2013-26061. General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds  

  • Start Preamble Start Printed Page 65844

    AGENCY:

    Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

    ACTION:

    Final rule.

    SUMMARY:

    We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, revise the List of Migratory Birds by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 19 species (23 added and 4 removed) brings the total number of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) to 1,026. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes.

    DATES:

    This rule is effective December 2, 2013.

    Start Further Info

    FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

    George Allen at 703-358-1825.

    End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information

    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

    Background

    What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking?

    We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

    (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628);

    (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912);

    (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and

    (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

    What is the purpose of this rulemaking?

    Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes.

    Why is this amendment of the list of migratory birds necessary?

    The amendment is needed to: (1) Add five species previously overlooked from a family protected under the MBTA; (2) correct the spelling of six species on the alphabetized list; (3) correct the spelling of three species on the taxonomic list; (4) add 11 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States since April 2007; (5) add one species from a family now protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes; (6) add six species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes; (7) remove four species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or its territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes; (8) change the common (English) names of nine species to conform with accepted use; and (9) change the scientific names of 36 species to conform to accepted use.

    The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on March 1, 2010 (75 FR 9282). These amendments were necessitated by three published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) Check-list of North American birds (AOU 2008, AOU 2009, and AOU 2010).

    In addition, we correct the legal authorities citations at 50 CFR 10.13(a).

    We also make a small change to a definition in 50 CFR 21.3. We update the definition of “raptor” to also include the Order Accipitriformes, corresponding to recent taxonomic changes reflected in the List of Migratory Birds.

    What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of migratory birds?

    Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. For the 39 species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check-list (28 that occur in the Pacific island territories and 11 listed in the Japanese and/or Russian conventions that have not occurred in the AOU area), we relied primarily on Clements (2007). Although we primarily rely on the above checklists, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa.

    What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA?

    A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:

    (1) It is covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in 1996, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian Convention, as amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

    (2) It is covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in Start Printed Page 658451972, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria: (a) It belongs to a family or group of species named in the Mexican Convention, as amended; (b) specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and (c) the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.

    (3) It is listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972, as amended.

    (4) It is listed in the appendix to the Russian Convention of 1976.

    In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we include all species native to the United States or its territories, which are those that occur as a result of natural biological or ecological processes (see 70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do not include nonnative species whose occurrences in the United States are solely the result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s).

    How do the changes affect the list of migratory birds?

    Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level by the AOU since our 2010 publication of the list (75 FR 9282, March 1, 2010). These changes affect the inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, the Orders Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were split from the Pelecaniformes. Phaethontiformes now includes the Family Phaethontidae (tropicbirds); Suliformes now includes the Families Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae (boobys), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), and Anhingidae (anhingas). In addition, the Order Accipitriformes was split from the Falconiformes and now include the Families Cathartidae (vultures), Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). At the Family level, the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) were moved from the Ciconiiformes to the Pelecaniformes Order, the Pandionidae (Osprey) was split from the Accipitridae (hawks and eagles), and the Stercorariidae (jaegers and skuas) was split from the Laridae (gulls, terns, and skimmers). The Polioptilidae (gnatcatchers), Phylloscopidae (Phylloscopus warblers), Acrocephalidae (Acrocephalus warblers), and Megaluridae (Locustella warblers) were split from the Sylviidae, and the Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings) was split from the Emberizidae (buntings and sparrows). The euphonias were put into their own Subfamily (Euphoniinae) and moved from the Thraupidae to the Fringillidae Family. All species within these newly created Families continue to be protected under the MBTA. In addition, the Wrentit was moved from the Timaliidae (babblers) to the Sylviidae and is now in a Family protected by the MBTA.

    The amendments (23 additions, 4 removals, and 54 name changes) affect a grand total of 79 species and result in a net addition of 19 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the 23 species that we add to the list, 6 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 9 categories:

    (1) Add five species from the family Muscicapidae, a family specifically listed in the 1996 protocol amending the 1916 convention with Canada. The omission of these species on the previous list was an oversight. All are considered accidental or casual in Alaska. The species and relevant AOU publication(s) are:

    Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998);

    Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006);

    Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2004);

    Asian Brown Flycatcher, Muscicapa dauurica (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998); and

    Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (AOU 2004).

    (2) Correct the spelling of six scientific names on the alphabetized list:

    Nesofregata fuliginosa (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta fuliginosa;

    Thalleseus maximus (Royal Tern), becomes Thalasseus maximus;

    Thalleseus sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern), becomes Thalasseus sandvicensis;

    Vireo atricapillus (Black-capped Vireo), becomes Vireo atricapilla;

    Phylloscopus siilatrix (Wood Warbler), becomes Phylloscopus sibilatrix; and

    Locustella lanceoloata (Lanceolated Warbler), becomes Locustella lanceolata.

    (3) Correct the spelling of three scientific names on the taxonomic list:

    Nesofregetta fuiginosa (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes Nesofregetta fuliginosa;

    Vireo atricapillus (Black-capped Vireo), becomes Vireo atricapilla; and

    Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit), becomes Tiaris olivaceus.

    (4) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since April 2007) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication:

    Parkinson's Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni—California (AOU 2008);

    Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis—North Carolina (AOU 2010);

    Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus—California (AOU 2008);

    Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata—Alaska (AOU 2009);

    White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps—Texas (AOU 2010);

    Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus—Louisiana (AOU 2010);

    Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa—Arizona (AOU 2010);

    Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus—Alaska (AOU 2008);

    Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus—Alaska (AOU 2009);

    Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans—Alaska (AOU 2010); and

    Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys—Alaska (AOU 2009).

    (5) Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes transferring a species in a family formerly not protected by the MBTA (Timaliidae) into a family protected under the MBTA (Sylviidae). We reference the AOU publication supporting the change:

    Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (AOU 2010).

    (6) Add six species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication supporting the change:

    Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha—formerly considered a subspecies of Anas poecilorhyncha, Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008);

    Black Scoter, Melanitta americana—formerly treated as a subspecies of Melanitta nigra, Common [Black] Scoter (AOU 2009);

    Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae—formerly treated as a subspecies of Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010);

    Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus—formerly treated as a subspecies of Start Printed Page 65846 Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU 2010);

    Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis—formerly treated as a subspecies of Troglodytes troglodytes, Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); and

    Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis—formerly treated as a subspecies of Icterus dominicensis, Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole (AOU 2010).

    (7) Remove four species based on revised taxonomic treatments and distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication supporting these changes:

    Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (AOU 2008);

    Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (AOU 2009);

    Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (AOU 2010); and

    Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (AOU 2010).

    (8) Revise the common (English) names of nine species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source for the name change:

    Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber, becomes American Flamingo (AOU 2008);

    Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis, becomes Great Shearwater (AOU 2010);

    Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus, becomes Eastern Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010);

    Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus, becomes Green Violetear (AOU 2008);

    Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius, becomes Blue Rock-Thrush (Clements 2007);

    Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi, becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU 2008);

    White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis, becomes White-throated Thrush (AOU 2008);

    Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni, becomes Nelson's Sparrow (AOU 2009); and

    Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus, becomes Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009).

    (9) Revise the scientific names of 36 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication documenting the name change:

    Larus philadelphia (Bonaparte's Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus philadelphia (AOU 2008);

    Larus cirrocephalus (Gray-hooded Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (AOU 2008);

    Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull) becomes Chroicocephalus ridibundus (AOU 2008);

    Larus minutus (Little Gull) becomes Hydrocoloeus minutus (AOU 2008);

    Larus atricilla (Laughing Gull) becomes Leucophaeus atricilla (AOU 2008);

    Larus pipixcan (Franklin's Gull) becomes Leucophaeus pipixcan (AOU 2008);

    Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay) becomes Psilorhinus morio (AOU 2010);

    Poecile hudsonica (Boreal Chickadee) becomes Poecile hudsonicus (AOU 2009);

    Poecile cincta (Gray-headed Chickadee) becomes Poecile cinctus (AOU 2009);

    Calcarius mccownii (McCown's Longspur) becomes Rhynchophanes mccownii (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora pinus (Blue-winged Warbler) becomes Vermivora cyanoptera (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora peregrina (Tennessee Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis peregrina (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora celata (Orange-crowned Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis celata (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora ruficapilla (Nashville Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis ruficapilla (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora virginiae (Virginia's Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis virginiae (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora crissalis (Colima Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis crissalis (AOU 2010);

    Vermivora luciae (Lucy's Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis luciae (AOU 2010);

    Parula superciliosa (Crescent-chested Warbler) becomes Oreothlypis superciliosa (AOU 2010);

    Seiurus noveboracensis (Northern Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia noveboracensis (AOU 2010);

    Seiurus motacilla (Louisiana Waterthrush) becomes Parkesia motacilla (AOU 2010);

    Pipilo fuscus (Canyon Towhee) becomes Melozone fusca (AOU 2010);

    Pipilo crissalis (California Towhee) becomes Melozone crissalis (AOU 2010);

    Pipilo aberti (Abert's Towhee) becomes Melozone aberti (AOU 2010);

    Aimophila carpalis (Rufous-winged Sparrow) becomes Peucaea carpalis (AOU 2010);

    Aimophila botterii (Botteri's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea botterii (AOU 2010);

    Aimophila cassinii (Cassin's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea cassinii (AOU 2010);

    Aimophila aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow) becomes Peucaea aestivalis (AOU 2010);

    Aimophila quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) becomes Amphispiza quinquestriata (AOU 2010);

    Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) becomes Acanthis flammea (AOU 2009);

    Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) becomes Acanthis hornemanni (AOU 2009);

    Carduelis spinus (Eurasian Siskin) becomes Spinus spinus (AOU 2009);

    Carduelis pinus (Pine Siskin) becomes Spinus pinus (AOU 2009);

    Carduelis psaltria (Lesser Goldfinch) becomes Spinus psaltria (AOU 2009);

    Carduelis lawrencei (Lawrence's Goldfinch) becomes Spinus lawrencei (AOU 2009);

    Carduelis tristis (American Goldfinch) becomes Spinus tristis (AOU 2009); and

    Carduelis sinica (Oriental Greenfinch) becomes Chloris sinica (AOU 2009).

    For ease of comparison, changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Species whose names have been revised (categories 2, 3, 8, and 9) appear in both the left-hand column (old name removed) and right-hand column (new name added), as are species that have been added based on taxonomic splits (category 6) of extralimital species that have been removed (category 7).

    Removed (taxonomically)Added (taxonomically)
    Spot-billed Duck, Anas poecilorhyncha (7)Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Anas zonorhyncha (6).
    Common [Black] Scoter, Melanitta nigra (7)Black Scoter, Melanitta americana (6).
    Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8)American Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber (8).
    Parkinson's Petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (4).
    Greater Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8)Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis (8).
    Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregata fuliginosa (2)Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (2).
    Start Printed Page 65847
    Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuiginosa (3)Polynesian Storm-Petrel, Nesofregetta fuliginosa (3).
    Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma monorhis (4).
    Swallow-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus (4).
    Bonaparte's Gull, Larus philadelphia (9)Bonaparte's Gull, Chroicocephalus philadelphia (9).
    Gray-hooded Gull, Larus cirrocephalus (9)Gray-hooded Gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (9).
    Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus (9)Black-headed Gull, Chroicocephalus ridibundus (9).
    Little Gull, Larus minutus (9)Little Gull, Hydrocoloeus minutus (9).
    Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla (9)Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (9).
    Franklin's Gull, Larus pipixcan (9)Franklin's Gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (9).
    Royal Tern, Thalleseus maximus (2)Royal Tern, Thalasseus maximus (2).
    Sandwich Tern, Thalleseus sandvicensis (2)Sandwich Tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis (2).
    Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (4).
    Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8)Eastern Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus vociferus (8).
    Mexican Whip-poor-will, Caprimulgus arizonae (6).
    Green Violet-ear, Colibri thalassinus (8)Green Violetear, Colibri thalassinus (8).
    White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps (4).
    Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus (4).
    Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapillus (2, 3)Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapilla (2, 3).
    Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio (9)Brown Jay, Psilorhinus morio (9).
    Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonica (9)Boreal Chickadee, Poecile hudsonicus (9).
    Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cincta (9)Gray-headed Chickadee, Poecile cinctus (9).
    Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa (4).
    Pacific Wren, Troglodytes pacificus (6).
    Eurasian [Winter] Wren, Troglodytes troglodytes (7)Winter Wren, Troglodytes hiemalis (6).
    Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus siilatrix (2)Wood Warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix (2).
    Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, Phylloscopus proregulus (4).
    Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceoloata (2)Lanceolated Warbler, Locustella lanceolata (2).
    Wrentit, Chamaea fasciata (5).
    Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (4).
    Mugimaki Flycatcher, Ficedula mugimaki (1).
    Taiga Flycatcher, Ficedula albicilla (1).
    Dark-sided Flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (1).
    Asian Brown Flyctcher, Muscicapa dauurica (1).
    Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata (1).
    Blue Rock Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8)Blue Rock-Thrush, Monticola solitarius (8).
    Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans (4).
    Clay-colored Robin, Turdus grayi (8)Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus grayi (8).
    White-throated Robin, Turdus assimilis (8)White-throated Thrush, Turdus assimilis (8).
    McCown's Longspur, Calcarius mccownii (9)McCown's Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii (9).
    Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus (9)Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora cyanoptera (9).
    Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina (9)Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis peregrina (9).
    Orange-crowned Warbler, Vermivora celata (9)Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis celata (9).
    Nashville Warbler, Vermivora ruficapilla (9)Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis ruficapilla (9).
    Virginia's Warbler, Vermivora virginiae (9)Virginia's Warbler, Oreothlypis virginiae (9).
    Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis (9)Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis crissalis (9).
    Lucy's Warbler, Vermivora luciae (9)Lucy's Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae (9).
    Crescent-chested Warbler, Parula superciliosa (9)Crescent-chested Warbler, Oreothlypis superciliosa (9).
    Northern Waterthrush, Seiurus noveboracensis (9)Northern Waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (9).
    Louisiana Waterthrush, Seiurus motacilla (9)Louisiana Waterthrush, Parkesia motacilla (9).
    Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivacea (3)Yellow-faced Grassquit, Tiaris olivaceus (3).
    Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus (9)Canyon Towhee, Melozone fusca (9).
    California Towhee, Pipilo crissalis (9)California Towhee, Melozone crissalis (9).
    Abert's Towhee, Pipilo aberti (9)Abert's Towhee, Melozone aberti (9).
    Rufous-winged Sparrow, Aimophila carpalis (9)Rufous-winged Sparrow, Peucaea carpalis (9).
    Botteri's Sparrow, Aimophila botterii (9)Botteri's Sparrow, Peucaea botterii (9).
    Cassin's Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii (9)Cassin's Sparrow, Peucaea cassinii (9).
    Bachman's Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis (9)Bachman's Sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis (9).
    Five-striped Sparrow, Aimophila quinquestriata (9)Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriata (9).
    Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8)Nelson's Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni (8).
    Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8)Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus (8).
    Yellow-browed Bunting, Emberiza chrysophrys (4).
    Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, Icterus dominicensis (7)Puerto Rican Oriole, Icterus portoricensis (6).
    Common Redpoll, Carduelis flammea (9)Common Redpoll, Acanthis flammea (9).
    Hoary Redpoll, Carduelis hornemanni (9)Hoary Redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni (9).
    Eurasian Siskin, Carduelis spinus (9)Eurasian Siskin, Spinus spinus (9).
    Pine Siskin, Carduelis pinus (9)Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (9).
    Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria (9)Lesser Goldfinch, Spinus psaltria (9).
    Lawrence's Goldfinch, Carduelis lawrencei (9)Lawrence's Goldfinch, Spinus lawrencei (9).
    American Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis (9)American Goldfinch, Spinus tristis (9).
    Oriental Greenfinch, Carduelis sinica (9)Oriental Greenfinch, Chloris sinica (9).
    Start Printed Page 65848

    How do the changes implemented here differ from those discussed in the proposed rule?

    The scientific name of one species spelled erroneously in the proposed rule is corrected to conform to the AOU Check-list (1998) and supplements:

    Black-capped Vireo, Vireo atricapillus becomes Vireo atricapilla.

    How is the list of migratory birds organized?

    The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998, 2010) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

    What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

    The MBTA does not apply to:

    (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative, human-introduced bird species in this category. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or its territories.

    (2) Nonnative, human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.

    (3) Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including the Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers [elepaios]), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), and Coerebidae (bananaquit). It should be noted that this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 notice to the extent that they are inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996 amendment to the Canadian Convention included the family Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Thus, all members of the Muscicapidae family are now included on this list. In addition, the Wrentit is now considered a member of the Sylviidae family rather than the Timaliidae family and is now included on this list.

    Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at http://www.fws.gov/​migratorybirds/​RegulationsPolicies/​mbta/​MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html.

    Responses to Public Comments

    On April 26, 2011, we published in the Federal Register (76 FR 23428) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13. We solicited public comments on the proposed rule for 90 days, ending on July 25, 2011.

    We received 7 comments in response to the proposed rule; 5 were from agencies, and 2 were from private individuals. The following text discusses the substantive comments we received and provides our responses to them.

    Comment: One individual indicated that Brown Hawk-Owl, and the 10 other species we proposed to add based on new distributional records (Category 4), should not be added because they are either extremely rare vagrants or were moved by humans. The commenter further pointed out that the MBTA loses biological and ecological credibility when species are added that do not naturally occur in the United States or its territories, and pointed to the Eurasian Kestrel as one example.

    Response: In 2004, the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act (MBTRA; Pub. L. 108-447) amended the MBTA. While the primary purpose of the MBTRA was to eliminate protection for introduced species, it also defined native species as those “occurring in the United States or its territories as a result of natural biological or ecological processes.” Vagrancy is a natural biological process, so these species are protected under the MBTA.

    There is credible evidence to support our contention that these species have occurred in the United States as natural vagrants unhindered by human intervention. The AOU and other bird record committees take human intervention into account whenever they evaluate such records. Several of these species, including the Brown Hawk-Owl, have occurred in some of the remotest parts of Alaska, and are most unlikely to have been moved there by humans. Furthermore, multiple records of Eurasian Kestrel have been accepted from Western Alaska, and at scattered locations across North America, by the AOU and other competent scientific authorities.

    Comment: The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission urged the Service to carefully consider the implications to State regulations when making recommendations, and ensure that they do not occur so frequently as to become burdensome. Specifically, they point out that the split of the order Accipitriformes from the Falconiformes will necessitate a change in State falconry regulations.

    Response: The Service appreciates the State's concern regarding changes to Federal regulations that affect States, and we make a concerted effort to work closely with the States through the Flyway Councils. To comply with the intent of the migratory bird treaties and the MBTA, we are obligated to update the list at intervals. However, the List of Migratory Birds has been updated only twice since 1985, which is not frequently enough to stay current with changes in bird taxonomy. Consequently, we intend to update this list on a 5-year cycle to coincide with updates to the Birds of Conservation Concern, thus balancing the frequency of updates with the frequency of changes in bird taxonomy. In this update, taxonomic changes at the Order level did not change which species are protected under the MBTA, as the species within those families were previously protected. Furthermore, this is the first change we have made to the Start Printed Page 65849Falconiformes since the families within that Order were first protected in 1972.

    Comment: The Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife (IDFW) was pleased that the Service intends to continue to treat cackling geese as Canada geese, pointing out that hunting management of white-cheeked geese could become more difficult if they were split. The IDFW also pointed out that the Mississippi Flyway Council is trying to simplify hunting regulations for Canada geese, and splitting them into two species for management purposes could cause progress toward simplification to stall.

    Response: The Service recognizes the management concerns referred to by the commenter. While we appreciate the complexities of white-cheeked goose management, our decision to continue to include the Cackling Goose within the listing for Canada Goose is based on lingering uncertainty regarding their taxonomic relationship. Work is currently being conducted in Alaska and northern Canada to resolve that uncertainty. We will consider new information when it is available, at which time we may reconsider our decision. In any case, regardless of name, goose subspecies identified as Cackling Goose by the AOU are currently protected under the MBTA as Canada Goose.

    Required Determinations

    Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866)

    Executive Order (EO) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant.

    EO 13563 reaffirms the principles of EO 12866, while calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. EO 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent with regulatory objectives.

    EO 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements.

    Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

    SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, because we are simply updating the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that because this rule does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

    This rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It does not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.

    a. This rule does not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.

    b. This rule does not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions.

    c. This rule does not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.

    Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following:

    a. This rule does not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. Actions under the regulation do not affect small government activities in any significant way.

    b. This rule does not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

    Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the rule does not have significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for taking of private property. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required.

    Federalism

    This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a Federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species.

    Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.

    Paperwork Reduction Act

    We examined this rule under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). There are no new information collection requirements associated with this rule. We do not require any new permits, reports, or recordkeeping in this rule.

    National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)).

    Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    Seventy-four of the species on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-44; 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on threatened or endangered species. It does not require ESA consultation.Start Printed Page 65850

    Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on tribal lands.

    Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule only affects the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

    References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT above).

    Start List of Subjects

    List of Subjects

    50 CFR Part 10

    • Exports
    • Fish
    • Imports
    • Law enforcement
    • Plants
    • Transportation
    • Wildlife

    50 CFR Part 21

    • Exports
    • Hunting
    • Imports
    • Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
    • Transportation
    • Wildlife
    End List of Subjects

    Regulation Promulgation

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, parts 10 and 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

    Start Part

    PART 10—[AMENDED]

    End Part Start Amendment Part

    1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part Start Authority

    Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.

    End Authority Start Amendment Part

    2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part
    List of Migratory Birds.

    (a) Legal authority for this list. The legal authorities for this list are the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

    (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended;

    (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended;

    (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and

    (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 20 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

    (b) Purpose of this list. The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations that enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.

    (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2010). For species not treated by the AOU Check-list, we generally follow The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements 2007).

    (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name.

    ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella

    AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris

    AKEPA, Loxops coccineus

    AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus

    AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi

    AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi

    AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei

    ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana

    Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata

    ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris

    Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes

    Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis

    Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata

    Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus

    Shy, Thalassarche cauta

    Wandering, Diomedea exulans

    Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos

    AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens

    Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis

    Oahu, Hemignathus flavus

    ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga

    ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris

    Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani

    ANIANIAU, Magumma parva

    APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea

    AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus

    Crested, Aethia cristatella

    Least, Aethia pusilla

    Parakeet, Aethia psittacula

    Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata

    Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea

    AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana

    BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis

    Tundra, Anser serrirostris

    BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe

    BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae

    BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus

    Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis

    Least, Ixobrychus exilis

    Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus

    Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis

    BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus

    BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus

    Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus

    Rusty, Euphagus carolinus

    Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis

    Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor

    Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

    Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus

    BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis

    Mountain, Sialia currucoides

    Western, Sialia mexicana

    BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus

    BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica

    BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus Start Printed Page 65851

    BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii

    Brown, Sula leucogaster

    Masked, Sula dactylatra

    Red-footed, Sula sula

    BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla

    BRANT, Branta bernicla

    BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola

    BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula

    Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis

    BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina

    Gray, Emberiza variabilis

    Indigo, Passerina cyanea

    Little, Emberiza pusilla

    Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys

    Lazuli, Passerina amoena

    McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus

    Painted, Passerina ciris

    Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi

    Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos

    Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus

    Rustic, Emberiza rustica

    Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis

    Varied, Passerina versicolor

    Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola

    Yellow-browed, Emberiza chrysophrys

    Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans

    BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus

    CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria

    CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway

    CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis

    CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus

    Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis

    CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris

    Gray, Dumetella carolinensis

    CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs

    CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens

    CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus

    Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus

    Carolina, Poecile carolinensis

    Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens

    Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus

    Mexican, Poecile sclateri

    Mountain, Poecile gambeli

    CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis

    CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus

    COOT, American, Fulica americana

    Caribbean, Fulica caribaea

    Eurasian, Fulica atra

    Hawaiian, Fulica alai

    CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus

    Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus

    Great, Phalacrocorax carbo

    Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

    Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus

    Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus

    Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile

    COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus

    Brown-headed, Molothrus ater

    Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis

    CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex

    Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops

    Spotless, Porzana tabuensis

    Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer

    CRANE, Common, Grus grus

    Sandhill, Grus canadensis

    Whooping, Grus americana

    CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana

    Hawaii, Oreomystis mana

    CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra

    White-winged, Loxia leucoptera

    CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos

    Fish, Corvus ossifragus

    Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis

    Mariana, Corvus kubaryi

    Northwestern, Corvus caurinus

    Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus

    White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus

    CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus

    Common, Cuculus canorus

    Mangrove, Coccyzus minor

    Oriental, Cuculus optatus

    Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus

    CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis

    Eskimo, Numenius borealis

    Eurasian, Numenius arquata

    Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis

    Little, Numenius minutus

    Long-billed, Numenius americanus

    DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana

    DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus

    DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus

    DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca

    Mourning, Zenaida macroura

    White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi

    White-winged, Zenaida asiatica

    Zenaida, Zenaida aurita

    DOVEKIE, Alle alle

    DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus

    Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus

    DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes

    Eastern Spot-billed, Anas zonorhyncha

    Falcated, Anas falcata

    Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus

    Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana

    Laysan, Anas laysanensis

    Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis

    Masked, Nomonyx dominicus

    Mottled, Anas fulvigula

    Muscovy, Cairina moschata

    Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa

    Ring-necked, Aythya collaris

    Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis

    Tufted, Aythya fuligula

    Wood, Aix sponsa

    DUNLIN, Calidris alpina

    EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus

    Golden, Aquila chrysaetos

    White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla

    EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis

    Chinese, Egretta eulophotes

    Great, Ardea alba

    Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia

    Little, Egretta garzetta

    Reddish, Egretta rufescens

    Snowy, Egretta thula

    EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima

    King, Somateria spectabilis

    Spectacled, Somateria fischeri

    Steller's, Polysticta stelleri

    ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica

    Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata

    White-crested, Elaenia albiceps

    EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus

    EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica

    FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis

    Peregrine, Falco peregrinus

    Prairie, Falco mexicanus

    Red-footed, Flaco vespertinus

    FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris

    FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii

    House, Carpodacus mexicanus

    Laysan, Telespiza cantans

    Nihoa, Telespiza ultima

    Purple, Carpodacus purpureus

    FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus ruber

    FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides

    Northern, Colaptes auratus

    FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens

    Alder, Empidonax alnorum

    Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens

    Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica

    Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus

    Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons

    Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis

    Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus

    Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica

    Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri

    Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer

    Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana

    Gray, Empidonax wrightii

    Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta

    Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus

    Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii

    La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae

    Least, Empidonax minimus

    Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki

    Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina

    Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi

    Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi

    Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis

    Piratic, Legatus leucophalus

    Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum

    Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus

    Social, Myiozetetes similis

    Spotted, Muscicapa striata

    Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris

    Taiga, Ficedula albicilla

    Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus

    Variegated, Empidonomus varius

    Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus Start Printed Page 65852

    Willow, Empidonax traillii

    Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris

    FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus

    FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor

    Lesser, Fregata ariel

    Magnificent, Fregata magnificens

    FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis

    FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus

    Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii

    Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla

    FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis

    GADWALL, Anas strepera

    GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris

    Purple, Porphyrio martinica

    GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus

    GARGANEY, Anas querquedula

    GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps

    Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura

    Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea

    California, Polioptila californica

    GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica

    Black-tailed, Limosa limosa

    Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica

    Marbled, Limosa fedoa

    GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica

    European, Pluvialis apricaria

    Pacific, Pluvialis fulva

    GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica

    Common, Bucephala clangula

    GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis

    Lawrence's, Spinus lawrencei

    Lesser, Spinus psaltria

    GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis

    Canada, Branta canadensis (including Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii)

    Emperor, Chen canagica

    Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons

    Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis

    Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus

    Ross's, Chen rossii

    Snow, Chen caerulescens

    GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis

    GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major

    Common, Quiscalus quiscula

    Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus

    Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger

    GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis

    GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor

    Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus

    GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii

    Eared, Podiceps nigricollis

    Horned, Podiceps auritus

    Least, Tachybaptus dominicus

    Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps

    Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena

    Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis

    GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica

    GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia

    Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer

    GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus

    Blue, Passerina caerulea

    Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno

    Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus

    Pine, Pinicola enucleator

    Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus

    Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus

    GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina

    Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi

    Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti

    White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura

    GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle

    Pigeon, Cepphus columba

    GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri

    Black-headed, Chroicocephalus ridibundus

    Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris

    Bonaparte's, Chroicocephalus philadelphia

    California, Larus californicus

    Franklin's, Leucophaeus pipixcan

    Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus

    Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens

    Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus

    Great Black-backed, Larus marinus

    Heermann's, Larus heermanni

    Herring, Larus argentatus

    Iceland, Larus glaucoides

    Ivory, Pagophila eburnea

    Kelp, Larus dominicanus

    Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla

    Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus

    Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus

    Mew, Larus canus

    Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis

    Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea

    Sabine's, Xema sabini

    Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus

    Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus

    Thayer's, Larus thayeri

    Western, Larus occidentalis

    Yellow-footed, Larus livens

    Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis

    GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus

    HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus

    HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes

    HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus

    Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii

    Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens

    Ferruginous, Buteo regalis

    Gray, Buteo nitidus

    Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus

    Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius

    Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus

    Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis

    Roadside, Buteo magnirostris

    Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus

    Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus

    Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus

    Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni

    White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus

    Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus

    HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax

    HAWK-OWL, Brown, Ninox scutulata

    HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea

    Great Blue, Ardea herodias

    Green, Butorides virescens

    Little Blue, Egretta caerulea

    Tricolored, Egretta tricolor

    HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo

    HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops

    HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum

    HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin

    Anna's, Calypte anna

    Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus

    Berylline, Amazilia beryllina

    Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri

    Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae

    Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris

    Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus

    Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis

    Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa

    Calliope, Stellula calliope

    Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila

    Costa's, Calypte costae

    Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer

    Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens

    Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris

    Rufous, Selasphorus rufus

    Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps

    White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis

    Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii

    IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus

    Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber

    White, Eudocimus albus

    White-faced, Plegadis chihi

    IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea

    IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica

    JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria

    JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa

    JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus

    Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus

    Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus

    JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata

    Brown, Psilorhinus morio

    Gray, Perisoreus canadensis

    Green, Cyanocorax yncas

    Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina

    Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

    Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri

    JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis

    Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus

    KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea

    KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus

    KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius

    Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus

    KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus

    KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans

    Couch's, Tyrannus couchii

    Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus

    Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis

    Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus Start Printed Page 65853

    Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris

    Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus

    Western, Tyrannus verticalis

    KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon

    Collared, Todirhamphus chloris

    Green, Chloroceryle americana

    Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus

    Ringed, Megaceryle torquata

    KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa

    Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula

    KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus

    KITE, Black, Milvus migrans

    Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus

    Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis

    Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis

    Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus

    White-tailed, Elanus leucurus

    KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla

    Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris

    KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris

    Red, Calidris canutus

    LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus

    LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris

    Sky, Alauda arvensis

    LEAF-WARBLER, Pallas's, Phylloscopus proregulus

    LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna

    LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti

    LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus

    Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus

    McCown's, Rhynchophanes mccownii

    Smith's, Calcarius pictus

    LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica

    Common, Gavia immer

    Pacific, Gavia pacifica

    Red-throated, Gavia stellata

    Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii

    MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia

    Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli

    MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos

    MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus

    Green, Anthracothorax viridis

    Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii

    MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera

    Caribbean, Progne dominicensis

    Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca

    Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea

    Purple, Progne subis

    Southern, Progne elegans

    MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna

    Western, Sturnella neglecta

    MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser

    Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus

    Red-breasted, Mergus serrator

    MERLIN, Falco columbarius

    MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris

    MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii

    Blue, Melanotis caerulescens

    Northern, Mimus polyglottos

    MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus

    MURRE, Common, Uria aalge

    Thick-billed, Uria lomvia

    MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus

    Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri

    Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris

    Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix

    Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus

    Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus

    NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus

    NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax

    Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi

    Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus

    Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea

    NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii

    Common, Chordeiles minor

    Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis

    NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus

    Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris

    NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi

    Gray, Caprimulgus indicus

    Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus

    NODDY, Black, Anous minutus

    Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea

    Brown, Anous stolidus

    NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus

    NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana

    NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla

    Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea

    Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis

    White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis

    OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis

    OMAO, Myadestes obscurus

    ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis

    Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda

    Baltimore, Icterus galbula

    Black-vented, Icterus wagleri

    Bullock's, Icterus bullockii

    Hooded, Icterus cucullatus

    Orchard, Icterus spurius

    Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis

    Scott's, Icterus parisorum

    Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus

    OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus

    OU, Psittirostra psittacea

    OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla

    OWL, Barn, Tyto alba

    Barred, Strix varia

    Boreal, Aegolius funereus

    Burrowing, Athene cunicularia

    Elf, Micrathene whitneyi

    Flammulated, Otus flammeolus

    Great Gray, Strix nebulosa

    Great Horned, Bubo virginianus

    Long-eared, Asio otus

    Mottled, Ciccaba virgata

    Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula

    Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus

    Short-eared, Asio flammeus

    Snowy, Bubo scandiacus

    Spotted, Strix occidentalis

    Stygian, Asio stygius

    OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus

    Black, Haematopus bachmani

    Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus

    PALILA, Loxioides bailleui

    PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia

    PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys

    PARULA, Northern, Parula americana

    Tropical, Parula pitiayumi

    PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis

    PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

    Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis

    PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow

    Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata

    Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis

    Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca

    Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii

    Cook's, Pterodroma cookii

    Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera

    Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera

    Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis

    Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana

    Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax

    Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa

    Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta

    Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata

    Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima

    Parkinson's, Procellaria parkinsoni

    Phoenix, Pterodroma alba

    Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris

    Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata

    White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis

    PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus

    Greater, Contopus pertinax

    Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis

    Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris

    PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens

    PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius

    Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus

    Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor

    PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans

    Eastern, Sayornis phoebe

    Say's, Sayornis saya

    PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata

    Plain, Patagioenas inornata

    Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris

    Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa

    White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala

    PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta

    White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis

    PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens

    Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni

    Pechora, Anthus gustavi Start Printed Page 65854

    Red-throated, Anthus cervinus

    Sprague's, Anthus spragueii

    Tree, Anthus trivialis

    PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola

    Collared, Charadrius collaris

    Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula

    Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius

    Mountain, Charadrius montanus

    Piping, Charadrius melodus

    Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus

    Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus

    Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia

    POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri

    Common, Aythya ferina

    POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus

    POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii

    POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma

    PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri

    PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica

    Horned, Fratercula corniculata

    Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata

    PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum

    Northern, Glaucidium gnoma

    PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus

    QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea

    Key West, Geotrygon chrysia

    Ruddy, Geotrygon montana

    QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus

    RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis

    Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis

    Clapper, Rallus longirostris

    Guam, Gallirallus owstoni

    King, Rallus elegans

    Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus

    Virginia, Rallus limicola

    Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis

    RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus

    Common, Corvus corax

    RAZORBILL, Alca torda

    REDHEAD, Aythya americana

    REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea

    Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni

    REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus

    REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla

    Painted, Myioborus pictus

    Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus

    REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia

    REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra

    REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis

    ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus

    ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius

    Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus

    Rufous-tailed, Luscinia sibilans

    Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane

    ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, Monticola solitarius

    ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus

    ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata

    Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis

    Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis

    RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope

    RUFF, Philomachus pugnax

    SANDERLING, Calidris alba

    SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii

    Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus

    Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis

    Common, Actitis hypoleucos

    Curlew, Calidris ferruginea

    Green, Tringa ochropus

    Least, Calidris minutilla

    Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis

    Pectoral, Calidris melanotos

    Purple, Calidris maritima

    Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis

    Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla

    Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata

    Solitary, Tringa solitaria

    Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus

    Spotted, Actitis macularius

    Stilt, Calidris himantopus

    Terek, Xenus cinereus

    Upland, Bartramia longicauda

    Western, Calidris mauri

    White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis

    Wood, Tringa glareola

    SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii

    Lesser, Charadrius mongolus

    SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber

    Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis

    Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus

    Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius

    SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila

    Lesser, Aythya affinis

    SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia

    SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana

    Surf, Melanitta perspicillata

    White-winged, Melanitta fusca

    SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio

    Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes

    Western, Megascops kennicottii

    Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis

    SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens

    Island, Aphelocoma insularis

    Western, Aphelocoma californica

    SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus

    SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola

    SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri

    Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas

    Buller's, Puffinus bulleri

    Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii

    Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis

    Cory's, Calonectris diomedea

    Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes

    Great, Puffinus gravis

    Little, Puffinus assimilis

    Manx, Puffinus puffinus

    Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus

    Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris

    Sooty, Puffinus griseus

    Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas

    Townsend's, Puffinus auricularis

    Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus

    SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata

    SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus

    Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus

    Northern, Lanius excubitor

    SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus

    SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus

    Pine, Spinus pinus

    SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger

    SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua

    South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki

    SMEW, Mergellus albellus

    SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago

    Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus

    Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura

    Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala

    Wilson's, Gallinago delicata

    SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi

    SORA, Porzana carolina

    SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella arborea

    Bachman's, Peucaea aestivalis

    Baird's, Ammodramus bairdii

    Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis

    Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata

    Botteri's, Peucaea botterii

    Brewer's, Spizella breweri

    Cassin's, Peucaea cassinii

    Chipping, Spizella passerina

    Clay-colored, Spizella pallida

    Field, Spizella pusilla

    Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata

    Fox, Passerella iliaca

    Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla

    Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum

    Harris's, Zonotrichia querula

    Henslow's, Ammodramus henslowii

    Lark, Chondestes grammacus

    Le Conte's, Ammodramus leconteii

    Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii

    Nelson's, Ammodramus nelsoni

    Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus

    Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps

    Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis

    Sage, Amphispiza belli

    Saltmarsh, Ammodramus caudacutus

    Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis

    Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus

    Song, Melospiza melodia

    Swamp, Melospiza georgiana

    Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus

    White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys

    White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis

    Worthen's, Spizella wortheni

    SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter gularis

    SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis Start Printed Page 65855

    Western, Spindalis zena

    SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja

    STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis

    White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus

    STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii

    STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus

    Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus

    STINT, Little, Calidris minuta

    Long-toed, Calidris subminuta

    Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis

    Temminck's, Calidris temminckii

    STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus

    STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana

    STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma homochroa

    Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro

    Black, Oceanodroma melania

    Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica

    Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata

    Leach's, Oceanodroma leucorhoa

    Least, Oceanodroma microsoma

    Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae

    Polynesian, Nesofregetta fuliginosa

    Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi

    Swinhoe's, Oceanodroma monorhis

    Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami

    Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys

    White-faced, Pelagodroma marina

    White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria

    Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus

    SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata

    SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis

    Bank, Riparia riparia

    Barn, Hirundo rustica

    Cave, Petrochelidon fulva

    Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

    Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea

    Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis

    Tree, Tachycineta bicolor

    Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina

    SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio

    SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator

    Tundra, Cygnus columbianus

    Whooper, Cygnus cygnus

    SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba

    Black, Cypseloides niger

    Chimney, Chaetura pelagica

    Common, Apus apus

    Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus

    Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura

    Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi

    White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris

    White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis

    SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi

    White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius

    TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata

    Hepatic, Piranga flava

    Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus

    Scarlet, Piranga olivacea

    Summer, Piranga rubra

    Western, Piranga ludoviciana

    TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes

    Wandering, Tringa incana

    TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa

    Blue-winged, Anas discors

    Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera

    Green-winged, Anas crecca

    TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus

    Arctic, Sterna paradisaea

    Black, Chlidonias niger

    Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana

    Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus

    Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia

    Common, Sterna hirundo

    Elegant, Thalasseus elegans

    Forster's, Sterna forsteri

    Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus

    Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii

    Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica

    Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex

    Least, Sternula antillarum

    Little, Sternula albifrons

    Roseate, Sterna dougallii

    Royal, Thalesseus maximus

    Sandwich, Thalesseus sandvicensis

    Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus

    Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida

    White, Gygis alba

    White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus

    THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei

    Brown, Toxostoma rufum

    California, Toxostoma redivivum

    Crissal, Toxostoma crissale

    Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre

    Le Conte's, Toxostoma lecontei

    Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre

    Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus

    Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus

    THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola

    Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli

    Clay-colored, Turdus grayi

    Dusky, Turdus naumanni

    Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus

    Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus

    Hermit, Catharus guttatus

    Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus

    Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus

    Varied, Ixoreus naevius

    White-throated, Turdus assimilis

    Wood, Hylocichla mustelina

    TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus

    Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi

    Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi

    Oak, Baeolophus inornatus

    Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor

    TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata

    TOWHEE, Abert's, Melozone aberti

    California, Melozone crissalis

    Canyon, Melozone fusca

    Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus

    Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus

    Spotted, Pipilo maculatus

    TROGON, Elegant, Trogon elegans

    TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus

    Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda

    White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus

    TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala

    Ruddy, Arenaria interpres

    TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis

    VEERY, Catharus fuscescens

    VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps

    VIOLETEAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus

    VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii

    Black-capped, Vireo atricapilla

    Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus

    Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius

    Cassin's, Vireo cassinii

    Gray, Vireo vicinior

    Hutton's, Vireo huttoni

    Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus

    Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus

    Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri

    Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus

    Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris

    Warbling, Vireo gilvus

    White-eyed, Vireo griseus

    Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis

    Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons

    Yucatan, Vireo magister

    VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus

    Turkey, Cathartes aura

    WAGTAIL, Citrine, Motacilla citreola

    Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis

    Gray, Motacilla cinerea

    White, Motacilla alba

    WARBLER, Adelaide's, Dendroica adelaidae

    Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis

    Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii

    Bay-breasted, Dendroica castanea

    Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia

    Black-throated Blue, Dendroica caerulescens

    Black-throated Gray, Dendroica nigrescens

    Black-throated Green, Dendroica virens

    Blackburnian, Dendroica fusca

    Blackpoll, Dendroica striata

    Blue-winged, Vermivora cyanoptera

    Canada, Wilsonia canadensis

    Cape May, Dendroica tigrina

    Cerulean, Dendroica cerulea

    Chestnut-sided, Dendroica pensylvanica

    Colima, Oreothlypis crissalis

    Connecticut, Oporornis agilis

    Crescent-chested, Oreothlypis superciliosa

    Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus

    Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae

    Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa

    Golden-cheeked, Dendroica chrysoparia

    Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus

    Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera Start Printed Page 65856

    Grace's, Dendroica graciae

    Hermit, Dendroica occidentalis

    Hooded, Wilsonia citrina

    Kentucky, Oporornis formosus

    Kirtland's, Dendroica kirtlandii

    Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata

    Lucy's, Oreothlypis luciae

    MacGillivray's, Oporornis tolmiei

    Magnolia, Dendroica magnolia

    Mourning, Oporornis philadelphia

    Nashville, Oreothlypis ruficapilla

    Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus

    Orange-crowned, Oreothlypis celata

    Palm, Dendroica palmarum

    Pine, Dendroica pinus

    Prairie, Dendroica discolor

    Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea

    Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons

    Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons

    Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

    Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii

    Tennessee, Oreothlypis peregrina

    Townsend's, Dendroica townsendi

    Virginia's, Oreothlypis virginiae

    Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus

    Wilson's, Wilsonia pusilla

    Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix

    Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum

    Yellow, Dendroica petechia

    Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus

    Yellow-rumped, Dendroica coronata

    Yellow-throated, Dendroica dominica

    WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia motacilla

    Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis

    WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus

    Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum

    WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe

    WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus

    WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, Caprimulgus vociferus

    Mexican, Caprimulgus arizonae

    WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis

    Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor

    West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea

    WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca

    WIGEON, American, Anas americana

    Eurasian, Anas penelope

    WILLET, Tringa semipalmata

    WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens

    Western, Contopus sordidulus

    WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor

    Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola

    WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus

    American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis

    Arizona, Picoides arizonae

    Black-backed, Picoides arcticus

    Downy, Picoides pubescens

    Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis

    Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons

    Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major

    Hairy, Picoides villosus

    Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis

    Ladder-backed, Picoides scalaris

    Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis

    Nuttall's, Picoides nuttallii

    Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus

    Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis

    Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus

    Red-cockaded, Picoides borealis

    Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus

    White-headed, Picoides albolarvatus

    WOODSTAR, Bahama, Calliphlox evelynae

    WREN, Bewick's Thryomanes bewickii

    Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

    Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus

    Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus

    House, Troglodytes aedon

    Marsh, Cistothorus palustris

    Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus

    Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus

    Sedge, Cistothorus platensis

    Sinaloa, Thryothorus sinaloa

    Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis

    WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata

    WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla

    YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca

    Lesser, Tringa flavipes

    YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas

    Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala

    (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.

    Order ANSERIFORMES

    Family ANATIDAE

    Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE

    Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck

    Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck

    Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck

    Subfamily ANSERINAE

    Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose

    Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose

    Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose

    Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose

    Chen canagica, Emperor Goose

    Chen caerulescens, Snow Goose

    Chen rossii, Ross's Goose

    Branta bernicla, Brant

    Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose

    Branta canadensis, Canada Goose (including Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose)

    Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose

    Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan

    Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan

    Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan

    Subfamily ANATINAE

    Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck

    Aix sponsa, Wood Duck

    Anas strepera, Gadwall

    Anas falcata, Falcated Duck

    Anas penelope, Eurasian Wigeon

    Anas americana, American Wigeon

    Anas rubripes, American Black Duck

    Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard

    Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck

    Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck

    Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck

    Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spot-billed Duck

    Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck

    Anas discors, Blue-winged Teal

    Anas cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal

    Anas clypeata, Northern Shoveler

    Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail

    Anas acuta, Northern Pintail

    Anas querquedula, Garganey

    Anas formosa, Baikal Teal

    Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal

    Aythya valisineria, Canvasback

    Aythya americana, Redhead

    Aythya ferina, Common Pochard

    Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard

    Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck

    Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck

    Aythya marila, Greater Scaup

    Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup

    Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider

    Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider

    Somateria spectabilis, King Eider

    Somateria mollissima, Common Eider

    Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck

    Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter

    Melanitta fusca, White-winged Scoter

    Melanitta americana, Black Scoter

    Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck

    Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead

    Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye

    Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye

    Mergellus albellus, Smew

    Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser

    Mergus merganser, Common Merganser

    Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser

    Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck

    Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck

    Order GAVIIFORMES

    Family GAVIIDAE

    Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon

    Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon

    Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon

    Gavia immer, Common Loon

    Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon

    Order PODICIPEDIFORMES

    Family PODICIPEDIDAEStart Printed Page 65857

    Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe

    Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe

    Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe

    Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe

    Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe

    Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe

    Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe

    Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES

    Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE

    Phoenicopterus ruber, American Flamingo

    Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

    Family DIOMEDEIDAE

    Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross

    Thalassarche cauta, Shy Albatross

    Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross

    Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross

    Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross

    Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross

    Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross

    Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross

    Family PROCELLARIIDAE

    Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar

    Pterodroma macroptera, Great-winged Petrel

    Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel

    Pterodroma arminjoniana, Herald Petrel

    Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel

    Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel

    Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel

    Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel

    Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel

    Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel

    Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel

    Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel

    Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel

    Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel

    Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's Petrel

    Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel

    Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel

    Pterodroma rostrata, Tahiti Petrel

    Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel

    Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel

    Procellaria parkinsoni, Parkinson's Petrel

    Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater

    Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater

    Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater

    Puffinus creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater

    Puffinus carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater

    Puffinus gravis, Great Shearwater

    Puffinus pacificus, Wedge-tailed Shearwater

    Puffinus bulleri, Buller's Shearwater

    Puffinus griseus, Sooty Shearwater

    Puffinus tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater

    Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater

    Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater

    Puffinus auricularis, Townsend's Shearwater

    Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater

    Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater

    Puffinus assimilis, Little Shearwater

    Family HYDROBATIDAE

    Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel

    Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel

    Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel

    Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel

    Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma furcata, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma hornbyi, Ringed Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma monorhis, Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma melania, Black Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel

    Oceanodroma microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel

    Order PHAETHONTIFORMES

    Family PHAETHONTIDAE

    Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird

    Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird

    Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird

    Order CICONIIFORMES

    Family CICONIIDAE

    Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru

    Mycteria americana, Wood Stork

    Order SULIFORMES

    Family FREGATIDAE

    Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird

    Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird

    Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird

    Family SULIDAE

    Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby

    Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby

    Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby

    Sula sula, Red-footed Booby

    Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet

    Family PHALACROCORACIDAE

    Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant

    Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant

    Family ANHINGIDAE

    Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga

    Order PELECANIFORMES

    Family PELECANIDAE

    Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican

    Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican

    Family ARDEIDAE

    Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern

    Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern

    Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern

    Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern

    Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern

    Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron

    Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron

    Ardea alba, Great Egret

    Mesophoyx intermedia, Intermediate Egret

    Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret

    Egretta garzetta, Little Egret

    Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Egret

    Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron

    Egretta thula, Snowy Egret

    Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron

    Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron

    Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret

    Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret

    Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron

    Butorides virescens, Green Heron

    Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron

    Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron

    Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron

    Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron

    Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE

    Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE

    Eudocimus albus, White Ibis

    Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis

    Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis

    Plegadis chihi, White-faced IbisStart Printed Page 65858

    Subfamily PLATALEINAE

    Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill

    Order ACCIPITRIFORMES

    Family CATHARTIDAE

    Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture

    Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture

    Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor

    Family PANDIONIDAE

    Pandion haliaetus, Osprey

    Family ACCIPITRIDAE

    Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite

    Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite

    Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite

    Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite

    Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite

    Milvus migrans, Black Kite

    Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle

    Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle

    Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle

    Circus cyaneus, Northern Harrier

    Accipiter soloensis, Gray Frog-Hawk

    Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk

    Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk

    Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk

    Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk

    Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk

    Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black-Hawk

    Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk

    Buteo magnirostris, Roadside Hawk

    Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk

    Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk

    Buteo nitidus, Gray Hawk

    Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk

    Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk

    Buteo albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk

    Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk

    Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk

    Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk

    Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk

    Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk

    Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle

    Order FALCONIFORMES

    Family FALCONIDAE

    Subfamily MICRASTURINAE

    Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon

    Subfamily CARACARINAE

    Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara

    Subfamily FALCONINAE

    Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel

    Falco sparverius, American Kestrel

    Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon

    Falco columbarius, Merlin

    Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby

    Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon

    Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon

    Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon

    Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon

    Order GRUIFORMES

    Family RALLIDAE

    Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail

    Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail

    Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail

    Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail

    Crex crex, Corn Crake

    Rallus longirostris, Clapper Rail

    Rallus elegans, King Rail

    Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail

    Porzana carolina, Sora

    Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake

    Porzana flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake

    Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake

    Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail

    Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen

    Porphyrio martinica, Purple Gallinule

    Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule

    Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen

    Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot

    Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot

    Fulica americana, American Coot

    Fulica caribaea, Caribbean Coot

    Family ARAMIDAE

    Aramus guarauna, Limpkin

    Family GRUIDAE

    Grus canadensis, Sandhill Crane

    Grus grus, Common Crane

    Grus americana, Whooping Crane

    Order CHARADRIIFORMES

    Family CHARADRIIDAE

    Subfamily VANELLINAE

    Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing

    Subfamily CHARADRIINAE

    Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover

    Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden-Plover

    Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover

    Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover

    Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover

    Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover

    Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover

    Charadrius alexandrinus, Snowy Plover

    Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover

    Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover

    Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover

    Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover

    Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover

    Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer

    Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover

    Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel

    Family HAEMATOPODIDAE

    Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher

    Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher

    Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher

    Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE

    Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt

    Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt

    Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet

    Family JACANIDAE

    Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana

    Family SCOLOPACIDAE

    Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE

    Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper

    Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper

    Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper

    Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper

    Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper

    Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler

    Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler

    Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank

    Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs

    Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank

    Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank

    Tringa semipalmata, Willet

    Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs

    Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper

    Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper

    Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper

    Numenius minutus, Little Curlew

    Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew

    Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel

    Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew

    Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew

    Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew

    Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew

    Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit

    Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit

    Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit

    Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit

    Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone

    Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone

    Aphriza virgata, Surfbird

    Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot

    Calidris canutus, Red Knot

    Calidris alba, Sanderling

    Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper

    Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper

    Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint

    Calidris minuta, Little Stint

    Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint

    Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint

    Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper

    Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Start Printed Page 65859Sandpiper

    Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper

    Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper

    Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper

    Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper

    Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper

    Calidris alpina, Dunlin

    Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper

    Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper

    Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Spoon-billed Sandpiper

    Limicola falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper

    Tryngites subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper

    Philomachus pugnax, Ruff

    Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher

    Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher

    Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe

    Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe

    Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe

    Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe

    Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe

    Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock

    Scolopax minor, American Woodcock

    Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE

    Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope

    Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope

    Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope

    Family LARIDAE

    Subfamily LARINAE

    Creagrus furcatus, Swallow-tailed Gull

    Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake

    Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake

    Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull

    Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull

    Chroicocephalus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull

    Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull

    Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull

    Hydrocoloeus minutus, Little Gull

    Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull

    Leucophaeus atricilla, Laughing Gull

    Leucophaeus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull

    Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull

    Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull

    Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull

    Larus canus, Mew Gull

    Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull

    Larus occidentalis, Western Gull

    Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull

    Larus californicus, California Gull

    Larus argentatus, Herring Gull

    Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull

    Larus thayeri, Thayer's Gull

    Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull

    Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull

    Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull

    Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull

    Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull

    Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull

    Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull

    Subfamily STERNINAE

    Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy

    Anous minutus, Black Noddy

    Procelsterna cerulea, Blue-gray Noddy

    Gygis alba, White Tern

    Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern

    Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern

    Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern

    Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern

    Sternula albifrons, Little Tern

    Sternula antillarum, Least Tern

    Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern

    Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern

    Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern

    Chlidonias niger, Black Tern

    Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern

    Chlidonias hybridus, Whiskered Tern

    Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern

    Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern

    Sterna hirundo, Common Tern

    Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern

    Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern

    Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern

    Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern

    Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern

    Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern

    Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE

    Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer

    Family STERCORARIIDAE

    Stercorarius skua, Great Skua

    Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua

    Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger

    Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger

    Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger

    Family ALCIDAE

    Alle alle, Dovekie

    Uria aalge, Common Murre

    Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre

    Alca torda, Razorbill

    Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot

    Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot

    Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet

    Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet

    Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet

    Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Xantus's Murrelet

    Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet

    Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet

    Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet

    Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet

    Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet

    Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet

    Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet

    Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet

    Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin

    Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin

    Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin

    Order COLUMBIFORMES

    Family COLUMBIDAE

    Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon

    Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon

    Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon

    Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon

    Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon

    Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove

    Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove

    Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove

    Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove

    Columbina inca, Inca Dove

    Columbina passerina, Common Ground-Dove

    Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground-Dove

    Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove

    Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove

    Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove

    Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove

    Gallicolumba xanthonura, White-throated Ground-Dove

    Gallicolumba stairi, Friendly Ground-Dove

    Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove

    Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove

    Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove

    Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon

    Order CUCULIFORMES

    Family CUCULIDAE

    Subfamily CUCULINAE

    Cuculus fugax, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo

    Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo

    Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo

    Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo

    Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo

    Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo

    Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-CuckooStart Printed Page 65860

    Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE

    Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner

    Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE

    Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani

    Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani

    Order STRIGIFORMES

    Family TYTONIDAE

    Tyto alba, Barn Owl

    Family STRIGIDAE

    Otus flammeolus, Flammulated Owl

    Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl

    Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl

    Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl

    Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl

    Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl

    Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl

    Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl

    Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl

    Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl

    Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl

    Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl

    Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl

    Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl

    Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl

    Strix varia, Barred Owl

    Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl

    Asio otus, Long-eared Owl

    Asio stygius, Stygian Owl

    Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl

    Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl

    Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl

    Ninox scutulata, Brown Hawk-Owl

    Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES

    Family CAPRIMULGIDAE

    Subfamily CHORDEILINAE

    Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk

    Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk

    Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk

    Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE

    Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque

    Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill

    Caprimulgus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow

    Caprimulgus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar

    Caprimulgus vociferus, Eastern Whip-poor-will

    Caprimulgus arizonae, Mexican Whip-poor-will

    Caprimulgus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar

    Caprimulgus indicus, Gray Nightjar

    Order APODIFORMES

    Family APODIDAE

    Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE

    Cypseloides niger, Black Swift

    Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift

    Subfamily CHAETURINAE

    Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift

    Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift

    Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift

    Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail

    Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet

    Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet

    Subfamily APODINAE

    Apus apus, Common Swift

    Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift

    Apus melba, Alpine Swift

    Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift

    Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift

    Family TROCHILIDAE

    Subfamily TROCHILINAE

    Colibri thalassinus, Green Violetear

    Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango

    Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango

    Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango

    Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib

    Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib

    Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird

    Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald

    Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird

    Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird

    Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird

    Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird

    Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird

    Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird

    Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird

    Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Hummingbird

    Eugenes fulgens, Magnificent Hummingbird

    Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat

    Calliphlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar

    Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird

    Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird

    Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird

    Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird

    Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird

    Stellula calliope, Calliope Hummingbird

    Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird

    Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird

    Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird

    Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird

    Order TROGONIFORMES

    Family TROGONIDAE

    Subfamily TROGONINAE

    Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon

    Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzel

    Order UPUPIFORMES

    Family UPUPIDAE

    Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe

    Order CORACIIFORMES

    Family ALCEDINIDAE

    Subfamily HALCYONINAE

    Todirhamphus cinnamominus, Micronesian Kingfisher

    Todirhamphus chloris, Collared Kingfisher

    Subfamily CERYLINAE

    Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher

    Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher

    Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher

    Order PICIFORMES

    Family PICIDAE

    Subfamily JYNGINAE

    Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck

    Subfamily PICINAE

    Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker

    Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker

    Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker

    Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker

    Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker

    Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker

    Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker

    Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker

    Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

    Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker

    Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker

    Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker

    Picoides scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker

    Picoides nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker

    Picoides pubescens, Downy Woodpecker

    Picoides villosus, Hairy Woodpecker

    Picoides arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker

    Picoides borealis, Red-cockaded WoodpeckerStart Printed Page 65861

    Picoides albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker

    Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker

    Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker

    Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker

    Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker

    Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker

    Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker

    Order PASSERIFORMES

    Family TYRANNIDAE

    Subfamily ELAENIINAE

    Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet

    Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia

    Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia

    Elaenia albiceps, White-crested Eleania

    Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE

    Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher

    Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher

    Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee

    Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee

    Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee

    Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee

    Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee

    Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee

    Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher

    Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher

    Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher

    Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher

    Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher

    Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher

    Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher

    Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher

    Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher

    Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher

    Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher

    Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe

    Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe

    Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe

    Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher

    Subfamily TYRANNINAE

    Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher

    Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher

    Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher

    Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher

    Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher

    Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher

    Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher

    Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee

    Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher

    Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

    Legatus leucophalus, Piratic Flycatcher

    Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher

    Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus, Crowned Slaty Flycatcher

    Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird

    Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird

    Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird

    Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird

    Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird

    Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird

    Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird

    Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird

    Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher

    Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher

    Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard

    Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra

    Family LANIIDAE

    Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike

    Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike

    Lanius excubitor, Northern Shrike

    Family VIREONIDAE

    Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo

    Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo

    Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo

    Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo

    Vireo atricapilla, Black-capped Vireo

    Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo

    Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo

    Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo

    Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo

    Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo

    Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo

    Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo

    Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo

    Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo

    Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo

    Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo

    Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo

    Family CORVIDAE

    Perisoreus canadensis, Gray Jay

    Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay

    Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay

    Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay

    Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay

    Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay

    Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay

    Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay

    Aphelocoma californica, Western Scrub-Jay

    Aphelocoma ultramarina, Mexican Jay

    Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker

    Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie

    Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie

    Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow

    Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow

    Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow

    Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow

    Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow

    Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow

    Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow

    Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven

    Corvus corax, Common Raven

    Family ALAUDIDAE

    Alauda arvensis, Sky Lark

    Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark

    Family HIRUNDINIDAE

    Subfamily HIRUNDININAE

    Progne subis, Purple Martin

    Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin

    Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin

    Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin

    Progne elegans, Southern Martin

    Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin

    Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow

    Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow

    Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow

    Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow

    Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern Rough-winged Swallow

    Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow

    Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow

    Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow

    Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow

    Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin

    Family PARIDAE

    Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee

    Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee

    Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee

    Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee

    Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee

    Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee

    Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed Chickadee

    Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled TitmouseStart Printed Page 65862

    Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse

    Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse

    Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse

    Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse

    Family REMIZIDAE

    Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin

    Family AEGITHALIDAE

    Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit

    Family SITTIDAE

    Subfamily SITTINAE

    Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch

    Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch

    Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch

    Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch

    Family CERTHIIDAE

    Subfamily CERTHIINAE

    Certhia americana, Brown Creeper

    Family TROGLODYTIDAE

    Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren

    Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren

    Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren

    Thryothorus sinaloa, Sinaloa Wren

    Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren

    Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren

    Troglodytes aedon, House Wren

    Troglodytes pacificus, Pacific Wren

    Troglodytes hiemalis, Winter Wren

    Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren

    Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren

    Family POLIOPTILIDAE

    Polioptila caerulea, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher

    Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher

    Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher

    Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher

    Family CINCLIDAE

    Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper

    Family REGULIDAE

    Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet

    Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet

    Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE

    Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler

    Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Warbler

    Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler

    Phylloscopus proregulus, Pallas's Leaf-Warbler

    Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow-browed Warbler

    Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler

    Family SYLVIIDAE

    Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat

    Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit

    Family ACROCEPHALIDAE

    Acrocephalus luscinia, Nightingale Reed-Warbler

    Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird

    Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge Warbler

    Family MEGALURIDAE

    Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler

    Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Warbler

    Family MUSCICAPIDAE

    Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher

    Ficedula mugimaki, Mugimaki Flycatcher

    Ficedula albicilla, Taiga Flycatcher

    Muscicapa sibirica, Dark-sided Flycatcher

    Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher

    Muscicapa dauurica, Asian Brown Flycatcher

    Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher

    Family TURDIDAE

    Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock-Thrush

    Luscinia sibilans, Rufous-tailed Robin

    Luscinia calliope, Siberian Rubythroat

    Luscinia svecica, Bluethroat

    Luscinia cyane, Siberian Blue Robin

    Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail

    Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear

    Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat

    Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird

    Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird

    Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird

    Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire

    Myadestes myadestinus, Kamao

    Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao

    Myadestes obscurus, Omao

    Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi

    Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush

    Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush

    Catharus fuscescens, Veery

    Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush

    Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush

    Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush

    Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush

    Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush

    Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush

    Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush

    Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare

    Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Thrush

    Turdus assimilis, White-throated Thrush

    Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin

    Turdus migratorius, American Robin

    Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush

    Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush

    Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush

    Family MIMIDAE

    Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird

    Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird

    Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird

    Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird

    Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher

    Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher

    Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher

    Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher

    Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher

    Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher

    Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher

    Toxostoma lecontei, Le Conte's Thrasher

    Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird

    Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher

    Family STURNIDAE

    Sturnus philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling

    Sturnus cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling

    Family PRUNELLIDAE

    Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor

    Family MOTACILLIDAE

    Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail

    Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail

    Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail

    Motacilla alba, White Wagtail

    Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit

    Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit

    Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit

    Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit

    Anthus rubescens, American Pipit

    Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit

    Family BOMBYCILLIDAE

    Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing

    Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing

    Family PTILOGONATIDAE

    Ptilogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher

    Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla

    Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE

    Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler

    Family CALCARIIDAE

    Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur

    Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur

    Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur

    Rhynchophanes mccownii, McCown's Longspur

    Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting

    Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting

    Family PARULIDAE

    Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler

    Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged Start Printed Page 65863Warbler

    Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler

    Oreothlypis peregrina, Tennessee Warbler

    Oreothlypis celata, Orange-crowned Warbler

    Oreothlypis ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler

    Oreothlypis virginiae, Virginia's Warbler

    Oreothlypis crissalis, Colima Warbler

    Oreothlypis luciae, Lucy's Warbler

    Oreothlypis superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler

    Parula americana, Northern Parula

    Parula pitiayumi, Tropical Parula

    Dendroica petechia, Yellow Warbler

    Dendroica pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler

    Dendroica magnolia, Magnolia Warbler

    Dendroica tigrina, Cape May Warbler

    Dendroica caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler

    Dendroica coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler

    Dendroica nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler

    Dendroica chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler

    Dendroica virens, Black-throated Green Warbler

    Dendroica townsendi, Townsend's Warbler

    Dendroica occidentalis, Hermit Warbler

    Dendroica fusca, Blackburnian Warbler

    Dendroica dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler

    Dendroica graciae, Grace's Warbler

    Dendroica adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler

    Dendroica pinus, Pine Warbler

    Dendroica kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler

    Dendroica discolor, Prairie Warbler

    Dendroica palmarum, Palm Warbler

    Dendroica castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler

    Dendroica striata, Blackpoll Warbler

    Dendroica cerulea, Cerulean Warbler

    Dendroica angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler

    Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler

    Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart

    Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler

    Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm-eating Warbler

    Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler

    Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird

    Parkesia noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush

    Parkesia motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush

    Oporornis formosus, Kentucky Warbler

    Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler

    Oporornis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler

    Oporornis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler

    Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat

    Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat

    Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler

    Wilsonia pusilla, Wilson's Warbler

    Wilsonia canadensis, Canada Warbler

    Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler

    Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart

    Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart

    Euthlypis lachrymosa, Fan-tailed Warbler

    Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler

    Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler

    Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat

    Family THRAUPIDAE

    Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager

    Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis

    Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis

    Family EMBERIZIDAE

    Sporophila torqueola, White-collared Seedeater

    Tiaris olivaceus, Yellow-faced Grassquit

    Tiaris bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit

    Loxigilla portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch

    Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow

    Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee

    Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee

    Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee

    Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow

    Melozone fusca, Canyon Towhee

    Melozone crissalis, California Towhee

    Melozone aberti, Abert's Towhee

    Peucaea carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow

    Peucaea botterii, Botteri's Sparrow

    Peucaea cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow

    Peucaea aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow

    Spizella arborea, American Tree Sparrow

    Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow

    Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow

    Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow

    Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow

    Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow

    Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow

    Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow

    Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow

    Amphispiza quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow

    Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow

    Amphispiza belli, Sage Sparrow

    Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting

    Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow

    Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow

    Ammodramus bairdii, Baird's Sparrow

    Ammodramus henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow

    Ammodramus leconteii, Le Conte's Sparrow

    Ammodramus nelsoni, Nelson's Sparrow

    Ammodramus caudacutus, Saltmarsh Sparrow

    Ammodramus maritimus, Seaside Sparrow

    Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow

    Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow

    Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow

    Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow

    Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow

    Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow

    Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow

    Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow

    Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco

    Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco

    Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting

    Emberiza chrysophrys, Yellow-browed Bunting

    Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting

    Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting

    Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting

    Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting

    Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting

    Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting

    Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting

    Family CARDINALIDAE

    Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager

    Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager

    Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager

    Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager

    Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager

    Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak

    Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal

    Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia

    Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak

    Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak

    Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed GrosbeakStart Printed Page 65864

    Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting

    Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak

    Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting

    Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting

    Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting

    Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting

    Spiza americana, Dickcissel

    Family ICTERIDAE

    Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink

    Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird

    Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird

    Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird

    Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird

    Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark

    Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark

    Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird

    Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird

    Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird

    Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle

    Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle

    Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle

    Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle

    Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird

    Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird

    Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird

    Icterus portoricensis, Puerto Rican Oriole

    Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole

    Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole

    Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole

    Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole

    Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole

    Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole

    Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole

    Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole

    Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole

    Family FRINGILLIDAE

    Subfamily FRINGILLINAE

    Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch

    Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling

    Subfamily EUPHONIINAE

    Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia

    Subfamily CARDUELINAE

    Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch

    Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch

    Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch

    Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak

    Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch

    Carpodacus purpureus, Purple Finch

    Carpodacus cassinii, Cassin's Finch

    Carpodacus mexicanus, House Finch

    Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill

    Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill

    Acanthis flammea, Common Redpoll

    Acanthis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll

    Spinus spinus, Eurasian Siskin

    Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin

    Spinus psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch

    Spinus lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch

    Spinus tristis, American Goldfinch

    Chloris sinica, Oriental Greenfinch

    Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch

    Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak

    Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch

    Subfamily DREPANIDINAE

    Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch

    Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch

    Psittirostra psittacea, Ou

    Loxioides bailleui, Palila

    Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill

    Hemignathus virens, Hawaii Amakihi

    Hemignathus flavus, Oahu Amakihi

    Hemignathus kauaiensis, Kauai Amakihi

    Hemignathus ellisianus, Greater Akialoa

    Hemignathus lucidus, Nukupuu

    Hemignathus munroi, Akiapolaau

    Magumma parva, Anianiau

    Oreomystis bairdi, Akikiki

    Oreomystis mana, Hawaii Creeper

    Paroreomyza maculata, Oahu Alauahio

    Paroreomyza flammea, Kakawahie

    Paroreomyza montana, Maui Alauahio

    Loxops caeruleirostris, Akekee

    Loxops coccineus, Akepa

    Vestiaria coccinea, Iiwi

    Palmeria dolei, Akohekohe

    Himatione sanguinea, Apapane

    Melamprosops phaeosoma, Poo-uli

    Start Part

    PART 21—[AMENDED]

    End Part Start Amendment Part

    3. Revise the authority citation for part 21 to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part Start Authority

    Authority: Pub. L. 65-186, 40 Stat. 755 (1918) (16 U.S.C. 703-712), as amended.

    End Authority
    [Amended]
    Start Amendment Part

    4. In § 21.3, amend the definition of “Raptor” by adding the words “the Order Accipitriformes,” immediately before the words “the Order Falconiformes” and adding a comma after “Falconiformes”.

    End Amendment Part Start Signature

    Dated: September 17, 2013.

    Michael J. Bean,

    Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.

    End Signature End Supplemental Information

    [FR Doc. 2013-26061 Filed 10-31-13; 8:45 am]

    BILLING CODE 4310-55-P

Document Information

Effective Date:
12/2/2013
Published:
11/01/2013
Department:
Fish and Wildlife Service
Entry Type:
Rule
Action:
Final rule.
Document Number:
2013-26061
Dates:
This rule is effective December 2, 2013.
Pages:
65843-65864 (22 pages)
Docket Numbers:
Docket No. FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088, FF09M21200-134-FXMB1231099BPP0
RINs:
1018-AX48: Migratory Bird Management; Revising the List of Migratory Bird Species Protected Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
RIN Links:
https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/1018-AX48/migratory-bird-management-revising-the-list-of-migratory-bird-species-protected-under-the-migratory-
Topics:
Exports, Fish, Hunting, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation, Wildlife
PDF File:
2013-26061.pdf
CFR: (2)
50 CFR 10.13
50 CFR 21.3