria of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.
    
    List of Subjects
    
    14 CFR Part 61
    
        Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping 
    requirements.
    
    14 CFR Part 141
    
        Airmen, Aviation safety, Educational facilities, Reporting and 
    recordkeeping requirements, Schools.
    
    The Amendment
    
        In consideration of the foregoing, the Federal Aviation 
    Administration amends parts 61 and 141 of Title 14, Code of Federal 
    Regulations (14 CFR part 61 and part 141) as follows:
    
    PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND 
    INSTRUCTORS
    
        1. The authority citation for part 61 continues to read as follows:
    
        Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-
    44711, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.
    
        2. Section 61.2 is amended by revising paragraph (a) and the 
    introductory text of paragraph (b) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.2  Certification of foreign pilots, flight instructors, and 
    ground instructors.
    
        (a) Except as provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, an 
    airman certificate issued under this part (other than under Sec. 61.75) 
    may not be issued to a person who is not a citizen of the United States 
    or a resident alien of the United States unless that person passes the 
    appropriate practical test within the United States.
        (b) A person who is not a citizen of the United States or a 
    resident alien of the United States may be issued an airman 
    certificate, and the practical test for that certificate may be 
    administered outside the United States when--
    * * * * *
        3. Section 61.31 is amended by revising the paragraph (h) heading 
    and the introductory text of paragraph (i)(1) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.31  Type rating requirements, additional training, and 
    authorization requirements.
    
    * * * * *
        (h) Additional aircraft type-specific training. * * *
    * * * * *
        (i) Additional training required for operating tailwheel airplanes. 
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, no person 
    may act as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person 
    has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor 
    in a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's 
    logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient 
    in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must 
    include at least the following maneuvers and procedures:
    * * * * *
        4. Section 61.35 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as 
    follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.35  Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
    
        (a) * * *
        (1) Received an endorsement, if required by this part, from an 
    authorized instructor certifying that the applicant accomplished the 
    appropriate ground-training or a home-study course required by this 
    part for the certificate or rating sought and is prepared for the 
    knowledge test; and
    * * * * *
        5. Section 61.39 is amended by revising the introductory text of 
    paragraph (a)(6) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.39  Prerequisites for practical tests.
    
        (a) * * *
        (6) Have an endorsement, if required by this part, in the 
    applicant's logbook or training record that has been signed by an 
    authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant--
    * * * * *
        6. Section 61.45 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as 
    follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.45  Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
    
    * * * * *
        (b) Required equipment (other than controls). (1) Except as 
    provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft used for a 
    practical test must have--
        (i) The equipment for each area of operation required for the 
    practical test;
        (ii) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in 
    any of the areas of operation required for the practical test;
        (iii) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, at least 
    two pilot stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate 
    the aircraft safely; and
        (iv) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the 
    performance of the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided 
    for the examiner.
        (2) An applicant for a certificate or rating may use an aircraft 
    with operating characteristics that preclude the applicant from 
    performing all of the tasks required for the practical test. However, 
    the applicant's certificate or rating, as appropriate, will be issued 
    with an appropriate limitation.
    * * * * *
        7. Section 61.51 is amended by revising paragraphs (d) and 
    (e)(1)(i), (ii) and (e)(4)(i) and by adding paragraph (e)(1)(iii) to 
    read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.51  Pilot logbooks.
    
    * * * * *
        (d) Logging of solo flight time. Except for a student pilot 
    performing the duties of pilot in command of an airship requiring more 
    than one pilot flight crewmember, a pilot may log as solo flight time 
    only that flight time when the pilot is the sole occupant of the 
    aircraft.
        (e) * * *
        (1) * * *
    
    [[Page 20287]]
    
        (i) Is the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for 
    which the pilot is rated;
        (ii) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft; or
        (iii) Except for a recreational pilot, is acting as pilot in 
    command of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under 
    the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which 
    the flight is conducted.
    * * * * *
        (4) * * *
        (i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft or is performing the 
    duties of pilot of command of an airship requiring more than one pilot 
    flight crewmember;
    * * * * *
        8. Section 61.56 is amended by revising the introductory text of 
    paragraph (c), redesignating paragraph (g) as paragraph (h), 
    redesignating paragraph (h) as paragraph (i) and revising it, and 
    adding paragraph (g) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.56  Flight review.
    
    * * * * *
        (c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d), (e), and (g) of this 
    section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, 
    since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in 
    which that pilot acts as pilot in command, that person has--
    * * * * *
        (g) A student pilot need not accomplish the flight review required 
    by this section provided the student pilot is undergoing training for a 
    certificate and has a current solo flight endorsement as required under 
    Sec. 61.87 of this part.
    * * * * *
        (i) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used to 
    meet the flight review requirements of this section subject to the 
    following conditions:
        (1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be used in 
    accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center 
    certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
        (2) Unless the flight review is undertaken in a flight simulator 
    that is approved for landings, the applicant must meet the takeoff and 
    landing requirements of Sec. 61.57(a) or Sec. 61.57(b) of this part.
        (3) The flight simulator or flight training device used must 
    represent an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the pilot is rated.
        9. Section 61.63 is amended by revising paragraphs (d)(5), (f)(10), 
    and (g)(10) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.63  Additional aircraft ratings (other than on an airline 
    transport pilot certificate).
    
    * * * * *
        (d) * * *
        (5) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated 
    instrument conditions, unless the aircraft's type certificate makes the 
    aircraft incapable of operating under instrument flight rules. If the 
    practical test cannot be accomplished for this reason, the person may 
    obtain a type rating limited to ``VFR only.'' The ``VFR only'' 
    limitation may be removed for that aircraft type when the person passes 
    the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions. When 
    an instrument rating is issued to a person who holds one or more type 
    ratings, the type ratings on the amended pilot certificate shall bear 
    the ``VFR only'' limitation for each aircraft type rating for which the 
    person has not demonstrated instrument competency;
    * * * * *
        (f) * * *
        (10) A applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph 
    (f)(9)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating with a 
    limitation.
    * * * * *
        (g) * * * 
        (10) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph 
    (g)(9)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating with a 
    limitation.
    * * * * *
        10. Section 61.87 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as 
    follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.87  Solo requirements for student pilots.
    
        (a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo 
    flight unless that student has met the requirements of this section. 
    The term ``solo flight'' as used in this subpart means that flight time 
    during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft or 
    that flight time during which the student performs the duties of a 
    pilot in command of a gas balloon or an airship requiring more than one 
    pilot flight crewmember.
    * * * * *
        11. Section 61.109 is amended by revising paragraphs (f), (g)(2), 
    (g)(4), the introductory text of paragraph (h) and paragraphs (h)(1)(i) 
    and (ii) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.109  Aeronautical experience.
    
    * * * * *
        (f) For a glider category rating. (1) If the applicant for a 
    private pilot certificate with a glider category rating has not logged 
    at least 40 hours of flight time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air 
    aircraft, the applicant must log at least 10 hours of flight time in a 
    glider in the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this 
    part, and that flight time must include at least--
        (i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of operations listed in 
    Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training flights 
    in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the 
    practical test that must have been performed within the 60-day period 
    preceding the date of the test; and
        (ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a glider in the areas of 
    operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not less than 
    10 launches and landings being performed.
        (2) If the applicant has logged at least 40 hours of flight time in 
    a heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 3 hours of 
    flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in 
    Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must include at 
    least--
        (i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the areas of operation listed in 
    Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part; and
        (ii) 3 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor 
    in preparation for the practical test that must have been performed 
    within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
        (g) * * *
        (2) 3 hours of flight training in an airship on the control and 
    maneuvering of an airship solely by reference to instruments, including 
    straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns 
    to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio 
    communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar 
    services appropriate to instrument flight;
    * * * * *
        (4) 5 hours performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship 
    with an authorized instructor.
        (h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a private pilot 
    certificate with a lighter-than-air category and balloon class rating 
    must log at least 10 hours of flight training that includes at least 
    six training flights with an authorized instructor in the areas of 
    operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(8) of this part, that includes--
        (1) * * *
        (i) At least one training flight with an authorized instructor 
    within 60 days prior to application for the rating on the areas of 
    operation for a gas balloon;
        (ii) At least one flight performing the duties of pilot in command 
    in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor; and
    * * * * *
    
    [[Page 20288]]
    
        12. Section 61.129 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(4) 
    introductory text, (f), (g)(5) introductory text, and (h)(4) 
    introductory text, (h)(4)(i)(A), (B), and (h)(4)(ii)(A) to read as 
    follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.129  Aeronautical experience.
    
    * * * * *
        (b) * * *
        (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a multiengine airplane or 10 
    hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a 
    multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor (either of which may 
    be credited towards the flight time requirement in paragraph (b)(2) of 
    this section), on the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(2) of 
    this part that includes at least--
    * * * * *
        (f) For a glider rating. A person who applies for a commercial 
    pilot certificate with a glider category rating must log at least--
        (1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in a glider and that flight 
    time must include at least 100 flights in a glider as pilot in command, 
    including at least--
        (i) 3 hours of flight training in a glider or 10 training flights 
    in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation 
    listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training 
    flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for 
    the practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the 
    test; and
        (ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include not less than 10 solo 
    flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in 
    Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part; or
        (2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot in heavier-than-air 
    aircraft and at least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in command, 
    including at least--
        (i) 3 hours of flight training in a glider or 10 training flights 
    in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation 
    listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part including at least 3 training 
    flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for 
    the practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the 
    test; and
        (ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in 
    Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part.
        (g) * * *
        (5) 10 hours of flight training performing the duties of pilot in 
    command with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed 
    in Sec. 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at least--
    * * * * *
        (h) * * *
        (4) 10 hours of flight training that includes at least 10 training 
    flights with an authorized instructor in balloons on the areas of 
    operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists of 
    at least--
        (i) * * *
        (A) 2 training flights of 2 hours each with an authorized 
    instructor in a gas balloon on the areas of operation appropriate to a 
    gas balloon within 60 days prior to application for the rating;
        (B) 2 flights performing the duties of pilot in command in a gas 
    balloon with an authorized instructor on the appropriate areas of 
    operation; and
    * * * * *
        (ii) * * *
        (A) 2 training flights of 1 hour each with an authorized instructor 
    in a balloon with an airborne heater on the areas of operation 
    appropriate to a balloon with an airborne heater within 60 days prior 
    to application for the rating;
    * * * * *
        13. Section 61.157 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(3), 
    (f)(2), (g) introductory text, (g)(8), (h) introductory text, (i) 
    introductory text, and (i)(8) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.157  Flight proficiency.
    
    * * * * *
        (b) * * *
        (3) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated 
    instrument conditions, unless the aircraft's type certificate makes the 
    aircraft incapable of operating under instrument flight rules. If the 
    practical test cannot be accomplished for this reason, the person may 
    obtain a type rating limited to ``VFR only.'' The ``VFR only'' 
    limitation may be removed for that aircraft type when the person passes 
    the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions.
    * * * * *
        (f) * * *
        (2) The checks specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section must 
    be conducted by an authorized designated pilot examiner or FAA aviation 
    safety inspector.
        (g) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for an 
    airplane rating. If a flight simulator or flight training device is 
    used for accomplishing all of the training and the required practical 
    test for an airplane transport pilot certificate with an airplane 
    category, class, and type rating, if applicable, the applicant, flight 
    simulator, and flight training device are subject to the following 
    requirements:
    * * * * *
        (8) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph 
    (g)(7)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating or an 
    airline transport pilot certificate with an additional rating, as 
    applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This 
    certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the 
    additional rating.''
    * * * * *
        (h) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for a 
    helicopter rating. If a flight simulator or flight training device is 
    used for accomplishing all of the training and the required practical 
    test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a helicopter class 
    rating and type rating, if applicable, the applicant, flight simulator, 
    and flight training device are subject to the following requirements:
    * * * * *
        (8) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph 
    (h)(7)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating or an 
    airline transport pilot certificate with an additional rating, as 
    applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This 
    certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the 
    additional rating.''
    * * * * *
        (i) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for a 
    powered-lift rating. If a flight simulator or flight training device is 
    used for accomplishing all of the training and the required practical 
    test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift 
    category rating and type rating, if applicable, the applicant, flight 
    simulator, and flight training device are subject to the following 
    requirements:
    * * * * *
        (8) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph 
    (i)(7)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating or an 
    airline transport pilot certificate with an additional rating, as 
    applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This 
    certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the 
    additional rating.''
    * * * * *
        14. Section 61.159 is amended by revising the introductory text of 
    paragraph (a)(4) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.159  Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.
    
        (a) * * *
        (4) 250 hours of flight time in an airplane as a pilot in command, 
    or as second in command performing the duties of pilot in command while 
    under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination 
    thereof, which includes at least--
    * * * * *
    
    [[Page 20289]]
    
        15. Section 61.161 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(3) and 
    (a)(4) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.161  Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and 
    helicopter class rating.
    
        (a) * * *
        (3) 200 hours of flight time in helicopters, which includes at 
    least 75 hours as a pilot in command, or as second in command 
    performing the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a 
    pilot in command, or any combination thereof; and
        (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated 
    instrument meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are 
    obtained in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as a pilot in 
    command, or as second in command performing the duties of a pilot in 
    command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination 
    thereof.
    * * * * *
        16. Section 61.163 is amended by revising the introductory text of 
    paragraph (a)(3) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.163  Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category rating.
    
        (a) * * *
        (3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a pilot in command, or as a 
    second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the 
    supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, which 
    includes at least--
    * * * * *
        17. Section 61.197 is revised to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.197  Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
    
        (a) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate that has not 
    expired may renew that certificate by--
        (1) Passing a practical test for--
        (i) One of the ratings listed on the current flight instructor 
    certificate; or
        (ii) An additional flight instructor rating; or
        (2) Presenting to an authorized FAA Flight Standards Inspector--
        (i) A record of training students showing that, during the 
    preceding 24 calendar months, the flight instructor has endorsed at 
    least five students for a practical test for a certificate or rating 
    and at least 80 percent of those students passed that test on the first 
    attempt;
        (ii) A record showing that, within the preceding 24 calendar 
    months, the flight instructor has served as a company check pilot, 
    chief flight instructor, company check airman, or flight instructor in 
    a part 121 or part 135 operation, or in a position involving the 
    regular evaluation of pilots; or
        (iii) A graduation certificate showing that, within the preceding 3 
    calendar months, the person has successfully completed an approved 
    flight instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or 
    flight training, or a combination of both.
        (b) The expiration month of a renewed flight instructor certificate 
    shall be 24 calendar months from--
        (1) The month the renewal requirements of paragraph (a) of this 
    section are accomplished; or
        (2) The month of expiration of the current flight instructor 
    certificate provided--
        (i) The renewal requirements of paragraph (a) of this section are 
    accomplished within the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration 
    month of the current flight instructor certificate, and
        (ii) If the renewal is accomplished under paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of 
    this section, the approved flight instructor refresher course must be 
    completed within the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration month 
    of the current flight instructor certificate.
        (c) The practical test required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section 
    may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device if 
    the test is accomplished pursuant to an approved course conducted by a 
    training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
        18. Section 61.199 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as 
    follows:
    
    
    Sec. 61.199  Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
    
        (a) Flight instructor certificates. The holder of an expired flight 
    instructor certificate may exchange that certificate for a new 
    certificate with the same ratings by passing a practical test as 
    prescribed in Sec. 61.183(h) of this part for one of the ratings listed 
    on the expired flight instructor certificate.
    * * * * *
    
    PART 141--PILOT SCHOOLS
    
        19. The authority citation for part 141 continues to read as 
    follows:
    
        Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709, 
    44711, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.
    
        20. Section 141.35 is amended by revising the introductory text of 
    paragraphs (b) and (d) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 141.35  Chief instructor qualifications.
    
    * * * * *
        (b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a 
    recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, a chief instructor 
    must have:
    * * * * *
        (d) For a course of training other than one leading to the issuance 
    of a recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, or an 
    instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, a chief 
    instructor must have:
    * * * * *
        21. Section 141.36 is amended by revising the introductory text of 
    paragraphs (b) and (d) to read as follows:
    
    
    Sec. 141.36  Assistant chief instructor qualifications.
    
    * * * * *
        (b) For a course of training leading to the issuance of a 
    recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, an assistant chief 
    instructor must have:
    * * * * *
        (d) For a course of training other than one leading to the issuance 
    of a recreational or private pilot certificate or rating, or an 
    instrument rating or a rating with instrument privileges, an assistant 
    chief instructor must have:
    * * * * *
        22. Appendix B to part 141 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(6) 
    (i) and (ii) and the introductory text of paragraph (b)(8) of section 
    No. 4 and paragraphs (b) introductory text, (g), and (h) of section No. 
    5 to read as follows:
    
    Appendix B to Part 141--Private Pilot Certification Course
    
    * * * * *
        4. * * *
        (b) * * *
        (6) * * *
        (i) Five training flights in a glider with a certificated flight 
    instructor on the launch/tow procedures approved for the course and 
    on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in paragraph 
    (d)(6) of this section; and
        (ii) Three training flights in a glider with a certificated 
    flight instructor in preparation for the practical test within 60 
    days preceding the date of the test.
    * * * * *
        (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: 8 hours of flight 
    training, including at least five training flights, from a 
    commercial pilot with a balloon rating on the approved areas of 
    operation in paragraph (d)(8) of this section, that includes--
    * * * * *
        5. * * *
        (b) For an airplane multiengine course: 5 hours of flight 
    training in a multiengine airplane performing the duties of a pilot 
    in command while under the supervision of a certificated flight 
    instructor. The training must consist of the approved areas of 
    operation in paragraph (d)(2) of section No. 4 of this appendix, and 
    include at least--
    * * * * *
    
    [[Page 20290]]
    
        (g) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 5 hours of flight 
    training in an airship performing the duties of pilot in command 
    while under the supervision of a commercial pilot with an airship 
    rating. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation 
    in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of this appendix.
        (h) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two solo flights in a 
    balloon with an airborne heater if the course involves a balloon 
    with an airborne heater or, if the course involves a gas balloon, at 
    least two flights in a gas balloon performing the duties of pilot in 
    command while under the supervision of a commercial pilot with a 
    balloon rating. The training must consist of the approved areas of 
    operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section No. 4 of this appendix, in 
    the kind of balloon for which the course applies.
    * * * * *
        23. Appendix D to part 141 is amended by revising paragraphs 
    (b)(6)(i) and (ii) of section No. 4 and paragraphs (b) introductory 
    text, and (g) introductory text of section No. 5 to read as follows:
    
    Appendix D to Part 141--Commercial Pilot Certification Course
    
    * * * * *
        4. * * *
        (b) * * *
        (6) * * *
        (i) Five training flights in a glider with a certificated flight 
    instructor on the launch/tow procedures approved for the course and 
    on the appropriate approved areas of operation listed in paragraph 
    (d)(6) of this section; and
        (ii) Three training flights in a glider with a certificated 
    flight instructor in preparation for the practical test within 60 
    days preceding the date of the test.
    * * * * *
        5. * * *
        (b) For an airplane multiengine course: 10 hours of flight 
    training in a multiengine airplane performing the duties of pilot in 
    command while under the supervision of a certificated flight 
    instructor. The training must consist of the approved areas of 
    operation in paragraph (d)(2) of section No. 4 of this appendix, and 
    include at least--
    * * * * *
        (g) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 10 hours of flight 
    training in an airship performing the duties of pilot in command 
    while under the supervision of a commercial pilot with an airship 
    rating. The training must consist of the approved areas of operation 
    in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of this appendix and include at 
    least--
    * * * * *
    
        Issued in Washington, D.C., on April 20, 1998.
    Jane F. Garvey,
    Administrator.
    [FR Doc. 98-10793 Filed 4-22-98; 8:45 am]
    BILLING CODE 4910-13-P
    
    
    

Document Information

Effective Date:
5/26/1998
Published:
04/23/1998
Department:
Federal Aviation Administration
Entry Type:
Rule
Action:
Final rule.
Document Number:
98-10793
Dates:
This rule is effective May 26, 1998.
Pages:
20282-20290 (9 pages)
Docket Numbers:
Docket No. 25910, Amendment Nos. 61-104 and 141-10
RINs:
2120-AE71: Pilot, Flight Instructor, Ground Instructor, and Pilot School Certification Rules
RIN Links:
https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/2120-AE71/pilot-flight-instructor-ground-instructor-and-pilot-school-certification-rules
PDF File:
98-10793.pdf
CFR: (32)
14 CFR 61.39(a)(6)
14 CFR 61.45(b)
14 CFR 61.1(b)(6)
14 CFR 61.129(b)(4)
14 CFR 61.129(b)(2)
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