[Federal Register Volume 62, Number 16 (Friday, January 24, 1997)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 3616-3628]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 97-1674]
=======================================================================
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AC50
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of
Endangered Status for Two Insects From the Santa Cruz Mountains of
California
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) determines
endangered status pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for the Mount Hermon June beetle (Polyphylla barbata)
and Zayante band-winged grasshopper (Trimerotropis infantilis). These
two insect species are restricted to the Zayante sand hills ecosystem
endemic to inland marine sand deposits in the Santa Cruz Mountains of
Santa Cruz County, California. The species are in danger of extinction
principally because of ongoing and future habitat loss to sand mining
and urban development. This rule implements Federal protection and
recovery provisions afforded by the Act for each of these animals. The
proposal to list the Santa Cruz rain beetle (Pleocoma conjungens
conjungens) as an endangered species is being withdrawn and will appear
in a separate section of this publication.
EFFECTIVE DATE: February 24, 1997.
ADDRESSES: The complete file for this rule is available for inspection,
by appointment, during normal business hours at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Ventura Field Office, 2493 Portola Road, Suite B,
Ventura, California 93003.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Carl Benz, Assistant Field Supervisor
(see ADDRESSES section, telephone 805/644-1766).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
The Mount Hermon June beetle (Polyphylla barbata) and Zayante band-
winged grasshopper (Trimerotropis infantilis) are endemic to the unique
Zayante sand hills ecosystem associated with isolated sandstone
deposits in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County, California.
The Santa Cruz Mountains are a geologically young range composed of
igneous and metamorphic rocks overlaid by thick layers of sedimentary
material uplifted from the ocean floor and ancient shoreline zone
(Caughman and Ginsberg 1987). These Miocene marine terraces, called the
Santa Margarita formation (Clark 1981; Marangio 1985), persist as
pockets of sandstones and limestones geologically distinct from the
volcanic origins of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Soils that formed from
these sandstone deposits occur in scattered pockets covering
approximately 3,400 hectares (ha) (8,400 acres (ac)), and are called
the Zayante soil series (USDA Soil Conservation Service 1980). Zayante
soils are endemic to Santa Cruz County and occur in three primary
clusters. The largest cluster is in the vicinity of the communities of
Ben Lomond, Felton, Mount Hermon, Olympia, and Scotts Valley. A second
cluster is located in the Bonny Doon area. The third, and smallest,
cluster is found near the community of Corralitos. Zayante soils are
deep, coarse-textured, poorly developed, and well drained (USDA Soil
Conservation Service 1980).
Predominant vegetation of the Santa Cruz Mountains consists of
coast redwood forest (Zinke 1988) and mixed evergreen forest (Sawyer et
al. 1988). However, the coarse, sandy, Zayante soils create a warmer
and drier microclimate that supports a uniquely adapted flora
distinctly different from the surrounding forest and chaparral
communities (Marangio 1985; Davilla 1990). The Zayante soils in the Ben
Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts Valley and Bonny Doon regions harbor a
complex vegetation mosaic dominated by maritime coast range ponderosa
pine forest and northern maritime chaparral (Griffin 1964; Holland
1986). The distributions of northern maritime chaparral and maritime
coast range ponderosa pine forest overlap to form a complex and
intergrading mosaic of communities variously referred to as ``ponderosa
sand parkland,'' ``ponderosa pine sandhills,'' and ``silver-leafed
manzanita mixed chaparral.'' These habitats will be collectively
referred to as ``Zayante sand hills habitat'' or the ``Zayante sand
hills ecosystem.'' The Corralitos cluster of Zayante soils is distant
and does not support similar vegetation. Therefore, that cluster is not
included in the Zayante sand hills ecosystem.
The occurrence of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in this region
represents a disjunct, remnant occurrence of the species in the Santa
Cruz Mountains, reflective of the unique edaphic conditions on Zayante
soils. Here, maritime coast range ponderosa pine forest occurs as open,
park-like stands with low densities of ponderosa pines occasionally
interspersed with knobcone pines (Pinus attenuata) and, at some sites,
the federally endangered Santa Cruz cypress (Cupressus abramsiana). The
presence of knobcone pines and Santa Cruz cypress, which require
periodic fires for reproduction (Vogl et al. 1988), suggests that fire
may play an important role in the maintenance of the Zayante sand hills
habitat mosaic (Griffin 1964; Marangio 1985; Holland 1986).
Northern maritime chaparral on Zayante soils is dominated by the
silver-leafed manzanita (Arctostaphylos silvicola), a candidate for
Federal listing endemic to the region. It may occur as monotypic stands
or be mixed with Ceanothus sp., Adenostoma sp., Eriodictyon sp., and
other shrub species. Knobcone pine may occasionally be present (Morgan
1983; Marangio 1985; Lee 1994).
The Zayante sand hills ecosystem harbors a diversity of rare and
endemic plant species and disjunct populations (Thomas 1961; Griffin
1964; Morgan 1983). In addition to the endemic silver-leafed manzanita
and the disjunct population of ponderosa pine, Zayante soils support
the federally endangered Erysimum teretifolium (Ben Lomond wallflower),
Chorizanthe pungens var. hartwegiana (Ben Lomond spineflower), and
Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii (Scotts Valley spineflower). Because
of the unique flora found there, the Zayante sand hills are considered
to be ``biological islands'' (Marangio 1985).
A unique habitat within the Zayante sand hills ecosystem is sand
parkland characterized by sparsely vegetated, sandstone-dominated
ridges and saddles that support a wide array of annual and perennial
herbs and grasses. Scattered ponderosa pine trees are often present.
Although overall vegetation cover is generally less than 20 percent,
sand parkland supports over 90 specifically adapted plant species
(Morgan 1983; Davilla 1990).
The ranges of the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged
grasshopper are highly restricted within the Santa Cruz Mountains. The
Mount Hermon June beetle is limited to the Zayante sand hills
ecosystem. It is found in sand parkland and other sandy
[[Page 3617]]
areas within chaparral and ponderosa pine stands. The Zayante band-
winged grasshopper is more narrowly distributed, known only from seven
patches of sand parkland.
The Mount Hermon June beetle was first described by Cazier (1938)
from Mount Hermon, Santa Cruz County, California. The adult male is a
cryptic small scarab beetle with a black head, dark blackish-brown
elytra (thick leathery forewings) clothed with scattered long brown
hair, and a striped body. Elytral vittae (stripes) are broken, often
reduced to discontinuous clumps of scales, but still form identifiable
lines (Cazier 1938; Young 1988). Females are larger, with a black head,
chestnut-colored clypeus (plate on lower part of face) and elytra, and
golden hairs on the head, thorax, and legs (Young 1988). The single
adult female described was 22 by 11 millimeters (mm) (0.87 by 0.43
inches (in.)), while the holotype male was 20 by 9.7 mm (0.79 by 0.39
in.) (Young 1988).
The Mount Hermon June beetle is 1 of 28 species of Polyphylla in
North America north of Mexico, and 1 of 15 species of the diffracta
complex within the genus Polyphylla (Young 1988). The status of P.
barbata as a full species was supported by Cazier (1940) and again by
Young (1988), who recently made several nomenclatural adjustments to
the genus Polyphylla but retained P. barbata. Three other wide-ranging
species of Polyphylla occur in the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts
Valley area--P. crinita, P. nigra, and P. decemlineata. The Mount
Hermon June beetle is distinguished from other species of Polyphylla by
the presence of relatively dense, long, erect hairs scattered randomly
over the elytra and short erect hairs on the pygidium (abdominal
segment) (Young 1988).
Like other Polyphylla species, the Mount Hermon June beetle is
believed to require about 2 to 3 years to mature from an egg through
the adult form. However, the rate of growth of laboratory-reared larvae
suggests that the Mount Hermon June beetle may complete its life cycle
within 1 year (W. Hazeltine, in litt. 1994). Most of the life cycle is
spent in larval stages. The larvae are subterranean and feed on plant
roots. While Polyphylla larvae are generally considered to be grass and
pine root feeders (F. Andrews, California Department of Food and
Agriculture, pers. comm. 1993; A. Evans, Los Angeles Museum of Natural
History, pers. comm. 1993), the Mount Hermon June beetle also may feed
on the roots of monkeyflower, oak, fern, and other plants found in the
Zayante sand hills ecosystem (W. Hazeltine, in litt. 1993).
During summer, Mount Hermon June beetles emerge as imagos (adult
forms) to reproduce. Males are strong fliers, emerging from their
burrows to fly low to the ground in search of females (W. Hazeltine, in
litt. 1994). Females are thought to be fossorial, remaining just below
the surface in burrows. Females may not fly due to their large body
size (A. Evans, pers. comm. 1993; A. Hardy, California Department of
Food and Agriculture, pers. comm. 1993). Like other Polyphylla species,
males are believed to locate females by tracking female pheromone
signals (Fowler and Whitford 1981; Hazeltine 1993); such a mechanism
would ensure reproductive success within the limited time period for
mating (Lilly and Shorthouse 1971). The flight season generally extends
from mid-June to late July. The flight time of males appears restricted
to evening, being observed only between 8:45 and 9:30 pm; flights may
occur later during the latter part of the flight season (Hazeltine
1993).
The small mouthparts and limited flight period of Mount Hermon June
beetles suggest that adults of this species do not feed (W. Hazeltine,
in litt. 1993). Adults of the related Polyphylla decemlineata are known
to feed on the leaves of trees (Johnson 1954). At the end of the flight
period each evening, males burrow back into the soil, emerging
repeatedly on subsequent evenings to search for mates until their
nutrient reserves expire (Hazeltine 1993). Females are believed to lay
eggs at the bottom of their burrows and die a short time later. The
life cycle continues as newly hatched larvae tunnel from the burrow in
search of roots.
Habitat of the Mount Hermon June beetle is described as ponderosa
pine-chaparral habitat with sandy soil and open, sparsely vegetated
areas (Hazeltine 1993; W. Hazeltine, pers. comm. 1994; J. Hoekstra,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. obs. 1994). Mount Hermon June
beetles also may occur in more vegetated areas of chaparral (D.
Russell, Miami University, Ohio, pers. comm. 1994). Common vegetation
found in these open areas includes bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum),
monkeyflower (Diplacus sp.; Mimulus sp.), grasses, and small annual
forbs (J. Hoekstra, pers. obs. 1994). While not always present, silver-
leafed manzanita seems to be a good indicator of suitable habitat
(Hazeltine 1993; J. Hoekstra, pers. obs. 1994) All of these
descriptions are consistent with those of Zayante sand hills habitat.
Most Polyphylla species have narrow distributions. Of 28 North
American species, 20 have restricted ranges; 15 of these are endemic to
isolated sand deposits (Young 1988). The restricted distributions of
these species are likely due to various factors including substrate and
food preferences, edaphic tolerances, and the low mobility of fossorial
larvae and females. Most Polyphylla species seem to prefer sand and
grass or sand, grass, and conifer associations similar to those found
in the Zayante sand hills ecosystem (Borror et al. 1976; Young 1988; A.
Hardy, pers. comm. 1993).
The range of the Mount Hermon June beetle is restricted to the
Zayante sand hills habitat of the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts Valley
area. Historically, specimens were known only from ``sandhills'' at the
type locality of Mount Hermon in Santa Cruz County, California (Cazier
1938, 1940; Young 1988). A single historic specimen collected in 1968
and labeled only ``Santa Cruz'' has been reported (S. McCabe,
California Native Plant Society, in litt. 1991). This specimen was not
helpful in the Service's range analysis because of its non-specific
location label.
Between 1989 and 1994, Mount Hermon June beetles were collected at
28 of 43 sites surveyed. Records include results of a regional survey
and incidental collections (S. McCabe 1991; Hazeltine 1993; W.
Hazeltine, pers. comm. 1994; D. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). Twenty six
of the 28 collection locations were on mapped Zayante soils in the
primary cluster of the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts Valley area. The
other two collection records were within the same area, in proximity to
mapped Zayante soils (Hoekstra 1994). All sites were similarly
characterized by sparsely vegetated sandy substrate with silver-leafed
manzanita or ponderosa pine (Hazeltine 1993; J. Hoekstra, pers. obs.
1994). Mount Hermon June beetles were not found in surveys of suitable
Zayante sand hills habitat outside the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts
Valley area; nor were they found at locations with habitat not
characteristic of the Zayante sand hills ecosystem (Hoekstra 1994).
Over 40 percent of Zayante sand hills habitat is estimated to have
been lost to, or altered by, human activities including--sand mining,
urban development, recreational activities, and agriculture.
Historically, Zayante sand hills habitat was estimated to have covered
2533 ha (6265 ac) (Lee 1994). Currently, 1459 ha (3608 ac) remain in a
natural state (Lee 1994). Portions of
[[Page 3618]]
the Zayante sand hills ecosystem are protected under public ownership
in only three locations--the Quail Hollow Ranch, owned by the County of
Santa Cruz; Bonny Doon Ecological Preserve, managed by the California
Department of Fish and Game; and Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
(Marangio 1985; Lee 1994). However, the Mount Hermon June beetle is not
known to occur in either the Bonny Doon Ecological Preserve or Henry
Cowell Redwoods State Park. The majority of Zayante sand hills habitat
is on privately owned properties and is susceptible to continued sand
mining and urban development. No Federal land is located in the region.
The Zayante band-winged grasshopper was first described from a sand
parkland area near Mount Hermon in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz
County, California (Rentz and Weissman 1984). The body and forewings
are pale gray to light brown with dark crossbands on the forewings. The
basal area of the hindwings is pale yellow with a faint thin band. The
hind tibiae (lower legs) are blue-gray and the eye is banded. It is one
of the smallest species in the genus. Males range in length from 13.7
to 17.2 mm (0.54 to 0.68 in.); females are larger, ranging in length
from 19.7 to 21.6 mm (0.78 to 0.85 in.) (Otte 1984; Rentz and Weissman
1984).
The Zayante band-winged grasshopper is 1 of 56 species in the genus
Trimerotropis (Rentz and Weissman 1984). This species is similar in
appearance to Trimerotropis occulans and Trimerotropis koebelei;
neither of these species is known from the Zayante sand hills region
(Otte 1984; Rentz and Weissman 1984). Trimerotropis thalassica and
Trimerotropis pallidipennis pallidipennis have been caught nearby but
are not considered sympatric (Rentz and Weissman 1984).
The flight season of the Zayante band-winged grasshopper extends
from late May through August with peak activity during July and August
(White 1993; R. Morgan, in litt. 1994). Specimens have been collected
as late as November 1 (White 1993). When flushed, individuals generally
fly 1 to 2 meters (m) (3 to 7 feet (ft)), stridulating (producing a
buzzing sound) in flight (Rentz and Weissman 1984). Band-winged
grasshoppers often alight on bare ground, and are conspicuous in flight
because of the color of the hind wings and the crackling sound made by
the wings (Borror et al. 1976). No additional information on the life
cycle of this species is available.
Habitat of the Zayante band-winged grasshopper was originally
described as ``sandy substrate sparsely covered with Lotus and grasses
at the base of pines'' (Rentz and Weissman 1984). Subsequent reports
describe habitat as open sandy areas with sparse, low annual and
perennial herbs on high ridges with sparse ponderosa pine. Such
descriptions are consistent with those of sand parkland. Surveys also
report that the Zayante band-winged grasshopper co-occurs with Erysimum
teretifolium (Ben Lomond wallflower), a federally endangered plant
(White 1993; R. Morgan, in litt. 1994). The significance of such an
association is unknown.
The Zayante band-winged grasshopper is narrowly restricted to sand
parkland habitat found on ridges and hills within the Zayante sand
hills ecosystem. The species was described from specimens collected in
1977 on sparsely vegetated sandy soil above the Olympia sand quarry.
Other historic specimens were labeled only ``Santa Cruz Mts., no
date''; ``Alma, 1928''; ``Felton, 1959''; and ``Santa Cruz, 1941''
(Rentz and Weissman 1984). Because no specific location or habitat
descriptions accompanied the historic specimens, they were not
considered in the assessment of current range and status of the
species. The ``Alma 1928'' record may suggest distributional outliers,
but no subsequent collections have been recorded to substantiate the
current existence of such a population. Furthermore, the town of Alma
currently is inundated by a reservoir, and the cited specimens cannot
be located in the listed depository for verification (W. Hazeltine, in
litt. 1994; D. Weissman, California Academy of Sciences, pers. comm.
1994).
Between 1989 and 1994, Zayante band-winged grasshoppers were found
at 10 of 39 sites sampled during two independent regional surveys
(White 1993; R. Morgan, in litt. 1994). All 10 collection locations
were on Zayante series soils (Hoekstra 1994). The habitat at these
sites was consistently described as a sparsely vegetated sandy
substrate or sand parkland (White 1993; R. Morgan, in litt. 1994). The
association and restriction of the Zayante band-winged grasshopper to
sand parkland was further corroborated by an overlay of collection
locations on maps delineating sand parkland habitat (Marangio 1985; R.
Morgan, in litt. 1994; Lee 1994). All 10 collection locations fell
within 7 discrete areas of sand parkland habitat (Hoekstra 1994).
Over 60 percent of sand parkland is estimated to have been lost to,
or altered by, human activities including sand mining, urban
development, recreation, and agriculture (Marangio and Morgan 1987; R.
Morgan, pers. comm. 1992; Lee 1994). Approximately 200 to 240 ha (500
to 600 ac) of sand parkland existed historically (Marangio and Morgan
1987). By 1986, only 100 ha (250 ac) of sand parkland remained intact
(Marangio and Morgan 1987). By 1992, sand parkland was reportedly
reduced to only 40 ha (100 ac) (R. Morgan, pers. comm. 1992). A more
recent assessment revised that estimate up to 78 ha (193 ac) because of
identification and inclusion of additional lower quality sand parkland
(Lee 1994). Evaluation of sand parkland quality was based upon
vegetation structure and species composition. Only 20 ha (49 ac) of
sand parkland habitat are publicly owned--1.2 ha (3 ac) of high quality
and 2.4 ha (6 ac) low quality habitat are protected within the Quail
Hollow Ranch, owned by the County of Santa Cruz; 8 ha (20 ac) of low
quality sand parkland are protected in the Bonny Doon Ecological
Preserve, managed by the California Department of Fish and Game (Lee
1994); and approximately 8 ha (20 ac) of low quality habitat occur in
Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park (S. Steinmetz, Henry Cowell Redwoods
State Park, pers. comm. 1993). The Zayante band-winged grasshopper does
not occur in the Bonny Doon Ecological Preserve or Henry Cowell
Redwoods State Park. The remaining 58 ha (143 ac) of sand parkland are
privately owned and at risk of loss to sand mining and urban
development (D. Hillyard, California Department of Fish and Game, pers.
comm. 1993; Lee 1994).
Previous Federal Action
The Service included the Mount Hermon June beetle as a category 2
candidate species in the January 6, 1989 (54 FR 554) and November 21,
1991 (56 FR 58804) Animal Notices of Review. Category 2 species were
those for which information in the Service's possession indicated that
listing was possibly appropriate, but for which substantive data on
biological vulnerability and threats were not available to support
proposed rules.
On February 11, 1991, the Service was petitioned by Mr. Stephen
McCabe, California Native Plant Society, to emergency list the Mount
Hermon June beetle as an endangered species. The Service made a 90-day
finding on June 10, 1991, that although an emergency situation did not
exist, substantial information had been presented indicating that
listing may be warranted, and announced this decision in the August 19,
1992, Federal Register (57 FR 37513). The Service initiated a status
review of the Mount Hermon June beetle at that time.
[[Page 3619]]
The Service was petitioned on July 16, 1992, by Dr. David Weissman,
California Academy of Sciences, to list the Zayante band-winged
grasshopper as an endangered species. No separate 90-day finding was
published for this species; final finding for the petitioned action was
contained in a proposed rule, which included listing the Zayante band-
winged grasshopper as endangered (59 FR 24112).
The Service learned of the status of, and threats to, the Santa
Cruz rain beetle (Pleocoma conjungens conjungens) during status reviews
of the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper.
During the status reviews of the three taxa, the Service examined the
available literature and data on life history, ecology, locality
records, and species' ranges. Sources of status and threat information
for the Mount Hermon June beetle, Zayante band-winged grasshopper, and
Santa Cruz rain beetle included reports and plans supplied by
proponents of the listing and reviewing agencies' plans for development
projects within the range of these three species, and reviewing
published and unpublished data from scientists with expertise on these
taxa and their habitat needs.
On May 10, 1994, the Service published a proposed rule in the
Federal Register (59 FR 24112) to list the three insects as endangered.
The proposed rule constituted the final finding for the petitioned
actions for the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged
grasshopper, in accordance with section 4(b)(3)(B)(ii) of the Act. The
proposed rule opened a public comment period through July 11, 1994, to
allow submission of new and additional information on the species and
written comments from the public. A public hearing was requested by Dr.
William Hazeltine of Oroville, California on May 30, 1994. A Notice of
Public Hearing and Extension of Public Comment Period was published on
June 29, 1994 (59 FR 33484). This notice extended the public comment
period through August 1, 1994. The public hearing was held on July 18,
1994, in Santa Cruz, California and allowed presentation of both oral
testimony and written comments. A notice reopening the public comment
period through October 31, 1994, was published on September 1, 1994 (59
FR 45254). The comment period was reopened to allow submission of
additional comments and information concerning the proposed rule.
Based upon information received during the cited public comment
periods, the proposed listing of the Santa Cruz rain beetle has been
withdrawn by the Service. A notice withdrawing the proposal is
published in the Federal Register concurrently with this final rule.
Summary of Comments and Recommendations
In the May 10, 1994, proposed rule and associated notifications,
all interested parties were requested to submit factual reports or
information that might contribute to the development of a final rule.
Appropriate Federal and State agencies, County and local governments,
scientific organizations, and other interested parties were contacted
and requested to comment. The initial 60-day comment period was
extended through August 1, 1994 (59 FR 33484), and reopened from
September 1, 1994, through October 31, 1994, to allow submission of
additional comments (59 FR 45254). Newspaper notices were published in
the Santa Cruz Sentinel on September 22, 1994, and in the San Jose
Mercury News on September 30, 1994, inviting general public comment.
The Service received a written request from Dr. William Hazeltine
of Oroville, California for a public hearing. The public hearing was
held on July 18, 1994, at the Santa Cruz County Government Building in
Santa Cruz, California. Each speaker was provided 5 minutes to present
oral testimony concerning the proposed rule; written comments also were
accepted at the public hearing. Approximately 40 individuals attended
the public hearing; 17 presented statements.
Seventy three comments, including those of 1 Federal agency, 1
State agency, 3 local government officials, and 50 private groups and
individuals, were received during the comment periods and public
hearing. Several people submitted more than one comment to the Service.
Forty one comments supported, 27 expressed concerns, and 5 were neutral
on the proposed action. Several comments contained significant data and
information concerning the biology, ecology, range, and distribution of
the subject species. This information was evaluated and incorporated
into the final determination as appropriate.
Written comments and oral statements presented at the public
hearing and received during the comment periods are addressed in the
following summary. Written and oral comments were given full and equal
consideration. Comments of a similar nature or point are grouped into a
number of general issues. These issues and the Service's response to
each are discussed below.
Issue 1: Numerous respondents concluded that listing the three
insect species would have adverse economic and social effects. Several
commenters felt that residential and commercial development would be
stopped or hindered. Other commenters were concerned about effects to
local mining and railroad businesses. Three commenters requested that
the Service consider and analyze possible socioeconomic impacts. A
representative of the Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines
(Bureau) offered the Bureau's assistance with such analysis. Another
commenter concluded that the Service failed to include Regulatory
Flexibility Act analysis. Some commenters stated that the listing would
turn public opinion against preservation of endangered species, and
discredit conservation organizations, the Act, and other environmental
organizations. Several commenters charged that the Act was being
subverted by proponents of the listing and the Service for political
purposes, including habitat protection, land use control, and
development restriction. On the other hand, several respondents
asserted that the economic effects of the listing were being
exaggerated by opponents. They argued that individual property and
homeowners would not be significantly affected since most of the known
occurrences were on a small number of large properties. Proponents also
cited the uniqueness of the ecosystem and its flora and fauna as a
reason to list the species.
Service Response: These comments address a diversity of economic,
social, and political issues. However, section 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act
requires that a listing determination be based solely on the best
scientific and commercial data available. The legislative history of
this provision clearly states the intent of Congress to ``ensure'' that
listing decisions are ``based solely on biological criteria and to
prevent non-biological criteria from effecting such decisions'' (H.R.
Rep. No. 97-835, 97th Cong. 2d Sess. 19 (1982)). As further stated in
the legislative history, ``economic considerations have no relevance to
determinations regarding the status of species.'' Because the Service
is specifically precluded from considering economic impacts in a final
determination on a proposed listing, possible economic consequences of
listing the insects were not considered.
Issue 2: One commenter concluded that listing the Mount Hermon June
beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper would usurp local land use
planning authorities.
[[Page 3620]]
Service Response: The Act does not empower the Service or any other
Federal agency with land use planning authorities. Therefore, local
planning responsibilities would remain intact.
Issue 3: One commenter concluded that land owners would be required
to prove a species not to be endangered as a condition of take permits.
Service Response: Section 10 of the Act describes procedures for
permitting exemption from take prohibitions. Such permission may only
be granted if the activity does not preclude the continued existence
and eventual recovery of the listed species. Permit applicants are not
required to demonstrate species' lack of endangerment.
Issue 4: Three commenters concluded that prohibitions against
``take'' of listed species, as defined in the Act, would violate
constitutional prohibitions against take of private property without
compensation. Two commenters requested that the Service conduct a
takings implication analysis.
Service Response: If an action would not harass, harm, kill, or
otherwise ``take'' a listed species, the prohibitions described in
section 9 of the Act are not applicable. If an action would take a
listed species, procedures for permitting exemptions from the Act's
take prohibitions are established in section 10. The Attorney General
of the U.S. has issued guidelines to the Department of the Interior
(Department) regarding Taking Implications Assessments (TIAs). The
Attorney General's guidelines state that TIAs used to analyze the
potential for Fifth Amendment taking claims are to be prepared after,
rather than before, an agency makes a restricted discretionary
decision. In enacting the Act, Congress required the Department to list
a species based solely upon scientific and commercial data indicating
whether or not the species is in danger of extinction. The Service may
not withhold a listing based upon economic concerns. Therefore, even
though a TIA may be required, a TIA for a listing action is finalized
only after the final determination whether to list a species is made.
Issue 5: One commenter concluded that recovery plans require
coerced mitigation.
Service Response: Although recovery plans identify objectives,
strategies, and specific actions necessary for the recovery of a
species, the plans are guidance documents. Implementation of recovery
plans is not mandatory under law.
Issue 6: Two commenters concluded that the Act was not intended for
insects and that the species did not qualify under the definitions of
the Act.
Service Response: The definition of ``fish and wildlife'' in the
Act includes ``any member of the animal kingdom, including without
limitation any mammal, fish, bird * * *, amphibian, reptile, mollusk,
crustacean, arthropod or other invertebrate.'' The Phylum Arthropoda
(arthropods) includes insects. Because the Mount Hermon June beetle and
Zayante band-winged grasshopper are recognized as distinct species,
both taxa qualify for listing consideration under the Act.
Issue 7: One commenter questioned the Service's ability to protect
endangered species. Two commenters did not believe that funds would be
available to monitor the species, enforce the Act, or develop a
recovery plan for insect species.
Service Response: Measures by which the Service can protect
endangered species are described in the Available Conservation Measures
section of this document.
Issue 8: One commenter asserted that the use of consultation under
section 7 of the Act was equivalent to ad hoc administration for listed
species, and that it avoided National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
review and taking issues.
Service Response: Consultation processes defined in section 7 of
the Act provide for coordination between the Service and other Federal
agencies to ensure that Federal actions do not jeopardize the continued
existence of listed species. Recovery plan guidance helps ensure that
proposed actions are consistent with and support the recovery goals and
objectives for listed species. The consultation process in no way
exempts Federal agencies from compliance with NEPA or consideration of
taking issues if required for a proposed action.
Issue 9: A number of respondents urged the Service to base any
listing decisions on sound science using expert data and opinions.
Another concluded that the data and analyses used in the proposed rule
did not meet scientific standards of review. Several commenters
requested that the data undergo peer review to evaluate additional
information and to reconcile an expert's disagreement with the
Service's proposed rule. Two commenters requested that the Service
delay a final determination to allow for adequate evaluation and review
of data.
Service Response: To ensure that listing decisions are based on
sound scientific data, principles, and analyses, and in accordance with
Service policies, expert opinions of independent and appropriate
specialists were solicited regarding pertinent data and assumptions
used to make this final determination. All available data and
assumptions concerning the biology and distribution of the species were
provided to the reviewers. Their comments are summarized in the ``Peer
Review'' section of this rule and have been incorporated as
appropriate. As required by the listing regulations promulgated in 50
CFR part 424, the Service has evaluated the available information and
presented the data and assumptions for independent scientific review.
Issue 10: Several respondents were concerned with the credibility
of available data. Individual collectors were criticized by various
commenters for lacking expertise or verifiable records. These
collectors defended their credibility by citing professional
qualifications and acceptance of data within the scientific community.
Other commenters disputed the value of published versus unpublished
data and documents.
Service Response: In making a listing determination, the Service is
obligated to use the best available information. The quality and
reliability of data used were evaluated against the following
criteria--demonstrated experience or credentials of collectors,
consistency with acceptable methodologies, and verifiability of data.
If the quality or reliability of particular data was deemed to be
inadequate, an appropriate explanation is provided. Similar standards
were maintained for evaluation of published and unpublished material.
Issue 11: Three commenters cited unpublished reports that contained
substantial information on the biology and range of the Mount Hermon
June beetle and Santa Cruz rain beetle not included in the proposed
rule. One commenter concluded that the Service ignored the reports and
comments because the data refuted the proposed rule.
Service Response: Pertinent information contained in these reports
has been incorporated into this final determination.
Issue 12: Several commenters felt that the proposed listing was
based on erroneous assumptions and lack of collection. Two commenters
contended that failure to collect specimens did not indicate absence of
the species. Three commenters recommended that more thorough studies be
conducted prior to a final determination.
Service Response: In preparing this final determination, the
Service had available substantial collection data for
[[Page 3621]]
the two species, including data from the petition to list the Mount
Hermon June beetle, incidental collection records of this species, and
the results of a 1993 regional survey. In addition, the Service
reviewed the results of two independent regional surveys for the
Zayante band-winged grasshopper. These data were sufficient to
determine the range and to evaluate the threats to the species. Peer
reviewers concurred that assumptions were reasonable and appropriate.
Issue 13: Numerous commenters concluded that the proposed listing
of the Mount Hermon June beetle was not supported by data and
conclusions contained in survey reports and comments submitted by Dr.
William Hazeltine, who studied the beetle from 1946 to 1952 and again
from 1992 to 1994. These commenters, including Dr. Hazeltine, cited
collections of Mount Hermon June beetles across a larger geographic
range and in different habitat than the Zayante soils and sand parkland
described in the proposed rule.
Service Response: The data contained in Dr. Hazeltine's 1993 survey
report significantly expanded the known range of the Mount Hermon June
beetle with 26 collection records reported from Ben Lomond to Scotts
Valley. Hazeltine's data also showed the beetle to occur in chaparral
habitats as well as sand parkland. However, Service analysis showed
that the distribution of successful collection sites corresponded with
the distribution of Zayante soils on which Zayante sand hills habitats
are found. In addition, habitat on successful collection sites was
described as sparsely vegetated sandy areas among chaparral and
ponderosa pine. Service personnel visited the collection sites with Dr.
Hazeltine and verified the habitats were consistent with descriptions
of Zayante sand hills habitat. Thus, the Service concluded that the
Mount Hermon June beetle is limited to Zayante sand hills habitat in
the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts Valley area. Although this range is
indeed larger than previously described and extends beyond sand
parkland, the Mount Hermon June beetle remains endangered throughout
all or a significant portion of its range to the extent that listing is
appropriate.
Issue 14: Several commenters concluded that the proposal to list
the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper as
endangered species lacked scientific evidence and was not supported by
entomological information.
Service Response: All available data and information concerning the
biology and status of these species was reviewed and evaluated by a
Service entomologist, as well as independent peer reviewers. This
material was considered to be sufficient for making a final
determination on the proposed rule. The assumptions, data, analyses,
and evidence used are presented throughout this document.
Issue 15: Several commenters criticized the proposed rule's
dismissal of outlying specimens as scientifically irresponsible.
Particularly cited were two Zayante band-winged grasshopper specimens
reported from Alma which, according to the commenters, demonstrated the
Zayante band-winged grasshopper had a much larger range and occupied
additional habitats not acknowledged in the proposed rule. One
commenter further asserted the Alma grasshopper specimens were
collected by a reputable collector such that the label should be
considered accurate. The same commenter noted a 1968 Mount Hermon June
beetle specimen from ``Santa Cruz'' was dismissed in the proposed rule,
and cited the existence of appropriate habitat in a location considered
to be Santa Cruz.
Service Response: The Alma grasshopper specimens were collected in
1928 from an unknown specific location or habitat. Although the
collector was reputable, the reliability of this record is questioned
for the following reasons--the location label is non-specific and
unverifiable such that the specimens may have been collected anywhere
within several miles of Alma including the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-
Scotts Valley area; collection attempts have not verified the existence
of Zayante band-winged grasshoppers in areas of this region other than
the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts Valley area; the specimens cannot be
located in the listed depository for verification. The town of Alma is
presently inundated by a reservoir; and the species has been found
exclusively in sand parkland habitat. These specimens were used in the
Service's analysis of the species' current range and after surveying
all remaining sites that may have been potential habitat for this
specimen in the ``Alma area,'' the Service concludes that no evidence
exists that confirms the species may occur in this region other than
currently known location records.
The Mount Hermon June beetle specimen was not helpful in the range
analysis because of a nonspecific location label. The Service agrees
that suitable Zayante sand hills habitat occurs within areas considered
to be ``Santa Cruz,'' as stated on the specimen's label rendering it of
little use in determining other areas to be included in the extensive
surveys.
Issue 16: Many commenters felt population sizes and trends were an
important consideration in evaluating the status of a species, and the
proposed rule failed to demonstrate any historic population decline or
loss. One commenter claimed current abundances of Mount Hermon June
beetle were comparable to those observed 45 years ago, thus, refuting
the proposal to list the species as endangered. Another argued the
Service was trying to list a habitat since an assessment of population
trends did not exist.
Service Response: The only available information on historic
population levels is the number of specimens preserved in collections
and the reports of Dr. William Hazeltine. Dr. Hazeltine reported 20 to
30 males per night could be collected near his house in Mount Hermon in
the years 1946 through 1952. At that same site in 1993, only eight
males were captured at light traps. While this might suggest a decline
in numbers, historic population trends are not one of the five factors
to be considered in determining whether a species is endangered or
threatened. Population trends of insect species are not useful for
determining endangered status because their abundances can fluctuate
substantially from year to year. Furthermore, some insect species, like
the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper, may
be very abundant in localized populations, yet susceptible to
extirpation by a single action or event. Therefore, threats must be
evaluated irrespective of population estimates.
Issue 17: A number of commenters concluded that the proposed rule
did not provide evidence that habitat loss threatened the Mount Hermon
June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper. Two commenters cited
the collection of Mount Hermon June beetles near houses. Other
commenters concluded that the effects of pesticides and vegetation
changes were not sufficiently evidenced. One commenter suggested that
vegetation changes would not affect the Mount Hermon June beetle
because larvae have been observed to feed on a variety of roots.
Service Response: The effects of habitat loss and alteration are
well documented and recognized as the principal factor in declines of
insect species as well as most other taxa (See Pyle 1981 for relevant
bibliographic references). Insects are particularly vulnerable because
of their high degree of evolutionary specialization and subsequent
dependence on specific edaphic conditions, microclimate,
[[Page 3622]]
vegetation, and cohabitants of particular habitats. Indirect evidence
of the effects of habitat loss on the Mount Hermon June beetle and
Zayante band-winged grasshopper is seen in the failure to collect
specimens within mined areas, even when both species were observed on
adjacent undisturbed habitat at the same time. Documented links between
habitat loss and alteration, and the decline or extinction of other
species provide additional evidence of the significance of this threat.
The collection of Mount Hermon June beetles near houses does not refute
the negative effects of habitat loss because the beetles may simply
have been attracted to lights from nearby suitable habitat, or may
occur in remnant patches of undisturbed soil and vegetation.
Populations that do persist among developments remain at risk of
naturally occurring extinction because of potentially low numbers and
isolation from other populations.
The effects of pesticides on insects and other taxa are similarly
recognized and documented. While most pesticide application may not
penetrate the soil and affect fossorial Mount Hermon June beetle larvae
and females, the Zayante band-winged grasshopper is susceptible to
pesticide effects. The current significance of these effects is not
known.
The impact of vegetation changes also is unknown at this time. Some
related species are known to feed on the roots of exotic plant species
and orchard trees. However, no evidence establishes whether Mount
Hermon June beetle larvae will feed on plants not naturally found in
Zayante sand hills ecosystem. Therefore, the Service recognizes
vegetation change as a potential threat of unknown significance.
Habitat loss remains the primary threat to the Mount Hermon June beetle
and Zayante band-winged grasshopper.
Issue 18: One commenter stated that the limited distribution of a
species was not sufficient evidence for making a determination to list
a species.
Service Response: The determination to list a species as endangered
is based upon the evaluation of the current and future threats to the
species from the five factors listed in section 4(a) of the Act. The
range of a species is only considered when determining whether the
species is threatened throughout all or a significant portion of its
range. Species with limited distributions are more susceptible to
extirpation because a given threat would affect a greater proportion of
the species' range.
Issue 19: Two commenters challenged estimates that sand parkland
habitat is limited to about 40.5 ha (100 ac) and requested that the
sand parkland habitat be mapped. Another requested that historic
habitat loss be documented in maps.
Service Response: A description of sand parkland habitat is
provided in the Background section of this rule. The 40 ha (100 ac)
estimates of sand parkland were made during studies delineating the
habitat in the mid-1980s. A more recent study completed in 1994 revised
the estimate upward to 78 ha (193 ac) of sand parkland (Lee 1994). The
Service used the more recent data in this final determination. Maps
showing the distribution and extent of existing sand parkland habitat
are included in a report entitled ``Preservation study: sand hills
biotic communities of Santa Cruz County, California'' (Marangio 1985)
and in a forthcoming report from the California Department of Fish and
Game (Lee 1994). Production of maps documenting historic habitat loss
would be speculative since no records were kept. Furthermore, such
documentation is unnecessary for the listing determination since the
listing factors address only current and projected status and threats.
Discussions and estimates of historic habitat losses are intended only
to provide a historical context to the Zayante sand hills ecosystem.
Issue 20: One commenter concluded that the generic name Polyphylla
was invalid for the Mount Hermon June beetle because Polyphylla did not
conform to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.
Service Response: Based upon consistent use in historic and recent
taxonomic literature (Cazier 1938, 1940; Young 1967, 1988), Polyphylla
is considered a valid genus. In addition, throughout this literature,
the rank of Polyphylla barbata as a species has been retained such that
a change in the generic label would represent only a nomenclatural
shift.
Issue 21: One commenter suggested that revegetation of sandy areas
coupled with reintroduction of female Mount Hermon June beetles could
remediate any population losses, thus eliminating the need to list the
species. The commenter also concluded that listing of the Zayante band-
winged grasshopper could be precluded by revegetation of areas which
individuals could colonize. Contrary opinions noted that no restoration
efforts of sand parkland have been successful and at least one large
revegetation effort at a quarry has been abandoned.
Service Response: The Service supports the development and
implementation of habitat restoration efforts. However, no successful
demonstrations of restoration of Zayante sand hills habitat are known.
The Service has received depositions from experts stating that the
technical feasibility of such restoration is uncertain. Therefore,
continued existence of the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-
winged grasshopper cannot be assured through these attempts.
Issue 22: One commenter concluded that collectors did not threaten
the species because there are few collectors and the species' activity
periods would likely discourage all but the most dedicated.
Furthermore, the loss of some male Mount Hermon June beetles was
unlikely to affect the reproductive capacity of populations because
males could mate with several females. Collection was also limited by
permit requirements on public lands and restricted access to private
property.
Service Response: The Service concurs that collection of the
species currently poses little if any threat to the Mount Hermon June
beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper.
Issue 23: One commenter concluded that the Mount Hermon June beetle
could adapt to altered habitat. As evidence, the commenter cited the
large number of insect species known, and the short life cycles and
life history traits which would enable more rapid evolution and
adaptation.
Service Response: The great diversity of insects is reflective of
extraordinary adaptive speciations and specializations. However, such
evolutionary changes rarely occur at a rate comparable to that of human
environmental alteration. Consequently, neither the Mount Hermon June
beetle nor the Zayante band-winged grasshopper would likely evolve
adaptations with the rapid changes of habitat.
Issue 24: One commenter concluded that the reported 50 percent loss
of sand parkland habitat would only fractionally reduce the population
of the species, citing a ``rule of thumb'' that a 90 percent reduction
in habitat would result in a 50 percent reduction in the number of
species present.
Service Response: The ``rule of thumb,'' publicized by E.O. Wilson
and Peter Raven, noted proponents of conservation of biological
diversity, refers to species loss, not population loss. If the Zayante
sand hills habitat were to be reduced to 10 percent of its original
extent, one half of all the species found there would be expected to go
extinct (Wilson 1992). Which species would be lost cannot be predicted.
Because this logarithmic relationship predicts extinction of some
[[Page 3623]]
species following even partial habitat loss, it supports, rather than
refutes, the Service's determination that the Mount Hermon June beetle
and Zayante band-winged grasshopper are threatened with extinction.
Issue 25: Several respondents stated that the Service should
designate critical habitat since the habitat of the species is known
and because habitat loss is the primary threat. Others concluded that
the Service did not designate critical habitat to avoid review of the
proposed listing under NEPA.
Service Response: Although the habitats and ranges of the species
are known and described in this rule, designation of critical habitat
as defined in the Act was determined to be not prudent at this time
because no benefit to the species would result. For reasons discussed
in the NEPA section of this document, rules issued pursuant to section
4(a) of the Act do not require preparation of an Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS). The courts held in Pacific Legal Foundation v. Andrus,
657 F2d. 829 (6th Circuit 1981) that an EIS is not required for listing
under the Act. The decision noted that EISs on listing actions do not
further the goals of NEPA or the Act. Thus, this listing action is
exempted from NEPA review, regardless of critical habitat designation.
Issue 26: One commenter suggested that the species be listed as
threatened to allow greater regulatory flexibility and the
implementation of special rules under section 4(d) of the Act.
Service Response: Based upon evaluation of the status and threats
to the species, the Service has determined that the Mount Hermon June
beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper are in danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges and therefore
qualify for endangered status. Listing the species as threatened to
provide for regulatory flexibility would ignore requirements of the Act
to base determinations solely on the best scientific and commercial
data.
Issue 27: One commenter suggested that the species could be
exempted from protection under the Endangered Species Act if they were
shown to be pest species.
Service Response: While some related species are known to be
agricultural pests, no evidence exists that indicates either the Mount
Hermon June beetle or the Zayante band-winged grasshopper are pest
species. The Zayante sand hills habitat does not support significant
agricultural crops on which either species feed. In addition, the two
species are not considered as pests in backyard gardens.
Issue 28: One commenter asserted that existing parks were
sufficient to guarantee the continued existence of the insects. Two
others cited a recent stipulation agreement between a private quarry,
the County of Santa Cruz, and local conservation groups, which would
provide for the preservation of Zayante sand hills habitat. One
commenter noted, though, that the preservation of the habitat is
contingent upon the $3.5 million acquisition of the South Ridge parcel,
and that funds have not yet been committed.
Service Response: The Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-
winged grasshopper are known to occur in only one of the three publicly
owned properties in the region. Although the Quail Hollow Ranch affords
protection to Zayante sand hills habitat, the park does not have
specific mandates to manage for these species, and protection from
adverse impacts of habitat degradation from illegal activities is not
assured. Both species also occur within the areas to be preserved under
the cited stipulation. However, preservation of these populations is
uncertain pending acquisition of the South Ridge property.
Issue 29: Several commenters concluded that State and local
legislation and regulations, such as the mitigation requirements of the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), provide sufficient
protection for the two insect species. Commenters cited revegetation
efforts at local quarries, the above-mentioned stipulation agreement,
and protection of sand parkland habitat in a development project by the
City of Scotts Valley as examples of successful protection. Contrary
views were expressed by commenters citing past failures of city
governments to enforce protection of rare species, and the abandonment
of revegetation plans at a sand quarry.
Service Response: While existing legislation and regulations may
require mitigation or other compensation for impacts to sensitive or
rare species, they do not ensure the continued existence of the Mount
Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper. For example,
CEQA provides for ``Statements of Overriding Consideration'' which
allow projects to proceed despite unmitigated adverse impacts.
Issue 30: Three commenters requested that all data, information,
and results of investigations be available for review by interested
parties.
Service Response: All documents, records, and correspondence
relating to this listing, including data, survey results, analyses,
supporting information, and public comments are included in the
administrative record available for review by the public by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the Ventura Field Office.
Appointments can be made by contacting the Field Supervisor. See
ADDRESSES section.
Issue 31: One commenter asked if this listing was in response to a
lawsuit settlement with the Sierra Club.
Service Response: This listing is not in response to a lawsuit
settlement with the Sierra Club. The listing of the Mount Hermon June
beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper is in response to petitions
submitted by private citizens.
Issue 32: One commenter suggested that the Service conduct field
work to assess the status of the species.
Service Response: The Service's responsibility under the Act is to
compile and review the ``best available information'' concerning the
biology, status, and threats to species. During the listing process the
Service makes efforts to verify information through field visits and
surveys. Primary data collection, however, is generally conducted by
individuals outside the Service.
Issue 33: One commenter asserted that proponents of the listing
should be responsible for demonstrating that a species is endangered.
Service Response: Petitioners and listing proponents are expected
to provide the Service with pertinent data concerning the biology and
threats to a species to demonstrate that listing may be warranted.
After that time, the Service solicits and reviews all available
information to make decisions regarding proposed rules and final
determinations.
Issue 34: One commenter concluded that a conflict of interest
existed for commenters who were involved in a court settlement
regarding preservation of sand parkland habitat.
Service Response: Any member of the public, regardless of
affiliation or position, is invited to submit comments on a proposed
rule during the open comment period.
Issue 35: Three commenters stated that the Service's notification
of the public regarding the proposed rule was inadequate. One commenter
requested that all landowners be directly notified, and that notices be
published in newspapers.
Service Response: The Service provided notification of the proposed
rule to the public through processes required in the Act, including
publication of findings and rules in the Federal Register, publication
of notices in local newspapers, and letters to government officials,
planning offices, regulatory agencies, and other interested
[[Page 3624]]
parties as described at the beginning of this section. Direct
notification of all landowners was attempted by the Service to the
extent practical.
Issue 36: One commenter stated that the Service failed to publish a
90-day finding that the petition to list the Zayante band-winged
grasshopper may be warranted, and failed to make a 12-month
determination following the August 19, 1992, notice for the Mount
Hermon June beetle. Disputing the Service's inclusion of such notices
in the proposed rule, the commenter stated such failures prevented the
submission of information and comment, and recommended the proposed
listing be invalidated.
Service Response: The Service's 90-day finding regarding the
Zayante band-winged grasshopper was made on September 25, 1992 but was
not published in the Federal Register prior to publication of the
proposed rule. The proposed rule constituted the required 12-month
determinations regarding both the Zayante band-winged grasshopper and
the Mount Hermon June beetle. At that time, extensive comment periods
and a public hearing allowed all interested parties to provide comments
and information concerning the proposed action. All input was
considered in preparation of the final determination.
Peer Review
In accordance with policy promulgated July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270),
the Service solicited the expert opinions of independent specialists
regarding pertinent scientific or commercial data and assumptions
relating to the taxonomy, population models, and supportive biological
and ecological information for species under consideration for listing.
The purpose of such review is to ensure listing decisions are based on
scientifically sound data, assumptions, and analyses, including input
of appropriate experts and specialists.
The data and assumptions regarding the Mount Hermon June beetle and
Zayante band-winged grasshopper were each reviewed by three
specialists. Peer reviewers were identified through inquiries to
research institutions, universities, and museums for individuals with
recognized expertise with the subject taxa. The reviewers were asked to
comment upon specific assumptions and conclusions regarding the
species. Their comments have been incorporated into the final rule as
appropriate and are summarized below.
Reviewers of the Mount Hermon June beetle information agreed that,
although estimates were speculative, the flight range of male beetles
may be limited. Male beetles were attracted to lights, but the maximum
distance traveled was unknown, dependent upon the visibility and
relative strength of the light compared to other attractive stimuli
such as female pheromone or moonlight. All reviewers emphasized the
dependence of fossorial larvae and females on the specific conditions
of the soil. The reviewers also concurred with the Service's conclusion
that the Mount Hermon June beetle was limited to the Zayante sand hills
habitat. One reviewer commented that males may occasionally be trapped
in adjacent habitats, but they probably represent artifacts of random
dispersal and not colonization of different habitat communities. The
same reviewer also suggested the beetle may occur in more densely
vegetated areas of chaparral as well as open sandy areas.
Excavation, soil compaction, and vegetation removal within Mount
Hermon June beetle habitat are recognized as activities expected to
adversely affect the species. Landscaping may have some impact. The
reviewers anticipate the application of some pesticides, such as soil
permeants, could have a negative effect. Adjacent light sources should
not be detrimental to the species, although male Mount Hermon June
beetles may be attracted away from their habitat. Collection was not
considered to significantly threaten the species. One reviewer
suggested additional investigations to assess specific life history,
distributional, and other ecological information before proceeding with
the listing. Another reviewer commented that the survey reports and
other information submitted to the Service concerning the biology of
the beetle were based upon erroneous and unfounded assumptions, poor
methodology, and hearsay. Nonetheless, the Service's comparison of
collection records and independent soil and habitat data was considered
a sufficiently rigorous analysis for concluding the species to be of
limited range and associated with the Zayante sand hills ecosystem.
The reviewers of the Zayante band-winged grasshopper information
agreed that substrate was an important, but not a sole, determining
factor for grasshopper distributions. An assumption that exchange of
individuals between isolated populations would be infrequent because of
short observed flight distances was questioned by one reviewer but
supported by another's experience with other Trimerotropis species. Two
reviewers agreed with the dismissal of non-specifically labeled
historic specimens, but cautioned that additional investigation of the
outlying areas may be warranted if suitable habitat exists. The third
reviewer felt that information should be considered reliable unless
shown otherwise. In the absence of sand parkland habitat elsewhere, all
reviewers concurred with the Service's conclusion that the Zayante
band-winged grasshopper was restricted to sand parkland habitat. The
grasshopper would unlikely occur in adjacent habitats such as redwood
forest, chaparral, grasslands, or coastal habitats. Excavation, soil
compaction, vegetation removal, landscaping, and pesticides were all
recognized as adverse activities affecting the grasshopper. One
reviewer noted that collection of specimens from areas adjacent to
mining operations suggests the species is not particularly impacted by
nearby activities. One reviewer also questioned the distinctiveness of
the grasshopper as a separate species, but deferred final judgment to
others more familiar with the specimens. A reviewer familiar with the
specimens and the genus Trimerotropis confidently defended the Zayante
band-winged grasshopper as a full species.
Summary of Factors Affecting the Species
After a thorough review and consideration of all information
available, the Service has determined that the Mount Hermon June beetle
(Polyphylla barbata) and the Zayante band-winged grasshopper
(Trimerotropis infantilis) should be classified as endangered species.
Procedures found at section 4 of the Act and regulations implementing
the listing provisions of the Act (50 CFR part 424) were followed. A
species may be determined to be endangered or threatened due to one or
more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). These factors
and their application to the Mount Hermon June beetle and the Zayante
band-winged grasshopper are as follows:
A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of their habitat or range. Habitat destruction and
modification are recognized as the primary threats to insect species
(Pyle 1981) because of their narrow distributions and dependence on
specific food plants or edaphic conditions. Both the Mount Hermon June
beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper are restricted to portions
of the Zayante sand hills ecosystem in the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-
Scotts Valley area of Santa Cruz County, California. The Mount Hermon
June beetle occurs in sand parkland and other sparsely vegetated sandy
areas
[[Page 3625]]
within the Zayante sand hills ecosystem. The Zayante band-winged
grasshopper is narrowly restricted to sand parkland on ridgetops and
saddles. Both species are imminently endangered by ongoing and
threatened destruction and adverse modification of their habitats by
one or more of the following activities--sand mining, urban
development, recreational use of habitat, and agriculture.
The ranges of both species are limited by the substrate found in
the Zayante soils, and the availability of suitable food plants within
the Zayante sand hills and sand parkland habitats. The Mount Hermon
June beetle is threatened by excavation and construction activities
that crush or expose fossorial larvae and females, resulting in
mortalities and elimination of reproductive populations (W. Hazeltine,
in litt. 1994). Clearance of native Zayante sand hills vegetation and
cultivation of non-native plant species in landscaping also may
adversely affect the Mount Hermon June beetle by eliminating food
plants and disrupting the soil. The Zayante band-winged grasshopper is
similarly threatened by removal and alteration of the sand parkland
habitat.
Historically, approximately 2533 ha (6265 ac) of Zayante sand hills
habitat occurred in Santa Cruz County. Over 40 percent of this habitat
has disappeared, primarily due to urban development and mining; 1459 ha
(3608 ac) currently remain in a natural state (Lee 1994). Sand parkland
habitat has been more dramatically reduced; over 60 percent of this
habitat has been lost, mostly to sand mining. An estimated 200 to 240
ha (500 to 600 ac) existed historically (Marangio and Morgan 1987; Lee
1994). By 1986, only 100 ha (250 ac) remained intact (Marangio and
Morgan 1987). Currently, sand parkland is limited to approximately 78
ha (193 ac) (Lee 1994).
Sand mining and urban development are the most significant causes
of habitat loss in the Ben Lomond-Mount Hermon-Scotts Valley region.
Sand deposits within the Zayante sand hills habitat have been actively
mined for construction purposes for at least five decades (Storie et
al. 1944 in Griffin 1964). Three sand mines in the area are in
operation and have permits to mine areas of sand parkland and Zayante
sand hills habitat that are currently undisturbed (S. Smith, County of
Santa Cruz Planning Department, pers. comm. 1994). Two of the three
mines support little undisturbed habitat (S. Smith, pers. comm. 1996).
The Service has been participating in the development of a multi-
species habitat conservation plan (HCP) for the third mine, Quail
Hollow Quarry, within the San Lorenzo Valley in Santa Cruz County,
California. The County of Santa Cruz, the owner and operator of the
Quarry (respectively Granite Rock Company and Santa Cruz Aggregates),
and intervenors (South Ridge Watershed Association, Sierra Club, and
California Native Plant Society) entered into a Settlement Agreement in
June of 1994 that resolved longstanding litigation regarding Granite
Rock's right to continue mining at the site. As part of that Agreement,
Granite Rock is permitted to continue mining in designated areas of the
quarry site, subject to obtaining the necessary mining approvals, and
portions of the site containing extremely significant biological
resources, including the two insects, will be preserved in perpetuity
through purchase of the South Ridge and through dedication of a
conservation easement for the areas on the North and West Ridges
containing sand parkland habitat. A fourth mine is closed at this time,
but may reopen if funds become available (S. Smith, pers. comm. 1994).
Seventeen of the 28 Mount Hermon June beetle collection locations, and
9 of the 10 Zayante band-winged grasshopper collection sites are
adjacent to areas used for sand mining.
Mining of sand from undisturbed areas would result in the
destruction of habitat for the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante
band-winged grasshopper. Permits held by the mining companies require
revegetation efforts in mined areas as part of reclamation plans.
However, such revegetation plans are considered inadequate to
successfully restore the biological integrity of sand parkland and
Zayante sand hills habitats; the technical feasibility of such
restoration is questioned because of the diversity of the ecosystem's
flora and fauna and the complexity of the soil facies and edaphic
conditions (Davilla 1990; Gilchrist 1990; Murphy 1990).
Urban development also has resulted in significant alteration and
loss of habitat. Construction of private homes, roads, and businesses
has removed vegetation and modified soils through excavation,
compaction, and disruption of soil horizons. More than 480 ha (1200 ac)
of Zayante sand hills habitat have been developed for these purposes.
Recent expansion of juvenile hall facilities near Mount Hermon
eliminated portions of an area known to support Mount Hermon June
beetles (W. Hazeltine, pers. comm. 1994). One site where Zayante band-
winged grasshoppers were previously collected is now a parking lot (D.
Weissman, pers. comm. 1993). Fourteen collection sites for Mount Hermon
June beetles and two known locations of Zayante band-winged
grasshoppers are adjacent to residential, commercial and public
developments. The County of Santa Cruz and the City of Scotts Valley
have existing plans, zoning designations, and approved permits for
continued development in these areas (Marangio 1985; Lee 1994), thereby
further reducing and fragmenting Zayante sand hills habitat.
Recreational uses of Zayante sand hills habitats may adversely
affect the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper
through habitat disturbance and degradation. Recreational uses include
off-road vehicles (ORVs), equestrian activities, hiking, bicycling, and
camping. These activities crush and remove vegetation, cause compaction
of soils, promote soil erosion, and occasionally result in oil and
gasoline spills. Off-road motorcycle events (200+ people) occur on sand
parkland (A. Haynes, San Lorenzo Water District, pers. comm. 1993).
Off-road vehicle damage also is noted at the Geyer Quarry and on the
South Ridge of the Quail Hollow Quarry, a site considered to be the
highest quality patch of intact sand parkland habitat (Lee 1994).
Disturbance from equestrian use is reported from five sand parkland
areas (Lee 1994). A campground encompasses approximately half of the
sand parkland habitat within Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park (D.
Hillyard, pers. comm. 1993; S. Steinmetz, pers. comm. 1993), and foot
and ORV traffic are recognized as causes of erosion damage at the Quail
Hollow Ranch County Park (County of Santa Cruz 1990).
Limited agricultural activities have also contributed to habitat
fragmentation and degradation in the Zayante sand hills ecosystem.
While the Zayante soils are generally of little agricultural value,
Zayante sand hills habitat has been, and may continue to be, used for
agricultural purposes. Currently, portions of two sand parkland areas
are zoned for timber harvest (Lee 1994). Other areas of Zayante sand
hills habitat have been proposed for conversion to vineyards (Davilla
1980).
The Service has reviewed a notice of preparation for the
development of an educational park within the City of Scotts Valley on
a site where Mount Hermon June beetles and Zayante band-winged
grasshoppers have been sighted. The Scotts Valley Unified School
District evaluated numerous alternative sites before choosing the
current location for the proposed facility. Recently, the Service was
informed that
[[Page 3626]]
an alternative site for the proposed park may be selected.
B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes. Amateur collecting for the Mount Hermon June
beetle occurs on a limited basis during the narrow flight periods of
the species. As this species becomes more difficult to find, the
interest of collectors may increase; however, overutilization by
collection is not known to occur at this time.
Collection of the Zayante band-winged grasshopper has occurred
during surveys for this and other invertebrate species; however,
overutilization of this species by collection is not known to occur at
this time.
C. Disease or predation. Mount Hermon June beetles may be preyed
upon by some bird species. However, the early evening flight time of
the Mount Hermon June beetle is thought to reflect an evolutionary
adaptation for predator avoidance, coinciding with the cessation of
bird activity (W. Hazeltine, in litt. 1994). Based upon laboratory
observations, larvae may be susceptible to fungal infestations if soil
conditions are too moist (W. Hazeltine, in litt. 1993). However, the
significance of such mortality sources is unknown.
One Zayante band-winged grasshopper specimen was observed to be
parasitized by a tachinid fly (White 1993). However, the significance
of parasitization on populations of this species is unknown.
D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. Regulatory
mechanisms currently in effect do not provide adequate protection for
the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper and
their habitats. Federal agencies are not legally required to consider
and manage for these species during project design and implementation,
although some Federal agencies have policies that encourage
consideration of candidate species in the design and implementation of
Federal projects.
At the State and local levels, regulatory mechanisms also are
limited. The Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged
grasshopper are not listed by the State of California under the
California Endangered Species Act. State and local agencies may
consider these taxa when evaluating certain activities for compliance
with the CEQA and local zoning regulations. If an activity is
identified as having a potential impact on these species, mitigation
measures may be required by State and local regulating agencies to
offset these impacts. However, these regulations do not provide
specific protection measures to ensure the continued existence of these
species. In addition, CEQA provisions for ``Statements of Overriding
Considerations'' can allow projects to proceed despite unmitigated
adverse impacts. The County of Santa Cruz requires that proposed
projects comply with both general zoning requirements and environmental
designations. However, properties within Zayante sand hills habitats
are zoned for special use, timber production, mining, and residential
development. Special use zoning allows for residential-agricultural,
residential, commercial, and industrial development (Lee 1994).
Public ownership of lands with Zayante sand hills and sand parkland
habitats suitable for the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-
winged grasshopper is limited to the Quail Hollow Ranch, Bonny Doon
Ecological Preserve, and Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park. The Mount
Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper are only known
to occur in Quail Hollow Ranch. None of these properties currently has
a management plan that specifically provides protection for the two
species or their habitats. In addition, Zayante sand hills habitat on
Quail Hollow Ranch is reported to be degraded by off-trail equestrian
activities and other illegal access (Lee 1994; S. McCabe, pers. comm.
1994).
A settlement agreement between local conservation groups and one of
the sand mining companies resulted in action to preserve three parcels
of sand parkland and Zayante sand hills habitat. All three of these
parcels support the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged
grasshopper. However, preservation of the parcels is contingent upon
acquisition of the ``South Ridge,'' a parcel recognized as the highest
quality sand parkland habitat. Funds necessary for the $3.5 million
settlement purchase have not yet been committed (C. Scott, pers. comm.
1994; Ken Hart, pers. comm. 1996).
E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued
existence. Pesticides could pose a threat to the Zayante band-winged
grasshopper. Pesticide application is expected at existing and planned
golf courses and may occur on a limited basis at vineyards in the area.
Local landowners may use pesticides to control targeted invertebrate
species around homes and businesses. These pesticides may drift and
kill non-targeted species such as the Zayante band-winged grasshopper.
Because the Mount Hermon June beetle is fossorial, air-borne
pesticides would not likely reach and affect the species. However,
application of soil permeant pesticides could pose a threat (W.
Hazeltine, in litt., 1994). During the flight season males of this
species also may be subject to mortality from attraction to electric
``bug zappers'' (W. Hazeltine, in litt. 1994). The significance of such
mortality is unknown, however.
The quality of remaining habitat for the Mount Hermon June beetle
and Zayante band-winged grasshopper may decline because of fire
suppression in the Zayante sand hills habitat. Periodic wildfire is
thought to be critical to maintenance of the Zayante sand hills habitat
mosaic. The presence of fire-dependent species such as knobcone pine
and Santa Cruz cypress suggests that fire is important for resetting
vegetational succession within the chaparral communities, and for
maintaining the open characteristics of ponderosa pine stands and sand
parkland. Fire also may prevent the invasion of species from the
surrounding mixed evergreen forest; encroachments by madrone (Arbutus
menziesii) and other species from surrounding mixed evergreen forest
into Zayante sand hills habitat have been attributed to reduced fire
frequency (Marangio 1985).
The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and
commercial information available regarding the past, present, and
future threats faced by the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-
winged grasshopper in determining to make this rule final. Based on
this evaluation, the preferred action is to list the Mount Hermon June
beetle (Polyphylla barbata) and Zayante band-winged grasshopper
(Trimerotropis infantilis) as endangered. This status was determined
because these species are ``in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of [their] range'' (section 3(6) of the Act)
because of threats from one or more of the following factors--sand
mining, urban development, recreational use of habitat, increased
vulnerability to naturally occurring extirpation, and habitat
restriction and decline. Critical habitat is not being designated for
these species for the reasons discussed below.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at
the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found
those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation
of the species and (II) that may require special management
considerations or
[[Page 3627]]
protection and; (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area
occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and procedures needed to
bring the species to the point at which listing under the Act is no
longer necessary.
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time
the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service
finds that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the Mount
Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper at this time.
Service regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of
critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following
situations exist--(1) The species is threatened by taking or other
human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be expected
to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such
designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species.
Designation of critical habitat would not benefit the Mount Hermon
June beetle and Zayante band-winged grasshopper because all populations
of the two species occur on non-Federal lands where Federal involvement
in land-use activities does not generally occur. Prohibitions of
adverse modification to critical habitat apply only to Federal actions.
Therefore, additional protection afforded to designated critical
habitat would only be realized if a Federal nexus existed. Possible
nexuses on non-Federal lands include 404 permits from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers and funds from Federal housing or highway programs.
However, no such nexuses are known or anticipated within the habitat
and range of these species.
Furthermore, in the case of the Mount Hermon June beetle, the
determination of critical habitat would be detrimental to the
conservation of the species. Determination of the location and extent
of reproductive populations and evaluation of edaphic requirements
would require excavation and consequent destruction of habitat occupied
by larvae and females.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain
activities. Recognition through listing results in public awareness and
conservation actions by Federal, State, and local agencies, private
organizations, and individuals. The Act provides for possible land
acquisition and cooperation with the States and requires that recovery
actions be carried out for all listed species. The protection required
of Federal agencies and the prohibitions against taking and harm are
discussed, in part, below.
Under section 4 of the Act, listing the Mount Hermon June beetle
and Zayante band-winged grasshopper provides for the development of a
recovery plan, which will bring together Federal, State, local
government, and private agencies and individuals to develop
conservation strategies for these species. The recovery plan would
develop a framework of recovery activities, priorities, and funding
requirements to accomplish conservation objectives and ensure the
survival and recovery of the Mount Hermon June beetle and Zayante band-
winged grasshopper.
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is listed as
endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if
any is designated. Regulations implementing this interagency
cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402.
Section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or destroy or adversely modify its
critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or
its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into
formal consultation with the Service. Because no Federal lands exist
within the range of these two species, consultations would only occur
if a Federal agency had discretion over permit issuance or funding of
projects. Such Federal involvement is neither known, nor anticipated,
within the habitat and range of the Mount Hermon June beetle and
Zayante band-winged grasshopper.
Section 9 of the Act and implementing regulations set forth a
series of general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all
endangered wildlife. The prohibitions, codified at 50 CFR 17.21, in
part, make it illegal for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States to take, import or export, ship in interstate commerce in
the course of commercial activity, or sell or offer for sale in
interstate or foreign commerce any listed species. The definition of
``take'' includes to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill,
trap, capture, or collect; or to attempt any of these. It is also
illegal to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship any such
wildlife that has been taken illegally. Certain exceptions apply to
agents of the Service and State conservation agencies.
It is the policy of the Service (59 FR 34272) to identify to the
maximum extent practicable at the time a species is listed those
activities that would or would not constitute a violation of section 9
of the Act. The intent of this policy is to increase public awareness
of the effect of the listing on proposed and ongoing activities within
a species' range. During the public comment period the Service received
inquiries about the effect listing would have on the sand mining
industry, commercial and residential development and maintenance
activities, and recreational activities. Based on the best available
information, the following actions would not result in a violation of
section 9, provided these activities are carried out in accordance with
existing regulations and permit requirements--removal of the two insect
species from swimming pools, birdbaths, window screens, and the like
with immediate and safe replacement in more suitable habitat; normal
lighting around residences and commercial buildings; normal maintenance
of backyard gardens; reasonable recreational use of existing maintained
trails within Zayante sand hills habitat; use of existing roadways and
railroads; and continued sand mining within existing excavated areas.
Activities that could result in the take of the Mount Hermon June
beetle or Zayante band-winged grasshopper include, but are not limited
to, unauthorized collection or capture of the species, except as noted
above to relocate individuals out of danger; destruction or alteration
of the species' habitat (e.g. excavating, compacting, grading, or
discing of soil, vegetation removal); violations of grading, mining, or
construction permits that affect occupied habitat; off-road vehicle use
on occupied habitat; and application of pesticides beyond the
boundaries of maintained lawns and gardens or in violation of label
restrictions.
Other unauthorized activities not identified above will be reviewed
on a case-by-case basis to determine if a violation of section 9 of the
Act may have occurred. The Service does not consider these lists to be
exhaustive and provides them for the information of the public.
Questions regarding whether specific activities will constitute a
[[Page 3628]]
violation of section 9 should be directed to the Field Supervisor of
the Service's Ventura Field Office (see ADDRESSES section).
Permits may be issued to carry out otherwise prohibited activities
involving endangered wildlife species under certain circumstances.
Regulations governing permits are codified at 50 CFR 17.22 and 17.23.
Such permits are available for scientific purposes, to enhance the
propagation or survival of the species, or for incidental take in the
course of otherwise lawful activities. Requests for copies of the
regulations regarding listed wildlife and inquiries about prohibitions
and permits may be addressed to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Endangered Species Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon
97232-4181 (telephone 503/231-6241, facsimile 503/231-6243).
National Environmental Policy Act
The Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that Environmental
Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements, as defined under the
authority of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be
prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section
4(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. A notice
outlining the Service's reasons for this determination was published in
the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (49 FR 49244).
Required Determinations
The Service has examined this regulation under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 and found it to contain no information collection
requirements. This rulemaking was not subject to review by the Office
of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited herein, as well as others,
is available upon request from the Field Supervisor, Ventura Field
Office (see ADDRESSES section).
Author
The primary authors of this document are Carl Benz and Jonathan
Hoekstra, Ventura Field Office (see ADDRESSES section, telephone 805/
644-1766).
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.
Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the
Code of Federal Regulations, is amended as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500, unless otherwise noted.
2. Section 17.11(h) is amended by adding the following, in
alphabetical order under Insects, to the List of Endangered and
Threatened Wildlife to read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate
-------------------------------------------------------- population where Critical Special
Historic range endangered or Status When listed habitat rules
Common name Scientific name threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * * *
Insects (Class Insecta)
* * * * * * *
Grasshoppers and Allies (Insects,
Order Orthoptera)
* * * * * * *
Grasshopper, Zayante band-winged. Trimerotropis U.S.A. (CA)........ NA................. E 605 NA NA
infantilis.
* * * * * * *
Beetles (Insects, Order
Coleoptera)
* * * * * * *
Beetle, Mount Hermon June........ Polyphylla barbata.. U.S.A. (CA)........ NA................. E 605 NA NA
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dated: January 6, 1997.
John G. Rogers,
Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 97-1674 Filed 1-23-97; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P