[Federal Register Volume 60, Number 190 (Monday, October 2, 1995)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 51417-51432]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 95-24337]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AD58
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed
Endangered or Threatened Status for Fourteen Plant Taxa From the
Hawaiian Islands
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes
endangered status pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
amended (Act), for 13 plant taxa--Achyranthes mutica (No common name
(NCN)), Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano), Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana (haha), Cyperus trachysanthos (pu`uka`a), Euphorbia
haeleeleana (NCN), Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka), Panicum niihauense
(lau `ehu), Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN), Platanthera holochila (NCN),
Sanicula purpurea (NCN), Schiedea hookeri (NCN), Schiedea kauaiensis
(NCN), and Schiedea nuttallii (NCN). The Service also proposes
threatened status for Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka). The 14 taxa are
endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and are now known from one or more of
the following Hawaiian Islands--Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Maui, and Hawaii. The 14 plant taxa and their habitats have been
variously affected or are currently threatened by one or more of the
following--competition, predation, or habitat degradation from alien
species, human impacts, fire, and natural disasters. This proposal, if
made final, would implement the Federal protection provisions provided
by the Act.
DATES: Comments from all interested parties must be received by
December 1, 1995. Public hearing requests must be received by November
16, 1995.
ADDRESSES: Comments and materials concerning this proposal should be
sent to Robert P. Smith, Pacific Islands Ecoregion Manager, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 6307, P.O. Box
50167, Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments and materials received will be
available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business
hours at the above address.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert P. Smith, Pacific Islands
Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-2749;
facsimile: 808/541-2756).
[[Page 51418]]
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Panicum niihauense, Phyllostegia
parviflora, Platanthera holochila, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri,
Schiedea kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii are, or were, known from
ten Hawaiian Islands--Laysan, Midway, Kure, Niihau, Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. The current and historical
distribution by island is presented in Table 1 for each of the 14 taxa.
Table 1.--Summary of Island Distribution of the Proposed Taxa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hawaiian Island
Species ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ku Mi La Ni K O Mo L M H
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica........................ ..... ..... ..... ..... H ..... ..... ..... ..... C
Cenchrus agrimonioides.................... H H H ..... ..... C ..... H C H?
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana......... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... C C C C .....
Cyperus trachysanthos..................... ..... ..... ..... C C C H H ..... .....
Euphorbia haeleeleana..................... ..... ..... ..... ..... C C .....
Isodendrion laurifolium................... ..... ..... ..... ..... C C ..... ..... ..... .....
Isodendrion longifolium................... ..... ..... ..... ..... C C ..... ..... ..... .....
Panicum niihauense........................ ..... ..... ..... H C ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
Phyllostegia parviflora................... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... C ..... ..... H H
Platanthera holochila..................... ..... ..... ..... ..... C H C ..... C .....
Sanicula purpurea......................... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... C ..... ..... C .....
Schiedea hookeri.......................... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... C ..... ..... H .....
Schiedea kauaiensis....................... ..... ..... ..... ..... C ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
Schiedea nuttallii........................ ..... ..... ..... ..... C C ..... ..... ..... .....
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
C = current; population last observed within the past 20 years.
H = historical; population not seen for over 20 years.
? = questionable locality or inconsistent information in sources.
Ku--Kure; Mi--Midway; La--Laysan; Ni--Niihau; K--Kauai; O--Oahu; Mo--Molokai; L--Lanai; M--Maui; H--Hawaii.
The Hawaiian archipelago includes eight large volcanic islands
(Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii), as
well as offshore islets, shoals, and atolls set on submerged volcanic
remnants at the northwestern end of the chain (the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands, including Laysan, Midway, and Kure). The archipelago
covers a land area of about 16,600 square kilometers (sq km) (6,400 sq
miles (mi)), extending roughly between latitude 18 deg.50' and
28 deg.15' N and longitude 154 deg.40' and 178 deg.70' W, and ranging
in elevation from sea level to 4,200 meters (m) (13,800 feet (ft))
(Department of Geography 1983). The regional geological setting is a
mid-oceanic volcanic island archipelago set in a roughly northwest to
southeast line, with younger islands to the southeast. The youngest
island, Hawaii, is volcanically active. The older islands are
increasingly eroded, so that the basaltic portions of many of the
northwesternmost islands (such as Laysan, Midway, and Kure) are
entirely submerged, and coralline atolls and shoals are often all that
remain above sea level (Macdonald et al. 1986). The topography of the
Hawaiian Islands is extremely diverse. On the youngest islands, Hawaii
and Maui, gently sloping unweathered shield volcanoes with very poor
soil development are juxtaposed with older, heavily weathered valleys
with steep walls, well-developed streams, and gently sloped flood
plains. The older islands to the northwest (Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, and
Molokai) are generally more weathered. On a typical older island, sea
cliffs and large amphitheater-headed valleys on the windward
(northeast) side contrast with erosionally younger, dissected slopes on
the leeward (southwest) side (Department of Geography 1983).
The climate of the Hawaiian Islands reflects the tropical setting
buffered by the surrounding ocean (Department of Geography 1983). The
prevailing winds are northeast tradewinds with some seasonal
fluctuation in strength. There are also winter storm systems and
occasional hurricanes. Annual rainfall varies greatly by location, with
marked windward to leeward gradients over short distances. Minimum
average annual rainfall is less than 250 millimeters (mm) (10 inches
(in.)); the maximum average precipitation is well in excess of 11,000
mm (450 in.) per year. Precipitation is greatest during the months of
October through April. A dry season is apparent in leeward settings,
while windward settings generally receive tradewind-driven rainfall
throughout the year (Department of Geography 1983).
The native-dominated vegetation of the Hawaiian Islands varies
greatly according to elevation, moisture regime, and substrate. Within
nearly 100 recognized native vegetation types are numerous island-
specific or region-specific associations, comprising an extremely rich
array of vegetation types within a very limited geographic area. Major
vegetation formations include forests, woodlands, shrublands,
grasslands, herblands, and pioneer associations on lava and cinder
substrates (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990).
In Hawaii, lowland, montane, and subalpine forest types extend from
sea level to above 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation. Coastal and lowland
forests are generally dry or mesic and may be open- or closed-canopied.
The stature of lowland forests is generally under 10 m (30 ft). Ten of
the taxa proposed for listing (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Panicum niihauense, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii,
and Schiedea kauaiensis) have been reported from lowland dry or mesic
forest habitat. Cenchrus agrimonioides var. laysanensis has been
reported from dry coastal strand vegetation. Four taxa (Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Phyllostegia parviflora, and
Sanicula purpurea) have been reported from lowland wet forest habitat.
One taxon, Cyperus trachysanthos, has been
[[Page 51419]]
reported from wet sites on coastal cliffs or talus slopes. Montane wet
forests, occupying elevations between 915 and 1,830 m (3,000 and 6,000
ft), occur on the windward slopes and summits of the islands of Kauai,
Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The forests may be open- to closed-
canopied, and may exceed 20 m (65 ft) in stature. Montane wet forests
are usually dominated by several species of native trees and tree
ferns. One of the proposed taxa, Platanthera holochila, has been
reported from montane wet forest habitat. Montane bogs, found on Kauai,
Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, occur primarily on flat or gently sloping
terrain with impervious substrates between 915 and 1,830 m (3,000 and
6,000 ft) in elevation. The vegetation of most of these bogs consists
of an irregular, hummocky cushion of sedges, with Metrosideros
polymorpha (`ohi`a) usually a codominant. Two of the proposed taxa,
Platanthera holochila and Sanicula purpurea, have been reported from
montane bog habitats. Hawaiian shrublands are also found from coastal
to alpine elevations. The majority of Hawaiian shrubland types are in
dry and mesic settings, or on cliffs and slopes too steep to support
trees. Only one of the proposed taxa, Panicum niihauense, has been
reported from coastal dry shrubland habitat, on Kauai.
The land that supports these 14 plant taxa is owned by various
private parties, the City and County of Honolulu, the State of Hawaii
(including State parks, forest reserves, natural area reserves, and
Hawaiian Home Lands), and the Federal government (Department of Defense
(DOD) and Department of the Interior).
Discussion of the 14 Plant Taxa Proposed for Listing
Achyranthes mutica was first described by Asa Gray in 1867 based on
a specimen collected on Kauai between 1851 and 1855 by Ezechiel Jules
Remy, a French naturalist and ethnologist (St. John 1979, Wagner et al.
1990). Achyranthes nelsonii (St. John 1979) is considered to be
synonymous with Achyranthes mutica by the authors of the current
treatment of Hawaiian members of the family (Wagner et al. 1990).
Achyranthes mutica, a member of the amaranth family
(Amaranthaceae), is a many-branched shrub with stems ranging from 30 to
60 centimeters (cm) (12 to 24 in.) long. The opposite leaves, usually
3.2 to 4 cm (1.3 to 1.6 in.) long and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in.)
wide, are inversely egg-shaped to elliptic or inversely lance-shaped.
The stalkless flowers are arranged in spikes (flowers directly attached
to the main flower axis) that are 0.4 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 in.) long.
The petalless flowers are perfect (containing both female and male
parts). The sepals are of unequal length, 3 to 4.2 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.)
long, and have sharply pointed tips. This species is distinguished from
others in the genus by the shape and size of the sepals and by
characteristics of the spike, which is short and congested (Wagner et
al. 1990).
Historically Achyranthes mutica was known from three collections
from opposite ends of the main archipelago, Kauai and Hawaii (Hawaii
Heritage Program (HHP) 1994c1, 1994c2; Hawaii Plant Conservation Center
(HPCC) 1992a). Currently this species is known only from the Keawewai
Stream area in the Kohala Mountains of Hawaii on private land. Between
20 and 50 plants are growing at an elevation of about 920 m (3,030 ft)
in an Acacia koaia (koai`a) lowland dry forest with Dodonaea viscosa
(`a`ali`i), Myoporum sandwicense (naio), Nestegis sandwicensis
(olopua), Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (`ulei), and Sophora chrysophylla
(mamane) (HPCC 1992a).
The primary threats to the single remaining population of
Achyranthes mutica are habitat degradation and/or destruction by
ungulates such as cattle (Bos taurus) and feral goats (Capra hircus),
competition with alien plant taxa, and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events (such as landslides or hurricanes) and/or
reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of existing
individuals in a single remaining population (HPCC 1992a; Christa
Russell, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm. 1994).
A botanist on the Russian vessel Rurik, Louis C.A. von Chamisso
first collected Cenchrus agrimonioides on Oahu during a world exploring
expedition between 1816 and 1817. Carl Bernhard von Trinius described
the species several years later (Degener and Whitney 1937). Other
published names considered synonymous with Cenchrus agrimonioides
include Cenchrus calyculatus var. uniflorus, Cenchrus laysanensis, and
Cenchrus pedunculatus (O'Connor 1990). Currently, two varieties are
recognized--the nominate variety and variety laysanensis, described by
F.B. Brown (Brown 1931).
Cenchrus agrimonioides, a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is
a perennial grass with stems 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.7 ft) tall. The leaf
blades, 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in.) long and 5 to 25 mm (0.2 to 1 in.)
wide, are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. The inflorescence
(flower cluster) is a raceme (an unbranched, indeterminate
inflorescence with flowers arranged along the axis) 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4
in.) long, bearing cylindrical to lance-shaped burs 8 to 18 mm (0.3 to
0.7 in.) long. The burs are densely hairy with an outer series of
numerous, somewhat spreading bristles. Each bur partially envelops one
spikelet (ultimate flower cluster). This species is distinguished from
others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the
arrangement and position of the bristles. Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
agrimonioides differs from var. laysanensis in generally having smaller
burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves (O'Connor 1990).
Historically Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides was known
from the following general areas--the Waianae Mountains of Oahu,
Kaaukuu on Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on
Maui. It may possibly have occurred on the island of Hawaii;
undocumented observations of this taxon have been reported from
unspecified locations on this island (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d14, Hillebrand
1888). Currently Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is known
from Oahu and Maui. In the Waianae Mountains on Oahu, approximately 25
individuals are found in the following populations--Pahole Gulch in the
State's Pahole Natural Area Reserve (NAR), Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge on
City and County of Honolulu land, Kahanahaiki Valley on State land
leased by the DOD for the Makua Military Reservation, east Makaleha on
State land, and Pualii drainage on private land in TNCH's Honouliuli
Preserve (HHP 1994d1, 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994d12, 1994d14). On Maui, a
patch of Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides plants, 0.9 sq m (10
sq ft) in size, is known from State land within Kanaio NAR (Robert
Hobdy, Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), pers. comm. 1994).
The total number of individuals statewide is fewer than 100. Cenchrus
agrimonioides var. agrimonioides is usually found on dry rocky ridges
or slopes, or ridges in mesic `ohi`a-koa forest between 560 and 820 m
(1,830 and 2,700 ft) in elevation. Associated plant taxa include Alyxia
oliviformis (maile), Psydrax odoratum (alahe`e), Carex sp., Diospyros
sp. (lama), and Eragrostis variabilis (kawelu) (HHP 1994d8, 1994d11,
1994d12, 1994d14; R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994).
The other variety of this species, Cenchrus agrimonioides var.
laysanensis, was known historically from the northwestern Hawaiian
islands
[[Page 51420]]
of Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since
1973. These islands are infrequently surveyed for plants, the last
comprehensive survey being completed in the 1980s, so it is possible
that the variety still exists and will be found with further survey
efforts (Corn 1980; HHP 1991a1, 1991a2).
The major threats to Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides are
habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) (Oahu
only), competition with alien plant taxa, and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing individuals. The Pahole Gulch population on
Oahu is potentially threatened by trampling and fire from military
activities and the Maui population is potentially threatened by goats
and cattle (HHP 1994d1, 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994d12, 1994d14; R. Hobdy and
C. Russell, pers. comms. 1994).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana was collected by Charles
Gaudichaud-Beaupre in 1819 on Oahu while he was pharmaceutical botanist
on the vessel Uranie (HHP 1989a, Rock 1919, Wagner et al. 1990).
Gaudichaud later described this taxon and named it for the French
Navy's head pharmacist (Thomas G. Lammers, Field Museum, pers. comm.
1994). Other published names considered synonymous with Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. grimesiana include C. grimesiana var. lydgatei, C.
grimesiana var. mauiensis, C. grimesiana var. munroi, and C. lobata
var. hamakuae (Lammers 1990). Currently, three subspecies are
recognized--the extinct ssp. cylindrocalyx (Rock 1917); ssp.
grimesiana; and the federally endangered ssp. obatae (St. John 1978a).
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a member of the bellflower
family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub 1 to 3.2 m (3.3 to 10.5 ft) tall.
The leaves are pinnately divided, with 9 to 12 segments per side. The
leaf blades are 27 to 58 cm (10.6 to 22.9 in.) long and 14 to 32 cm
(5.5 to 12.6 in.) wide (across the segments). The inflorescence
comprises 6 to 12 flowers. The calyx lobes, 10 to 44 mm (0.4 to 2 in.)
long and 4 to 14 mm (0.2 to 0.55 in.) wide, are egg-shaped to lance-
shaped and overlap at the base. The petals are purplish or greenish to
yellowish white, often suffused or striped with magenta, and 55 to 80
mm (2 to 3 in.) long. The orange berries are 18 to 30 mm (0.7 to 1.2
in.) long. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic
Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the
leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two
subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes which overlap at
the base (Lammers 1990).
Historically Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana was known from at
least 40 populations located in the Waianae and Koolau mountains on
Oahu, Wailau Valley and Puu Kahea on Molokai, central and northern
Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e39; Heidi
Bornhorst, TNCH, and Steven Perlman, National Tropical Botanical
Garden, pers. comms. 1992). Currently Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
is known from 15 populations on those 4 islands (HHP 1994e1, 1994e4,
1994e6 to 1994e8, 1994e14, 1994e15, 1994e26, 1994e27, 1994e34, 1994e36
to 1994e38; H. Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers. comms. 1992; Art
Medeiros, National Biological Service, pers. comm. 1994). On Oahu, the
following populations are known from the Waianae Mountains--one
population from Mt. Kaala NAR and three populations from Pahole NAR on
State land, one population each from North Haleauau Gulch on the
federally owned Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and North
Kaluaa Gulch on private land. Two populations are known from Oahu's
Koolau Mountains on State and private land (HHP 1994e1, 1994e4, 1994e8,
1994e14, 1994e15, 1994e34, 1994e38; H. Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers.
comms. 1992). On Molokai, one population is known from Kukuinui Ridge
on State land and the other is within the State's Olokui NAR (HHP
1994e7, 1994e36). On Lanai, two populations are known from Kaiholena
Gulch and an unnamed gulch south of Puhielelu Ridge, in the central
portion of the island, both on private land (HHP 1994e27, 1994e37). On
Maui, two populations are known from Iao Valley on private land and one
population from Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park (HHP
1994e6, 1994e26; A. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994). The total current
populations statewide consist of fewer than 400 individuals, with over
350 occurring in Kipahulu Valley on Maui (HHP 1994e1, 1994e4, 1994e8,
1994e14, 1994e15, 1994e34, 1994e38; H. Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers.
comms. 1992; A. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994). Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by `ohi`a
or `ohi`a and koa, or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, and
between 350 and 945 m (1,150 and 3,100 ft) elevation. Associated plant
taxa include Antidesma sp. (hame), Bobea sp. (`ahakea), Psychotria sp.
(kopiko), Xylosma sp. (maua), and various native and alien ferns (HHP
1994e1, 1994e7, 1994e8, 1994e14, 1994e34, 1994e37; H. Bornhorst and S.
Perlman, pers. comms. 1992).
The major threats to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana are habitat
degradation and/or destruction caused by wild and feral ungulates (axis
deer (Axis axis), goats, and pigs) and competition with various alien
plants. Potential overcollection, trampling by hikers and/or military
activities, and fire threaten the Palikea population on Oahu. The Oahu
populations are also threatened by landslides. The Kipahulu Valley
population on Maui is threatened by competition with Cyathea cooperi
(Australian tree fern) and various alien grasses (HHP 1994e1, 1994e7,
1994e34, 1994e37; H. Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers. comms. 1992; A.
Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994; Loyal Mehrhoff, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, pers. comm. 1995). Rats (Rattus spp.) are also a potential
threat, since they are known to eat the fruits and girdle the stems of
species in the bellflower family (Joel Lau, TNCH, pers. comm. 1994).
First collected by Chamisso between 1816 and 1817 in the ``Sandwich
Islands,'' Cyperus trachysanthos was described by William J. Hooker and
G.A.W. Arnott in 1832 (Hillebrand 1888, Mill et al. 1988). This species
has been maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of
the genus (Koyama 1990). The specific epithet refers to the rough or
papery flowers.
Cyperus trachysanthos, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae),
is a perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome (underground
stem). The culms (aerial stems) are densely tufted, obtusely
triangular, 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in.) tall, sticky, and leafy at the
base. The linear leaf blades are green, covered with a waxy coating,
and somewhat leathery. The leaf sheath is yellowish brown and
partitioned with nodes. The flower clusters are 5 to 9 cm (2 to 3.5
in.) long and 6 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in.) wide. Each flower head contains
10 to 30 pale yellowish brown spikelets, each of which contains 8 to 20
flowers. The glumes (small pair of bracts at the base of each spikelet)
are broadly egg-shaped. The fruit is a dark brown, egg-shaped achene.
This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the short
rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the
glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama 1990).
Historically Cyperus trachysanthos was known from Niihau, Kauai,
scattered locations on Oahu, Mauna Loa on Molokai, and Kaena on Lanai
(HHP 1994f1 to 1994f15, HPCC 1993a).
[[Page 51421]]
Currently this species is known from 3 populations with a total of as
many as 350 individuals on Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu (HHP 1994f1, 1994f5;
HPCC 1993a). On privately owned Niihau, an unknown number of
individuals is known from an area west of Mokouia Valley (HHP 1994f5).
On Kauai, more than 300 individuals are known from State land in
Nualolo Valley, while on Oahu an unspecified number of individuals is
known from State land at Kaena Point (HHP 1994f1, HPCC 1993a). Cyperus
trachysanthos is usually found in wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil,
or wet cliff seeps) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes between 3 and 160
m (10 and 525 ft) elevation (HHP 1994f1, 1994f5; HPCC 1993a; Koyama
1990). On Kauai, associates include Hibiscus tiliaceus (hau), Plantago
lanceolata (narrow-leaved plantain), and Pteris vittata (HPCC 1993a).
Cyperus trachysanthos is threatened by a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events due to the small number of populations and,
on Oahu, competition with alien grasses and possibly Leucaena
leucocephala (koa haole) (HHP 1994f1; J. Lau and C. Russell, pers.
comms. 1994).
In 1970, Steven Montgomery and the late Wayne Gagne collected a
specimen of an unidentified tree in Mahanaloa Valley on Kauai. The
following year, Derral Herbst (1971) described it as Euphorbia
haeleeleana, naming it for another valley where the plant grows. This
species has been maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian
members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990).
Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae), is a dioecious (female and male flowers on separate
plants) tree 3 to 14 m (10 to 46 ft) tall. The alternate leaves are
papery in texture, elliptic, and usually 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in.) long
and 4 to 6 cm (2 in.) wide. Male trees bear many small male flowers
within a cyathium (a compact inflorescence with small individual
flowers). The female trees have cyathia with a single female flower
surrounded by numerous abortive male flowers. The capsules (dry fruit
that open at maturity) are round. This species is distinguished from
others in the genus in that it is a tree, whereas most of the other
species are herbs or shrubs, as well as by the large leaves with
prominent veins (Wagner et al. 1990).
Euphorbia haeleeleana is known historically and currently from 15
populations and between 450 and 625 individuals from northwestern Kauai
and the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g14, HPCC 1993b).
On Kauai, 11 populations are known from valley slopes and cliffs along
Kauai's northwestern coast from Pohakuao to Haeleele Valley and Hipalau
Valley within Waimea Canyon. All of the Kauai populations occur on
State land, including Kuia NAR and the Na Pali Coast State Park (HHP
1994g1 to 1994g4, 1994g7 to 1994g9, 1994g11, 1994g12, 1994g14; HPCC
1993b). On Oahu, four populations are known from the northern Waianae
Mountains. Three of these populations occur on State land leased by the
DOD for the Makua Military Reservation, and the fourth population
occurs on privately owned land (HHP 1994g5, 1994g6, 1994g10, 1994g13).
Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually found in lowland mixed mesic or dry
forest that is often dominated by ohia, ohia and koa, lama, or
Aleurites moluccana (kukui). Typically found between 205 and 670 m (680
and 2,200 ft) elevation, a few populations have been found at
elevations up to 870 m (2,860 ft). Associated plant taxa include aalii,
Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Pleomele sp. (hala pepe), Reynoldsia
sandwicensis (ohe), and Sapindus oahuensis (aulu) (HHP 1994g1 to
1994g14, HPCC 1993b).
Habitat degradation and/or destruction by wild and feral ungulates
including black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), goats, and pigs;
predation by rats; fire; potential military activities; and competition
with alien plant taxa seriously threaten Euphorbia haeleeleana (HHP
1994g1, 1994g3 to 1994g7, 1994g10, 1994g12 to 1994g14; HPCC 1993b).
Isodendrion laurifolium was first described by Gray in 1852 based
on a collection made on Oahu by members of the U.S. Exploring
Expedition in 1840 (St. John 1952). Other published names considered
synonymous with Isodendrion laurifolium are I. forbesii, I. lydgatei,
I. subsessilifolium, and I. waianaeense (Wagner et al. 1990). The
specific epithet refers to the resemblance in the leaves to those of
the laurel tree.
Isodendrion laurifolium, a member of the violet family (Violaceae),
is a slender, straight shrub, generally 1 to 2 m (3 to 6 ft) tall, with
few branches. The leaves, 4 to 16 cm (2 to 6 in.) long and 1.5 to 5 cm
(0.6 to 2 in.) wide, are somewhat leathery, oblong-elliptic, narrowly
elliptic lance-shaped, or rarely elliptic. The fragrant flowers are
perfect and borne singly along the stems. The five petals, which are
clawed and somewhat unequal, are purple with greenish white edges
externally, and dusty purple on the inner face of the lobe. The fruit
is a green, lance-shaped capsule. This species is distinguished from
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape of its leaves
(Wagner et al. 1990).
Historically Isodendrion laurifolium was known from scattered
locations on Kauai and both the Waianae and Koolau mountains of Oahu
(HHP 1994h1 to 1994h21). A total of 14 populations on 2 islands
comprising approximately 190 to 210 individuals is currently known
statewide. On Kauai, approximately 130 to 140 individuals are known
from 8 populations in the following locations--Paaiki, Kawaiula,
Haeleele, Makaha, Poopooiki, and Kuia valleys, and the Koaie branch of
Waimea Canyon. All Kauai populations occur on State-owned land, with
several in Kuia NAR (HHP 1994h6, 1994h9 to 1994h13, 1994h15, 1994h21).
On Oahu, approximately 60 to 70 individuals of this species are known
from 6 populations--Makaha in the Waianae Mountains, on City and County
of Honolulu land; East Makaleha Valley, Waianae Kai, Kaawa Gulch, and
Kaumokunui Gulch in the Waianae Mountains, on State land, including Mt.
Kaala NAR; and south Kaukonahua Gulch within the federally owned
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation in the Koolau Mountains (HHP
1994h1, 1994h2, 1994h16, 1994h17, 1994h18, 1994h20). Isodendrion
laurifolium is usually found between 490 and 820 m (1,620 and 2,700 ft)
elevation in diverse mesic forest, or rarely wet forest, dominated by
ohia or koa-ohia, or ohia-lama with hame, maua, Hedyotis terminalis
(manono), Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), and Pouteria sp. (alaa) (HHP
1994h1, 1994h2, 1994h6, 1994h9 to 1994h13, 1994h15 to 1994h18,
1994h20).
The primary threats to Isodendrion laurifolium are habitat
degradation by ungulates (black-tailed deer, goats, and pigs),
competition with alien plant taxa, and a potential threat from military
activities (HHP 1994h2, 1994h6, 1994h9, 1994h11, 1994h15 to 1994h18,
1994h20, 1994h21).
Isodendrion longifolium was first collected in 1840 in the
``Kaala'' [Waianae] Mountains of Oahu by members of the U.S. Exploring
Expedition. Gray later named this species for its long leaves (St. John
1952). Isodendrion christensenii and Isodendrion maculatum (St. John
1952, 1978b) are considered synonymous with Isodendrion longifolium
(Wagner et al. 1990).
Isodendrion longifolium, a member of the violet family, is a
slender, straight shrub generally 0.6 to 2 m (2 to 7 ft) tall. The
hairless, somewhat leathery leaves are lance-shaped, 10 to 30 cm (4 to
12 in.) long, and 3.4 to 6.5 cm (1 to 3 in.)
[[Page 51422]]
wide. The fragrant flowers are perfect and are borne singly along the
branches. The five petals are purple, clawed, and somewhat unequal. The
purple capsular fruit is 10 mm (0.4 in.) long. This species is
distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape
of its leaves (Wagner et al. 1990).
Historically Isodendrion longifolium was known from scattered
locations on Kauai and the Waianae Mountains on Oahu (HHP 1994i1 to
1994i18; HPCC 1990a; Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993). Currently
Isodendrion longifolium is known from 18 populations on Kauai and Oahu.
On Kauai, 15 populations totalling 500 to 800 individuals are scattered
over ridges and valley slopes of northwestern Kauai. Eight populations
occur on private land and seven are found on State land, which includes
Hono O Na Pali NAR and the Na Pali Coast State Park (HHP 1994i3 to
1994i5, 1994i7 to 1994i13, 1994i15 to 1994i17; HPCC 1990a; Lorence and
Flynn 1991, 1993). Three populations totalling 30 to 40 individuals are
known from Oahu. Two populations are found within Mt. Kaala NAR on
State-owned land in the Waianae Mountains, and the third population is
found in Makaua Gulch on private land in the Koolau Mountains (HHP
1994i2, 1994i14, 1994i18). The total current populations throughout the
State consist of fewer than 1,000 individuals, with most of the
populations and individuals occurring on Kauai. Isodendrion longifolium
is found on steep slopes, gulches, and stream banks in mixed mesic or
wet ohia forest, usually between 410 and 760 m (1,345 and 2,500 ft)
elevation. Associated plant taxa include ahakea, hame, Cyanea sp.
(haha), Hedyotis sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), and
Pittosporum sp. (hoa'wa) (HHP 1994i2 to 1994i8, 1994i10 to 1994i18;
HPCC 1990a; Lorence and Flynn 1991, 1993).
The major threats to Isodendrion longifolium are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs and competition
with various alien plant taxa. On Oahu, the Palikea Gulch population is
potentially threatened by overcollection and fire (HHP 1994i2, 1994i13,
1994i15 to 1994i17; HPCC 1990a; Lorence and Flynn 1993).
In 1912, J.F. Stokes collected a grass on Niihau that St. John
later named Panicum niihauense (St. John 1931). This species has been
maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of the
genus (Davidse 1990).
Panicum niihauense, a member of the grass family, is a perennial
bunchgrass with unbranched culms 50 to 125 cm (20 to 49 in.) long. The
leaf blades are flat, 15 to 35 cm (6 to 14 in.) long and 0.7 to 1.9 cm
(0.3 to 0.7 in.) wide. The panicles (loosely branched inflorescences)
are 13 to 35 cm (5 to 14 in.) long. The panicle branches lie close to
the main stem of the inflorescence (not spreading outward), and the
spikelets are borne densely along the inflorescence branches. The
spikelets, which contain two flowers, are 2.6 to 3.2 mm (0.1 in.) long.
This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape of
the inflorescence branches, which are erect and appressed, and the
arrangement of the spikelets, which are densely clustered (Davidse
1990).
Panicum niihauense was known historically from Niihau and one
location on Kauai (HHP 1994j1 to 1994j3). Currently this species is
only known from State-owned land at Polihale State Park on Kauai. This
single population of 23 individuals is found scattered in sand dunes in
a coastal shrubland at between 9 and 15 m (30 and 50 ft) elevation.
Associated plant taxa include aalii, Cassytha filiformis (kaunaoa
pehu), Prosopis pallida (kiawe), Scaevola sericea (naupaka), Sida
fallax (ilima), and Vitex sp. (kolokolo kahakai) (HHP 1993, 1994j3).
The primary threats to the single known population of Panicum
niihauense are off-road vehicles, competition with alien plant taxa,
and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced
reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in one
remaining population (HHP 1993; HPCC 1992b; J. Lau and C. Russell,
pers. comms. 1994).
Phyllostegia parviflora was first described by Gaudichaud-Beaupre
as Prasium parviflorum based on a specimen collected on Oahu
(Hillebrand 1888). Later, Bentham transferred the species to
Phyllostegia and this is the name accepted in the current treatment of
Hawaiian members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990). Currently two
varieties are recognized--var. parviflora and var. glabriuscula,
described by Asa Gray in 1862 (Wagner et al. 1990). There is also a
newly discovered variety that has not yet been formally named (Wagner
et al. 1990). These recent collections of Phyllostegia parviflora from
the Waianae Mountains differ from the other varieties by several
characters and represent a new variety previously considered to be
Phyllostegia mollis var. lydgatei (Wagner et al. 1990; Warren Wagner,
Smithsonian Institution, in litt., 1994; W. Wagner, pers. comm. 1994).
Published names that Wagner et al. (1990) consider to be synonymous
with Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora include P. leptostachys,
P. parviflora var. canescens, P. parviflora var. gaudichaudii, and P.
parviflora var. major (Wagner et al. 1990).
Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae),
is a perennial herb. The egg-shaped to broadly egg-shaped, wrinkled
leaves are usually 19 to 33 cm (7.5 to 13 in.) long and 7.5 to 15.3 cm
(3 to 6 in.) wide. The leaf stalks are typically 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to
5.3 in.) long. Usually six flowers are arranged along a flowering
stalk. The corolla is white, sometimes tinged with purple, and about 9
to 13 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in.) long. The upper corolla lip is about 3 mm
(0.1 in.) long while the lower lip is about 6 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in.)
long. The fruits are nutlets. The species is distinguished from others
of the genus by the leaf shape and length of the leaf stalk and lower
corolla lip. Phyllostegia parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer
glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less pubescent leaves, and
usually unbranched inflorescences, as compared to P. parviflora var.
parviflora. The newly discovered variety of Phyllostegia parviflora has
shorter leaf stalks, spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and fewer
gland-tipped hairs in the inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1990).
Historically Phyllostegia parviflora was known from three islands--
Oahu, Hawaii, and Maui (HHP 1994x1 to 1994x3, 1994y1 to 1994y9, 1994z1,
1994z2; Sherff 1935; Wagner et al. 1990). This species is now known
only from two populations on Oahu. Phyllostegia parviflora var.
glabriuscula was only known from the island of Hawaii on private land
and has not been observed since the 1800s (HHP 1994x1 to 1994x3).
Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora was known from Oahu and Maui,
but is now known from only four plants in North Kaukonahua Stream in
the Koolau Mountains on Oahu, on State land leased by the DOD for the
Kawailoa Training Area (HHP 1994y9). The new variety of Phyllostegia
parviflora is known from only 19 plants in North Palawai Gulch within
TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve (HHP 1994z1). Phyllostegia parviflora is
typically found on moderate to steep slopes in diverse wet forest from
500 to 830 m (1,640 to 2,700 ft) elevation. Native taxa associated with
Phyllostegia parviflora include ohia, Broussaisia arguta (kanawao),
Mysine sp. (kolea), Pipturus albidus (mamaki), and Cyrtandra sp.
(haiwale) (HHP 1994y9, 1994z1; Wagner et al. 1990).
The major threats to Phyllostegia parviflora are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs, competition with several
alien plant taxa, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring
events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of
[[Page 51423]]
remaining individuals and populations (HHP 1994y9, 1994z1; C. Russell,
pers. comm. 1994).
Hillebrand (1888) described and named Habenaria holochila based on
his collections and on material sent to him by J.M. Lydgate and V.
Knudsen. Subsequently, F.W. Kraenzlin transferred the species to the
genus Platanthera, resulting in the new combination Platanthera
holochila; this name is accepted in the current treatment of Hawaiian
members of the family (Kores 1979, Wagner et al. 1990). C.A. Luer
(1975) published the combination Platanthera hyperborea var.
viridiflora, now considered synonymous with Platanthera holochila
(Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the undivided lip
of the flower.
Platanthera holochila, a member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae),
is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers
and are 15 to 60 cm (6 to 24 in.) long. The pale-green leaves,
generally 4 to 12 cm (2 to 5 in.) long and 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1 in.)
wide, are lance to egg-shaped. The greenish-yellow flowers occur in
open spikes. The back sepal is inversely egg-shaped and hooded and the
lateral sepals are erect and elliptic. The lateral petals, 2 to 2.5 cm
(1 in.) long, are irregularly egg-shaped and enclosed by the sepals.
The lowest petal is strap-like, about 3 mm (0.1 in.) long, with a 3 to
5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in.) long spur at the base. The fruit is an ellipsoid
capsule with six ribs. This is the only species of this genus that
occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1990).
Historically Platanthera holochila was known from the Alakai Swamp
and Kaholuamano area and the Wahiawa Mountains on Kauai, the Koolau
Mountains on Oahu, scattered locations on Molokai, and various
locations on Maui (HHP 1994k1 to 1994k17). Currently Platanthera
holochila is known from five locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui.
Before the devastation of Hurricane Iniki on Kauai in September 1992,
two populations were known from the Alakai Swamp within the Alakai
Wilderness Preserve on State land (HHP 1994k4, 1994k8). One population,
last seen in 1977, was not seen when the location was revisited in
1989. The other population comprised 100 plantlets representing 3
clones before Hurricane Iniki, but only 10 immature plantlets
representing 1 clone over a year after the hurricane (Perlman 1995). On
Molokai, a single population of fewer than ten plants occurs on private
land in TNCH's Kamakou Preserve (HHP 1994k3). On Maui, three
populations are known--Hanaula, on State and private land, and TNCH's
Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves (HHP 1994k9, 1994k12, 1994k17). The 5
current populations comprise fewer than 35 individuals--1 individual on
Kauai; fewer than 10 on Molokai; and between 15 and 20 on Maui (HHP
1994k3, 1994k4, 1994k8, 1994k9, 1994k12, 1994k17). Platanthera
holochila is found in ohia-Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) montane wet
forest or ohia mixed montane bog between 1,050 and 1,870 m (3,450 and
6,120 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include Cibotium sp.
(hapuu), Coprosma ernodeoides (kukaenene), Oreobolus sp., Styphelia sp.
(pukiawe), and Vaccinium spp. (ohelo) (HHP 1994k3, 1994k4, 1994k8,
1994k9, 1994k12, 1994k17).
The primary threats to Platanthera holochila are habitat
degradation and/or destruction by ungulates such as cattle and feral
pigs, competition with alien plant taxa, overcollection, and a risk of
extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of
remaining populations and individuals (HHP 1994k4, 1994k9, 1994k12,
1994k17; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994).
While hiking the Schofield-Waikane Trail on Oahu, St. John
collected a plant that he and Edward Hosaka described in 1935 as
Sanicula purpurea. Other published names considered synonymous with
this species include S. lobata and S. sandwicensis (Constance and
Affolter 1990). The specific epithet refers to the purple petals.
Sanicula purpurea, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a
stout perennial herb, 8 to 36 cm (3 to 14 in.) tall, arising from a
massive stem. The basal leaves are numerous and leathery in texture.
Two to 8 cm (0.8 to 3 in.) wide, the leaves are kidney-shaped or
circular to egg-heart-shaped, with three to seven lobes. The small
flowers are purple or cream-colored with a purple tinge and occur in
branched terminal clusters, each of which contains six to ten flowers.
Each flower cluster contains one to three perfect flowers and five to
seven staminate flowers. The nearly spherical fruits are covered with
prickles. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the
number of flowers per cluster and by the color of the petals (Constance
and Affolter 1990).
Historically Sanicula purpurea was known from six scattered
locations along the Koolau Mountains of Oahu and from four locations on
West Maui (HHP 1994L1 to 1994L10). This species is currently known from
one population in Oahu's Koolau Mountains on the boundary of State land
and the federally owned Schofield Barracks Military Reservation;
another population, last seen on the summit between Aiea and Waimano in
1985, was not seen during a 1987 survey and may no longer be extant. On
West Maui, three populations are currently known on State land,
including West Maui NAR, and one population is known from private land
(HHP 1994L1 to 1994L10). The total number of plants of this species is
estimated to be between 130 and 210 individuals. This species typically
grows in open ohia mixed montane bogs between 700 and 1,625 m (2,300
and 5,330 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include pukiawe,
Argyroxiphium grayanum (greensword), Lagenifera sp., Machaerina sp.
(uki), and Oreobolus furcatus (HHP 1994L1, 1994L6 to 1994L9).
Habitat degradation by feral pigs and a risk of extinction from
naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the
small number of existing populations are the major threats to Sanicula
purpurea. On Oahu, the Kaukonahua-Kahana Divide population is
additionally threatened by competition with an alien grass, Axonopus
fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpetgrass), and potentially by military
activities (HHP 1994L1, 1994L9).
Schiedea hookeri was first described by Gray in 1854 based on a
specimen collected on Oahu by Archibald Menzies of the U.S. Exploring
Expedition (Wagner et al. 1990). Later, Earl Sherff described S.
hookeri var. acrisepala and S. hookeri var. intercedens, considered
synonyms of S. hookeri (Sherff 1944, 1945; Wagner et al. 1990).
Schiedea hookeri, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is
a sprawling or clumped perennial herb. The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to
1.6 ft) long, curve slightly upward or lie close to the ground and
often produce matted clumps. The thin, opposite leaves, 3 to 8 cm (1.2
to 3.2 in.) long and 0.4 to 1.5 cm (0.2 to 0.6 in.) wide, are narrowly
lance-shaped to narrowly elliptic. The petalless, perfect flowers are
borne in open branched inflorescences, which are hairy, somewhat
sticky, and 5 to 22 cm (2 to 9 in.) long. The lance-shaped sepals are
green to purple and 3 to 4.5 mm (1.2 to 1.8 in.) long. The fruit is a
capsule about 3 mm (0.1 in.) long. This species is distinguished from
others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, hairy, and sometimes
sticky inflorescence, and by the size of the capsules (Wagner et al.
1990).
Historically Schiedea hookeri was known from the Waianae Mountains
of Oahu and Haleakala on Maui (HHP 1994m1 to 1994m17). Currently this
species is known from 11 populations in
[[Page 51424]]
Oahu's Waianae Mountains. Between 220 and 330 individuals are scattered
on slopes and ridges from Kaluakauila Gulch to Lualualei Valley--1
population on private land in TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve; 3 populations
on City and County of Honolulu land; 3 populations on State land, 1 of
which is on land leased by the DOD for Makua Military Reservation; and
4 populations on Federal land (3 on Lualualei Naval Magazine and 1 on
Schofield Barracks Military Reservation) (HHP 1994m1, 1994m5, 1994m8,
1994m9, 1994m11 to 1994m17). Schiedea hookeri is usually found in
diverse mesic or dry lowland forest, often with ohia or lama dominant,
between 365 and 790 m (1,200 and 2,600 ft) elevation. One population is
reported at an elevation of 850 to 900 m (2,800 to 2,950 ft).
Associated plant taxa include aalii, Artemisia australis (ahinahina),
Bidens sp. (kookoolau), Carex meyenii, and Eragrostis grandis (kawelu)
(HHP 1994m5, 1994m6, 1994m9, 1994m11 to 1994m17).
The primary threats to Schiedea hookeri are habitat degradation
and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs and competition with alien
plant taxa. The Kaluakauila Gulch population is also potentially
threatened by fire and military activities (HHP 1994m5, 1994m8, 1994m11
to 1994m13, 1994m15 to 1994m17).
Schiedea kauaiensis was first collected by Otto Degener and Amy
Greenwell in 1952. Degener and E.E. Sherff considered this collection
from Kauai to be a new variety of Schiedea nuttallii, previously known
only from Oahu, and named it Schiedea nuttallii var. pauciflora (Sherff
1952). In 1988, St. John elevated this variety to species level, naming
it Schiedea kauaiensis. Wagner et al. (1990) recombined this species
with Schiedea nuttallii, without recognizing any varieties. The
authorities on this endemic Hawaiian genus, Stephen Weller, Ann Sakai,
and Warren Wagner, now accept Schiedea kauaiensis as a distinct species
(Stephen Weller, University of California, Irvine, in litt. 1994).
Weller, Sakai, and Wagner consider Schiedea wichmanii St. John to be
synonymous with Schiedea kauaiensis (S. Weller, in litt. 1994).
Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the pink family, is a generally
hairless, erect subshrub, with stems normally 0.3 to 1.5 m (1 to 5 ft)
long. The green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves are opposite, narrowly
egg-shaped or lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly elliptic, up to 13 cm
(5 in.) long, and 3.5 cm (1.4 in.) wide. The petalless, perfect flowers
are borne in open branched inflorescences, moderately covered with
fine, short, curly, white hairs. The lance-shaped sepals, 2 to 3.8 mm
(0.08 to 1.5 in.) long, are green or sometimes purple-tinged. The fruit
is a capsule. The round to kidney-shaped seeds are about 2 mm (0.08
in.) long. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic
Hawaiian genus by its habit, larger leaves, the hairiness of the
inflorescence, the number of flowers in each inflorescence, larger
flowers, and larger seeds (Wagner et al. 1990; S. Weller, in litt.
1994).
Historically Schiedea kauaiensis was known from the northwestern
side of Kauai, from Papa`a to Mahanaloa. It was thought to be extinct
until the 2 currently known populations were found, which total about
15 plants. Both populations occur on State land--the Mahanaloa Valley
population within Kuia NAR and the Kalalau Valley population within Na
Pali Coast State Park. Schiedea kauaiensis typically grows in diverse
mesic forest on steep slopes. Associated plant taxa include Psychotria
hexandra (kopiko), Exocarpus luteolus (heau), lama, the federally
threatened Peucedanum sandwicense (makou), and the proposed Euphorbia
haeleeleana (akoko) (HHP 1994n18; HPCC 1992c2; S. Weller, in litt.
1994).
Threats to Schiedea kauaiensis include habitat degradation and/or
destruction by feral pigs, goats, and deer; competition from several
alien plant taxa; landslides; and a risk of extinction from naturally
occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low
number of individuals in only two known populations (HHP 1994n18, HPCC
1992c2).
In 1834, Thomas Nuttall collected a specimen of Schiedea nuttallii
in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. Ten years later, William Hooker
described this species (Mill et al. 1988, Nagata 1980). Other published
names considered synonymous with Schiedea nuttallii include S.
nuttallii var. lihuensis and S. oahuensis (Wagner et al. 1990; S.
Weller, in litt. 1994).
Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the pink family, is a generally
hairless, erect subshrub, with stems normally 0.3 to 1.5 m (1 to 5 ft)
long, and internodes usually 0.8 to 4 cm (0.3 to 1.6 in.) long. The
green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped
or lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly elliptic, 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4
in.) long, and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in.) wide. The petalless,
perfect flowers are borne in open branched inflorescences, normally 20
to 25 cm (8 to 10 in.) long. The lance-shaped sepals, 2 to 3.8 mm (0.08
to 1.5 in.) long, are green or sometimes purple-tinged. The fruit is a
capsule. The round to kidney-shaped seeds are about 1 mm (0.04 in.)
long. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic
Hawaiian genus by its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of
the inflorescence, number of flowers per inflorescence, smaller leaves,
smaller flowers, and smaller seeds (Wagner et al. 1990; S. Weller, in
litt. 1994).
Historically Schiedea nuttallii was known from scattered locations
on southeastern Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui (HHP 1994n1 to 1994n17;
HPCC 1992c1; S. Weller, in litt. 1994). One population of Schiedea
nuttallii is found on Kauai east of Haupu Peak on private land (HHP
1994n10, HPCC 1992c1). Five populations are found on Oahu--Kahanahaiki
Valley, on State land leased by the DOD for Makua Military Reservation;
two populations within the State owned Pahole NAR; and Ekahanui Gulch,
on private land in TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve (HHP 1994n2 to 1994n4,
1994n14, 1994n17). The statewide total of 6 populations comprises fewer
than 75 individuals of this species, with between 10 and 50 individuals
on Kauai and about 25 on Oahu (HHP 1994n2 to 1994n4, 1994n10, 1994n14,
1994n17; HPCC 1992c1; S. Weller, in litt. 1994). Schiedea nuttallii
typically grows in diverse lowland mesic forest, often with `ohi`a
dominant, between 415 and 730 m (1,360 and 2,400 ft) elevation. The
population on Kauai is found at 790 m (2,590 ft) elevation. Associated
plant taxa include hame, kopiko, olomea, papala kepau, and Hedyotis
acuminata (au) (HHP 1994n2 to 1994n4, 1994n10, 1994n14, 1994n17,
1994n18; HPCC 1992c1).
Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral ungulates such as
pigs and goats, competition with several alien plant taxa, landslides,
potential fire, potential military activities, and a risk of extinction
from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due
to the small number of populations and individuals, seriously threaten
Schiedea nuttallii (HHP 1994n2, 1994n17; HPCC 1992c1; C. Russell, pers.
comm. 1994).
Previous Federal Action
Federal action on these plants began when the Smithsonian
Institution's report on plants considered to be endangered or
threatened in the United States, designated as House Document No. 94-
51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. Seven of the 14
proposed taxa were considered to be endangered in that document and 2
were considered to be threatened. On July 1, 1975, the Service
published a
[[Page 51425]]
notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance of the
Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2)
(now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving notice of its intent to
review the status of the plant taxa named therein. The Service
published an updated notice of review for plants on December 15, 1980
(45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55
FR 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144). Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana (as Cyanea grimesiana var. mauiensis and var. munroi),
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, and Platanthera holochila were considered Category 1
species in the 1980 and 1985 notices of review. Category 1 species
(candidates) are those for which the Service has on file substantial
information on biological vulnerability and threats to support
preparation of listing proposals but for which listing proposals have
not yet been published because they are precluded by other listing
activities. Since the 1993 notice, new information suggests that the
nine taxa not previously considered Category 1 species are sufficiently
restricted in numbers and distribution and imminently threatened and
therefore warrant listing.
Summary of Factors Affecting the Species
Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act and regulations (50 CFR
part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the Act
set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal lists of
endangered and threatened species. A species may be determined to be an
endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors
described in section 4(a)(1). The threats facing the 14 taxa in this
proposed rule are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2.--Summary of Threats
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alien mammals
Species ------------------------------------------------------------ Alien Substrate Fire Human Limited
Cattle Deer Goats Pigs Rats plants loss impacts numbers
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Achyranthes mutica.............. X .......... X .......... .......... X .......... .......... .......... X1,3*
Cenchrus agrimonioides.......... P .......... P X .......... X .......... P P X2,3
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. .......... X X X P X X P P ..........
grimesiana.
Cyperus trachysanthos........... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... X .......... .......... .......... X1
Euphorbia haeleeleana........... .......... X X X X X .......... P P ..........
Isodendrion laurifolium......... .......... X X X .......... X .......... .......... P ..........
Isodendrion longifolium......... .......... .......... X X .......... X .......... P P ..........
Panicum niihauense.............. .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... X .......... .......... X X1,3
Phyllostegia parviflora......... P .......... .......... X .......... X .......... .......... .......... X1,3
Platanthera holochila........... X .......... .......... X .......... X .......... .......... X X1,3
Sanicula purpurea............... .......... .......... .......... X .......... X .......... .......... P X1
Schiedea hookeri................ .......... .......... X X .......... X .......... P P ..........
Schiedea kauaiensis............. .......... X X X .......... X X .......... .......... X1,3
Schiedea nuttallii.............. .......... .......... X X .......... X X P P X2,3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Key:
X = Immediate and significant threat.
P = Potential threat.
* = No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations.
1 = No more than 5 populations.
2 = No more than 10 populations.
3 = No more than 100 individuals.
These factors and their application to Achyranthes mutica A. Gray
(No common name (NCN)), Cenchrus agrimonioides Trin. (kamanomano),
Cyanea grimesiana Gaud. ssp. grimesiana (haha), Cyperus trachysanthos
Hook. & Arnott (pu`uka`a), Euphorbia haeleeleana Herbst (NCN),
Isodendrion laurifolium A. Gray (aupaka), Isodendrion longifolium A.
Gray (aupaka), Panicum niihauense St. John (lau `ehu), Phyllostegia
parviflora (Gaud.) Benth. (NCN), Platanthera holochila (Hillebr.)
Kraenzl. (NCN), Sanicula purpurea St. John & Hosaka (NCN), Schiedea
hookeri A. Gray (NCN), Schiedea kauaiensis St. John (NCN), and Schiedea
nuttallii Hook. (NCN) are as follows:
A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment
of its habitat or range
Native vegetation on all of the main Hawaiian Islands has undergone
extreme alteration because of past and present land management
practices including ranching, deliberate alien animal and plant
introductions, and agricultural development (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
Wagner et al. 1985). The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands have undergone
similar alteration, but to a lesser degree. The primary threats facing
the 14 plant taxa included in this rule are destruction and
modification of habitat by feral animals and competition with alien
plants (see Factor E).
Thirteen of the 14 taxa in this rule are threatened by feral
animals. Animals such as pigs, goats, axis deer, black-tailed deer, and
cattle were introduced either by the early Hawaiians (pigs) or more
recently by European settlers (all ungulate species) for food and/or
commercial ranching activities. Over the 200 years following their
introduction, their numbers increased and the adverse impacts of feral
ungulates on native vegetation have become increasingly apparent.
Beyond the direct effect of trampling and grazing native plants, feral
ungulates have contributed significantly to the heavy erosion still
taking place on most of the main Hawaiian islands (Cuddihy and Stone
1990).
Pigs, originally native to Europe, Africa, and Asia, were
introduced to Hawaii by the Polynesian ancestors of Hawaiians, and
later by western immigrants. The pigs escaped domestication and invaded
primarily wet and mesic forests of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and
Hawaii. Pigs pose an immediate threat to one or more
[[Page 51426]]
populations of 11 of the proposed taxa in wet and mesic habitats. While
foraging, pigs root and trample the forest floor, encouraging the
establishment of alien plants in the newly disturbed soil. Pigs also
disseminate alien plant seeds through their feces and on their bodies,
accelerating the spread of alien plants through native forests (Cuddihy
and Stone 1990, Stone 1985). Pigs are vectors of Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry),
which threaten several of the proposed taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
Smith 1985, Stone 1985). Pigs have also invaded open bogs where they
uproot native plants and create conditions that allow alien plant
species to invade (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). Sanicula purpurea and the
Alakai Swamp population of Platanthera holochila are currently
threatened by pigs in bogs (HHP 1994k4, 1994k8, 1994L9). On Kauai, one
population of Isodendrion laurifolium and two populations of
Isodendrion longifolium have sustained loss of individual plants and/or
habitat as a result of feral pig activities (HHP 1994h21, 1994i13,
1994i15; Lorence and Flynn 1993). The following proposed plant taxa on
Oahu are threatened by pigs--three populations of Cenchrus
agrimonioides, two of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, two of
Euphorbia haeleeleana, three of Isodendrion laurifolium, one of
Isodendrion longifolium, the two remaining populations of Phyllostegia
parviflora, one population of Sanicula purpurea, three of Schiedea
hookeri, both populations of Schiedea kauaiensis, and one of Schiedea
nuttallii (HHP 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994d12, 1994e1, 1994e34, 1994g10,
1994g13, 1994h16, 1994h18, 1994h20, 1994i2, 1994L1, 1994m5, 1994m12,
1994m13, 1994n2, 1994n18, 1994y1, 1994z1; HPCC 1992c2). On Maui, feral
pigs are a threat to the largest population of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, the Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves populations of
Platanthera holochila, and the Eke Crater population of Sanicula
purpurea (HHP 1994k12, 1994k17, 1994l9; A. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994).
Goats, native to the Middle East and India, were first successfully
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1792. Feral goats now occupy a
wide variety of habitats from lowland dry forests to montane grasslands
on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, where they consume native
vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and
promote the invasion of alien plants (Scott et al. 1986, Stone 1985,
van Riper and van Riper 1982). One or more populations of eight of the
proposed taxa are currently threatened by direct damage from feral
goats. On Kauai, goats are contributing to the decline of one
population each of Isodendrion laurifolium and Isodendrion longifolium
and four populations of Euphorbia haeleeleana. Goats threaten the two
known populations of Schiedea kauaiensis and the one population of
Schiedea nuttallii on Kauai (HHP 1989b, 1994g1, 1994g4, 1994g12,
1994g14, 1994h21, 1994i5; HPCC 1992c2). On Oahu, encroaching
urbanization and hunting pressure tend to concentrate the goat
populations in the dry upper slopes of the Waianae Mountains, where one
population of Euphorbia haeleeleana, three populations of Isodendrion
laurifolium, and two populations of Schiedea hookeri exist (HHP
1994g13, 1994h16, 1994h18, 1994h20, 1994m13, 1994m15). The goat
population in the Waianae area is apparently increasing in State game
management areas and extending into adjacent areas, becoming an even
greater threat to the rare plants that grow there. On Kukuinui Ridge,
Molokai, goats threaten one of that island's two known populations of
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (HHP 1994e7). On Maui, goats pose a
potential threat to that island's only known population of Cenchrus
agrimonioides (R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994). On Hawaii, the only known
population of Achyranthes mutica is presently threatened by goats (HPCC
1992a).
In 1920, a group of 12 axis deer was introduced to the island of
Lanai; about 60 years later, the population was estimated at 2,800
(Tomich 1986). The axis deer population is presently actively managed
for recreational hunting by the State Department of Land and Natural
Resources. Axis deer degrade habitat by trampling and overgrazing
vegetation, which removes ground cover and exposes the soil to erosion
(J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Extensive red erosional scars caused by
decades of deer activity are evident on Lanai. Activity of axis deer
threatens one of the two populations of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana on Lanai (HHP 1994e37).
Black-tailed deer were first introduced to Kauai in 1961 for the
purpose of sport hunting and today probably number well over 500
animals. The deer are presently confined to the western side of the
island, where they feed on a variety of native and alien plants (van
Riper and van Riper 1982). Black-tailed deer threaten two populations
of Euphorbia haeleeleana, including almost half of the known
individuals on Kauai, and half of the known populations of Isodendrion
laurifolium on Kauai. Black-tailed deer also threaten other rare plants
within Kuia NAR, potentially threatening one population of Schiedea
kauaiensis (HHP 1994g1, 1994g7, 1994h6, 1994h9, 1994h11, 1994n18).
Large-scale ranching of cattle in the Hawaiian Islands began in the
middle of the 19th century on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and
Hawaii. Large ranches tens of thousands of acres in size developed on
East Maui and Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 1990) where most of the State's
large ranches still exist today. Degradation of native forests used for
ranching activities became evident soon after full-scale ranching
began. The negative impact of cattle on Hawaii's ecosystems is similar
to that described for goats and deer (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Stone
1985). On Maui, cattle ranching is the primary agricultural activity on
the west and southwest slopes of East Maui and in lowland regions of
West Maui. On West Maui, the Hanaula population of Platanthera
holochila is threatened by grazing cattle (HHP 1994k9). Cattle pose a
potential threat to that island's only known population of Cenchrus
agrimonioides (R. Hobdy, pers. comm. 1994). The only known population
of Achyranthes mutica, in the Keawewai Stream area on the island of
Hawaii, is also threatened by cattle ranching activities (HPCC 1992a).
On Oahu, habitat disturbance caused by human activities may pose a
threat to rare plant populations that grow on lands on which military
training exercises and ground maneuvers are occasionally conducted.
However, because most of the proposed taxa grow on moderate to steep
slopes, ridges, and gulches, habitat disturbance is probably restricted
to foot and helicopter traffic. Trampling by ground troops associated
with training activities, and construction, maintenance, and
utilization of helicopter landing and drop-off sites could affect
populations of seven of the proposed taxa (Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, and Schiedea
nuttallii) that occur on land leased or owned by the Army (HHP 1994d11,
1994e34, 1994g5, 1994g6, 1994g10, 1994h17, 1994L1, 1994m8, 1994m12,
1994n14; Wagner et al. 1985).
B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or
educational purposes
Unrestricted collecting for scientific or horticultural purposes or
excessive
[[Page 51427]]
visits by individuals interested in seeing rare plants could result
from increased publicity. This is a potential threat to all of the
proposed taxa, but would seriously impact the nine taxa whose low
numbers and/or few populations make them especially vulnerable to
disturbance (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Panicum niihauense, Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera
holochila, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea kauaiensis, and Schiedea
nuttallii). Such disturbances could also promote erosion and greater
ingression of alien plant species. Some taxa, such as Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Isodendrion
longifolium, Panicum niihauense, and Platanthera holochila, have well-
known populations, or populations close to trails or roads, that are
possibly threatened by trampling or by overcollection (HHP 1994d1,
1994e1, 1994i2, 1994k9). One individual of Platanthera holochila died
in the late 1980s after a portion of the plant was collected for
scientific purposes (Marie Bruegmann, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
in litt. 1994).
C. Disease and predation
Disease is not known to be a significant threat to any of the
proposed taxa. Evidence of predation on Isodendrion laurifolium by deer
is documented on Kauai (HHP 1994h6, 1994h11). While there is no
evidence of predation on the other 13 taxa, none of them are known to
be unpalatable to cattle, deer, or goats. Predation is therefore a
possible threat to taxa growing at sites where those animals have been
reported (Achyranthes mutica, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea hookeri, and Schiedea
kauaiensis) (see Factor A). Feral pigs not only destroy native
vegetation through their rooting activities and dispersal of alien
plant seeds, but they also feed on plants, preferring the pithy
interior of large tree ferns and fleshy-stemmed plants from the
bellflower family (Stone 1985, Stone and Loope 1987). Although there is
no conclusive evidence of predation on Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, a member of the bellflower family, it is not known to be
unpalatable to pigs. Predation is therefore a possible threat to this
taxon in areas where pigs have been reported (HHP 1994e1, 1994e34).
Two rat species, the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Polynesian
rat (Rattus exulans), and to a lesser extent other introduced rodents,
eat large, fleshy fruits and strip the bark of some native plants,
including plants in the bellflower family (Cuddihy and Stone 1990,
Tomich 1986, Wagner et al. 1985; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). The largest
population of Euphorbia haeleeleana on Oahu is seriously threatened by
rat predation (HHP 1994g5). It is possible that rats eat the fruits of
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, which produces fleshy fruit and
stems and grows in areas where rats occur (J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994).
D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms
Hawaii's endangered species act states, ``Any species of aquatic
life, wildlife, or land plant that has been determined to be an
endangered species pursuant to the [Federal] Endangered Species Act
shall be deemed to be an endangered species under the provisions of
this chapter * * *'' (HRS, sect. 195D-4(a)). Therefore, Federal listing
would automatically invoke listing under Hawaii State law. State law
prohibits cutting, collecting, uprooting, destroying, injuring, or
possessing any listed species of plant on State or private land, or
attempting to engage in any such conduct. The State law encourages
conservation of such species by State agencies and triggers other State
regulations to protect the species (HRS, sect. 195AD-4 and 5). However,
the regulations are difficult to enforce because of limited personnel.
Of the 14 proposed taxa, 10 have populations located on private land,
12 on State land, 3 on City and County of Honolulu land, and 9 on land
under Federal jurisdiction. Of those under Federal jurisdiction, four
taxa have populations that occur on land owned by the Federal
government and six on land leased to the Federal government by the
State. While 12 of the taxa occur in more than 1 of those 4 ownership
categories, Achyranthes mutica is known only on private land and
Panicum niihauense is found only on State land.
Eight of the proposed taxa have one or more populations in State
NARs, where rules and regulations for the protection of resources apply
(Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), sect. 195-5). The majority of the
populations of the 14 proposed taxa are located on land classified
within conservation districts and owned by the State of Hawaii or
private companies or individuals. Regardless of the owner, lands in
these districts are regarded as necessary for the protection of endemic
biological resources, and maintenance or enhancement of the
conservation of natural resources. Activities permitted in conservation
districts are chosen by considering how best to make multiple use of
the land (HRS, sect. 205-2). Some uses, such as maintaining animals for
hunting, are based on policy decisions, while others, such as
preservation of endangered species, are mandated by both Federal and
State laws. Requests for amendments to district boundaries or variances
within existing classifications can be made by government agencies and
private landowners (HRS, sect. 205-4). Before decisions about these
requests are made, the impact of the proposed reclassification on
``preservation or maintenance of important natural systems or habitat''
(HRS, sects. 205-4, 205-17) as well as the maintenance of natural
resources is required to be taken into account (HRS, sects. 205-2, 205-
4). Before any proposed land use that will occur on State land, is
funded in part or whole by county or State funds, or will occur within
land classified as a conservation district, an environmental assessment
is required to determine whether the environment will be significantly
affected (HRS, chapt. 343). If it is found that an action will have a
significant effect, preparation of a full Environmental Impact
Statement is required. Hawaii environmental policy, and thus approval
of land use, is required by law to safeguard ``* * * the State's unique
natural environmental characteristics * * *'' (HRS, sect. 344-3(1)) and
includes guidelines to ``protect endangered species of individual
plants and animals * * *'' (HRS, sect. 344-4(3)(A)). Federal listing,
because it automatically invokes State listing, would also invoke State
regulations protecting the plants.
E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence
All 14 of the taxa proposed for listing are threatened by
competition with one or more alien plant taxa (see Table 2). The most
significant of these are Lantana camara (lantana), Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava), Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), Rubus
rosifolius (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), Grevillea
robusta (silk oak), Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass), Paspalum
conjugatum (Hilo grass), Psidium guajava (common guava), Ageratina
adenophora (Maui pamakani), and Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani). A
number of other alien plant taxa also pose significant threats to
populations of the proposed plants.
Lantana camara (lantana), native to the West Indies, is an
aggressive, thicket-forming shrub that produces chemicals that inhibit
the growth of
[[Page 51428]]
other plant species. Lantana can now be found on all of the main
islands in mesic forests, dry shrublands, and other dry, disturbed
habitats (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). On
Kauai, lantana poses a threat to two populations of Euphorbia
haeleeleana and one population of Isodendrion laurifolium within Kuia
NAR, three other populations of Euphorbia haeleeleana, three other
populations of Isodendrion laurifolium, and one population of
Isodendrion longifolium. In the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, one
population each of Cenchrus agrimonioides and Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana and three populations of Schiedea hookeri are immediately
threatened by this shrub (HHP 1994d8, 1994e34, 1994g1, 1994g3, 1994g7,
1994g14, 1994h9, 1994h11, 1994h15, 1994h21, 1994m13, 1994m15, 1994m17;
HPCC 1993b; Lorence and Flynn 1993).
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), an invasive shrub or small
tree native to tropical America, has become widely naturalized on all
of the main Hawaiian islands, forming dense stands that exclude other
plant species in disturbed areas (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This alien
plant grows primarily in mesic and wet habitats and is dispersed mainly
by feral pigs and fruit-eating birds (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990).
Strawberry guava is considered to be one of the greatest alien plant
threats to Hawaiian rain forests and is known to pose a direct threat
to at least one population each of Euphorbia haeleeleana and
Isodendrion laurifolium and four populations of Isodendrion longifolium
on the island of Kauai (HHP 1994g7, 1994h11, 1994i15, 1994i16; Lorence
and Flynn 1991, 1993). Strawberry guava is a major invader of forests
in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu, where it often forms
single-species stands. It poses an immediate threat to two populations
each of Cenchrus agrimonioides and Isodendrion laurifolium and one
population each of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, and
Schiedea hookeri (HHP 1994d8, 1994d12, 1994e34, 1994g13, 1994h18,
1994h20, 1994i2, 1994m12). On Lanai, this invasive alien plant
threatens one of that island's populations of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana (HHP 1994e37).
Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), introduced to Hawaii
before 1911, is a fast-growing tree or shrub invading most mesic to wet
lowland areas of the major Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. 1990).
Christmas berry is distributed mainly by feral pigs and fruit-eating
birds and forms dense thickets that shade out and displace other plants
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone 1985). It is a major
component of the mesic forests of the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of
Oahu. Two-thirds of the Cenchrus agrimonioides populations, one-third
of the Isodendrion laurifolium populations, 1 of 2 known populations of
Phyllostegia parviflora, and 6 of 11 populations of Schiedea hookeri
are negatively affected by this invasive plant (HHP 1994d8, 1994d11,
1994d12, 1994d14, 1994h2, 1994h16, 1994h18, 1994h20, 1994m5, 1994m11,
1994m15 to 1994m17; 1994y1).
Rubus rosifolius (thimbleberry), native to Asia, is naturalized in
disturbed mesic to wet forest on all of the main Hawaiian Islands
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990). On Kauai, this shrub poses a threat to the
largest population of Euphorbia haeleeleana, two populations of
Isodendrion laurifolium, five populations of Isodendrion longifolium,
and one population of Schiedea kauaiensis (HHP 1994g1, 1994h9, 1994h11,
1994i13, 1994i15 to 1994i17; HPCC 1992c2; Lorence and Flynn 1993). One
of the two populations of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Lanai is
threatened by thimbleberry (HHP 1994e37).
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse), a noxious shrub native to tropical
America, is found in mesic to wet forests on at least six islands in
Hawaii (Almeda 1990, Hawaii Department of Agriculture 1981, Smith
1992). Koster's curse was first reported on Oahu in 1941 and had spread
through much of the Koolau Mountains by the early 1960s. Koster's curse
spread to the Waianae Mountains around 1970 and is now widespread
throughout the southern half of that mountain range. This noxious plant
forms a dense understory, shading out other plants and hindering plant
regeneration (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). In the Waianae Mountains of
Oahu, Koster's curse poses a serious threat to two populations of
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, one population of Isodendrion
longifolium, the largest population of Phyllostegia parviflora, and one
of the largest populations of Schiedea hookeri. Koster's curse also
threatens one population of Isodendrion laurifolium in Oahu's Koolau
Mountains. This prolific alien plant has recently spread to five other
islands, and immediately threatens two populations of Isodendrion
longifolium in Waioli Valley on Kauai, and one of the two populations
of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana on Molokai (HHP 1994e7, 1994e34,
1994h17, 1994i2, 1994i17, 1994m11, 1994z1; Lorence and Flynn 1993; H.
Bornhorst and S. Perlman, pers. comms. 1992).
Grevillea robusta (silk oak), native to Queensland and New South
Wales, Australia, was extensively planted in Hawaii for timber and is
now naturalized on most of the main Hawaiian Islands (Smith 1985,
Wagner et al. 1990). On Kauai, this alien tree threatens Euphorbia
haeleeleana in Hipalau Valley. In the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, silk
oak negatively affects one population each of Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Schiedea hookeri, and
Schiedea nuttallii (HHP 1994d8, 1994g14, 1994h16, 1994m13, 1994n2).
First introduced to the Hawaiian Islands as cattle fodder, Melinis
minutiflora (molasses grass) was later planted for erosion control
(Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This alien grass quickly spread to dry and
mesic forests previously disturbed by ungulates. Molasses grass
produces a dense mat capable of smothering plants, essentially
preventing seedling growth and native plant reproduction (Cuddihy and
Stone 1990, Smith 1985). Because it burns readily and often grows at
the border of forests, molasses grass tends to carry fire into areas
with woody native plants (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985). It is
able to spread prolifically after a fire and effectively out-compete
less fire-adapted native plant species, ultimately creating a stand of
alien grass where forest once stood. In the Waianae Mountains on Oahu,
molasses grass is a serious threat to one population each of Cenchrus
agrimonioides and Euphorbia haeleeleana and two populations of Schiedea
hookeri (HHP 1994d11, 1994g10, 1994m8, 1994m11).
Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass) is naturalized in moist to wet
disturbed areas on all of the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau and
Kahoolawe, and produces a dense ground cover. On Kauai, this perennial
grass threatens the Wahiawa Mountains and Waioli Valley populations of
Isodendrion longifolium (HHP 1994i15, 1994i17; Lorence and Flynn 1991,
1993). In the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Hilo grass threatens one
population of Cenchrus agrimonioides and the largest population of
Schiedea hookeri (HHP 1994d11, 1994m13; Lorence and Flynn 1993). In
Maui's Kipahulu Valley, this grass threatens the largest known
population of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (A. Medeiros, pers.
comm. 1994).
Psidium guajava (common guava), a shrub or small tree native to the
New
[[Page 51429]]
World tropics, is naturalized on all of the main islands, except
perhaps Niihau and Kahoolawe (Wagner et al. 1990). Common guava is a
serious weed that invades disturbed sites, forming dense thickets in
dry as well as mesic and wet forests (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990).
On Kauai, common guava poses a threat to a population of Isodendrion
longifolium in Waioli Valley (Lorence and Flynn 1993). In the Waianae
Mountains of Oahu, this alien plant threatens the largest populations
of Schiedea hookeri and Schiedea nuttallii, while on the island of
Hawaii, common guava threatens the only known population of Achyranthes
mutica (HHP 1994m13, 1994n2; HPCC 1992a).
Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani) and Ageratina riparia (Hamakua
pamakani), both native to tropical America, have naturalized in dry
areas to wet forest on Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii (Wagner
et al. 1990). These two noxious weeds form dense mats with other alien
plants and prevent regeneration of native plants (Anderson et al.
1992). In the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, two populations of Schiedea
hookeri are threatened by both Maui pamakani and Hamakua pamakani, and
the largest population of Phyllostegia parviflora is threatened by Maui
pamakani (HHP 1994m16, 1994m17, 1994y1). On Hawaii, the only known
population of Achyranthes mutica is threatened by Hamakua pamakani
(HPCC 1992a).
Rubus argutus (Prickly Florida blackberry) was introduced to the
Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800s from the continental U.S. (Haselwood
and Motter 1983). The fruits are easily spread by birds to open areas
such as disturbed mesic or wet forests, where the species forms dense,
impenetrable thickets (Smith 1985). The largest population of Cenchrus
agrimonioides on Oahu is threatened by prickly Florida blackberry, as
well as other alien plant taxa (HHP 1994d8). Leucaena leucocephala (koa
haole) is a naturalized shrub which is sometimes the dominant species
in low elevation, dry, disturbed areas on all of the main Hawaiian
islands (Geesnick et al. 1990). On Kauai, the only known population of
Panicum niihauense is threatened by several alien plants, including koa
haole (HHP 1994j3, HPCC 1992b). Oahu's only known population of Cyperus
trachysanthos is threatened by alien grasses and possibly by koa haole
(HHP 1994f1; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Prosopis pallida (kiawe) was
introduced to Honolulu from a single seed grown on the Catholic Mission
Grounds in 1828. In the early part of this century, pods were collected
and sold to ranchers for cattle ration. The seeds pass through the
digestive system of cattle and spread rapidly throughout the drier
habitats of the Hawaiian islands (Geesnick et al. 1990). The only known
population of Panicum niihauense is threatened by kiawe (HHP 1994j3,
HPCC 1992b). Recently introduced to Hawaii, Cyathea cooperi (Australian
tree fern) is being promoted for commercial propagation in Hawaii to
decrease exploitation of native tree ferns. Australian tree fern has
recently become established on the island of Maui, and seriously
threatens the largest known population of Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; A. Medeiros, pers. comm. 1994).
Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass), an aggressive, perennial
grass introduced to Hawaii as a pasture grass, withstands trampling and
grazing and is naturalized on four Hawaiian Islands in dry to mesic
forest. It produces thick mats which choke out other plants and prevent
their seedlings from establishing and has been declared a noxious weed
by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (7 CFR 360) (O'Connor 1990, Smith
1985). Kikuyu grass is a threat to the only known population of
Achyranthes mutica (HPCC 1992a). The introduced fern Blechnum
occidentale was noted by Dr. Clifford Smith of the University of Hawaii
as a potential pest in 1985 (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985). Found
in mesic forests, Blechnum occidentale is a threat to one population of
Schiedea kauaiensis (HHP 1994n18). Conyza bonariensis (hairy horseweed)
is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, although it is perhaps native
to South America. It was naturalized in Hawaii prior to 1871 and is a
common weed in various urban and non-urban areas throughout Hawaii,
generally in dry habitats. It threatens the only known population of
Achyranthes mutica (HPCC 1992a, Wagner et al. 1990). Opuntia ficus-
indica (panini) was introduced to Hawaii prior to 1809 from Mexico and
has become naturalized in dry, disturbed habitats on Kauai, Oahu, Maui,
Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. Panini threatens the only known population of
Achyranthes mutica (HPCC 1992a, Wagner et al. 1990). Axonopus
fissifolius (narrow-leaved carpet grass) is native to subtropical North
America and the New World tropics. Introduced to Hawaii in 1912,
narrow-leaved carpet grass has become common in wet pastures, disturbed
wet forest, and bogs on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. Narrow-
leaved carpet grass is a threat to one population of Sanicula purpurea
on Oahu (HHP 1994L1, O'Connor 1990). Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant) is
an herb which occurs on all the main islands except Niihau and
Kahoolawe, especially in dry to mesic areas (Wagner et al. 1990). Air
plant threatens one population of Schiedea kauaiensis (HPCC 1992c2).
Fire poses a potential threat to populations of six of the proposed
taxa--Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana,
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion longifolium, Schiedea hookeri, and
Schiedea nuttallii (HHP 1994e1, 1994e34, 1994g5, 1994g6, 1994g10,
1994i2, 1994m8, 1994m12, 1994m15 to 1994m17). Because Hawaii's native
plants have evolved with only infrequent, naturally occurring episodes
of fire (lava flows, infrequent lightning strikes), most species are
not adapted to fire and are unable to recover well after recurring
fires. Alien plants are often more fire-adapted than native taxa and
quickly exploit suitable habitat after a fire (Cuddihy and Stone 1990).
On Oahu, unintentionally ignited fires have resulted from military
training exercises in Makua Military Reservation and Schofield Barracks
Military Reservation and pose a possible threat to populations of
Cenchrus agrimonioides, Euphorbia haeleeleana, and Schiedea nuttallii
that grow in dry and mesic forest on those installations (Environment
Impact Study Corp. 1977; HHP 1994a, 1994b, 1994d11, 1994g5, 1994g6,
1994g10, 1994n14; Yoshioka et al. 1991). Accidentally or maliciously
set fires in residential areas near the Lualualei Naval Magazine and
the Makua Military Reservation could easily spread and pose a possible
threat to one of the four populations of Cenchrus agrimonioides, most
of the island's individuals of Euphorbia haeleeleana, one population of
Isodendrion longifolium, several populations of Schiedea hookeri, and
one population of Schiedea nuttallii (HHP 1994d11, 1994g5, 1994g6,
1994g10, 1994i2, 1994m8, 1994m15 to 1994m17, 1994n14).
Erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering
result in the death of individual plants as well as habitat
destruction. This especially affects the continued existence of taxa or
populations found on cliffs and steep slopes that have limited numbers
and/or narrow ranges such as the Oahu populations of Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, the Pahole-Makua Ridge population of Schiedea
nuttallii on Oahu, and the Kalalau Valley population of Schiedea
kauaiensis on Kauai (HHP 1994n2; HPCC 1992c2; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm.
1995).
[[Page 51430]]
The small number of populations and individuals of many of these
taxa increases the potential for extinction from naturally occurring
events. The small gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single
human-caused or natural environmental disturbance could destroy a
significant percentage of the individuals or the only extant
population. Two of the proposed plant taxa, Achyranthes mutica and
Panicum niihauense, are each known from a single population. Five
additional proposed taxa have 5 or fewer populations (Cyperus
trachysanthos, Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera holochila, Sanicula
purpurea, and Schiedea kauaiensis), and 7 of the taxa are estimated to
number no more than 100 individuals (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Panicum niihauense, Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera
holochila, Schiedea kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii). All of the
proposed taxa either number fewer than 20 populations or total fewer
than 1,000 individuals (see Table 2).
The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and
commercial information available regarding the past, present, and
future threats faced by these taxa in determining to propose this rule.
Based on this evaluation, the preferred action is to propose listing 13
of these plant taxa as endangered (Achyranthes mutica, Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus
trachysanthos, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Panicum
niihauense, Phyllostegia parviflora, Platanthera holochila, Sanicula
purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kauaiensis, and Schiedea
nuttallii) and Isodendrion longifolium as threatened. The 13 taxa
proposed as endangered are threatened by one or more of the following--
habitat degradation and/or predation by pigs, goats, deer, cattle, and
rats; competition for space, light, water, and nutrients from alien
plants; habitat loss from fires; human impacts from military training
practices and recreational activities; and substrate loss. Seven of the
proposed taxa have 5 or fewer populations, and 7 of the taxa are
estimated to number no more than 100 individuals. Small population size
and limited distribution make these taxa particularly vulnerable to
extinction from reduced reproductive vigor or from naturally occurring
events. Because these 13 taxa are in danger of extinction throughout
all or a significant portion of their ranges, they fit the definition
of endangered as defined in the Act. Therefore, the determination of
endangered status for these 13 taxa is warranted.
Although populations of Isodendrion longifolium are threatened by
habitat degradation and/or destruction by goats and pigs and
competition with six alien plant species, the larger distribution of
populations and total numbers of plants reduce the likelihood that this
species will become extinct in the near future. For these reasons,
Isodendrion longifolium is not now in immediate danger of extinction
throughout all or a significant portion of its range. However,
Isodendrion longifolium is likely to become endangered in the
foreseeable future if the threats affecting it are not curbed. As a
result, Isodendrion longifolium is proposed to be listed as a
threatened species.
Critical habitat is not being proposed for the 14 taxa included in
this rule for reasons discussed in the ``Critical Habitat'' section of
this proposal.
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a species, at
the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found
those physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation
of the species and (II) that may require special management
consideration or protection; and (ii) specific areas outside the
geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon
a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of
the species. ``Conservation'' means the use of all methods and
procedures needed to bring the species to the point at which listing
under the Act is no longer necessary.
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing
regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent
and determinable, the Secretary propose critical habitat at the time a
species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service finds
that designation of critical habitat is not prudent for the 14 taxa
proposed in this rule. Service regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state
that designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of
the following situations exist--(1) The species is threatened by taking
or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be
expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such
designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species.
As discussed under Factor B, these taxa are threatened by
overcollection, due to low numbers or population size. The publication
of precise maps and descriptions of critical habitat in the Federal
Register and local newspapers as required in a proposal for critical
habitat would increase the degree of threat to these plants from take
or vandalism and, therefore, could contribute to their decline. The
listing of these taxa publicizes the rarity of the plants and, thus,
can make these plants attractive to researchers, curiosity seekers, or
collectors of rare plants. All involved parties and the major
landowners have been notified of the location and importance of
protecting the habitat of these taxa. Additional protection of the
habitat of these taxa will be addressed through the recovery process
and through the section 7 consultation process. The Service finds that
designation of critical habitat for these 14 taxa is not prudent at
this time. Such a designation would increase the degree of threat from
vandalism, collecting, or other human activities and is unlikely to aid
in the conservation of these taxa.
Available Conservation Measures
Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or
threatened under the Act include recognition, recovery actions,
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain
activities. Recognition through listing can encourage and result in
conservation actions by Federal, State, and local agencies, private
organizations, and individuals. The Act provides for possible land
acquisition and cooperation with the State and requires that recovery
plans be developed for listed species. The protection required of
Federal agencies and the prohibitions against certain activities
involving listed plants are discussed, in part, below.
Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to
evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or
listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical
habitat, if any is being designated. Regulations implementing this
interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR
part 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer with the
Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued
existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or
adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. If a species is
listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to
ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or to
destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action
may
[[Page 51431]]
affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible
Federal agency must enter into formal consultation with the Service.
Nine of the endangered taxa occur on land under Federal
jurisdiction, including the following agencies--U.S. Army, U.S. Navy,
and National Park Service. Of those, four taxa are found on federally
owned land and six taxa occur on land leased by the Federal government
from the State. Activities carried out by the U.S. Army include
ordnance training practices, ground troop training activities, and
construction, maintenance, and utilization of helicopter landing and
drop-off sites. The Army is coordinating with TNCH to develop
management plans for Schofield Barracks Military Reservation, Kawailoa
Training Area, and Makua Military Reservation to limit the impact of
these activities on endangered species and their habitats. The Navy is
in the process of developing a management plan for Lualualei Naval
Magazine. The National Park Service actively monitors and manages rare
and endangered species populations within Haleakala National Park.
The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of
general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered and
threatened plants. With respect to the 14 proposed taxa in this rule,
all prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, implemented by 50 CFR
17.61 for endangered plants and 17.71 for threatened plants, would
apply. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any person
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to import or export
any endangered plant species; transport such species in interstate or
foreign commerce in the course of a commercial activity, sell or offer
for sale such a species in interstate or foreign commerce; remove and
reduce such a species to possession from areas under Federal
jurisdiction; maliciously damage or destroy any such species from areas
under Federal jurisdiction; or remove, cut, dig up, or damage or
destroy any such species in knowing violation of any State law or
regulation, including State criminal trespass law. Section 4(d) of the
Act allows for the provision of such protection to threatened species
through regulation. This protection may apply to Isodendrion
longifolium in the future if regulations are promulgated. Seeds from
cultivated specimens of threatened plants are exempt from these
prohibitions provided that their containers are marked ``Of Cultivated
Origin.'' Certain exceptions to the prohibitions apply to agents of the
Service and State conservation agencies.
The Act and 50 CFR 17.62, 17.63, and 17.72 also provide for the
issuance of permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities
involving listed plant species under certain circumstances. Such
permits are available for scientific purposes and to enhance the
propagation or survival of the species. For threatened plants, permits
are also available for botanical or horticultural exhibition,
educational purposes, or special purposes consistent with the purposes
of the Act. It is anticipated that few permits would be sought or
issued because these 14 taxa are not common in cultivation or in the
wild.
It is the policy of the Service (59 FR 34272) to identify to the
maximum extent practicable at the time a species is listed those
activities that would or would not constitute a violation of section 9
of the Act. Such information is intended to clarify the potential
impacts of a species' listing on proposed and ongoing activities within
the species' range. Nine of the proposed taxa occur on Federal lands
under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, or National Park
Service. Collection, damage, or destruction of these taxa on Federal
lands is prohibited without a Federal endangered species permit. Such
activities on non-Federal lands would constitute a violation of section
9 if conducted in knowing violation of Hawaii State law or regulations
or in violation of State criminal trespass law. The Service is not
aware of any trade in these species.
Requests for copies of the regulations concerning listed plants and
inquiries regarding prohibitions and permits may be addressed to the
Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Endangered Species
Permits Branch, 911 N.E. 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232-4181
(telephone: 503/231-6241; facsimile: 503/231-6243).
Public Comments Solicited
The Service intends that any final action resulting from this
proposal will be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore,
comments or suggestions from the public, other concerned governmental
agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested
party concerning this proposed rule are hereby solicited. Comments
particularly are sought concerning:
(1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning
any threat (or lack thereof) to the 14 taxa;
(2) The location of any additional populations of these taxa and
the reasons why any habitat should or should not be determined to be
critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act;
(3) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and
population size of these taxa; and
(4) Current or planned activities in the subject area and their
possible impacts on these taxa.
The final decision on this proposal will take into consideration
the comments and any additional information received by the Service,
and such communications may lead to a final regulation that differs
from this proposal.
The Endangered Species Act provides for one or more public hearings
on this proposal, if requested. Requests must be received within 45
days of the date of publication of the proposal in the Federal
Register. Such requests must be made in writing and addressed to the
Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES section).
National Environmental Policy Act
The Service has determined that Environmental Assessments or
Environmental Impact Statements, as defined under the authority of the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be prepared in
connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. A notice outlining the
Service's reasons for this determination was published in the Federal
Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244).
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited herein is available upon
request from the Pacific Islands Ecoregion (see ADDRESSES section).
Author
The primary author of this proposed rule is Marie M. Bruegmann,
Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office (see ADDRESSES section). Substantial
data were contributed by the Hawaii Heritage Program.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, the Service hereby proposes to amend part 17,
subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations,
as set forth below:
[[Page 51432]]
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted.
2. Section 17.12(h) is amended by adding the following, in
alphabetical order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to the List of Endangered
and Threatened Plants to read as follows:
Sec. 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species
-------------------------------------- Historic range Family name Status When Critical Special
Scientific name Common name listed habitat rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flowering Plants
Achyranthes mutica None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Amaranthaceae.... E ...... NA NA
* * * * * *
*
Cenchrus Kamanomano....... U.S.A. (HI)..... Poaceae.......... E ...... NA NA
agrimonioides.
* * * * * *
*
Cyanea grimesiana Haha............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Campanulaceae.... E ...... NA NA
ssp. grimesiana.
* * * * * *
*
Cyperus Pu'uka'a......... U.S.A. (HI)..... Cyperaceae....... E ...... NA NA
trachysanthos.
* * * * * *
*
Euphorbia 'Akoko........... U.S.A. (HI)..... Euphorbiaceae.... E ...... NA NA
haeleeleana.
* * * * * *
*
Isodendrion Aupaka........... U.S.A. (HI)..... Violaceae........ E ...... NA NA
laurifolium.
* * * * * *
*
Isodendrion Aupaka........... U.S.A. (HI)..... Violaceae........ T ...... NA NA
longifolium.
* * * * * *
*
Panicum niihauense Lau 'ehu......... U.S.A. (HI)..... Poaceae.......... E ...... NA NA
* * * * * *
*
Phyllostegia None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Lamiaceae........ E ...... NA NA
parviflora.
* * * * * *
*
Platanthera None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Orchidaceae...... E ...... NA NA
holochila.
* * * * * *
*
Sanicula purpurea. None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Apiaceae......... E ...... NA NA
* * * * * *
*
Schiedea hookeri.. None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Caryophyllaceae.. E ...... NA NA
* * * * * *
*
Schiedea None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Caryophyllaceae.. E ...... NA NA
kauaiensis.
* * * * * *
*
Schiedea nuttallii None............. U.S.A. (HI)..... Caryophyllaceae.. E ...... NA NA
* * * * * *
*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dated: September 20, 1995.
John G. Rogers,
Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 95-24337 Filed 9-29-95; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
