98-33120. Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions  

  • [Federal Register Volume 63, Number 241 (Wednesday, December 16, 1998)]
    [Rules and Regulations]
    [Pages 69200-69205]
    From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
    [FR Doc No: 98-33120]
    
    
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    ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    
    40 CFR Part 180
    
    [OPP-300762; FRL-6048-1]
    RIN 2070-AB78
    
    
    Bifenthrin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions
    
    AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
    
    ACTION: Final rule.
    
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    SUMMARY: This regulation establishes time-limited tolerances for 
    residues of bifenthrin in or on citrus, whole fruit; citrus oil; and 
    citrus dried pulp. This action is in response to EPA's granting of an 
    emergency exemption under section 18 of the Federal Insecticide, 
    Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act authorizing use of the pesticide 
    bifenthrin on citrus. This regulation establishes a maximum permissible 
    level for residues of bifenthrin in this food commodity pursuant to 
    section 408(l)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as 
    amended by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The tolerance will 
    expire and is revoked on December 31, 2000.
    
    DATES: This regulation is effective December 16, 1998. Objections and 
    requests for hearings must be received by EPA on or before February 16, 
    1999.
    
    ADDRESSES: Written objections and hearing requests, identified by the 
    docket control number, [OPP-300762], must be submitted to: Hearing 
    Clerk (1900), Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. M3708, 401 M St., 
    SW., Washington, DC 20460. Fees accompanying objections and hearing 
    requests shall be labeled ``Tolerance Petition Fees'' and forwarded to: 
    EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, OPP (Tolerance Fees), 
    P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. A copy of any objections and 
    hearing requests filed with the Hearing Clerk identified by the docket 
    control number, [OPP-300762], must also be submitted to: Public 
    Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and 
    Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental 
    Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person, 
    bring a copy of objections and hearing requests to Rm. 119, Crystal 
    Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA.
        A copy of objections and hearing requests filed with the Hearing 
    Clerk may also be submitted electronically by sending electronic mail 
    (e-mail) to: opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov. Copies of objections and 
    hearing requests must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of 
    special characters and any form of encryption. Copies of objections and 
    hearing requests will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 5.1/6.1 
    file format or ASCII file format. All copies of objections and hearing 
    requests in electronic form must be identified by the docket control 
    number [OPP-300762]. No Confidential Business Information (CBI) should 
    be submitted through e-mail. Electronic copies of objections and 
    hearing requests on this rule may be filed online at many Federal 
    Depository Libraries.
    
    FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Barbara Madden, Registration 
    Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental 
    Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. Office 
    location, telephone number, and e-mail address: Crystal Mall #2, 1921 
    Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA, (703) 305-6463, e-mail: 
    madden.barbara@epamail.epa.gov.
    
    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: EPA, on its own initiative, pursuant to 
    sections 408(e) and (l)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 
    (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(e) and (l)(6), is establishing a tolerance for 
    residues of the insecticide bifenthrin in or on citrus, whole fruit at 
    0.03 parts per million (ppm); 0.3 ppm for citrus oil; and 0.3 ppm for 
    citrus dried pulp. This tolerance will expire and is revoked on 
    December 31, 2000. EPA will publish a document in the Federal Register 
    to remove the revoked tolerance from the Code of Federal Regulations.
    
    I. Background and Statutory Authority
    
        The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) (Pub. L. 104-170) 
    was signed into law August 3, 1996. FQPA amends both the Federal Food, 
    Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., and the Federal 
    Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. 136 et 
    seq. The FQPA amendments went into effect immediately. Among other 
    things, FQPA amends FFDCA to bring all EPA pesticide tolerance-setting 
    activities under a new section 408 with a new safety standard and new 
    procedures. These activities are described below and discussed in 
    greater detail in the final rule establishing the time-limited 
    tolerance associated with the emergency exemption for use of 
    propiconazole on sorghum (61 FR 58135, November 13, 1996)(FRL-5572-9).
        New section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of the FFDCA allows EPA to establish a 
    tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a 
    food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section 
    408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable 
    certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the 
    pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures 
    and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This 
    includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, 
    but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) 
    requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and 
    children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance 
    and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will 
    result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide 
    chemical residue. . . .''
        Section 18 of FIFRA authorizes EPA to exempt any Federal or State 
    agency from any provision of FIFRA, if EPA determines that ``emergency 
    conditions exist which require such exemption.'' This provision was not 
    amended by FQPA. EPA has established regulations governing such 
    emergency exemptions in 40 CFR part 166.
        Section 408(l)(6) of the FFDCA requires EPA to establish a time-
    limited tolerance or exemption from the requirement for a tolerance for 
    pesticide chemical residues in food that will result from the use of a 
    pesticide under an emergency exemption granted by EPA under section 18 
    of FIFRA. Such tolerances can be established without providing notice 
    or period for public comment.
        Because decisions on section 18-related tolerances must proceed 
    before EPA reaches closure on several policy issues relating to 
    interpretation and implementation of the FQPA, EPA does not intend for 
    its actions on such tolerances to set binding precedents for the 
    application of section 408 and the new safety standard to other 
    tolerances and exemptions.
    
    II. Emergency Exemption for Bifenthrin on Citrus and FFDCA 
    Tolerances
    
        Recently Diaprepes root weevil has spread into citrus areas in 
    Florida. Much of the infested citrus acreage is exhibiting severe 
    decline or is out of production. Registered controls only provide 75% 
    control of Diaprepes root
    
    [[Page 69201]]
    
    weevil. That level of control is inadequate to prevent tree or grove 
    losses, and contain the spread of the pest. EPA has authorized under 
    FIFRA section 18 the use of bifenthrin on citrus for control of 
    Diaprepes root weevils. After having reviewed the submission, EPA 
    concurs that emergency conditions exist.
        As part of its assessment of this emergency exemption, EPA assessed 
    the potential risks presented by residues of bifenthrin in or on 
    citrus. In doing so, EPA considered the safety standard in FFDCA 
    section 408(b)(2), and EPA decided that the necessary tolerance under 
    FFDCA section 408(l)(6) would be consistent with the safety standard 
    and with FIFRA section 18. Consistent with the need to move quickly on 
    the emergency exemption in order to address an urgent non-routine 
    situation and to ensure that the resulting food is safe and lawful, EPA 
    is issuing this tolerance without notice and opportunity for public 
    comment under section 408(e), as provided in section 408(l)(6). 
    Although this tolerance will expire and is revoked on December 31, 
    2000, under FFDCA section 408(l)(5), residues of the pesticide not in 
    excess of the amounts specified in the tolerance remaining in or on 
    citrus after that date will not be unlawful, provided the pesticide is 
    applied in a manner that was lawful under FIFRA, and the residues do 
    not exceed a level that was authorized by this tolerance at the time of 
    that application. EPA will take action to revoke this tolerance earlier 
    if any experience with, scientific data on, or other relevant 
    information on this pesticide indicate that the residues are not safe.
        Because this tolerance is being approved under emergency conditions 
    EPA has not made any decisions about whether bifenthrin meets EPA's 
    registration requirements for use on citrus or whether a permanent 
    tolerance for this use would be appropriate. Under these circumstances, 
    EPA does not believe that this tolerance serves as a basis for 
    registration of bifenthrin by a State for special local needs under 
    FIFRA section 24(c). Nor does this tolerance serve as the basis for any 
    State other than Florida to use this pesticide on this crop under 
    section 18 of FIFRA without following all provisions of EPA's 
    regulations implementing section 18 as identified in 40 CFR part 166. 
    For additional information regarding the emergency exemption for 
    bifenthrin, contact the Agency's Registration Division at the address 
    provided above.
    
    III. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety
    
        EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from 
    aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. For further discussion of the 
    regulatory requirements of section 408 and a complete description of 
    the risk assessment process, see the Final Rule on Bifenthrin Pesticide 
    Tolerances (62 FR 62961, November 26, 1997)(FRL-5754-7).
        Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the 
    available scientific data and other relevant information in support of 
    this action EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of bifenthrin 
    and to make a determination on aggregate exposure, consistent with 
    section 408(b)(2), for time-limited tolerances for residues of 
    bifenthrin on citrus, whole fruit at 0.03 ppm; citrus oil at 0.3 ppm; 
    and citrus dried pulp at 0.3 ppm. EPA's assessment of the dietary 
    exposures and risks associated with establishing the tolerance follows.
    
    A. Toxicological Profile
    
        EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its 
    validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of 
    the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered 
    available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities 
    of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and 
    children. The nature of the toxic effects caused by bifenthrin are 
    discussed below.
        1. Acute toxicity. The acute reference dose (RfD) of 0.01 
    milligram/kilogram/day (mg/kg/day) was established based on a maternal 
    no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 1 mg/kg/day from a 
    developmental toxicity study in rats. At the lowest observable adverse 
    effect level (LOAEL) of 2 mg/kg/day, tremors from day 7-17 of dosing 
    were observed. An uncertainty factor of 100 (10X for inter-species 
    extrapolation and 10X for intra-species variability) was applied to the 
    NOAEL of 1 mg/kg/day to calculate the acute RfD of 0.01 mg/kg/day. EPA 
    has determined that the 10X factor to account for enhanced 
    susceptibility of infants and children (as required by FQPA) can be 
    removed. This determination is based on the results of reproductive and 
    developmental toxicity studies. No evidence of additional sensitivity 
    to young rats or rabbits was observed following pre- or post-natal 
    exposure to bifenthrin.
        2. Short - and intermediate - term toxicity. The maternal NOAEL of 
    1 mg/kg/day from the oral developmental toxicity study in rats 
    (discussed in Unit A. 1. of this preamble) was also identified as the 
    toxicological endpoints for short- or intermediate-term dermal and 
    inhalation toxicity. A dermal absorption rate of 25%, based on the 
    weight-of-the-evidence available for structurally-related pyrethroids, 
    is appropriate for dermal risk assessments. One-hundred percent 
    absorption is assumed for inhalation risk assessments. Margin of 
    exposures (MOEs) of 100 or greater to account for inter-species 
    extrapolation (10X) and for intra-species variability (10X) are 
    acceptable.
        3. Chronic toxicity. EPA has established the chronic RfD for 
    bifenthrin at 0.015 mg/kg/day. This RfD is based on the NOAEL of 1.5 
    mg/kg/day from a chronic toxicity study in dogs. Tremors in both sexes 
    of dogs were observed at the LOAEL of 3.0 mg/kg/day. An uncertainty 
    factor of 100 to account for inter-species extrapolation and intra-
    species variability was applied to the NOAEL. As discussed in Unit A. 
    1. of this preamble, EPA has determined that the 10X factor to account 
    for enhanced susceptibility of infants and children can be removed.
        4. Carcinogenicity. Bifenthrin has been classified as a Group C 
    chemical (possible human carcinogen) based upon urinary bladder tumors 
    in mice. No Q* was assigned because the RfD approach was recommended 
    for cancer risk assessment. Based on this recommendation, a 
    quantitative dietary cancer risk assessment was not performed since, 
    dietary risk concerns due to long-term consumption of bifenthrin are 
    adequately addressed by the chronic exposure analysis using the RfD.
    
    B. Exposures and Risks
    
        1. From food and feed uses. Tolerances have been established (40 
    CFR 180.442) for the residues of bifenthrin, in or on a variety of raw 
    agricultural commodities. Tolerances, in support of registrations, 
    currently exist for residues of bifenthrin on hops; strawberries; corn 
    grain, forage, and fodder; cotton seed; and livestock commodities of 
    cattle, goats, hogs, horses, sheep, and poultry. Additionally, time-
    limited tolerances associated with emergency exemptions have been 
    established for broccoli, cauliflower, cucurbits, and canola. Risk 
    assessments were conducted by Novigen Sciences, Inc., and reviewed by 
    EPA, to assess dietary exposures and risks from bifenthrin as follows:
        i.  Acute exposure and risk. Acute dietary risk assessments are 
    performed for a food-use pesticide if a toxicological
    
    [[Page 69202]]
    
    study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring 
    as a result of a 1-day or single exposure. An acute dietary (food) risk 
    assessment was submitted by the petitioner where the Novigen DEEM 
    (Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model) system Tier 3 (Monte Carlo) 
    approach was used. This methodology incorporates distributions of 
    residues and refined percent of crop treated estimates for some crops, 
    and thus results in refined risk estimates. For citrus, it was assumed 
    100% crop treated and half of the limit of detection (LOD) value, (0.01 
    ppm) was used in this Monte Carlo analysis. This acute dietary exposure 
    analysis from food sources was conducted using the acute RfD of 0.01 
    mg/kg/day. The analysis evaluated individual food consumption as 
    reported by respondents in the USDA Continuing Surveys of Food Intake 
    by Individuals conducted in 1989 through 1992. The model accumulated 
    exposure to bifenthrin for each commodity and expresses risk as a 
    function of dietary exposure. For the most highly exposed population 
    subgroup, Children 1-6 years old, the resulting high-end exposure (at 
    the 99.9th percentile) results in a dietary (food only) percentage of 
    the acute RfD at 80%. For the overall U.S. Population, the high-end 
    exposure (99.9th percentile) percentage of the acute RfD is 50%.
        ii. Chronic exposure and risk. This chronic dietary exposure 
    analysis from food sources was conducted using the chronic RfD of 0.015 
    mg/kg bwt/day. In conducting this chronic dietary (food only) risk 
    assessment, the petitioner used anticipated residue field trial values 
    and percent crop treated information. A mean field trial residue value 
    for citrus of 0.005 ppm was used. The analysis evaluates individual 
    food consumption as reported by respondents in the USDA Continuing 
    Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals conducted in 1989 through 1992. 
    The model accumulates exposure to bifenthrin for each commodity and 
    expresses risk as a function of dietary exposure. The existing 
    bifenthrin tolerances published, pending, and including the necessary 
    section 18 tolerances result in chronic dietary risk estimates (food 
    only) for the U.S. population of 3% of the RfD and the most highly 
    exposed population subgroup, children, (1-6 years) 9% of the RfD.
        2. From drinking water. The Agency lacks sufficient water-related 
    exposure data to complete a comprehensive drinking water exposure 
    analysis and risk assessment for bifenthrin. Because the Agency does 
    not have comprehensive and reliable monitoring data, drinking water 
    concentration estimates must be made by reliance on some sort of 
    simulation or modeling. To date, there are no validated modeling 
    approaches for reliably predicting pesticide levels in drinking water. 
    The Agency is currently relying on GENEEC and PRZM/EXAMS for surface 
    water, which are used to produce estimates of pesticide concentrations 
    in a farm pond and SCI-GROW, which predicts pesticide concentrations in 
    groundwater. None of these models include consideration of the impact 
    processing of raw water for distribution as drinking water would likely 
    have on the removal of pesticides from the source water. The primary 
    use of these models by the Agency at this stage is to provide a coarse 
    screen for sorting out pesticides for which it is highly unlikely that 
    drinking water concentrations would ever exceed human health levels of 
    concern.
        Drinking water levels of comparison (DWLOCs) are calculated and 
    compared to the models' estimates for both surface and ground water. 
    DWLOCs are theoretical upper limits on a pesticide's concentration in 
    drinking water in light of total aggregate exposure to a pesticide in 
    food, drinking water, and through residential uses. A DWLOC will vary 
    depending on the toxic endpoint, with drinking water consumption, and 
    body weights. Different populations will have different DWLOCs. Since 
    DWLOCs address total aggregate exposure to bifenthrin they are further 
    discussed in the aggregate risk sections below.
        3. From non-dietary exposure. Bifenthrin is currently registered 
    for use on the following residential non-food sites: turf, home gardens 
    and pets. Exposure estimates were calculated for the turf use, which is 
    considered the use pattern with the highest exposure potential for 
    adults, children (1-6 years) and infants (<1 year).="" moes="" were="" then="" calculated="" for="" each="" exposure="" scenario="" using="" the="" following="" equation:="" moe="NOAEL/Exposure." moes="" for="" short-="" and="" intermediate-term="" oral,="" dermal="" and="" inhalation="" non-dietary="" exposure="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population,="" infants="">< 1="" year)="" and="" children="" (1-6="" years)="" were="" all="" greater="" than="" 100.="" as="" discussed="" in="" unit="" a.="" 2.="" of="" this="" preamble,="" moes="" of="" 100="" or="" greater="" are="" considered="" acceptable.="" 4.="" cumulative="" exposure="" to="" substances="" with="" common="" mechanism="" of="" toxicity.="" section="" 408(b)(2)(d)(v)="" requires="" that,="" when="" considering="" whether="" to="" establish,="" modify,="" or="" revoke="" a="" tolerance,="" the="" agency="" consider="" ``available="" information''="" concerning="" the="" cumulative="" effects="" of="" a="" particular="" pesticide's="" residues="" and="" ``other="" substances="" that="" have="" a="" common="" mechanism="" of="" toxicity.''="" epa="" does="" not="" have,="" at="" this="" time,="" available="" data="" to="" determine="" whether="" bifenthrin="" has="" a="" common="" mechanism="" of="" toxicity="" with="" other="" substances="" or="" how="" to="" include="" this="" pesticide="" in="" a="" cumulative="" risk="" assessment.="" unlike="" other="" pesticides="" for="" which="" epa="" has="" followed="" a="" cumulative="" risk="" approach="" based="" on="" a="" common="" mechanism="" of="" toxicity,="" bifenthrin="" does="" not="" appear="" to="" produce="" a="" toxic="" metabolite="" produced="" by="" other="" substances.="" for="" the="" purposes="" of="" this="" tolerance="" action,="" therefore,="" epa="" has="" not="" assumed="" that="" bifenthrin="" has="" a="" common="" mechanism="" of="" toxicity="" with="" other="" substances.="" for="" more="" information="" regarding="" epa's="" efforts="" to="" determine="" which="" chemicals="" have="" a="" common="" mechanism="" of="" toxicity="" and="" to="" evaluate="" the="" cumulative="" effects="" of="" such="" chemicals,="" see="" the="" final="" rule="" for="" bifenthrin="" pesticide="" tolerances="" (62="" fr="" 62961,="" november="" 26,="" 1997).="" c.="" aggregate="" risks="" and="" determination="" of="" safety="" for="" u.s.="" population="" 1.="" acute="" risk.="" as="" discussed="" earlier,="" no="" monitoring="" data="" are="" available="" for="" drinking="" water.="" therefore,="" for="" acute="" aggregate="" risk,="" a="" dwloc="" was="" calculated="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population.="" dwlocs="" are="" theoretical="" upper="" limits="" on="" a="" pesticide's="" concentration="" in="" drinking="" water="" in="" light="" of="" total="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" a="" pesticide="" in="" food,="" drinking="" water,="" and="" through="" residential="" uses.="" the="" dwlocs="" was="" calculated="" for="" bifenthrin="" taking="" into="" account="" acute="" exposure="" assumptions="" from="" food.="" exposure="" from="" residential="" uses="" are="" not="" included="" in="" acute="" aggregate="" risk="" estimates.="" for="" purposes="" of="" risk="" assessment,="" the="" estimated="" maximum="" concentration="" of="" bifenthrin="" in="" surface="" water="" (0.26="" parts="" per="" billion="" (ppb))="" was="" used="" for="" comparison="" to="" the="" back-calculated="" human="" health="" dwloc="" for="" the="" acute="" endpoint.="" for="" bifenthrin,="" it="" was="" determined="" that="" an="" acute="" dietary="" exposure="" (food="" plus="" water)="" of="" 100%="" or="" less="" of="" the="" acute="" rfd="" is="" acceptable="" to="" protect="" the="" safety="" of="" all="" population="" subgroups.="" the="" back-="" calculated="" dwloc="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population="" is="" 180="" ppb="" for="" acute="" dietary="" risk.="" based="" on="" a="" comparison="" of="" the="" calculated="" dwloc="" and="" the="" estimated="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" in="" drinking="" water="" (0.26="" ppb),="" the="" agency="" does="" not="" expect="" the="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" exceed="" 100%="" of="" the="" acute="" rfd="" for="" adults.="" 2.="" chronic="" risk.="" using="" the="" arc="" exposure="" assumptions="" described="" above,="" epa="" has="" concluded="" that="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" from="" food="" will="" utilize="" 3%="" of="" the="" rfd="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population.="" the="" major="" identifiable="" subgroup="" with="" the="" highest="" aggregate="" exposure="" is="" children="" (1-6="" years),="" discussed="" below.="" epa="" generally="" has="" no="" [[page="" 69203]]="" concern="" for="" exposures="" below="" 100%="" of="" the="" rfd="" because="" the="" rfd="" represents="" the="" level="" at="" or="" below="" which="" daily="" aggregate="" dietary="" exposure="" over="" a="" lifetime="" will="" not="" pose="" appreciable="" risks="" to="" human="" health.="" despite="" the="" potential="" for="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" in="" drinking="" water="" and="" from="" non-="" dietary,="" non-occupational="" exposure,="" epa="" does="" not="" expect="" the="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" exceed="" 100%="" of="" the="" rfd.="" 3.="" short-="" and="" intermediate-term="" risk.="" short-="" and="" intermediate-term="" aggregate="" risk="" takes="" into="" account="" chronic="" dietary="" exposure="" from="" food="" and="" water="" (considered="" to="" be="" a="" background="" exposure="" level)="" plus="" indoor="" and="" outdoor="" residential="" exposure.="" the="" short-="" and="" intermediate-term="" aggregate="" risks="" are="" estimated="" by="" combining="" exposure="" from="" food,="" water="" and="" residential="" uses="" (in="" this="" case,="" turf="" use).="" for="" adults,="" the="" routes="" of="" exposure="" from="" turf="" use="" include="" dermal="" and="" inhalation.="" as="" with="" the="" acute="" dietary="" aggregate="" risk="" estimate,="" for="" the="" short-="" and="" intermediate-="" term="" aggregate="" risk,="" dwlocs="" were="" calculated.="" for="" purposes="" of="" risk="" assessment,="" the="" estimated="" chronic="" concentration="" of="" bifenthrin="" in="" surface="" water="" (0.018="" ppb)="" were="" used="" for="" comparison="" to="" the="" back-="" calculated="" human="" health="" dwlocs="" for="" both="" the="" short-and="" intermediate-term="" endpoints.="" the="" back-calculated="" dwloc="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population="" is="" 310="" ppb="" for="" short-="" and="" intermediate-term="" risk.="" based="" on="" a="" comparison="" of="" the="" calculated="" dwloc="" and="" the="" estimated="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" in="" drinking="" water="" (0.018="" ppb),="" the="" agency="" concludes="" that="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" certainty="" that="" no="" harm="" will="" result="" to="" adults="" from="" short-="" or="" intermediate-term="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin.="" 4.="" aggregate="" cancer="" risk="" for="" u.s.="" population.="" as="" discussed="" earlier,="" cancer="" risk="" concerns="" due="" to="" exposure="" of="" bifenthrin="" are="" adequately="" addressed="" by="" the="" chronic="" aggregate="" risk="" analysis.="" 5.="" determination="" of="" safety.="" based="" on="" these="" risk="" assessments,="" epa="" concludes="" that="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" certainty="" that="" no="" harm="" will="" result="" from="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" residues.="" d.="" aggregate="" risks="" and="" determination="" of="" safety="" for="" infants="" and="" children="" 1.="" safety="" factor="" for="" infants="" and="" children--="" i.="" in="" general.="" in="" assessing="" the="" potential="" for="" additional="" sensitivity="" of="" infants="" and="" children="" to="" residues="" of="" bifenthrin,="" epa="" considered="" data="" from="" developmental="" toxicity="" studies="" in="" the="" rat="" and="" rabbit="" and="" a="" 2-generation="" reproduction="" study="" in="" the="" rat.="" the="" developmental="" toxicity="" studies="" are="" designed="" to="" evaluate="" adverse="" effects="" on="" the="" developing="" organism="" resulting="" from="" maternal="" pesticide="" exposure="" during="" gestation.="" reproduction="" studies="" provide="" information="" relating="" to="" effects="" from="" exposure="" to="" the="" pesticide="" on="" the="" reproductive="" capability="" of="" mating="" animals="" and="" data="" on="" systemic="" toxicity.="" ffdca="" section="" 408="" provides="" that="" epa="" shall="" apply="" an="" additional="" tenfold="" margin="" of="" safety="" for="" infants="" and="" children="" in="" the="" case="" of="" threshold="" effects="" to="" account="" for="" pre-and="" post-natal="" toxicity="" and="" the="" completeness="" of="" the="" database="" unless="" epa="" determines="" that="" a="" different="" margin="" of="" safety="" will="" be="" safe="" for="" infants="" and="" children.="" margins="" of="" safety="" are="" incorporated="" into="" epa="" risk="" assessments="" either="" directly="" through="" use="" of="" a="" margin="" of="" exposure="" (moe)="" analysis="" or="" through="" using="" uncertainty="" (safety)="" factors="" in="" calculating="" a="" dose="" level="" that="" poses="" no="" appreciable="" risk="" to="" humans.="" epa="" believes="" that="" reliable="" data="" support="" using="" the="" standard="" moe="" and="" uncertainty="" factor="" (usually="" 100="" for="" combined="" inter-="" and="" intra-species="" variability))="" and="" not="" the="" additional="" tenfold="" moe/uncertainty="" factor="" when="" epa="" has="" a="" complete="" data="" base="" under="" existing="" guidelines="" and="" when="" the="" severity="" of="" the="" effect="" in="" infants="" or="" children="" or="" the="" potency="" or="" unusual="" toxic="" properties="" of="" a="" compound="" do="" not="" raise="" concerns="" regarding="" the="" adequacy="" of="" the="" standard="" moe/safety="" factor.="" ii.="" developmental="" toxicity="" studies.="" in="" a="" rabbit="" developmental="" toxicity="" study,="" there="" were="" no="" developmental="" effects="" observed="" in="" the="" fetuses="" exposed="" to="" bifenthrin.="" the="" maternal="" noael="" was="" 2.67="" mg/kg/day="" based="" on="" head="" and="" forelimb="" twitching="" at="" the="" loael="" of="" 4="" mg/kg/day.="" in="" the="" rat="" developmental="" study,="" the="" maternal="" noael="" was="" 1="" mg/kg/day,="" based="" on="" tremors="" at="" the="" loael="" of="" 2="" mg/kg/day.="" the="" developmental="" (pup)="" noael="" was="" also="" 1="" mg/kg/day,="" based="" upon="" increased="" incidence="" of="" hydroureter="" at="" the="" loael="" of="" 2="" mg/kg/day.="" there="" were="" 5/23="" (22%)="" of="" the="" litters="" affected="" (5/141="" fetuses="" since="" each="" litter="" only="" had="" one="" affected="" fetus)="" in="" the="" 2="" mg/kg/day="" group,="" compared="" with="" zero="" in="" the="" control,="" 1,="" and="" 0.5="" mg/kg/day="" groups.="" according="" to="" recent="" historical="" data="" (1992-="" 1994)="" for="" this="" strain="" of="" rat,="" background="" incidence="" of="" distended="" ureter="" averaged="" 11%="" with="" a="" maximum="" incidence="" of="" 90%.="" iii.="" reproductive="" toxicity="" study.="" in="" the="" rat="" reproduction="" study,="" parental="" toxicity="" occurred="" as="" decreased="" body="" weight="" and="" tremors="" at="" 5.0="" mg/kg/day="" with="" a="" noel="" of="" 3.0="" mg/kg/day.="" there="" were="" no="" developmental="" (pup)="" or="" reproductive="" effects="" up="" to="" 5.0="" mg/kg/day="" (highest="" dose="" tested).="" iv.="" pre-="" and="" post-natal="" sensitivity--="" a.="" pre-natal.="" since="" there="" was="" not="" a="" dose-related="" finding="" of="" hydroureter="" in="" the="" rat="" developmental="" study="" and="" in="" the="" presence="" of="" similar="" incidences="" in="" the="" recent="" historical="" control="" data,="" the="" marginal="" finding="" of="" hydroureter="" in="" rat="" fetuses="" at="" 2="" mg/kg/day="" (in="" the="" presence="" of="" maternal="" toxicity)="" is="" not="" considered="" a="" significant="" developmental="" finding.="" nor="" does="" it="" provide="" sufficient="" evidence="" of="" a="" special="" dietary="" risk="" (either="" acute="" or="" chronic)="" for="" infants="" and="" children="" which="" would="" require="" an="" additional="" safety="" factor.="" b.="" post-natal.="" based="" on="" the="" absence="" of="" pup="" toxicity="" up="" to="" dose="" levels="" which="" produced="" toxicity="" in="" the="" parental="" animals,="" there="" is="" no="" evidence="" of="" special="" post-natal="" sensitivity="" to="" infants="" and="" children="" in="" the="" rat="" reproduction="" study.="" v.="" conclusion.="" there="" is="" a="" complete="" toxicity="" database="" for="" bifenthrin="" and="" exposure="" data="" is="" complete="" or="" is="" estimated="" based="" on="" data="" that="" reasonably="" accounts="" for="" potential="" exposures.="" based="" on="" the="" above,="" epa="" concludes="" that="" reliable="" data="" support="" use="" of="" the="" standard="" 100-fold="" uncertainty="" factor,="" and="" that="" an="" additional="" uncertainty="" factor="" is="" not="" needed="" to="" protect="" the="" safety="" of="" infants="" and="" children.="" 2.="" acute="" risk.="" the="" back-calculated="" dwlocs="" for="" children="" (1-6="" years)="" and="" infants=""><1 year)="" are="" 20="" parts="" per="" billion="" (ppb)="" and="" 32="" ppb,="" respectively.="" based="" on="" a="" comparison="" of="" the="" calculated="" dwloc="" and="" the="" estimated="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" in="" drinking="" water="" (0.26="" ppb),="" the="" agency="" does="" not="" expect="" the="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" exceed="" 100%="" of="" the="" acute="" rfd="" for="" children="" and="" infants.="" 3.="" chronic="" risk.="" using="" the="" exposure="" assumptions="" described="" above,="" epa="" has="" concluded="" that="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" from="" food="" will="" utilize="" 9%="" of="" the="" rfd="" for="" infants="" and="" children.="" epa="" generally="" has="" no="" concern="" for="" exposures="" below="" 100%="" of="" the="" rfd="" because="" the="" rfd="" represents="" the="" level="" at="" or="" below="" which="" daily="" aggregate="" dietary="" exposure="" over="" a="" lifetime="" will="" not="" pose="" appreciable="" risks="" to="" human="" health.="" despite="" the="" potential="" for="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" in="" drinking="" water="" and="" from="" non-="" dietary,="" non-occupational="" exposure,="" epa="" does="" not="" expect="" the="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" exceed="" 100%="" of="" the="" rfd.="" 4.="" short-="" or="" intermediate-term="" risk.="" the="" short-="" and="" intermediate-="" term="" aggregate="" risks="" are="" estimated="" by="" combining="" exposure="" from="" food,="" water="" and="" residential="" uses="" (in="" this="" case,="" turf="" use).="" for="" infants="" and="" children,="" the="" routes="" of="" exposure="" from="" turf="" use="" include="" oral="" (nondietary),="" dermal="" and="" inhalation.="" the="" back-calculated="" dwlocs="" for="" infants="" and="" children="" are="" 77="" ppb="" and="" 70="" ppb,="" respectively.="" based="" on="" a="" comparison="" of="" the="" calculated="" dwlocs="" and="" the="" estimated="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" in="" drinking="" water="" (0.018="" ppb),="" the="" agency="" concludes="" that="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" certainty="" that="" no="" harm="" will="" [[page="" 69204]]="" result="" to="" infants="" and="" children="" from="" short-="" or="" intermediate-term="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin.="" 5.="" determination="" of="" safety.="" based="" on="" these="" risk="" assessments,="" epa="" concludes="" that="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" certainty="" that="" no="" harm="" will="" result="" to="" infants="" and="" children="" from="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" bifenthrin="" residues.="" iv.="" other="" considerations="" a.="" metabolism="" in="" plants="" and="" animals="" the="" residue="" of="" concern="" in="" citrus="" is="" the="" parent="" compound="" only.="" therefore,="" the="" agency="" has="" determined="" that="" only="" the="" parent="" compound,="" bifenthrin,="" should="" appear="" in="" the="" tolerance="" expression.="" b.="" analytical="" enforcement="" methodology="" adequate="" enforcement="" methodology="" is="" available="" to="" enforce="" the="" tolerance="" expression.="" the="" method="" may="" be="" requested="" from:="" calvin="" furlow,="" prrib,="" irsd="" (7502c),="" office="" of="" pesticide="" programs,="" environmental="" protection="" agency,="" 401="" m="" st.,="" sw.,="" washington,="" dc="" 20460.="" office="" location="" and="" telephone="" number:="" rm="" 101ff,="" crystal="" mall="" #2,="" 1921="" jefferson="" davis="" hwy.,="" arlington,="" va="" 22202,="" (703-305-5229).="" c.="" magnitude="" of="" residues="" residues="" of="" bifenthrin="" per="" se="" are="" not="" expected="" to="" exceed="" 0.05="" ppm="" for="" citrus="" whole="" fruit;="" 0.3="" ppm="" for="" citrus="" oil;="" and="" 0.3="" ppm="" for="" citrus="" dried="" pulp="" as="" a="" result="" of="" the="" section="" 18="" use.="" d.="" international="" residue="" limits="" codex="" has="" established="" mrl's="" for="" bifenthrin="" on="" grapefruit,="" lemon="" and="" sweet="" orange="" at="" 0.05="" ppm.="" no="" canadian="" or="" mexican="" mrl's="" have="" been="" established="" for="" bifenthrin="" on="" citrus.="" the="" recommended="" tolerance="" levels="" for="" bifenthrin="" in/on="" citrus="" are="" harmonized="" with="" codex.="" e.="" rotational="" crop="" restrictions="" rotational="" crop="" restrictions="" are="" not="" applicable="" for="" citrus.="" v.="" conclusion="" therefore,="" tolerances="" are="" established="" for="" residues="" of="" bifenthrin="" in="" citrus,="" whole="" fruit="" at="" 0.05="" ppm;="" 0.3="" ppm="" for="" citrus="" oil;="" and="" 0.3="" ppm="" for="" citrus="" dried="" pulp.="" vi.="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" the="" new="" ffdca="" section="" 408(g)="" provides="" essentially="" the="" same="" process="" for="" persons="" to="" ``object''="" to="" a="" tolerance="" regulation="" issued="" by="" epa="" under="" new="" section="" 408(e)="" and="" (l)(6)="" as="" was="" provided="" in="" the="" old="" section="" 408="" and="" in="" section="" 409.="" however,="" the="" period="" for="" filing="" objections="" is="" 60="" days,="" rather="" than="" 30="" days.="" epa="" currently="" has="" procedural="" regulations="" which="" govern="" the="" submission="" of="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests.="" these="" regulations="" will="" require="" some="" modification="" to="" reflect="" the="" new="" law.="" however,="" until="" those="" modifications="" can="" be="" made,="" epa="" will="" continue="" to="" use="" those="" procedural="" regulations="" with="" appropriate="" adjustments="" to="" reflect="" the="" new="" law.="" any="" person="" may,="" by="" february="" 16,="" 1999,="" file="" written="" objections="" to="" any="" aspect="" of="" this="" regulation="" and="" may="" also="" request="" a="" hearing="" on="" those="" objections.="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" must="" be="" filed="" with="" the="" hearing="" clerk,="" at="" the="" address="" given="" above="" (40="" cfr="" 178.20).="" a="" copy="" of="" the="" objections="" and/or="" hearing="" requests="" filed="" with="" the="" hearing="" clerk="" should="" be="" submitted="" to="" the="" opp="" docket="" for="" this="" rulemaking.="" the="" objections="" submitted="" must="" specify="" the="" provisions="" of="" the="" regulation="" deemed="" objectionable="" and="" the="" grounds="" for="" the="" objections="" (40="" cfr="" 178.25).="" each="" objection="" must="" be="" accompanied="" by="" the="" fee="" prescribed="" by="" 40="" cfr="" 180.33(i).="" if="" a="" hearing="" is="" requested,="" the="" objections="" must="" include="" a="" statement="" of="" the="" factual="" issues="" on="" which="" a="" hearing="" is="" requested,="" the="" requestor's="" contentions="" on="" such="" issues,="" and="" a="" summary="" of="" any="" evidence="" relied="" upon="" by="" the="" requestor="" (40="" cfr="" 178.27).="" a="" request="" for="" a="" hearing="" will="" be="" granted="" if="" the="" administrator="" determines="" that="" the="" material="" submitted="" shows="" the="" following:="" there="" is="" genuine="" and="" substantial="" issue="" of="" fact;="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" possibility="" that="" available="" evidence="" identified="" by="" the="" requestor="" would,="" if="" established,="" resolve="" one="" or="" more="" of="" such="" issues="" in="" favor="" of="" the="" requestor,="" taking="" into="" account="" uncontested="" claims="" or="" facts="" to="" the="" contrary;="" and="" resolution="" of="" the="" factual="" issues="" in="" the="" manner="" sought="" by="" the="" requestor="" would="" be="" adequate="" to="" justify="" the="" action="" requested="" (40="" cfr="" 178.32).="" information="" submitted="" in="" connection="" with="" an="" objection="" or="" hearing="" request="" may="" be="" claimed="" confidential="" by="" marking="" any="" part="" or="" all="" of="" that="" information="" as="" cbi.="" information="" so="" marked="" will="" not="" be="" disclosed="" except="" in="" accordance="" with="" procedures="" set="" forth="" in="" 40="" cfr="" part="" 2.="" a="" copy="" of="" the="" information="" that="" does="" not="" contain="" cbi="" must="" be="" submitted="" for="" inclusion="" in="" the="" public="" record.="" information="" not="" marked="" confidential="" may="" be="" disclosed="" publicly="" by="" epa="" without="" prior="" notice.="" vii.="" public="" record="" and="" electronic="" submissions="" epa="" has="" established="" a="" record="" for="" this="" rulemaking="" under="" docket="" control="" number="" [opp-300762]="" (including="" any="" comments="" and="" data="" submitted="" electronically).="" a="" public="" version="" of="" this="" record,="" including="" printed,="" paper="" versions="" of="" electronic="" comments,="" which="" does="" not="" include="" any="" information="" claimed="" as="" cbi,="" is="" available="" for="" inspection="" from="" 8:30="" a.m.="" to="" 4="" p.m.,="" monday="" through="" friday,="" excluding="" legal="" holidays.="" the="" public="" record="" is="" located="" in="" room="" 119="" of="" the="" public="" information="" and="" records="" integrity="" branch,="" information="" resources="" and="" services="" division="" (7502c)="" office="" of="" pesticide="" programs,="" environmental="" protection="" agency,="" crystal="" mall="" #2,="" 1921="" jefferson="" davis="" highway,="" arlington,="" va.="" electronic="" comments="" may="" be="" sent="" directly="" to="" epa="" at:="">opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov.
    
    
        Electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the 
    use of special characters and any form of encryption.
        The official record for this rulemaking, as well as the public 
    version, as described above will be kept in paper form. Accordingly, 
    EPA will transfer any copies of objections and hearing requests 
    received electronically into printed, paper form as they are received 
    and will place the paper copies in the official rulemaking record which 
    will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The 
    official rulemaking record is the paper record maintained at the 
    Virginia address in ``ADDRESSES'' at the beginning of this document.
    
    VIII. Regulatory Assessment Requirements
    
    A. Certain Acts and Executive Orders
    
        This final rule establishes a tolerance under FFDCA section 408 
    (l)(6). The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these 
    types of actions from review under Executive Order 12866, entitled 
    Regulatory Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). This 
    final rule does not contain any information collections subject to OMB 
    approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et 
    seq., or impose any enforceable duty or contain any unfunded mandate as 
    described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 
    (UMRA) (Pub. L. 104-4). Nor does it require any special considerations 
    as required by Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to 
    Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
    Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994), or require OMB review in 
    accordance with Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children 
    from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 
    23, 1997).
        In addition, since tolerances and exemptions that are established 
    under
    
    [[Page 69205]]
    
    FFDCA section 408 (l)(6), such as the tolerance in this final rule, do 
    not require the issuance of a proposed rule, the requirements of the 
    Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply. 
    Nevertheless, the Agency has previously assessed whether establishing 
    tolerances, exemptions from tolerances, raising tolerance levels or 
    expanding exemptions might adversely impact small entities and 
    concluded, as a generic matter, that there is no adverse economic 
    impact. The factual basis for the Agency's generic certification for 
    tolerance actions published on May 4, 1981 (46 FR 24950), and was 
    provided to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business 
    Administration.
    
    B. Executive Order 12875
    
        Under Executive Order 12875, entitled Enhancing the 
    Intergovernmental Partnership (58 FR 58093, October 28, 1993), EPA may 
    not issue a regulation that is not required by statute and that creates 
    a mandate upon a State, local, or tribal government, unless the Federal 
    government provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance 
    costs incurred by those governments. If the mandate is unfunded, EPA 
    must provide to OMB a description of the extent of EPA's prior 
    consultation with representatives of affected State, local, and tribal 
    governments, the nature of their concerns, copies of any written 
    communications from the governments, and a statement supporting the 
    need to issue the regulation. In addition, Executive Order 12875 
    requires EPA to develop an effective process permitting elected 
    officials and other representatives of State, local, and tribal 
    governments ``to provide meaningful and timely input in the development 
    of regulatory proposals containing significant unfunded mandates.''
        Today's rule does not create an unfunded Federal mandate on State, 
    local, or tribal governments. The rule does not impose any enforceable 
    duties on these entities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 1(a) 
    of Executive Order 12875 do not apply to this rule.
    
    C. Executive Order 13084
    
        Under Executive Order 13084, entitled Consultation and Coordination 
    with Indian Tribal Governments (63 FR 27655, May 19,1998), EPA may not 
    issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that significantly 
    or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal governments, and 
    that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on those communities, 
    unless the Federal government provides the funds necessary to pay the 
    direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal governments. If the 
    mandate is unfunded, EPA must provide to OMB, in a separately 
    identified section of the preamble to the rule, a description of the 
    extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected 
    tribal governments, a summary of the nature of their concerns, and a 
    statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition, 
    Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop an effective process 
    permitting elected officials and other representatives of Indian tribal 
    governments ``to provide meaningful and timely input in the development 
    of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or uniquely affect 
    their communities.''
        Today's rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the 
    communities of Indian tribal governments. This action does not involve 
    or impose any requirements that affect Indian tribes. Accordingly, the 
    requirements of section 3(b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to 
    this rule.
    
    IX. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General
    
        The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the 
    Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally 
    provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating 
    the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, 
    to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the 
    United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other 
    required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of 
    Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior 
    to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. This rule is not a 
    ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).
    
    List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180
    
        Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
    Agricultural commodities, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and 
    recordkeeping requirements.
    
        Dated: December 7, 1998.
    
    Arnold E. Layne,
    
    Acting Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.
        Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:
    
    PART 180-[AMENDED]
    
        1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as 
    follows:
    
        Authority: 21 U.S.C. 346a and 371.
    
        2. In Sec. 180.442, by amending paragraph (b), by alphabetically 
    adding the following commodities in the table to read as follows:
    
    Sec. 180.442   Bifenthrin; tolerances for residues.
    
         *    *    *    *    *
        (b) *    *    *
    
     
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Parts per      Expiration/
                    Commodity                   million     Revocation Date
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
                      *        *        *        *        *
    Citrus, dried pulp......................          0.3           12/31/00
    Citrus oil..............................          0.3           12/31/00
    Citrus, whole fruit.....................         0.05           12/31/00
     
                      *        *        *        *        *
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    
    *    *    *    *    *
    
    [FR Doc. 98-33120 Filed 12-15-98; 8:45 am]
    BILLING CODE 6560-50-F
    
    
    

Document Information

Effective Date:
12/16/1998
Published:
12/16/1998
Department:
Environmental Protection Agency
Entry Type:
Rule
Action:
Final rule.
Document Number:
98-33120
Dates:
This regulation is effective December 16, 1998. Objections and requests for hearings must be received by EPA on or before February 16, 1999.
Pages:
69200-69205 (6 pages)
Docket Numbers:
OPP-300762, FRL-6048-1
RINs:
2070-AB78
PDF File:
98-33120.pdf
CFR: (1)
40 CFR 180.442