2020-06779. General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the List of Migratory Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 67 species (75 added and 8 removed) will bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,093. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes.

DATES:

This rule is effective May 18, 2020.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Eric L. Kershner, Chief of the Branch of Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803; [phone].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking?

We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28 (December 14, 1995);

(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26 (May 5, 1997);

(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and

(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

What is the purpose of this rulemaking?

Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public of regulatory protections.

Why is the amendment of the List of Migratory Birds necessary?

The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to:

(1) Add 16 species that qualify for protection under the MBTA;

(2) Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the alphabetized list;

(3) Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the taxonomic list;

(4) Add 30 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2010;

(5) Add one species moved from a family that was not protected to a family protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes;

(6) Add 28 species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;

(7) Remove 8 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes;

(8) Change the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to accepted use; and

(9) Change the scientific names of 135 species to conform to accepted use.

The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on November 1, 2013 (78 FR 65844). The amendments in this rule were necessitated by nine published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American Birds (AOU 2011, AOU 2012, AOU 2013, AOU 2014, AOU 2015, AOU 2016, AOS 2017, AOS 2018, and AOS 2019) and the 2017 publication of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017).

What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Migratory Birds?

Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 1999 through 2016, AOS 2017 through 2019), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU (now AOS) Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America; evaluating and codifying the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's Checklist represents the best information available for developing the North American component of this List of Migratory Birds. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States.

For the species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2017 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2017), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the list, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist, but range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information and do not include records of vagrancy.

Although the Service primarily relies on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion or documented natural distribution is inconsistent or controversial, the Service evaluates available published and unpublished information and comes to its own conclusions regarding the validity of taxa and records of distribution.

What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA?

A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria:

(1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a species or part of a family protected by one of the four international treaties or their amendments. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the treaties, unless:

• It was native to the United States or its territories and extant in 1918;
• It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States and its territories; and
• After such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency.

(2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be included if either of the following criteria apply:

• The species resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade if the species is not included; or
• Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions.

(3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from natural distributional changes and the species occurs in a protected family. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order.

In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish a list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA.

How do the changes affect the List of Migratory Birds?

Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level by the AOS since our 2013 publication of the list (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013). These changes affect the inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, the Order Cathartiformes (New World vultures) was split from the Accipitriformes (diurnal birds of prey). Cathartiformes now includes the Family Cathartidae (vultures and California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus). At the Family level, the Oceanitidae (southern storm-petrels) was split from the Hydrobatidae (northern storm-petrels), the Tityridae (becards and tityras) was split from the Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers), the Passerellidae (towhees, sparrows, and juncos) was split from the Emberizidae (buntings), and the Megaluridae (Locustella warblers) was renamed to Locustellidae. The Ptilogonatidae (silky-flycatchers) was renamed to the Ptiliogonatidae. The Nesospingidae (Puerto Rican Tanager) and the Spindalidae (Spindalis genus) were split from the Thraupidae (tanagers). The yellow-breasted chat was split from the Parulidae (wood-warblers) and placed into Icteriidae (chats). Within the Scolopacidae (sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies), new Subfamilies were created: The curlews were moved to Numeniinae; the godwits to Limosinae; and small sandpipers to Arenariinae and larger sandpipers to Tringinae, including phalaropes whose previous Subfamily Phalaropodinae was removed. Within the Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, and kites), new Subfamilies were created: The White-tailed Kite was move to Elaninae, Hook-billed and Swallow-tailed Kite were moved to Gypaetinae, and all other members of the family were moved to Accipitrinae. Within the Icteridae (blackbirds), new Subfamilies were created: Yellow-headed blackbird was moved to Xanthocephalinae; bobolink was moved to Dolichonychinae; meadowlarks were moved to Sturnellinae; orioles were moved to Icterinae; and blackbirds, cowbirds, and grackles were moved to Agelaiinae. In the Falconidae (caracaras and falcons), collared forest-falcon was moved into the new Subfamily Herpetotherinae, and the Subfamily Caracarinae was removed, with crested caracara moved to the Subfamily Falconinae. In the Fringillidae (finches and allies), the Hawaiian fringillids were moved from the Subfamily Drepanidinae to Carduelinae. The Old World flycatchers in the Turdidae (thrushes) were moved to the Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Bananaquit was moved from the Coerebidae (a family not protected by MBTA) to the Thraupidae (tanagers and allies), which is a family protected by the MBTA. All other tanagers were also moved from the Emberizidae (sparrows) to the Thraupidae. Within Thraupidae, the seedeaters were moved into the Subfamily Sporophilinae, and bananaquit, grassquits, and bullfinches were moved into the Subfamily Coerebinae.

All species previously receiving protection under the MBTA that have been moved to newly created Families continue to be protected under the MBTA.

The amendments affect a total of 252 species; 75 additions, 8 removals, and 178 name changes covering 169 species (9 species had both scientific and common name changes). The result is a net addition of 67 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,026 to 1,093. Of the 75 species that we add to the list, 28 were previously covered under the MBTA as members of the same species (conspecific) of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following nine categories:

(1) Add 16 species that qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously. The addition of these species is the result of either accepting AOS taxonomic updates that were previously excluded or determinations of documented natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. The species and relevant publication(s) are:

Pink-footed Goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (AOS 2019);

Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii (AOU 2004);

Long-tailed Koel, Urodynamis taitensis (Wiles 2005);

White-tailed Nightjar, Hydropsalis cayennensis (AOU 1983);

Vervain Hummingbird, Mellisuga minima (AOU 1983);

Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus (Enbring and Owen 1981);

Common Redshank, Tringa totanus (Wiles 2005);

Nazca Booby, Sula granti (AOS 2019);

Abbott's Booby, Papasula abbotti (Pratt et al. 2009);

Rufous Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus (Glass et al. 1990);

Gray-faced Buzzard, Butastur indicus (Stinson et al. 1997);

Eastern Marsh-Harrier, Circus spilonotus (Wiles et al. 2000);

Amur Falcon, Falco amurensis (Stinson et al. 1991);

Eurasian Jackdaw, Corvus monedula (AOU 1998);

Redwing, Turdus iliacus (AOU 1998);

Common Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis (Wiles et al. 1993).

(2) Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the alphabetized list:

Eared Quetzel, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Eared Quetzal

Red-footed falcon, Flaco vespertinus, becomes Falco vespertinus

Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophalus becomes Legatus leucophaius

(3) Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the taxonomic list:

Eared Quetzel, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Eared Quetzal

White-crested Eleania, Elaenia albiceps becomes White-crested Elaenia

Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophalus becomes Legatus leucophaius

(4) Add 30 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2010) or by other appropriate ornithological authorities of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication:

Common Scoter, Melanitta nigra—California and Oregon (AOS 2017);

Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis amethystinus—Texas (AOS 2018, AOS 2019);

Rufous-necked Wood-Rail, Aramides axillaris—New Mexico (AOU 2016);

Solitary Snipe, Gallinago solitaria—Alaska (AOU 2011);

Chatham Albatross, Thalassarche eremita—California (AOS 2017);

European Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus—North Carolina and Florida (AOS 2019);

Providence Petrel, Pterodroma solandri—Alaska (AOU 2013);

Fea's Petrel, Pterodroma feae—North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia (AOU 2013);

Zino's Petrel, Pterodroma madeira—North Carolina, (AOU 2015);

White-chinned Petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis—Texas, California, Maine (AOU 2011);

Bryan's Shearwater, Puffinus bryani—Hawaii (AOU 2012);

Bare-throated Tiger-Heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum—Texas (AOU 2011);

Double-toothed Kite, Harpagus bidentatus—Texas (AOU 2013);

Great Black Hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga—Texas and Maine (AOS 2019);

Amazon Kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona—Texas (AOU 2011);

Gray-collared Becard, Pachyramphus major—Arizona (AOU 2011);

Pine Flycatcher, Empidonax affinis—Arizona (AOS 2018);

Cuban Vireo, Vireo gundlachii—Florida (AOS 2018);

Common Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita—Alaska (AOU 2014);

Thick-billed Warbler, Arundinax aedon—Alaska (AOS 2019);

Blyth's Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum—Alaska (AOU 2017);

River Warbler, Locustella fluviatilis—Alaska (AOS 2019);

European Robin, Erithacus rubecula—Pennsylvania (AOS 2019);

Common Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus—Alaska (AOU 2015);

Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka—Alaska (AOS 2019);

Brown-backed Solitaire, Myadestes occidentalis—Arizona (AOU 2011);

Pallas's Rosefinch, Carpodacus roseus—Alaska (AOS 2019);

Asian Rosy-Finch, Leucosticte arctoa—Alaska (AOU 2013);

Black-backed Oriole, Icterus abeillei—Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut (AOS 2019);

Red-legged Honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus—Texas (AOS 2017).

(5) Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes transferring a species in a Family formerly not protected by the MBTA (Coerebidae) into a Family protected under the MBTA (Thraupidae). We reference the AOS publication supporting the change:

Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola (AOU 2015).

(6) Add 28 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:

Stejneger's Scoter, Melanitta stejnegeri—formerly considered conspecific with Velvet Scoter, Melanitta fusca (AOS 2019);

Ridgway's Rail, Rallus obsoletus—formerly considered conspecific with Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris (AOU 2014);

Common Gallinule, Gallinula galeata—formerly considered conspecific with Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus (AOU 2011);

Scripps's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus scrippsi—formerly considered conspecific with Xantus's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (AOU 2012);

Salvin's Albatross, Thalassarche salvini—formerly considered conspecific with Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta (AOU 2014);

Gray-faced Petrel, Pterodroma gouldi—formerly considered conspecific with Great-winged Petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (AOS 2019);

Trindade Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana —formerly considered conspecific with Herald Petrel, Pterodroma heraldica (AOU 2015);

Newell's Shearwater, Puffinus newelli—formerly considered conspecific with Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (AOU 2015);

Barolo Shearwater, Puffinus baroli—formerly considered conspecific with Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (AOU 2013);

Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates socorroensis—formerly considered conspecific with Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhous (AOU 2016, AOS 2019);

Northern Boobook, Ninox japonica—formerly considered conspecific with Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (AOU 2014);

Pacific Kingfisher, Todiramphus sacer—formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015);

Mariana Kingfisher, Todiramphus albicilla—formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015);

Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma woodhouseii—formerly considered conspecific with Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica (AOU 2016);

Kamchatka Leaf Warbler, Phylloscopus examinandus—formerly considered conspecific with Arctic Warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (AOU 2014);

Saipan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus hiwae—formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013);

Aguiguan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus nijoi—formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013);

Pagan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus yamashinae—formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013);

Laysan Honeycreeper, Himatione fraithii— formerly considered conspecific with Apapane, Himatione sanguinea (AOU 2015)

Kauai Nukupu‘u, Hemignathus hanapepe—formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (AOU 2015);

Maui Nukupu‘u, Hemignathus affins—formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (AOU 2015);

Kauai ‘Akialoa, Akialoa stejnegeri—formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus (AOU 2015);

Maui Nui ‘Akialoa, Akialoa lanaiensis—formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus (AOU 2015);

O‘ahu ‘Akepa, Loxops wolstenholmei—formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, Loxops coccineus (AOU 2015);

Maui ‘Akepa, Loxops ochraceus—formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, Loxops coccineus (AOU 2015);

Cassia Crossbill, Loxia sinesciuris—formerly considered conspecific with Red Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (AOS 2017);

Sagebrush Sparrow, Artemisiospiza nevadensis—formerly considered conspecific with Sage Sparrow, Amphispiza belli (AOU 2013);

Morelet's Seedeater, Sporophila morelleti—formerly considered conspecific with White-collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola (AOS 2018).

(7) Remove eight species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes:

Thayer's Gull, Larus thayeri, now a subspecies of Iceland Gull, Larus glaucoides (AOS 2017);

Great-winged Petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (AOS 2019);

Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (AOU 2015);

Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (AOU 2015);

Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (AOU 2014);

Caribbean Coot, Fulica caribaea (AOU 2016);

Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015);

White-collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola (AOS 2018).

(8) Revise the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). Hawaiian species names are modified to official Hawaiian spelling, following the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary, adding the diacritical marks to the common names where applicable. The Government Publishing Office Style Manual requires the words Hawaii and Kauai to be spelled without the diacritical mark. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.

(9) Revise the scientific names of 135 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.

Table of name changes, as described in categories 8 and 9, above, follows. Table is organized following AOS (2019) taxonomic order. The relevant AOS publication is provided. Hawaiian common name changes are indicated with a (—).

Publication source and year	Previous common name	Current common name
AOU 2004	Canada Goose (including Branta hutchinsii), Branta canadensis	Canada Goose, Branta canadensis.
AOS 2019	Common Ground-Dove, Columbina passerina	Common Ground Dove, Columbina passerina.
AOS 2019	Ruddy Ground-Dove, Columbina talpacoti	Ruddy Ground Dove, Columbina talpacoti.
AOU 2016	Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus	Mexican Violetear, Colibri thalassinus.
AOS 2017	Magnificent hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens	Rivoli's Hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens.
AOS 2019	Blue-throated Hummingbird, Lampornis clemenciae	Blue-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis clemenciae.
AOU 2012	Xantus's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus	Guadalupe Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus.
AOU 2014	Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta	White-capped Albatross, Thalassarche cauta.
AOU 2015	Herald Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana	Trindade Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana.
Clements et al. 2000	Pacific Reef-Egret, Egretta sacra	Pacific Reef-Heron, Egretta sacra.
AOU 2012	Gray Frog-Hawk, Accipiter soloensis	Chinese Sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis.
AOU 2014	Common Black-Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus	Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus.
AOS 2018	Gray Jay, Perisoreus canadensis	Canada Jay, Perisoreus canadensis.
AOU 2016	Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica	California Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica.
AOU 2016	Eurasian Sky Lark, Alauda arvensis	Eurasian Skylark, Alauda arvensis.
AOU 2014	Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus	Pallas's Leaf Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus.
—	Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus	Kāma'o, Myadestes myadestinus.
—	Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis	Oloma'o, Myadestes lanaiensis.
—	Omao, Myadestes obscurus	'Ōmar'o, Myadestes obscurus.
AOS 2017	Le Conte's Thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei	LeConte's Thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei.
AOU 2015	Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus	O'ahu Nukupu'u, Hemignathus lucidus.
—	Poo-uli, Melamprosops phaeosoma	Po'ouli, Melamprosops phaeosoma.
—	Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi	'Akikiki, Oreomystis bairdi.
—	Oahu Alauahio, Paroreomyza maculata	O'ahu 'Alauahio, Paroreomyza maculata.
—	Kakawahie, Paroreomyza flammea	Kākāwahie, Paroreomyza flammea.
—	Maui Alauahio, Paroreomyza montana	Maui 'Alauahio, Paroreomyza montana.
—	Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei	'Akohekohe, Palmeria dolei.
—	Apapane, Himatione sanguinea	'Apapane, Himatione sanguinea.
—	Iiwi, Drepanis coccinea	'I'iwi, Drepanis coccinea.
—	Ou, Psittirostra psittacea	'Ō'ū, Psittirostra psittacea.
—	Anianiau, Magumma parva	'Anianiau, Magumma parva.
—	Akekee , Loxops caeruleirostris	'Akeke'e , Loxops caeruleirostris.
AOU 2015	Akepa, Loxops coccineus	Hawaii 'Akepa, Loxops coccineus.
AOS 2017	Le Conte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii	LeConte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii.
AOS 2017	Emperor Goose, Chen canagica	Emperor Goose, Anser canagicus.
AOS 2017	Snow Goose, Chen caerulescens	Snow Goose, Anser caerulescens.
AOS 2017	Ross's Goose, Chen rossii	Ross's Goose, Anser rossii.
AOS 2017	Baikal Teal, Anas formosa	Baikal Teal, Sibirionetta formosa.
AOS 2017	Garganey, Anas querquedula	Garganey, Spatula querquedula.
AOS 2017	Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors	Blue-winged Teal, Spatula discors.
AOS 2017	Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera	Cinnamon Teal, Spatula cyanoptera.
AOS 2017	Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata	Northern Shoveler, Spatula clypeata.
AOS 2017	Gadwall, Anas strepera	Gadwall, Mareca strepera.
AOS 2017	Falcated Duck, Anas falcata	Falcated Duck, Mareca falcata.
AOS 2017	Eurasian Wigeon, Anas penelope	Eurasian Wigeon, Mareca penelope.
AOS 2017	American Wigeon, Anas americana	American Wigeon, Mareca americana.
AOS 2019	White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca	White-winged Scoter, Melanitta deglandi.
Clements et al. 2017	White-throated Ground-Dove, Gallicolumba xanthonura	White-throated Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonurus.
Clements et al. 2010	Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo, Cuculus fugax	Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo, Hierococcyx nisicolor.
AOU 2012	Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus carolinensis	Chuck-will's-widow, Antrostomus carolinensis.
AOU 2012	Buff-collared Nightjar, Caprimulgus ridgwayi	Buff-collared Nightjar, Antrostomus ridgwayi.
AOU 2012	Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus	Eastern Whip-poor-will, Antrostomus vociferus.
AOU 2012	Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae	Mexican Whip-poor-will, Antrostomus arizonae.
AOU 2012	Puerto Rican Nightjar, Caprimulgus noctitherus	Puerto Rican Nightjar, Antrostomus noctitherus.
AOS 2018	Gray Nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus	Gray Nightjar, Caprimulgus jotaka.
AOS 2019	Bahama Woodstar, Calliphlox evelynae	Bahama Woodstar, Nesophlox evelynae.
AOU 2012	Calliope Hummingbird, Stellula calliope	Calliope Hummingbird, Selasphorus calliope.
AOU 2014	Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris	Clapper Rail, Rallus crepitans.
AOU 2016	Yellow-breasted Crake, Porzana flaviventer	Yellow-breasted Crake, Hapalocrex flaviventer.
AOU 2012	Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinica	Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus.
AOU 2016	Sandhill Crane, Grus canadensis	Sandhill Crane, Antigone canadensis.
AOU 2011	Snowy Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus	Snowy Plover, Charadrius nivosus.
AOU 2013	Surfbird, Aphriza virgata	Surfbird, Calidris virgata.
AOU 2013	Ruff, Philomachus pugnax	Ruff, Calidris pugnax.
AOU 2013	Broad-billed Sandpiper, Limicola falcinellus	Broad-billed Sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus.
AOU 2013	Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus	Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Calidris pygmea.
AOU 2013	Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis	Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis.
AOS 2017	Blue-gray Noddy, Procelsterna cerulea	Blue-gray Noddy, Anous ceruleus.
AOU 2003	Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybridus	Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybrida.
AOS 2019	Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma furcata	Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates furcatus.
AOS 2019	Ringed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma hornbyi	Ringed Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates hornbyi.
AOS 2019	Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis	Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates monorhis.
AOS 2019	Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa	Leach's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous.
AOS 2019	Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma socorroensis	Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates socorroensis.
AOS 2019	Ashy Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma homochroa	Ashy Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates homochroa.
AOS 2019	Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma castro	Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates castro.
AOS 2019	Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma tethys	Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates tethys.
AOS 2019	Black Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma melania	Black Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates melania.
AOS 2019	Tristram's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma tristrami	Tristram's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates tristrami.
AOS 2019	Least Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma microsoma	Least Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates microsoma.
AOS 2018	Tahiti Petrel, Pterodroma rostrata	Tahiti Petrel, Pseudobulweria rostrata.
AOU 2016	Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus pacificus	Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Ardenna pacifica.
AOU 2016	Buller's Shearwater, Puffinus bulleri	Buller's Shearwater, Ardenna bulleri.
AOU 2016	Short-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus tenuirostris	Short-tailed Shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris.
AOU 2016	Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus griseus	Sooty Shearwater, Ardenna grisea.
AOU 2016	Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis	Great Shearwater, Ardenna gravis.
AOU 2016	Pink-footed Shearwater, Puffinus creatopus	Pink-footed Shearwater, Ardenna creatopus.
AOU 2016	Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carneipes	Flesh-footed Shearwater, Ardenna carneipes.
AOS 2017	Intermediate Egret, Mesophoyx intermedia	Intermediate Egret, Ardea intermedia.
AOS 2017	Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus	Northern Harrier, Circus hudsonius.
AOU 2015	Roadside Hawk, Buteo magnirostris	Roadside Hawk, Rupornis magnirostris.
AOU 2015	White-tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus	White-tailed Hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus.
AOS 2018	Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens	Downy Woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens.
AOS 2018	Nuttall's Woodpecker, Picoides nuttallii	Nuttall's Woodpecker, Dryobates nuttallii.
AOS 2018	Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Picoides scalaris	Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Dryobates scalaris.
AOS 2018	Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picoides borealis	Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Dryobates borealis.
AOS 2018	Hairy Woodpecker, Picoides villosus	Hairy Woodpecker, Dryobates villosus.
AOS 2018	White-headed Woodpecker, Picoides albolarvatus	White-headed Woodpecker, Dryobates albolarvatus.
AOS 2018	Arizona Woodpecker, Picoides arizonae	Arizona Woodpecker, Dryobates arizonae.
AOU 2013	Flammulated Owl, Otus flammeolus	Flammulated Owl, Psiloscops flammeolus.
AOS 2017	Northern Shrike, Lanius excubitor	Northern Shrike, Lanius borealis.
AOU 2011	Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina	Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma wollweberi.
AOU 2012	Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa	Sinaloa Wren, Thryophilus sinaloa.
AOS 2018	Siberian Blue Robin, Luscinia cyane	Siberian Blue Robin, Larvivora cyane.
AOS 2018	Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans	Rufous-tailed Robin, Larvivora sibilans.
AOS 2018	Bluethroat, Luscinia svecica	Bluethroat, Cyanecula svecica.
AOS 2018	Siberian Rubythroat, Luscinia calliope	Siberian Rubythroat, Calliope calliope.
Clements et al. 2015	Chestnut-cheeked Starling, Sturnus phillippensis	Chestnut-cheeked Starling, Agropsar philippensis.
Clements et al. 2015	White-cheeked Starling, Sturnus cineraceus	White-cheeked Starling, Spodiopsar cineraceus.
AOU 2013	Gray Silky-flycatcher, Ptilogonys cinereus	Gray Silky-flycatcher , Ptiliogonys cinereus.
AOU 2012	House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus	House Finch, Haemorhous mexicanus.
AOU 2012	Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus	Purple Finch, Haemorhous purpureus.
AOU 2012	Cassin's Finch, Carpodacus cassinii	Cassin's Finch, Haemorhous cassinii.
AOU 2015	American Tree Sparrow, Spizella arborea	American Tree Sparrow, Spizelloides arborea.
AOS 2018	LeConte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii	LeConte's Sparrow, Ammospiza leconteii.
AOS 2018	Seaside Sparrow, Ammodramus maritima	Seaside Sparrow, Ammospiza maritima.
AOS 2018	Nelson's Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni	Nelson's Sparrow, Ammospiza nelsoni.
AOS 2018	Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacuta	Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammospiza caudacuta.
AOS 2018	Baird's Sparrow, Ammodramus bairdii	Baird's Sparrow, Centronyx bairdii.
AOS 2018	Henslow's Sparrow, Ammodramus henslowii	Henslow's Sparrow, Centronyx henslowii.
AOS 2019	Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina	Tennessee Warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina.
AOS 2019	Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis celata	Orange-crowned Warbler, Leiothlypis celata.
AOS 2019	Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis crissalis	Colima Warbler, Leiothlypis crissalis.
AOS 2019	Lucy's Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae	Lucy's Warbler, Leiothlypis luciae.
AOS 2019	Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla	Nashville Warbler, Leiothlypis ruficapilla.
AOS 2019	Virginia's Warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae	Virginia's Warbler, Leiothlypis virginiae.
AOU 2011	MacGillivray's Warbler, Oporornis tolmiei	MacGillivray's Warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei.
AOU 2011	Mourning Warbler, Oporornis philadelphia	Mourning Warbler, Geothlypis philadelphia.
AOU 2011	Kentucky Warbler, Oporornis formosus	Kentucky Warbler, Geothlypis formosa.
AOU 2011	Elfin-woods Warbler, Dendroica angelae	Elfin-woods Warbler, Setophaga angelae.
AOU 2011	Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina	Hooded Warbler, Setophaga citrina.
AOU 2011	Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii	Kirtland's Warbler, Setophaga kirtlandii.
AOU 2011	Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina	Cape May Warbler, Setophaga tigrina.
AOU 2011	Cerulean Warbler, Dendroica cerulea	Cerulean Warbler, Setophaga cerulea.
AOU 2011	Northern Parula, Parula americana	Northern Parula, Setophaga americana.
AOU 2011	Tropical Parula, Parula pitiayumi	Tropical Parula, Setophaga pitiayumi.
AOU 2011	Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia	Magnolia Warbler, Setophaga magnolia.
AOU 2011	Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea	Bay-breasted Warbler, Setophaga castanea.
AOU 2011	Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca	Blackburnian Warbler, Setophaga fusca.
AOU 2011	Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia	Yellow Warbler, Setophaga petechia.
AOU 2011	Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica pensylvanica	Chestnut-sided Warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica.
AOU 2011	Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata	Blackpoll Warbler, Setophaga striata.
AOU 2011	Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica caerulescens	Black-throated Blue Warbler, Setophaga caerulescens.
AOU 2011	Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum	Palm Warbler, Setophaga palmarum.
AOU 2011	Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus	Pine Warbler, Setophaga pinus.
AOU 2011	Yellow-rumped Warbler, Dendroica coronata	Yellow-rumped Warbler, Setophaga coronata.
AOU 2011	Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica	Yellow-throated Warbler, Setophaga dominica.
AOU 2011	Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor	Prairie Warbler, Setophaga discolor.
AOU 2011	Adelaide's Warbler, Dendroica adelaidae	Adelaide's Warbler, Setophaga adelaidae.
AOU 2011	Grace's Warbler, Dendroica graciae	Grace's Warbler, Setophaga graciae.
AOU 2011	Black-throated Gray Warbler, Dendroica nigrescens	Black-throated Gray Warbler, Setophaga nigrescens.
AOU 2011	Townsend's Warbler, Dendroica townsendi	Townsend's Warbler, Setophaga townsendi.
AOU 2011	Hermit Warbler, Dendroica occidentalis	Hermit Warbler, Setophaga occidentalis.
AOU 2011	Golden-cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia	Golden-cheeked Warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia.
AOU 2011	Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica virens	Black-throated Green Warbler, Setophaga virens.
AOU 2011	Fan-tailed Warbler, Euthlypis lachrymosa	Fan-tailed Warbler, Basileuterus lachrymosus.
AOU 2011	Canada Warbler, Wilsonia canadensis	Canada Warbler, Cardellina canadensis.
AOU 2011	Wilson's Warbler, Wilsonia pusilla	Wilson's Warbler , Cardellina pusilla.
AOS 2019	Black-faced Grassquit, Tiaris bicolor	Black-faced Grassquit, Melanospiza bicolor.
AOS 2018	Puerto Rican Bullfinch, Loxigilla portoricensis	Puerto Rican Bullfinch, Melopyrrha portoricensis.
Clements et al. 2017	Friendly Ground-Dove, Gallicolumba stairi	Shy Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas stairi.
Clements et al. 2006	Micronesian Kingfisher, Todirhamphus cinnamominus	Guam Kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus.
Clements et al. 2006, 2017	Nightingale Reed-Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinia	Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius.
AOU 2015	Akiapolaau, Hemignathus munroi	'Akiapola'au, Hemignathus wilsoni.
AOU 2015	Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus	O'ahu 'Akialoa, Akialoa ellisiana.
AOU 2015	Hawaii Amakihi, Hemignathus virens	Hawaii 'Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis virens.
AOU 2015	Oahu Amakihi, Hemignathus flavus	O'ahu 'Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis flava.
AOU 2015	Kauai Amakihi, Hemignathus kauaiensis	Kauai 'Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri.
AOU 2012, 2013	Sage Sparrow, Amphispiza belli	Bell's Sparrow, Artemisiospiza belli.

How do the changes adopted in this rule differ from those described in the proposed rule?

On November 28, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the Federal Register (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. Taken together, our publications, the November 28, 2018, proposed rule, as revised by the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, include all the changes adopted in this rule with one exception: On the taxonomic list, we are correcting the scientific name of the Puerto Rican bullfinch from Loxigilla portoricensis to Melopyrrha portoricensis.

How is the List of Migratory Birds organized?

The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2019) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

The MBTA does not apply to:

(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions. Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish the revised list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA. Note, though, that native species introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories (e.g., cattle egrets in Hawaii).

(2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories.

Summary of Comments and Responses

On November 28, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. We received eight comments in response to the proposed rule; seven were from private individuals, one was from an organization. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the Federal Register (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. We received two comments in response to the revised proposed rule; one was from a private individual, one was from an organization. The following text discusses the substantive comments we received and provides our responses.

Comment (1): One individual requested that the list be available in a more user-friendly format.

Response: As noted above, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the list is provided in two formats for different needs. One format is ordered alphabetically by group (English) name and the other is in taxonomic order. For informational purposes only, we also provide a downloadable list online at https://www.fws.gov/​birds/​management/​managed-species/​migratory-bird-treaty-act-protected-species.php,, in a spreadsheet format that includes multiple fields to allow for easy sorting and searching for users comfortable working with this format.

Comment (2): One individual requested that we clarify why we are adding to the List the 16 species that we say qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously.

Response: For this update, the Service reviewed previously excluded AOS taxonomic updates using contemporary scientific literature to make its determinations. For species that we are adding based on evidence of natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories, the Service reviewed historical scientific literature prompted by recommendations made by Service staff with ornithological expertise and knowledge of species' natural distribution.

Comment (3): One individual commented on the importance of updating the List of Migratory Birds for the public to be informed of what species are protected and to provide clarification about the taxonomy of species.

Response: The Service agrees that it is important to maintain a current List of Migratory Birds that reflects the best available science and can inform the American public of the species that are protected by the MBTA.

Comment (4): One commenter made the following comments:

The proposed action of the Service implicates the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment; as a result, the action is not in compliance with Executive Order 12630 as it has significant takings implications.

The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment due to incorrect citations.

The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment because the correct citations are conclusory summations without details relating to the factual determinations.

The Service has unlawfully delegated its decision-making authority to a private organization.

The Service is unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language meaning of the term “occurring.”

Response: Regarding the first bullet, there are no takings implications stemming from this rulemaking. Under 50 CFR 21.2, migratory birds that are lawfully acquired prior to the effective date of Federal protection under the MBTA (in this case, their addition to the List of Migratory Birds at 50 CFR 10.13) may continue to be possessed or transported without a permit. However, 50 CFR 21.2 prohibits import, export, purchase, sale, barter, or offer for purchase, sale, or barter of those species. The Supreme Court held in Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51, 65-68 (1979), that the prohibitions in 50 CFR 21.2 do not amount to a regulatory taking that requires compensation under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

Regarding the second bullet, we apologize for the incorrect citations in the November 28, 2018, proposed rule; they were corrected and described individually in the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, for which we accepted public comment for 30 days, and they are correct in this final rule.

Regarding the third and fourth bullets, which we combine because they are interrelated with regard to the process the Service follows for determining species protected by the MBTA, the Service must rely on accepted scientific authorities and best available science when feasible. The Service has determined that the checklist published by the AOS is the best available science and a primary resource from which to reference updates in taxonomy and natural distribution for the reasons outlined above under What Scientific Authorities Are Used to Amend the List of Migratory Birds? The Service reviews and makes its own determinations for inclusion and updates to the list of protected migratory bird species, as evidenced by the Service not recognizing ackling Gogose, Branta hutchinsii, as a distinct species for protection until this update when the AOU made this determination in its 2004 supplement (see our response to comments in 78 FR 65844, November 1, 2013, at p. 78 FR 65849). Copies of the AOS checklist and supplements are publicly available, and these publications cite published resources used in the committee deliberations that are also considered by the Service for this rulemaking. Persons wishing to obtain more information about deliberations and evidence used by the AOS in their determinations should contact AOS directly. The Service also solicits public comments through a proposed rule when we make revisions to the list of protected species to obtain any additional information the public wishes to provide to aid us in our decision-making.

Regarding the fifth bullet, the use of the word “occurring” is ambiguous in the legislative history, and there is no evidence that Congress was concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories. There is also no established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is occurring in the United States or U.S. Territories based on an undefined threshold number of documented records. A single documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories is thus the threshold to qualify a species for protection by the MBTA.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review

Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant.

E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866, while calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements.

Executive Order 13771—Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs

This rule is not an Executive Order (E.O.) 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 3, 2017) regulatory action because this rule is not significant under E.O. 12866.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

This rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.

a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.

b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions.

c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following:

a. This rule will not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions; it will not affect small government activities in any significant way.

b. This rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

Takings

Under Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. While certain activities that were previously unregulated will now be regulated, possession and transport of migratory bird species acquired prior to being added to the List of Migratory Birds in this rulemaking will remain unregulated under Federal law. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required.

Federalism

This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.

Civil Justice Reform

In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.

Paperwork Reduction Act

This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)).

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Of the species on the List of Migratory Birds, 102 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on tribal lands.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)

On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule will only affect the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

References Cited

A complete list of all references cited is available on http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0047, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above).

List of Subjects in Part 10

• Exports
• Fish
• Imports
• Law enforcement
• Plants
• Transportation
• Wildlife

Regulation Promulgation

For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 10—GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384, 1401-1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.

2. Amend §  10.13 by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:

§ 10.13

List of Migratory Birds.

* * * * *

(c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2019). For species not treated by the AOS Check-list, we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017).

(1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name.

ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella

'AKEKE'E, Loxops caeruleirostris

'AKEPA, Hawaii, Loxops coccineus

Maui, Loxops ochraceus

O'ahu, Loxops wolstenholmei

'AKIALOA, Kauai, Akialoa stejnegeri

Maui Nui, Akialoa lanaiensis

O'ahu, Akialoa ellisiana

'AKIAPOLA'AU, Hemignathus wilsoni

'AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi

'AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei

'ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana

O'ahu, Paroreomyza maculata

ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris

Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes

Chatham, Thalassarche eremita

Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis

Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata

Salvin's, Thalassarche salvini

Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus

Wandering, Diomedea exulans

White-capped, Thalassarche cauta

Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos

'AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Chlorodrepanis virens

Kauai, Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri

O'ahu, Chlorodrepanis flava

ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga

ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris

Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani

'ANIANIAU, Magumma parva

'APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea

AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus

Crested, Aethia cristatella

Least, Aethia pusilla

Parakeet, Aethia psittacula

Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata

Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea

AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana

BANANAQUIT, Coereba flaveola

BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis

Tundra, Anser serrirostris

BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe

BECARD, Gray-collared, Pachyramphus major

Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae

BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus

Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis

Least, Ixobrychus exilis

Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus

Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis

BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus

Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus

Rusty, Euphagus carolinus

Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis

Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor

Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus

BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis

Mountain, Sialia currucoides

Western, Sialia mexicana

BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus

BLUETHROAT, Cyanecula svecica

BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus

BOOBOOK, Northern, Ninox japonica

BOOBY, Abbott's, Papasula abbotti

Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii

Brown, Sula leucogaster

Masked, Sula dactylatra

Nazca, Sula granti

Red-footed, Sula sula

BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla

BRANT, Branta bernicla

BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola

BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Puerto Rican, Melopyrrha portoricensis

BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina

Gray, Emberiza variabilis

Indigo, Passerina cyanea

Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys

Lazuli, Passerina amoena

Little, Emberiza pusilla

McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus

Painted, Passerina ciris

Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi

Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos

Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus

Rustic, Emberiza rustica

Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis

Varied, Passerina versicolor

Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola

Yellow-browed, Emberiza chrysophrys

Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans

BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus

BUZZARD, Gray-faced, Butastur indicus

CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria

CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway

CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis

CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus

Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis

CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris

Gray, Dumetella carolinensis

CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs

CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens

CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus

Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus

Carolina, Poecile carolinensis

Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens

Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus

Mexican, Poecile sclateri

Mountain, Poecile gambeli

CHIFFCHAFF, Common, Phylloscopus collybita

CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Antrostomus carolinensis

CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus

COOT, American, Fulica americana

Eurasian, Fulica atra

Hawaiian, Fulica alai

CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus

Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus

Great, Phalacrocorax carbo

Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile

COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus

Brown-headed, Molothrus ater

Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis

CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex

Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops

Spotless, Porzana tabuensis

Yellow-breasted, Hapalocrex flaviventer

CRANE, Common, Grus grus

Sandhill, Antigone canadensis

Whooping, Grus americana

CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana

Hawaii, Loxops mana

CROSSBILL, Cassia, Loxia sinesciuris

Red, Loxia curvirostra

White-winged, Loxia leucoptera

CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos

Fish, Corvus ossifragus

Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis

Mariana, Corvus kubaryi

Northwestern, Corvus caurinus

Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus

White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus

CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Common, Cuculus canorus

Mangrove, Coccyzus minor

Oriental, Cuculus optatus

Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus

CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis

Eskimo, Numenius borealis

Eurasian, Numenius arquata

Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis

Little, Numenius minutus

Long-billed, Numenius americanus

DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana

DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus

DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus

DOVE, Common Ground, Columbina passerina

Inca, Columbina inca

Mourning, Zenaida macroura

Ruddy Ground, Columbina talpacoti

White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi

White-winged, Zenaida asiatica

Zenaida, Zenaida aurita

DOVEKIE, Alle alle

DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus

Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus

DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes

Eastern Spot-billed, Anas zonorhyncha

Falcated, Mareca falcata

Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus

Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana

Laysan, Anas laysanensis

Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis

Masked, Nomonyx dominicus

Mottled, Anas fulvigula

Muscovy, Cairina moschata

Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa

Ring-necked, Aythya collaris

Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis

Tufted, Aythya fuligula

Wood, Aix sponsa

DUNLIN, Calidris alpina

EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Golden, Aquila chrysaetos

White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla

EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis

Chinese, Egretta eulophotes

Great, Ardea alba

Intermediate, Ardea intermedia

Little, Egretta garzetta

Reddish, Egretta rufescens

Snowy, Egretta thula

EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima

King, Somateria spectabilis

Spectacled, Somateria fischeri

Steller's, Polysticta stelleri

ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica

Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata

White-crested, Elaenia albiceps

EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus

EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica

FALCON, Amur, Falco amurensis

Aplomado, Falco femoralis

Peregrine, Falco peregrinus

Prairie, Falco mexicanus

Red-footed, Falco vespertinus

FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris

FINCH, Cassin's, Haemorhous cassinii

House, Haemorhous mexicanus

Laysan, Telespiza cantans

Nihoa, Telespiza ultima

Purple, Haemorhous purpureus

FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus ruber

FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides

Northern, Colaptes auratus

FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens

Alder, Empidonax alnorum

Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens

Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica

Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus

Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons

Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis

Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus

Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica

Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri

Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer

Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana

Gray, Empidonax wrightii

Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta

Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus

Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii

La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae

Least, Empidonax minimus

Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki

Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina

Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi

Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi

Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis

Pine, Empidonax affinis

Piratic, Legatus leucophaius

Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum

Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus

Social, Myiozetetes similis

Spotted, Muscicapa striata

Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris

Taiga, Ficedula albicilla

Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus

Variegated, Empidonomus varius

Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus

Willow, Empidonax traillii

Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris

FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus

FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor

Lesser, Fregata ariel

Magnificent, Fregata magnificens

FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus

Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii

Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla

FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis

GADWALL, Mareca strepera

GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris

Common, Gallinula galeata

Purple, Porphyrio martinicus

GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus

GARGANEY, Spatula querquedula

GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps

Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura

Blue-Gray, Polioptila caerulea

California, Polioptila californica

GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica

Black-tailed, Limosa limosa

Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica

Marbled, Limosa fedoa

GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica

Common, Bucephala clangula

GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica

European, Pluvialis apricaria

Pacific, Pluvialis fulva

GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis

Lawrence's, Spinus lawrencei

Lesser, Spinus psaltria

GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis

Cackling, Branta hutchinsii

Canada, Branta canadensis

Emperor, Anser canagicus

Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons

Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis

Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus

Pink-footed, Anser brachyrhynchus

Ross's, Anser rossii

Snow, Anser caerulescens

GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis

GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major

Common, Quiscalus quiscula

Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger

Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus

GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis

GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Melanospiza bicolor

Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus

GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii

Eared, Podiceps nigricollis

Horned, Podiceps auritus

Least, Tachybaptus dominicus

Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps

Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena

Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis

GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica

GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia

Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer

GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus

Blue, Passerina caerulea

Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno

Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus

Pine, Pinicola enucleator

Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus

Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus

GROUND-DOVE, Shy, Alopecoenas stairi

White-throated, Alopecoenas xanthonurus

GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle

Pigeon, Cepphus columba

GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri

Black-headed, Chroicocephalus ridibundus

Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris

Bonaparte's, Chroicocephalus philadelphia

California, Larus californicus

Franklin's, Leucophaeus pipixcan

Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus

Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens

Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus

Great Black-backed, Larus marinus

Heermann's, Larus heermanni

Herring, Larus argentatus

Iceland, Larus glaucoides

Ivory, Pagophila eburnea

Kelp, Larus dominicanus

Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla

Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus

Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus

Mew, Larus canus

Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis

Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea

Sabine's, Xema sabini

Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus

Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus

Western, Larus occidentalis

Yellow-footed, Larus livens

Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis

GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus

HARRIER, Northern, Circus hudsonius

HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes

HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus

Common Black, Buteogallus anthracinus

Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii

Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens

Ferruginous, Buteo regalis

Gray, Buteo plagiatus

Great Black, Buteogallus urubitinga

Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus

Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius

Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus

Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis

Roadside, Rupornis magnirostris

Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus

Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus

Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus

Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni

White-tailed, Geranoaetus albicaudatus

Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus

HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Hierococcyx nisicolor

HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea

Great Blue, Ardea herodias

Green, Butorides virescens

Little Blue, Egretta caerulea

Tricolored, Egretta tricolor

HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo

HONEYCREEPER, Laysan, Himatione fraithii

Red-legged, Cyanerpes cyaneus

HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops

HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum

HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin

Anna's, Calypte anna

Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus

Berylline, Amazilia beryllina

Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri

Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris

Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus

Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis

Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa

Calliope, Selasphorus calliope

Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila

Costa's, Calypte costae

Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer

Rivoli's, Eugenes fulgens

Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris

Rufous, Selasphorus rufus

Vervain, Mellisuga minima

Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps

White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis

Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii

IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus

Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber

White, Eudocimus albus

White-faced, Plegadis chihi

'I'IWI, Drepanis coccinea

IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica

JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria

JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa

JACKDAW, Eurasian, Corvus monedula

JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus

Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus

Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus

JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata

Brown, Psilorhinus morio

Canada, Perisoreus canadensis

Green, Cyanocorax yncas

Mexican, Aphelocoma wollweberi

Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri

JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis

Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus

KĀKĀWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea

KĀMA`O, Myadestes myadestinus

KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius

Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus

KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus

KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans

Couch's, Tyrannus couchii

Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus

Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis

Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus

Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris

Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus

Western, Tyrannus verticalis

KINGFISHER, Amazon, Chloroceryle amazona

Belted, Megaceryle alcyon

Common, Alcedo atthis

Green, Chloroceryle americana

Guam, Todiramphus cinnamominus

Mariana, Todiramphus albicilla

Pacific, Todiramphus sacer

Ringed, Megaceryle torquata

KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa

Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula

KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus

KITE, Black, Milvus migrans

Double-toothed, Harpagus bidentatus

Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus

Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis

Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis

Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus

White-tailed, Elanus leucurus

KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla

Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris

KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris

Red, Calidris canutus

KOEL, Long-tailed, Urodynamis taitensis

LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus

LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris

LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna

LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti

LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus

Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus

McCown's, Rhynchophanes mccownii

Smith's, Calcarius pictus

LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica

Common, Gavia immer

Pacific, Gavia pacifica

Red-throated, Gavia stellata

Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii

MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia

Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli

MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos

MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus

Green, Anthracothorax viridis

Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii

MARSH-HARRIER, Eastern, Circus spilonotus

MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera

Caribbean, Progne dominicensis

Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca

Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea

Purple, Progne subis

Southern, Progne elegans

MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna

Western, Sturnella neglecta

MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser

Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus

Red-breasted, Mergus serrator

MERLIN, Falco columbarius

MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris

MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii

Blue, Melanotis caerulescens

Northern, Mimus polyglottos

MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus

MOUNTAIN-GEM, Amethyst-throated, Lampornis amethystinus

Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae

MURRE, Common, Uria aalge

Thick-billed, Uria lomvia

MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus

Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri

Guadalupe, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus

Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris

Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix

Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus

Scripps's, Synthliboramphus scrippsi

NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus

NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii

Common, Chordeiles minor

Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis

NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax

Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi

Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus

Rufous, Nycticorax caledonicus

Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea

NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus

Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris

NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Antrostomus ridgwayi

Gray, Caprimulgus jotaka

Puerto Rican, Antrostomus noctitherus

White-tailed, Hydropsalis cayennensis

NODDY, Black, Anous minutus

Blue-gray, Anous ceruleus

Brown, Anous stolidus

NUKUPU'U, Kauai, Hemignathus hanapepe

Maui, Hemignathus affinis

O'ahu, Hemignathus lucidus

NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana

NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla

Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea

Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis

White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis

OLOMA'O, Myadestes lanaiensis

'ŌMA'O, Myadestes obscurus

ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis

Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda

Baltimore, Icterus galbula

Black-backed, Icterus abeillei

Black-vented, Icterus wagleri

Bullock's, Icterus bullockii

Hooded, Icterus cucullatus

Orchard, Icterus spurius

Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis

Scott's, Icterus parisorum

Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus

OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus

'Ō'Ū, Psittirostra psittacea

OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla

OWL, Barn, Tyto alba

Barred, Strix varia

Boreal, Aegolius funereus

Burrowing, Athene cunicularia

Elf, Micrathene whitneyi

Flammulated, Psiloscops flammeolus

Great Gray, Strix nebulosa

Great Horned, Bubo virginianus

Long-eared, Asio otus

Mottled, Ciccaba virgata

Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula

Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus

Short-eared, Asio flammeus

Snowy, Bubo scandiacus

Spotted, Strix occidentalis

Stygian, Asio stygius

OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus

Black, Haematopus bachmani

Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus

PALILA, Loxioides bailleui

PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia

PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys

PARULA, Northern, Setophaga americana

Tropical, Setophaga pitiayumi

PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis

PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis

PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow

Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata

Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis

Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca

Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii

Cook's, Pterodroma cookii

Fea's, Pterodroma feae

Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera

Gray-faced, Pterodroma gouldi

Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis

Herald, Pterodroma heraldica

Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax

Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa

Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta

Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata

Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima

Parkinson's, Procellaria parkinsoni

Phoenix, Pterodroma alba

Providence, Pterodroma solandri

Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris

Tahiti, Pseudobulweria rostrata

Trindade, Pterodroma arminjoniana

White-chinned, Procellaria aequinoctialis

White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis

Zino's, Pterodroma madeira

PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus

Greater, Contopus pertinax

Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis

Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris

PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens

PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius

Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus

Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor

PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans

Eastern, Sayornis phoebe

Say's, Sayornis saya

PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata

Plain, Patagioenas inornata

Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris

Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa

White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala

PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta

White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis

PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens

Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni

Pechora, Anthus gustavi

Red-throated, Anthus cervinus

Sprague's, Anthus spragueii

Tree, Anthus trivialis

PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola

Collared, Charadrius collaris

Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula

Kentish, Charadrius alexandrinus

Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius

Mountain, Charadrius montanus

Piping, Charadrius melodus

Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus

Snowy, Charadrius nivosus

Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia

POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri

Common, Aythya ferina

POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus

POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii

PO'OULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma

PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri

PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica

Horned, Fratercula corniculata

Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata

PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum

Northern, Glaucidium gnoma

PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus

QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea

Key West, Geotrygon chrysia

Ruddy, Geotrygon montana

QUETZAL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus

RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis

Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis

Clapper, Rallus crepitans

Guam, Gallirallus owstoni

King, Rallus elegans

Ridgway's, Rallus obsoletus

Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus

Virginia, Rallus limicola

Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis

RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus

Common, Corvus corax

RAZORBILL, Alca torda

REDHEAD, Aythya americana

REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea

Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni

REDSHANK, Common, Tringa totanus

Spotted, Tringa erythropus

REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla

Common, Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Painted, Myioborus pictus

Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus

REDWING, Turdus iliacus

REEF-HERON, Pacific, Egretta sacra

Western, Egretta gularis

ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus

ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius

European, Erithacus rubecula

Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus

Rufous-tailed, Larvivora sibilans

Siberian Blue, Larvivora cyane

ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, Monticola solitarius

ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus

Pallas's, Carpodacus roseus

ROSY-FINCH, Asian, Leucosticte arctoa

Black, Leucosticte atrata

Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis

Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis

RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Calliope calliope

RUFF, Calidris pugnax

SANDERLING, Calidris alba

SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii

Broad-billed, Calidris falcinellus

Buff-breasted, Calidris subruficollis

Common, Actitis hypoleucos

Curlew, Calidris ferruginea

Green, Tringa ochropus

Least, Calidris minutilla

Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis

Pectoral, Calidris melanotos

Purple, Calidris maritima

Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis

Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla

Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata

Solitary, Tringa solitaria

Spoon-billed, Calidris pygmea

Spotted, Actitis macularius

Stilt, Calidris himantopus

Terek, Xenus cinereus

Upland, Bartramia longicauda

Western, Calidris mauri

White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis

Wood, Tringa glareola

SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii

Lesser, Charadrius mongolus

SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber

Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis

Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus

Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius

SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila

Lesser, Aythya affinis

SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia

SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana

Common, Melanitta nigra

Stejneger's, Melanitta stejnegeri

Surf, Melanitta perspicillata

White-winged, Melanitta deglandi

SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio

Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes

Western, Megascops kennicottii

Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis

SCRUB-JAY, California, Aphelocoma californica

Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens

Island, Aphelocoma insularis

Woodhouse's, Aphelocoma woodhouseii

SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus

SEEDEATER, Morelet's, Sporophila morelleti

SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri

Barolo, Puffinus baroli

Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas

Bryan's, Puffinus bryani

Buller's, Ardenna bulleri

Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii

Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis

Cory's, Calonectris diomedea

Flesh-footed, Ardenna carneipes

Great, Ardenna gravis

Manx, Puffinus puffinus

Newell's, Puffinus newelli

Pink-footed, Ardenna creatopus

Short-tailed, Ardenna tenuirostris

Sooty, Ardenna grisea

Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas

Wedge-tailed, Ardenna pacifica

SHOVELER, Northern, Spatula clypeata

SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus

Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus

Northern, Lanius borealis

SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptiliogonys cinereus

SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus

Pine, Spinus pinus

SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger

SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua

South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki

SKYLARK, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis

SMEW, Mergellus albellus

SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago

Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus

Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura

Solitary, Gallinago solitaria

Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala

Wilson's, Gallinago delicata

SOLITAIRE, Brown-backed, Myadestes occidentalis

Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi

SORA, Porzana carolina

SPARROW, American Tree, Spizelloides arborea

Bachman's, Peucaea aestivalis

Baird's, Centronyx bairdii

Bell's, Artemisiospiza belli

Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis

Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata

Botteri's, Peucaea botterii

Brewer's, Spizella breweri

Cassin's, Peucaea cassinii

Chipping, Spizella passerina

Clay-colored, Spizella pallida

Field, Spizella pusilla

Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata

Fox, Passerella iliaca

Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla

Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum

Harris's, Zonotrichia querula

Henslow's, Centronyx henslowii

Lark, Chondestes grammacus

LeConte's, Ammospiza leconteii

Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii

Nelson's, Ammospiza nelsoni

Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus

Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps

Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis

Sagebrush, Artemisiospiza nevadensis

Saltmarsh, Ammospiza caudacuta

Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis

Seaside, Ammospiza maritima

Song, Melospiza melodia

Swamp, Melospiza georgiana

Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus

White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys

White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis

Worthen's, Spizella wortheni

SPARROWHAWK, Chinese, Accipiter soloensis

Japanese, Accipiter gularis

SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis

Western, Spindalis zena

SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja

STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Agropsar philippensis

White-cheeked, Spodiopsar cineraceus

STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii

STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus

Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus

STINT, Little, Calidris minuta

Long-toed, Calidris subminuta

Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis

Temminck's, Calidris temminckii

STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus

STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana

STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Hydrobates homochroa

Band-rumped, Hydrobates castro

Black, Hydrobates melania

Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica

European, Hydrobates pelagicus

Fork-tailed, Hydrobates furcatus

Leach's, Hydrobates leucorhous

Least, Hydrobates microsoma

Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae

Polynesian, Nesofregetta fuliginosa

Ringed, Hydrobates hornbyi

Swinhoe's, Hydrobates monorhis

Townsend's, Hydrobates socorroensis

Tristram's, Hydrobates tristrami

Wedge-rumped, Hydrobates tethys

White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria

White-faced, Pelagodroma marina

Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus

SURFBIRD, Calidris virgata

SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis

Bank, Riparia riparia

Barn, Hirundo rustica

Cave, Petrochelidon fulva

Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea

Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Tree, Tachycineta bicolor

Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina

SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio

SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator

Tundra, Cygnus columbianus

Whooper, Cygnus cygnus

SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba

Black, Cypseloides niger

Chimney, Chaetura pelagica

Common, Apus apus

Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus

Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura

Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi

White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris

White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis

SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi

White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius

TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata

Hepatic, Piranga flava

Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus

Scarlet, Piranga olivacea

Summer, Piranga rubra

Western, Piranga ludoviciana

TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes

Wandering, Tringa incana

TEAL, Baikal, Sibirionetta formosa

Blue-winged, Spatula discors

Cinnamon, Spatula cyanoptera

Green-winged, Anas crecca

TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus

Arctic, Sterna paradisaea

Black, Chlidonias niger

Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana

Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus

Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia

Common, Sterna hirundo

Elegant, Thalasseus elegans

Forster's, Sterna forsteri

Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus

Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii

Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica

Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex

Least, Sternula antillarum

Little, Sternula albifrons

Roseate, Sterna dougallii

Royal, Thalasseus maximus

Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis

Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus

Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida

White, Gygis alba

White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus

THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei

Brown, Toxostoma rufum

California, Toxostoma redivivum

Crissal, Toxostoma crissale

Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre

LeConte's, Toxostoma lecontei

Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre

Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus

Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus

THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola

Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli

Clay-colored, Turdus grayi

Dusky, Turdus naumanni

Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus

Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus

Hermit, Catharus guttatus

Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus

Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus

Varied, Ixoreus naevius

White-throated, Turdus assimilis

Wood, Hylocichla mustelina

TIGER-HERON, Bare-throated, Tigrisoma mexicanum

TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus

Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi

Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi

Oak, Baeolophus inornatus

Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor

TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata

TOWHEE, Abert's, Melozone aberti

California, Melozone crissalis

Canyon, Melozone fusca

Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus

Spotted, Pipilo maculatus

TROGON, Elegant, Trogon elegans

TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus

Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda

White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus

TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala

Ruddy, Arenaria interpres

TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis

VEERY, Catharus fuscescens

VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps

VIOLETEAR, Mexican, Colibri thalassinus

VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii

Black-capped, Vireo atricapilla

Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus

Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius

Cassin's, Vireo cassinii

Cuban, Vireo gundlachii

Gray, Vireo vicinior

Hutton's, Vireo huttoni

Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus

Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus

Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri

Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus

Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris

Warbling, Vireo gilvus

White-eyed, Vireo griseus

Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis

Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons

Yucatan, Vireo magister

VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus

Turkey, Cathartes aura

WAGTAIL, Citrine, Motacilla citreola

Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis

Gray, Motacilla cinerea

White, Motacilla alba

WARBLER, Adelaide's, Setophaga adelaidae

Aguiguan Reed, Acrocephalus nijoi

Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis

Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii

Bay-breasted, Setophaga castanea

Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia

Blackburnian, Setophaga fusca

Blackpoll, Setophaga striata

Black-throated Blue, Setophaga caerulescens

Black-throated Gray, Setophaga nigrescens

Black-throated Green, Setophaga virens

Blue-winged, Vermivora cyanoptera

Blyth's Reed, Acrocephalus dumetorum

Canada, Cardellina canadensis

Cape May, Setophaga tigrina

Cerulean, Setophaga cerulea

Chestnut-sided, Setophaga pensylvanica

Colima, Leiothlypis crissalis

Connecticut, Oporornis agilis

Crescent-chested, Oreothlypis superciliosa

Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus

Elfin-woods, Setophaga angelae

Fan-tailed, Basileuterus lachrymosus

Golden-cheeked, Setophaga chrysoparia

Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus

Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera

Grace's, Setophaga graciae

Hermit, Setophaga occidentalis

Hooded, Setophaga citrina

Kamchatka Leaf, Phylloscopus examinandus

Kentucky, Geothlypis formosa

Kirtland's, Setophaga kirtlandii

Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata

Lucy's, Leiothlypis luciae

MacGillivray's, Geothlypis tolmiei

Magnolia, Setophaga magnolia

Mourning, Geothlypis philadelphia

Nashville, Leiothlypis ruficapilla

Nightingale Reed, Acrocephalus luscinius

Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus

Orange-crowned, Leiothlypis celata

Pagan Reed, Acrocephalus yamashinae

Pallas's Leaf, Phylloscopus proregulus

Palm, Setophaga palmarum

Pine, Setophaga pinus

Prairie, Setophaga discolor

Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea

Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons

River , Locustella fluviatilis

Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons

Saipan Reed, Acrocephalus hiwae

Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii

Tennessee, Leiothlypis peregrina

Thick-billed , Arundinax aedon

Townsend's, Setophaga townsendi

Virginia's, Leiothlypis virginiae

Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus

Wilson's, Cardellina pusilla

Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix

Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum

Yellow, Setophaga petechia

Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus

Yellow-rumped, Setophaga coronata

Yellow-throated, Setophaga dominica

WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia motacilla

Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis

WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus

Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum

WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe

Pied, Oenanthe pleschanka

WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus

WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, Antrostomus vociferus

Mexican, Antrostomus arizonae

WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis

Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor

West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea

WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca

WIGEON, American, Mareca americana

Eurasian, Mareca penelope

WILLET, Tringa semipalmata

WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor

Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola

WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus

American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis

Arizona, Dryobates arizonae

Black-backed, Picoides arcticus

Downy, Dryobates pubescens

Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis

Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons

Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major

Hairy, Dryobates villosus

Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis

Ladder-backed, Dryobates scalaris

Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis

Nuttall's, Dryobates nuttallii

Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus

Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis

Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus

Red-cockaded, Dryobates borealis

Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus

White-headed, Dryobates albolarvatus

WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens

Western, Contopus sordidulus

WOOD-RAIL, Rufous-necked, Aramides axillaris

WOODSTAR, Bahama, Nesophlox evelynae

WREN, Bewick's, Thryomanes bewickii

Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus

Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus

House, Troglodytes aedon

Marsh, Cistothorus palustris

Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus

Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus

Sedge, Cistothorus platensis

Sinaloa, Thryophilus sinaloa

Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis

WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata

WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla

YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca

Lesser, Tringa flavipes

YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas

Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala

(2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.

Order ANSERIFORMES

Family ANATIDAE

Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE

Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck

Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck

Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck

Subfamily ANSERINAE

Anser canagicus, Emperor Goose

Anser caerulescens, Snow Goose

Anser rossii, Ross's Goose

Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose

Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose

Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose

Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose

Anser brachyrhynchus, Pink-footed Goose

Branta bernicla, Brant

Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose

Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose

Branta canadensis, Canada Goose

Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose

Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan

Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan

Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan

Subfamily ANATINAE

Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck

Aix sponsa, Wood Duck

Sibirionetta formosa, Baikal Teal

Spatula querquedula, Garganey

Spatula discors, Blue-winged Teal

Spatula cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal

Spatula clypeata, Northern Shoveler

Mareca strepera, Gadwall

Mareca falcata, Falcated Duck

Mareca penelope, Eurasian Wigeon

Mareca americana, American Wigeon

Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck

Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck

Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spot-billed Duck

Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard

Anas rubripes, American Black Duck

Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck

Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck

Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail

Anas acuta, Northern Pintail

Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal

Aythya valisineria, Canvasback

Aythya americana, Redhead

Aythya ferina, Common Pochard

Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard

Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck

Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck

Aythya marila, Greater Scaup

Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup

Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider

Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider

Somateria spectabilis, King Eider

Somateria mollissima, Common Eider

Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck

Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter

Melanitta deglandi, White-winged Scoter

Melanitta stejnegeri, Stejneger's Scoter

Melanitta nigra, Common Scoter

Melanitta americana, Black Scoter

Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck

Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead

Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye

Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye

Mergellus albellus, Smew

Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser

Mergus merganser, Common Merganser

Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser

Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck

Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck

Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE

Phoenicopterus ruber, American Flamingo

Order PODICIPEDIFORMES

Family PODICIPEDIDAE

Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe

Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe

Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe

Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe

Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe

Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe

Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe

Order COLUMBIFORMES

Family COLUMBIDAE

Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon

Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon

Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon

Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon

Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon

Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove

Alopecoenas xanthonurus, White-throated Ground-Dove

Alopecoenas stairi, Shy Ground-Dove

Columbina inca, Inca Dove

Columbina passerina, Common Ground Dove

Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground Dove

Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove

Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove

Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove

Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove

Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove

Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove

Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove

Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove

Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove

Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove

Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon

Order CUCULIFORMES

Family CUCULIDAE

Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE

Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani

Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani

Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE

Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner

Subfamily CUCULINAE

Urodynamis taitensis, Long-tailed Koel

Hierococcyx nisicolor, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo

Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo

Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo

Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo

Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo

Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo

Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Family CAPRIMULGIDAE

Subfamily CHORDEILINAE

Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE

Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque

Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill

Antrostomus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow

Antrostomus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar

Antrostomus vociferus, Eastern Whip-poor-will

Antrostomus arizonae, Mexican Whip-poor-will

Antrostomus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar

Hydropsalis cayennensis, White-tailed Nightjar

Caprimulgus jotaka, Gray Nightjar

Order APODIFORMES

Family APODIDAE

Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE

Cypseloides niger, Black Swift

Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift

Subfamily CHAETURINAE

Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift

Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift

Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift

Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail

Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet

Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet

Subfamily APODINAE

Apus apus, Common Swift

Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift

Apus melba, Alpine Swift

Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift

Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift

Family TROCHILIDAE

Subfamily TROCHILINAE

Colibri thalassinus, Mexican Violetear

Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango

Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango

Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango

Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib

Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib

Eugenes fulgens, Rivoli's Hummingbird

Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat

Lampornis amethystinus, Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem

Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Mountain-gem

Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird

Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird

Mellisuga minima, Vervain Hummingbird

Nesophlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar

Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird

Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird

Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird

Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird

Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird

Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird

Selasphorus calliope, Calliope Hummingbird

Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald

Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird

Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird

Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird

Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird

Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird

Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird

Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird

Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird

Order GRUIFORMES

Family RALLIDAE

Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail

Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail

Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail

Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail

Crex crex, Corn Crake

Rallus obsoletus, Ridgway's Rail

Rallus crepitans, Clapper Rail

Rallus elegans, King Rail

Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail

Aramides axillaris, Rufous-necked Wood-Rail

Porzana carolina, Sora

Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake

Hapalocrex flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake

Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake

Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail

Porphyrio martinicus, Purple Gallinule

Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule

Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen

Gallinula galeata, Common Gallinule

Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen

Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot

Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot

Fulica americana, American Coot

Family ARAMIDAE

Aramus guarauna, Limpkin

Family GRUIDAE

Subfamily GRUINAE

Antigone canadensis, Sandhill Crane

Grus grus, Common Crane

Grus americana, Whooping Crane

Order CHARADRIIFORMES

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE

Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt

Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt

Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet

Family HAEMATOPODIDAE

Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher

Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher

Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher

Family CHARADRIIDAE

Subfamily VANELLINAE

Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing

Subfamily CHARADRIINAE

Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover

Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden-Plover

Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover

Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover

Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel

Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer

Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover

Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover

Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover

Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover

Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover

Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover

Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover

Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover

Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover

Charadrius alexandrinus, Kentish Plover

Charadrius nivosus, Snowy Plover

Family JACANIDAE

Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana

Family SCOLOPACIDAE

Subfamily NUMENIINAE

Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper

Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew

Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel

Numenius minutus, Little Curlew

Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew

Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew

Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew

Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew

Subfamily LIMOSINAE

Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit

Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit

Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit

Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit

Subfamily ARENARIINAE

Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone

Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone

Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot

Calidris canutus, Red Knot

Calidris virgata, Surfbird

Calidris pugnax, Ruff

Calidris falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper

Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper

Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper

Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint

Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint

Calidris pygmea, Spoon-billed Sandpiper

Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint

Calidris alba, Sanderling

Calidris alpina, Dunlin

Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper

Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper

Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper

Calidris minuta, Little Stint

Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper

Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper

Calidris subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper

Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper

Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper

Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper

Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE

Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher

Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher

Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe

Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock

Scolopax minor, American Woodcock

Gallinago solitaria, Solitary Snipe

Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe

Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe

Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe

Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe

Subfamily TRINGINAE

Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper

Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper

Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper

Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper

Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper

Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler

Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler

Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs

Tringa semipalmata, Willet

Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank

Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank

Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank

Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs

Tringa totanus, Common Redshank

Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper

Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper

Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope

Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope

Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope

Family STERCORARIIDAE

Stercorarius skua, Great Skua

Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua

Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger

Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger

Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger

Family ALCIDAE

Alle alle, Dovekie

Uria aalge, Common Murre

Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre

Alca torda, Razorbill

Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot

Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot

Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet

Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet

Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet

Synthliboramphus scrippsi, Scripps's Murrelet

Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Guadalupe Murrelet

Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet

Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet

Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet

Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet

Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet

Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet

Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet

Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet

Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin

Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin

Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin

Family LARIDAE

Subfamily LARINAE

Creagrus furcatus, Swallow-tailed Gull

Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake

Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake

Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull

Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull

Chroicocephalus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull

Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull

Hydrocoloeus minutus, Little Gull

Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull

Leucophaeus atricilla, Laughing Gull

Leucophaeus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull

Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull

Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull

Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull

Larus canus, Mew Gull

Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull

Larus occidentalis, Western Gull

Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull

Larus californicus, California Gull

Larus argentatus, Herring Gull

Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull

Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull

Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull

Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull

Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull

Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull

Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull

Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull

Subfamily STERNINAE

Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy

Anous minutus, Black Noddy

Anous ceruleus, Blue-gray Noddy

Gygis alba, White Tern

Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern

Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern

Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern

Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern

Sternula albifrons, Little Tern

Sternula antillarum, Least Tern

Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern

Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern

Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern

Chlidonias niger, Black Tern

Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern

Chlidonias hybrida, Whiskered Tern

Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern

Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern

Sterna hirundo, Common Tern

Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern

Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern

Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern

Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern

Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern

Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern

Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE

Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer

Order PHAETHONTIFORMES

Family PHAETHONTIDAE

Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird

Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird

Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird

Order GAVIIFORMES

Family GAVIIDAE

Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon

Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon

Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon

Gavia immer, Common Loon

Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

Family DIOMEDEIDAE

Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross

Thalassarche cauta, White-capped Albatross

Thalassarche eremita, Chatham Albatross

Thalassarche salvini, Salvin's Albatross

Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross

Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross

Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross

Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross

Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross

Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross

Family OCEANITIDAE

Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel

Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel

Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel

Family HYDROBATIDAE

Hydrobates pelagicus, European Storm-Petrel

Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel

Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates furcatus, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates hornbyi, Ringed Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates monorhis, Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates leucorhous, Leach's Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates socorroensis, Townsend's Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel

Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates melania, Black Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel

Hydrobates microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel

Family PROCELLARIIDAE

Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar

Pterodroma gouldi, Gray-faced Petrel

Pterodroma solandri, Providence Petrel

Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel

Pterodroma arminjoniana, Trindade Petrel

Pterodroma heraldica, Herald Petrel

Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel

Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel

Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel

Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel

Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel

Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel

Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel

Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel

Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel

Pterodroma feae, Fea's Petrel

Pterodroma madeira, Zino's Petrel

Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel

Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's Petrel

Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel

Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel

Pseudobulweria rostrata, Tahiti Petrel

Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel

Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel

Procellaria aequinoctialis, White-chinned Petrel

Procellaria parkinsoni, Parkinson's Petrel

Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater

Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater

Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater

Ardenna pacifica, Wedge-tailed Shearwater

Ardenna bulleri, Buller's Shearwater

Ardenna tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater

Ardenna grisea, Sooty Shearwater

Ardenna gravis, Great Shearwater

Ardenna creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater

Ardenna carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater

Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater

Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater

Puffinus newelli, Newell's Shearwater

Puffinus bryani, Bryan's Shearwater

Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater

Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater

Puffinus baroli, Barolo Shearwater

Order CICONIIFORMES

Family CICONIIDAE

Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru

Mycteria americana, Wood Stork

Order SULIFORMES

Family FREGATIDAE

Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird

Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird

Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird

Family SULIDAE

Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby

Sula granti, Nazca Booby

Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby

Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby

Sula sula, Red-footed Booby

Papasula abbotti, Abbott's Booby

Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant

Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant

Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant

Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant

Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant

Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant

Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant

Family ANHINGIDAE

Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga

Order PELECANIFORMES

Family PELECANIDAE

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican

Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican

Family ARDEIDAE

Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern

Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern

Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern

Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern

Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern

Tigrisoma mexicanum, Bare-throated Tiger-Heron

Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron

Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron

Ardea alba, Great Egret

Ardea intermedia, Intermediate Egret

Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret

Egretta garzetta, Little Egret

Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Heron

Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron

Egretta thula, Snowy Egret

Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron

Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron

Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret

Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret

Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron

Butorides virescens, Green Heron

Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron

Nycticorax caledonicus, Rufous Night-Heron

Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron

Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron

Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE

Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE

Eudocimus albus, White Ibis

Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis

Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis

Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis

Subfamily PLATALEINAE

Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill

Order CARTHARTIFORMES

Family CATHARTIDAE

Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture

Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture

Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor

Order ACCIPITRIFORMES

Family PANDIONIDAE

Pandion haliaetus, Osprey

Family ACCIPITRIDAE

Subfamily ELANINAE

Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite

Subfamily GYPAETINAE

Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite

Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite

Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE

Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle

Harpagus bidentatus, Double-toothed Kite

Circus spilonotus, Eastern Marsh-Harrier

Circus hudsonius, Northern Harrier

Accipiter soloensis, Chinese Sparrowhawk

Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk

Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk

Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk

Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk

Milvus migrans, Black Kite

Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle

Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle

Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle

Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite

Butastur indicus, Gray-faced Buzzard

Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk

Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite

Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black Hawk

Buteogallus urubitinga, Great Black Hawk

Rupornis magnirostris, Roadside Hawk

Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk

Geranoaetus albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk

Buteo plagiatus, Gray Hawk

Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk

Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk

Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk

Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk

Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk

Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk

Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk

Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk

Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk

Order STRIGIFORMES

Family TYTONIDAE

Tyto alba, Barn Owl

Family STRIGIDAE

Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl

Psiloscops flammeolus, Flammulated Owl

Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl

Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl

Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl

Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl

Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl

Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl

Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl

Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl

Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl

Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl

Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl

Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl

Strix varia, Barred Owl

Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl

Asio otus, Long-eared Owl

Asio stygius, Stygian Owl

Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl

Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl

Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl

Ninox japonica, Northern Boobook

Order TROGONIFORMES

Family TROGONIDAE

Subfamily TROGONINAE

Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon

Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzal

Order UPUPIFORMES

Family UPUPIDAE

Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe

Order CORACIIFORMES

Family ALCEDINIDAE

Subfamily ALCEDININAE

Alcedo atthis, Common Kingfisher

Subfamily HALCYONINAE

Todiramphus sacer, Pacific Kingfisher

Todiramphus cinnamominus, Guam Kingfisher

Todiramphus albicilla, Mariana Kingfisher

Subfamily CERYLINAE

Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher

Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher

Chloroceryle amazona, Amazon Kingfisher

Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher

Order PICIFORMES

Family PICIDAE

Subfamily JYNGINAE

Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck

Subfamily PICINAE

Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker

Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker

Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker

Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker

Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker

Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker

Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker

Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker

Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker

Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker

Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker

Dryobates pubescens, Downy Woodpecker

Dryobates nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker

Dryobates scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker

Dryobates borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Dryobates villosus, Hairy Woodpecker

Dryobates albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker

Dryobates arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker

Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker

Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker

Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker

Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker

Order FALCONIFORMES

Family FALCONIDAE

Subfamily HERPETOTHERINAE

Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon

Subfamily FALCONINAE

Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara

Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel

Falco sparverius, American Kestrel

Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon

Falco amurensis, Amur Falcon

Falco columbarius, Merlin

Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby

Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon

Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon

Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon

Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon

Order PASSERIFORMES

Family TITYRIDAE

Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra

Pachyramphus major, Gray-collared Becard

Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard

Family TYRANNIDAE

Subfamily ELAENIINAE

Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia

Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia

Elaenia albiceps, White-crested Elaenia

Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE

Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher

Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher

Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee

Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee

Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee

Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee

Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee

Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee

Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher

Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher

Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher

Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher

Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher

Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher

Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher

Empidonax affinis, Pine Flycatcher

Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher

Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher

Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher

Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe

Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe

Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe

Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher

Subfamily TYRANNINAE

Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher

Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher

Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher

Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher

Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher

Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher

Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher

Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee

Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher

Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

Legatus leucophaius, Piratic Flycatcher

Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher

Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus, Crowned Slaty Flycatcher

Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird

Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird

Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird

Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird

Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird

Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird

Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird

Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird

Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher

Family LANIIDAE

Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike

Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike

Lanius borealis, Northern Shrike

Family VIREONIDAE

Vireo atricapilla, Black-capped Vireo

Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo

Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo

Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo

Vireo gundlachii, Cuban Vireo

Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo

Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo

Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo

Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo

Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo

Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo

Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo

Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo

Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo

Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo

Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo

Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo

Family CORVIDAE

Perisoreus canadensis, Canada Jay

Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay

Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay

Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay

Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay

Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay

Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay

Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay

Aphelocoma californica, California Scrub-Jay

Aphelocoma woodhouseii, Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay

Aphelocoma wollweberi, Mexican Jay

Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker

Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie

Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie

Corvus monedula, Eurasian Jackdaw

Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow

Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow

Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow

Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow

Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow

Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow

Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow

Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven

Corvus corax, Common Raven

Family ALAUDIDAE

Alauda arvensis, Eurasian Skylark

Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark

Family HIRUNDINIDAE

Subfamily HIRUNDININAE

Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow

Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow

Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow

Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow

Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow

Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow

Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin

Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin

Progne subis, Purple Martin

Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin

Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin

Progne elegans, Southern Martin

Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow

Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow

Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow

Family PARIDAE

Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee

Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee

Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee

Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee

Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee

Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee

Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed Chickadee

Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse

Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse

Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse

Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse

Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse

Family REMIZIDAE

Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin

Family AEGITHALIDAE

Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit

Family SITTIDAE

Subfamily SITTINAE

Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch

Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch

Family CERTHIIDAE

Subfamily CERTHIINAE

Certhia americana, Brown Creeper

Family TROGLODYTIDAE

Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren

Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren

Troglodytes aedon, House Wren

Troglodytes pacificus, Pacific Wren

Troglodytes hiemalis, Winter Wren

Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren

Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren

Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren

Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren

Thryophilus sinaloa, Sinaloa Wren

Family POLIOPTILIDAE

Polioptila caerulea, Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher

Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher

Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher

Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher

Family CINCLIDAE

Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper

Family REGULIDAE

Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet

Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE

Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler

Phylloscopus collybita, Common Chiffchaff

Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Warbler

Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler

Phylloscopus proregulus, Pallas's Leaf Warbler

Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow-browed Warbler

Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler

Phylloscopus examinandus, Kamchatka Leaf Warbler

Family SYLVIIDAE

Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat

Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit

Family ACROCEPHALIDAE

Arundinax aedon, Thick-billed Warbler

Acrocephalus luscinius, Nightingale Reed Warbler

Acrocephalus hiwae, Saipan Reed Warbler

Acrocephalus nijoi, Aguiguan Reed Warbler

Acrocephalus yamashinae, Pagan Reed Warbler

Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge Warbler

Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth's Reed Warbler

Family LOCUSTELLIDAE

Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler

Locustella fluviatilis, River Warbler

Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Warbler

Family MUSCICAPIDAE

Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher

Muscicapa dauurica, Asian Brown Flycatcher

Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher

Muscicapa sibirica, Dark-sided Flycatcher

Erithacus rubecula, European Robin

Larvivora cyane, Siberian Blue Robin

Larvivora sibilans, Rufous-tailed Robin

Cyanecula svecica, Bluethroat

Calliope calliope, Siberian Rubythroat

Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail

Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher

Ficedula mugimaki, Mugimaki Flycatcher

Ficedula albicilla, Taiga Flycatcher

Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Common Redstart

Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat

Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear

Oenanthe pleschanka, Pied Wheatear

Family TURDIDAE

Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock-Thrush

Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird

Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird

Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird

Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire

Myadestes occidentalis, Brown-backed Solitaire

Myadestes myadestinus, Kāma'o

Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao

Myadestes obscurus, Ōma'o

Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi

Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush

Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush

Catharus fuscescens, Veery

Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush

Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush

Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush

Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush

Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush

Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush

Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush

Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare

Turdus iliacus, Redwing

Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Thrush

Turdus assimilis, White-throated Thrush

Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin

Turdus migratorius, American Robin

Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush

Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush

Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush

Family MIMIDAE

Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird

Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird

Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird

Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher

Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher

Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher

Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher

Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher

Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher

Toxostoma lecontei, LeConte's Thrasher

Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher

Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher

Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird

Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird

Family STURNIDAE

Agropsar philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling

Spodiopsar cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling

Family BOMBYCILLIDAE

Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing

Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing

Family PTILIOGONATIDAE

Ptiliogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher

Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla

Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE

Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler

Family PRUNELLIDAE

Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor

Family MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail

Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail

Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail

Motacilla alba, White Wagtail

Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit

Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit

Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit

Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit

Anthus rubescens, American Pipit

Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit

Family FRINGILLIDAE

Subfamily FRINGILLINAE

Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch

Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling

Subfamily EUPHONIINAE

Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia

Subfamily CARDUELINAE

Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak

Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch

Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch

Carpodacus roseus, Pallas's Rosefinch

Melamprosops phaeosoma, Po'ouli

Oreomystis bairdi, 'Akikiki

Paroreomyza maculata, O'ahu 'Alauahio

Paroreomyza flammea, Kākāwahie

Paroreomyza montana, Maui 'Alauahio

Loxioides bailleui, Palila

Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch

Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch

Palmeria dolei, 'Akohekohe

Himatione fraithii, Laysan Honeycreeper

Himatione sanguinea, 'Apapane

Drepanis coccinea, 'I'iwi

Psittirostra psittacea, 'Ō'ū

Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill

Hemignathus hanapepe, Kauai Nukupu'u

Hemignathus lucidus, O'ahu Nukupu'u

Hemignathus affinis, Maui Nukupu'u

Hemignathus wilsoni, 'Akiapola'au

Akialoa stejnegeri, Kauai 'Akialoa

Akialoa ellisiana, O'ahu 'Akialoa

Akialoa lanaiensis, Maui Nui 'Akialoa

Magumma parva, 'Anianiau

Chlorodrepanis virens, Hawaii 'Amakihi

Chlorodrepanis flava, O'ahu 'Amakihi

Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri, Kauai 'Amakihi

Loxops mana, Hawaii Creeper

Loxops caeruleirostris, 'Akeke'e

Loxops wolstenholmei, O'ahu 'Akepa

Loxops ochraceus, Maui 'Akepa

Loxops coccineus, Hawaii 'Akepa

Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak

Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch

Leucosticte arctoa, Asian Rosy-Finch

Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch

Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch

Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch

Haemorhous mexicanus, House Finch

Haemorhous purpureus, Purple Finch

Haemorhous cassinii, Cassin's Finch

Chloris sinica, Oriental Greenfinch

Acanthis flammea, Common Redpoll

Acanthis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll

Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill

Loxia sinesciuris, Cassia Crossbill

Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill

Spinus spinus, Eurasian Siskin

Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin

Spinus psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch

Spinus lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch

Spinus tristis, American Goldfinch

Family CALCARIIDAE

Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur

Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur

Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur

Rhynchophanes mccownii, McCown's Longspur

Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting

Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting

Family EMBERIZIDAE

Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting

Emberiza chrysophrys, Yellow-browed Bunting

Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting

Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting

Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting

Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting

Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting

Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting

Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting

Family PASSERELLIDAE

Peucaea carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow

Peucaea botterii, Botteri's Sparrow

Peucaea cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow

Peucaea aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow

Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow

Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow

Amphispiza quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow

Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow

Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow

Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting

Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow

Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow

Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow

Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow

Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow

Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow

Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow

Spizelloides arborea, American Tree Sparrow

Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco

Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco

Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow

Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow

Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow

Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow

Artemisiospiza nevadensis, Sagebrush Sparrow

Artemisiospiza belli, Bell's Sparrow

Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow

Ammospiza leconteii, LeConte's Sparrow

Ammospiza maritima, Seaside Sparrow

Ammospiza nelsoni, Nelson's Sparrow

Ammospiza caudacuta, Saltmarsh Sparrow

Centronyx bairdii, Baird's Sparrow

Centronyx henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow

Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow

Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow

Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow

Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow

Melozone fusca, Canyon Towhee

Melozone aberti, Abert's Towhee

Melozone crissalis, California Towhee

Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow

Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee

Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee

Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee

Family NESOSPINGIDAE

Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager

Family SPINDALIDAE

Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis

Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis

Family ICTERIIDAE

Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat

Family ICTERIDAE

Subfamily XANTHOCEPHALINAE

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird

Subfamily DOLICHONYCHINAE

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink

Subfamily STURNELLINAE

Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark

Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark

Subfamily ICTERINAE

Icterus portoricensis, Puerto Rican Oriole

Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole

Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole

Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole

Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole

Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole

Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole

Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole

Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole

Icterus abeillei, Black-backed Oriole

Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole

Subfamily AGELAIINAE

Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird

Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird

Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird

Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird

Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird

Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird

Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird

Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird

Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird

Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle

Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle

Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle

Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle

Family PARULIDAE

Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird

Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm-eating Warbler

Parkesia motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush

Parkesia noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush

Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler

Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler

Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged Warbler

Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler

Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler

Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler

Oreothlypis superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler

Leiothlypis peregrina, Tennessee Warbler

Leiothlypis celata, Orange-crowned Warbler

Leiothlypis crissalis, Colima Warbler

Leiothlypis luciae, Lucy's Warbler

Leiothlypis ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler

Leiothlypis virginiae, Virginia's Warbler

Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler

Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat

Geothlypis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler

Geothlypis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler

Geothlypis formosa, Kentucky Warbler

Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat

Setophaga angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler

Setophaga citrina, Hooded Warbler

Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart

Setophaga kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler

Setophaga tigrina, Cape May Warbler

Setophaga cerulea, Cerulean Warbler

Setophaga americana, Northern Parula

Setophaga pitiayumi, Tropical Parula

Setophaga magnolia, Magnolia Warbler

Setophaga castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler

Setophaga fusca, Blackburnian Warbler

Setophaga petechia, Yellow Warbler

Setophaga pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler

Setophaga striata, Blackpoll Warbler

Setophaga caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler

Setophaga palmarum, Palm Warbler

Setophaga pinus, Pine Warbler

Setophaga coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler

Setophaga dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler

Setophaga discolor, Prairie Warbler

Setophaga adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler

Setophaga graciae, Grace's Warbler

Setophaga nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler

Setophaga townsendi, Townsend's Warbler

Setophaga occidentalis, Hermit Warbler

Setophaga chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler

Setophaga virens, Black-throated Green Warbler

Basileuterus lachrymosus, Fan-tailed Warbler

Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler

Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler

Cardellina canadensis, Canada Warbler

Cardellina pusilla, Wilson's Warbler

Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler

Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart

Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart

Family CARDINALIDAE

Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager

Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager

Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager

Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager

Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager

Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak

Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal

Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia

Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak

Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak

Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting

Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak

Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting

Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting

Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting

Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting

Spiza americana, Dickcissel

Family THRAUPIDAE

Subfamily DACNINAE

Cyanerpes cyaneus, Red-legged Honeycreeper

Subfamily COEREBINAE

Coereba flaveola, Bananaquit

Tiaris olivaceus, Yellow-faced Grassquit

Melanospiza bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit

Melopyrrha portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch

Subfamily SPOROPHILINAE

Sporophila morelleti, Morelet's Seedeater

* * * * *

George Wallace,

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.