[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 236 (Thursday, December 9, 1999)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 68973-68983]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-31906]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 18
RIN 1018-AF54
Marine Mammals; Incidental Take During Specified Activities
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: These proposed regulations would authorize the incidental,
unintentional take of small numbers of polar bears and Pacific walrus
during year-round oil and gas industry (Industry) exploration,
development, and production operations in the Beaufort Sea and adjacent
northern coast of Alaska. The operations are similar to and include all
activities covered by our original 5-year Beaufort Sea incidental take
regulations effective from December 16, 1993, through December 15,
1998, and current regulations in effect from January 28, 1999, through
January 30, 2000, except that these proposed regulations would also
allow incidental, unintentional takes resulting from subsea pipeline
activities placed offshore at the Northstar facility in the Beaufort
Sea. We are proposing that this rule be effective for 3 years, from
January 31, 2000, through January 31, 2003.
We propose a finding that the total expected takings of polar bear
and Pacific walrus during oil and gas industry exploration,
development, and production activities will have a negligible impact on
these species, and no unmitigable adverse impacts on the availability
of these species for subsistence use by Alaska Natives. We base this
finding on results from 6 years of monitoring interactions between
marine mammals and Industry, and using oil spill trajectory models and
polar bears density models to determine the likelihood of impacts to
polar bears should an accidental oil release occur.
DATES: Comments on this proposed rule must be received by January 10,
2000.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods:
1. By mail to: John Bridges, Office of Marine Mammals Management,
US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK
99503.
2. By FAX by sending to: 907-786-3816.
3. By Internet, electronic mail by sending to: [email protected]
Please submit Internet comments as an ASCII file avoiding the use of
special characters and any form of encryption. Please also include
``Attn: RIN 1018-AF54'' and your name and return address in your
Internet message. If you do not receive a confirmation from the system
that we have received your Internet message, contact us directly at US
Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Marine Mammals Management, 907-
786-3810 or 1-800-362-5148.
4. By hand-delivery to: Office of Marine Mammals Management, US
Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska
99503.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John Bridges, Office of Marine Mammals
Management, US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East Tudor Road,
Anchorage, AK 99503, Telephone 907-786-3810 or 1-800-362-5148.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
[[Page 68974]]
Background
Section 101(a)(5)(A) of the Marine Mammals Protection Act (Act)
gives the Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) through the Director of
US Fish and Wildlife Service (We) the authority to allow the
incidental, but not intentional, taking of small numbers of marine
mammals, in response to requests by US citizens (You) [as defined in 50
CFR 18.27(c)] engaged in a specified activity (other than commercial
fishing) in a specified geographics region. We may grant permission for
incidental takes for periods of up to 5 years.
Under the provisions of the Act, we would allow the incidental
taking of these marine mammals only if our Director finds, based on the
best scientific evidence available, that the total of such taking for
3-year period will have a negligible impact on these species and will
not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of these
species for taking for subsistence use by Alaska Natives. If these
findings are made, we will establish regulations for the activity that
set forth: (1) Permissible methods of taking; (2) Means of effecting
the least practicable adverse impact on the species and their habitat
and on the availability of the species for subsistence uses; and (3)
Requirement for monitoring and reporting.
The term ``take'' as defined by the Act means to harass, hunt,
capture, or kill, or attempt to harass, or kill any marine mammal.
Harrassment as defined by the Act, as amended in 1994, ``* * *
means any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which--
(i) Has the potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal
stock in the wild; or
(ii) Has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal
stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns,
including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding,
feeding, or sheltering.''
As a result of 1986 amendments to the Act, we amended 50 CFR 18.27
(i.e., regulations governing small takes of marine mammals incidental
to specified activities) with a final rule published on September 29,
1989. Section 18.27(c) included, among other things, a revised
definition of ``negligible impact'' and a new definition for
``unmitigable adverse impact'' as follows. Negligible impact is an
impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot be reasonably
expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely affect the
species or stock through effects on annual rates of recruitment or
survival. Unmitigable adverse impact means an impact resulting from the
specified activity:
(1) That is likely to reduce the availability of the species to a
level insufficient for a harvest to meet subsistence needs by:
(i) Causing the marine mammals to abandon or avoid hunting area,
(ii) Directly displacing subsistence users, or
(iii) Placing physical barriers between the marine mammals and the
subsistence hunters, and
(2) That cannot be sufficiently mitigated by other measures to
increase the availability of marine mammals to allow subsistence needs
to be met.
Industry conducts activities such as oil and gas exploration,
development, and production in marine mammals habitat, and risks
violating the prohibitations on the taking of marine mammals. Although
there is no legal requirements for Industry to obtain incidental take
authority, Industry has chosen to seek authorization to avoid the
uncertainties associated with conducting activities in marine mammal
habitat. Along with their request for incidental take authority,
Industry has also developed and implemented polar bear conservation
measures.
On December 17, 1991, BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., for itself and
for Amerada Hess Corporation, Amoco Production Company, ARCO Alaska,
Inc., CGG American Service, Inc., Conoco Inc., Digicon Geophysical
Corp., Exxon Corporation, GECO Geophysical Co., Halliburton Geophysical
Service, Inc., Mobil Oil Corporation, Northern Geophysical of America
Western, Texaco Inc., Unocal Corporation, and Geophysical Company
requested that we promulgate regulations pursuant to Section 101(a)(5)
of the Act.
The geographic region defined in Industry's 1991 application
included offshore waters beginning at a north/south line at Barrow,
Alaska, east to the Canadian border, including all Alaska state waters
and Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) waters. The onshore region was
defined by the name north/south line at Barrow, extending 25 miles
inland and east to the Canning River. The Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge was excluded from the proposal.
On November 16, 1993 (58 FR 60402), we issued final regulations to
allow the incidental, but not intentional, take of small numbers of
polar bears and Pacific walrus when such taking(s) occurred during
Industry activities during year-round operations in the Beaufort Sea
Region as described in the preceding paragraph. The regulations were
issued for 18 months. At the same time, the Secretary of the Interior
directed us to develop, then begin implementation of, a polar bear
habitat conservation strategy before extending the regulations beyond
the initial 18 months for a total 5-year period as allowed by the Act.
We developed The Habitat Conservation Strategy for Polar Bears in
Alaska to ensure that the regulations met with the intent of the 1973
International Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears. On August
17, 1995, we issued the final rule and notice of availability of a
completed final polar bear habitat conservation strategy (60 FR 42805).
We then extended the regulations for an additional 42 months to expire
on December 15, 1998.
On August 28, 1997, BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc., submitted a
petition for itself and for ARCO Alaska, Inc., Exxon Corporation, and
Western Geophysical Company for rulemaking pursuant to Section
101(a)(5)(A) of the Act, and Section 553(e) of the Administrative
Procedure Act (APA). Their request sought regulations to allow the
incidental, but not intentional, take of small numbers of polar bears
and Pacific walrus when takings occurred during Industry operations in
Arctic Alaska. Specifically, they requested an extension of the
incidental take regulations beginning at 50 CFR 18.121 for an
additional 5-year term from December 16, 1998, through December 15,
2003. The geographic extent of the request was the same as that of
previously issued regulations beginning at 50 CFR 18.121 that were in
effect through December 15, 1998 (see above).
The petition to extend the incidental take regulations included two
new oil fields (Northstar and Liberty). Plans to develop each field
identified a need for an offshore gravel island and a buried subsea
pipeline to transport crude oil to existing onshore infrastructure.
Based on preliminary information related to subsea pipelines published
in a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the Northstar
project, we were unable to make a finding of negligible impact and
issue regulations for the full 5-year period. The information published
in the Northstar DEIS suggested that the probability of an oil spill
was 21-23 percent over the life of the project, and that up to 30 polar
bears could be killed by a spill.
On November 17, 1998, we published proposed regulations (63 FR
63812) to allow the incidental, unintentional take of small numbers of
polar bears and Pacific walrus in the Beaufort Sea and northern coast
of Alaska. On January 28, 1999, we issued final regulations effective
through January 30, 2000. These regulations do not authorize the
[[Page 68975]]
incidental take of polar bears and Pacific walrus during construction
or operation of subsea pipelines in the Beaufort Sea.
Subsequent to January 28, 1999, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
finalized the Northstar Environmental Impact Statement in February
1999. Construction of the Northstar gravel island and subsea pipeline
are scheduled for the winter of 1999-2000, with production beginning in
the latter half of 2000. The Liberty development is proposed for early
2003. The Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service
(MMS) has published a Preliminary Draft EIS, and a Draft EIS is
currently in preparation.
Summary of Current Request
The proposed regulations respond to the August 28, 1997, request by
BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc. for the extension of incidental take
regulations. That request was for a period of 5 years, from December
16, 1998, through December 15, 2003. As previously mentioned, we issued
regulations for 1 year that will expire on January 30, 2000. The
current proposal addresses the time period from January 31, 2000,
through January 31, 2003.
Description of Proposed Regulations
Due to the preliminary nature of the Liberty environmental
assessment, we are unable to evaluate the potential impact of that
development at this time. These proposed regulations are for a 3-year
period from January 31, 2000, through January 31, 2003, and include
consideration of subsea pipeline activities associated with the
Northstar project. The proposed regulations will allow Industry to
incidentally take polar bear and Pacific walrus within the same area as
covered by our previous regulations; defined by a north/south line at
Barrow, Alaska, including all Alaska State waters and OCS waters, and
east of that line to the Canadian border; with the onshore region being
the same north/south line at Barrow, 25 miles inland and east to the
Canning River. Once again, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is
excluded from the proposal.
The proposed regulations do not authorize the actual activities
associated with oil and gas exploration, development, and production,
but rather authorize the incidental, unintentional take of small
numbers of polar bears and Pacific walrus associated with those
activities. The MMS and the Bureau of Land Management are responsible
for permitting activities associated with oil and gas activities in
Federal waters and on Federal lands, respectively, and the State of
Alaska is responsible for activities on State lands and in State
waters.
As in previous regulations, the proposed rule requires an applicant
to obtain a Letter of Authorization (LOA) to conduct exploration,
development, and production activities pursuant to the regulations.
Each group or individual conducting an oil and gas industry-related
activity within the area covered by these regulations may request an
LOA.
Further, applicants for LOAs must submit a plan to monitor the
effects on polar bear and walrus that are present during the authorized
activities. Applicants for LOAs must also include a Plan of
Cooperation. The purpose of the Plan is to ensure that the impact of
oil and gas activity on the availability of the species or stock for
subsistence uses continue to be negligible. The Plan must provide the
procedures on how Industry will work with the affected Native
communities and what actions will be taken to avoid interference with
subsistence hunting of polar bear and walrus.
Each request for an LOA is evaluated on the specific activity and
the specific location, and we condition each LOA for that activity and
location if necessary. For example, a request to conduct activities on
barrier islands with active polar bear dens or a history of polar bear
denning will be conditioned to avoid the area until after the bears
normally exit their dens.
Description of Activity
In accordance with 50 CFR 18.27, Industry has submitted a request
for the promulgation of incidental take regulations pursuant to Section
101(a)(b)(A) of the Act. Activities covered in this proposed rule
include exploration, development, and production of oil and gas, as
well as wildlife monitoring associated with these activities.
Exploration activities include geological and geophysical surveys,
which may involve geotechnical site investigation, reflective seismic
exploration, vibrator seismic data collection, air gun and water gun
seismic data collection, explosive seismic data collection, geological
surveys, and drilling operations. Drilling operations include drill
ships, floating drill platforms such as the Kulluk, ice pads,
artificial islands, caisson-retained islands, and two types of bottom-
founded structures, concrete island drilling system, and single steel
drilling caisson.
A large number of variables influence exploration activities,
therefore, predictions as to the exact dates and locations of
exploratory operations that will take place over the next 3 years would
be speculative. However, requests for LOAs must include specific
details regarding dates, duration, and geographic locations of proposed
activities.
Alaska's North Slope encompasses an area 88,280 square miles and
contains 13 separate oil and gas fields in production: Prudhoe Bay,
North Prudhoe Bay State, Kuparuk, Endicott, Point McIntyre, Lisburne,
Milne Point, Cascade, West Beach, Niakuk, Schrader Bluff, Badami and
Sag Delta North. Additional discoveries have been made at the Northstar
and Apline fields, both of which are now in the development phase.
Discovery has also been made at the Liberty site, where development is
planned for 2003.
During the period covered by the proposed regulations, we
anticipate a similar level of activity at existing production
facilities as during the previous 6 years. One notable difference is
the new Northstar project, the first offshore production facility on
the North Slope, and the only offshore production facility considered
in this proposal.
Biological Information
Pacific Walrus
Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) typically inhabit the waters of
the Chukchi and Bering seas. Most of the population congregates near
the ice edge of the Chukchi Sea pack ice west of Point Barrow during
the summer. In the winter, walrus inhabit the pack ice of the Bering
Sea, with concentrations occurring in the Gulf of Anadyr, south of St.
Lawrence Island, and south of Nunivak Island.
Walrus occur infrequently in the Beaufort Sea. Data from our
marking, Tagging, and Reporting Program show that, from 1994 through
1997, 73 walrus were reported killed by Barrow hunters. Tagging
certificates show that nearly all of the 73 walrus were taken west of
Barrow. In 4 years of monitoring Industry's activities in the Beaufort
Sea, on-site monitors have observed only two walrus.
Polar Bear
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) occur in the Northern hemisphere,
where their distribution is circumpolar, and they live in close
association with polar ice. In Alaska, their distribution extends from
south of the Bering Strait to the U.S.-Canada border. Two stocks occur
[[Page 68976]]
in Alaska: the Chukchi/Bering seas stock, whose size is unknown; and
the Southern Beaufort Sea stock, which was estimated in 1992 to number
about 1,800 bears.
Females without dependent cubs breed in the spring and enter
maternity dens by late November. Females with cubs do not mate. An
average of two cubs are usually born in December, and the family group
emerges from the den in late March or early April. Only pregnant
females den for an extended period during the winter; however, other
polar bears may burrow out depressions to escape harsh winter winds.
The average reproduction interval for polar bear is 3-4 years. The
maximum reported age of reproduction in Alaska is 18 years. Based on
these data, a polar bear may produce about 10 cubs in her lifetime.
The fur and blubber of the polar bear protect it from the cold air
and frigid water. Newly emerged cubs of the year may not have a
sufficient layer of blubber to maintain body heat when immersed in
water for long periods of time. Cubs abandoned prior to the normal
weaning age of 2.5 years likely will not survive.
Ringed seals (Phoca hispida) are the primary prey species of the
polar bear; however, occasionally, polar bears hunt bearded seals
(Erignathus barbatus) and walrus calves. Polar bears also scavenge on
marine mammal carcasses washed up on shore, and eat non-food items such
as styrofoam, plastic, car batteries, antifreeze, and lubricating
fluids.
Polar bears have no natural predators, and they do not appear to be
prone to death by disease or parasites. The most significant source of
mortality is humans. Since 1972, with the passage of the Act, only
Alaska Natives are allowed to hunt polar bears in Alaska. Bears are
used for subsistence purposes such as the manufacture of handicraft and
clothing items. The Native harvest occurs without restrictions on sex,
age, number, or season, providing the population is not depleted and
takes are non-wasteful. From 1980-1997, the total annual harvest in
Alaska averaged 103 bears. The majority of this harvest (70 percent)
came from the Chukchi and Bering seas area.
Polar bears in the near shore Alaskan Beaufort Sea are widely
distributed in low numbers across the area with an average density of
about one bear per 30 to 50 square miles. However, polar bears have
been observed congregating on barrier islands in the fall and winter
because of available food and favorable environmental conditions. Polar
bears will occasionally feed on bowhead whale carcasses on barrier
islands. In November 1996, biologists from the U.S. Geological Survey
observed 28 polar bears near a bowhead whale carcass on Cross Island,
and approximately 11 polar bears within a 2-mile radius of another
bowhead whale carcass near the village of Kaktovik on Barter island. In
October 1997, we observed 47 polar bears on barrier islands and the
mainland from Prudhoe Bay to the Canadian border, a distance of
approximately 100 miles.
Effects of Oil and Gas Industry Activities on Marine Mammals and on
Subsistence Uses
Pacific Walrus
Oil and gas industry activities that generate noise such as air and
vessel traffic, seismic surveys, ice breakers, supply ships, and
drilling may frighten or displace Pacific walrus. As previously stated
in this document, the primary range of the Pacific walrus is west of
Point Barrow. Pacific walrus do not normally range into the Beaufort
Sea. Occasionally, a single walrus may be sighted east of Point Barrow.
From 1994 to 1997, two Pacific walrus were sighted during an open-water
seismic program. The program was conducted in the vicinity of Gwyder
Bay approximately 10 miles west of Prudhoe Bay. Marine mammal monitors
sighted one sub-adult walrus approximately 5 miles northwest of Howe
Island and BP Exploration's Endicott Unit. The second, a single adult
walrus, was observed from a survey aircraft approximately 20 miles
north of Pingok Island.
In winter, Pacific walrus inhabit the pack ice of the Bering Sea.
As the winter range of the Pacific walrus is well beyond the geographic
area covered by these regulations, we do not expect any impacts to
walrus from oil and gas activities during winter.
If walrus are present, their movements may be affected by
stationary drilling structures. Walrus are attracted to certain
activities and are repelled from others by noise or smell. In 1989 an
incident occurred during a drilling operation in the Chukchi Sea where
a young walrus surfaced in the center hole (i.e., moonpool) of a drill
ship. The crew used a cargo net to remove the walrus from the drilling
area, after which the walrus left the scene of the incident and was not
seen again. No similar incidents have been reported in the area of the
proposed regulations.
Seismic surveys generally take place on solid ice or in open water.
Since walrus activity occurs near the ice edge, interactions between
walrus and seismic surveys are unlikely.
Due to the small number of walrus in the area covered by the
proposed regulations, oil and gas industry activities will not result
in more than a negligible impact on this species.
Subsistence Use of Pacific Walrus
As the primary range of Pacific walrus is west and south of the
Beaufort Sea, it is not surprising that few walrus are harvested in the
Beaufort Sea along the northern coast of Alaska. Walrus constitute a
small portion of the total marine mammal harvest for the village of
Barrow. In the past 6 years, 73 walrus were reported taken by Barrow
hunters. Reports indicate that all but 1 of the 73 walrus were taken
west of Point Barrow, beyond the limits of the incidental take
regulations. Hunters from Nuiqsut and Kaktovik do not normally hunt
walrus east of Point Barrow and have taken only one walrus in the last
10 years.
Polar Bear
In the southern Beaufort sea, polar bears spend the majority of
their lives on the ice, which limits the opportunity for impacts from
Industry. For example, although polar bears have been documented in
open water, miles from the ice edge or ice floes, it is a relatively
rare occurrence. Therefore, exploration activities in the open-water
season will not have more than a negligible impact on the polar bear.
Polar bears also spend a limited amount of time on land, coming
ashore to feed, den, or move to other areas. At time when the ice edge
is near shore and then quickly retreats northward, bears may remain
along the coast or on barrier islands for several weeks until the ice
returns. For those brief periods, there is increased likelihood of
interactions between polar bears and Industry activities. We have found
that polar bear interaction planning and training requirements of the
LOA process have increased polar bear awareness, and have helped
minimize these encounters. For example, in 1999 Exxon terminated work
on Flaxman Island due to the presence of several polar bears in the
vicinity of their work area.
Disturbances to denning females, either on land or on ice, are of
particular concern. As part of the LOA application for seismic surveys
during denning season, Industry provides us with the proposed seismic
survey routes. To minimize the likelihood of disturbance of denning
females, we evaluate these routes along with information about known
polar bear dens, historic denning sites, and probable denning habitat.
A standard condition of LOAs requires Industry to maintain a one-mile
buffer
[[Page 68977]]
between survey activities and known denning sites. In addition, we may
require Industry to avoid denning habitat until bears have left their
dens. To further reduce the potential for disturbance to denning
females, we are conducting research in cooperation with Industry to
evaluate the use of remote sensing techniques, such as Forward Looking
Infrared (FLIR) imagery to detect active dens.
Industry activities that occur on or near the ice have greater
possibility for encountering polar bears. Depending upon the
circumstances, bears can be either repelled from or attracted to
sounds, smells, or sights associate with there activities. As mentioned
above, the LOA process requires the applicant to develop a polar bear
interaction plan for each operation. These plans outline the steps the
applicant will take to minimize impacts, such as garage disposal
procedures to reduce the attraction of polar bears. Interaction plans
also outline the chain of command for responding to a polar bear
sighting. In addition to interaction plans, Industry personnel
participate in polar bear interaction training while on site. The
result of these polar bear interaction plans and training is that when
a bear encounters Industry activities, it is detected quickly, and
responded to appropriately. Most often, this involves deterring the
bear from the site, with minimal effect. Without such plans and
training, the undesirable outcome could be lethal take in defense of
human life.
Over the span of our incidental take regulations, Industry reported
103 polar bear sightings. Of these, only 29 were instances where a bear
was attracted to and/or deterred from the site. We have no indication
that encounters which merely alter the behavior and movement of
individual bears have any long-term effects on those bears. It is
therefore unlikely that the small number of benign encounters between
polar bears and Industry would have a significant overall effect on the
population.
No lethal takes have occurred during the period covered by
incidental take regulations. Even before regulations were issued,
lethal takes by Industry were a rare occurrence. Since 1968, there have
been two documented cases of lethal take of polar bears associated with
oil and gas activities. In both instances, the lethal take was in
defense of human life.
Oil Spills
In addition to routine operations, the potential exists for polar
bears to be impacted by oil spills. Spills of crude oil and petroleum
products associated with onshore production facilities are usually
minor spills that are contained and removed upon discovery. As polar
bears spend the majority of their time onshore, they are unlikely to
encounter oil from an onshore spill.
Oil spills are of concern in the marine environment, where spilled
oil will accumulate at the ice edge, in leads, and similar areas of
importance to polar bears. Oil spilled from offshore production
activities was not considered in our previous regulations. The
Northstar Project will transport crude oil from a reconstructed gravel
island in the Beaufort Sea to shore via a 5.96-mile buried subsea
pipeline. The pipeline will be buried in a trench in the sea floor deep
enough to reduce the risk of damage from ice gouging and strudel scour.
Construction of Northstar will begin in the winter of 1999-2000.
Polar bears are at risk from an oil spill in the Beaufort Sea.
Limited data from a Canadian study suggest that polar bears
experimentally oiled with crude oil may die. This finding is consistent
with what is known of other marine mammals that rely on their fur for
insulation. The Northstar FEIS concluded that mortality of up to 30
polar bears could occur as the result of an oil spill greater than
1,000 barrels. This estimate was based on observations of aggregations
of polar bears on barrier islands in the Beaufort Sea.
Two independent lines of evidence support our determination that
only a negligible impact to the Beaufort Sea polar bear stock will
occur from Northstar, one largely anecdotal, and the other
quantitative. The largely anecdotal information is based on
observations of polar bear aggregations on barrier islands and coastal
areas in the Beaufort Sea. This information suggests that polar bear
aggregations may occur for brief periods in the fall. The presence and
duration of these aggregations are influenced by the presence of sea
ice near shore and the availability of marine mammal carcasses, notably
bowhead whales. In order for significant impacts to polar bears to
occur, an oil spill would have to occur, an aggregation of bears would
have to present, the spill would have to contact the aggregation, and
many of the bears would have to be killed. We believe the probability
of all these events occurring simultaneously is low.
The quantitative rationale for negligible impact is based on a risk
assessment that considered oil spill probability estimates for the
Northstar Project, an oil spill trajectory model, and a polar bear
distribution model. The Northeast FEIS provides estimates of the
probability that one or more spills greater than 1,000 barrels of oil
will occur over the project's life of 15 years. We consider here only
spill probabilities for the drilling platform and subsea pipeline as
these are the spill locations that would affect polar bears. When
calculated for the 3-year period covered by the proposed regulations,
we estimate the likelihood of one or more spills greater than 1,000
barrels in size occurring in the marine environment is 3-10 percent.
Applied Sciences Associates, Inc., was contracted by BP Exploration
Inc. to run the OILMAP oil spill trajectory model. The size of the
modeled spill was set at 3,600 barrels, simulating rupture and drainage
of the entire subsea pipeline. Each spill was modeled by tracking the
location of 100 ``spillets,'' each representing 36 barrels. Spillets
were driven by wind, and their movements affected by the presence of
sea ice. Open water and broken ice scenarios were each modeled with 250
simulations. A solid ice scenario was also modeled, in which oil was
trapped beneath the ice and did not spread. In this event, we found it
unlikely that polar bears would contact oil, and removed this scenario
from further analysis. Each simulation was run for 96 hours with no
cleanup or containment efforts simulated. At the end of each
simulation, the size and location of each spill was represented in a
geographic information system (GIS).
Telemetry data suggest that polar bears are widely distributed in
low numbers across the Beaufort Sea with a density of about one bear
per 30-50 square miles. The U.S. Geological Survey, Biological
Resources Division, developed a polar bear distribution model based on
extensive telemetry data that estimates the number of bears expected to
occur within a grid of the Beaufort Sea with a cell size of 0.25
km2. Each of the simulated oil spills was overlaid with the
polar bear distribution grid. If a spillet passed through a grid cell,
the bears in that cell were considered killed by the spill. In the open
water scenario, the estimated number of bears killed ranged from less
than 1 to 78, with a median of 8. In the broken ice scenario, results
ranged from less than 1 to 108, with a median of 21. These results are
based on an ``average'' distribution of polar bears and do not include
potential aggregations of bears.
We estimated the likelihood of occurrence of mortality for various
numbers of bears by multiplying the probability of mortality by the
spill probability for each period for the year, and summing those
probabilities over the entire year. We calculate that the probability
of a spill that would cause
[[Page 68978]]
mortality of one or more bears is 0.9-3.1 percent. As the threshold
number of bears is increased, the likelihood of that event decreases.
Thus the probability of a spill that would cause a mortality of 5 or
more bears is 0.7-2.5 percent; for 10 or more bears is 0.6-2.0 percent;
and for 20 or more bears is 0.3-1 percent.
The greatest source of uncertainty in our calculations is the
probability of an oil spill occurring. The oil spill probability
estimates for the Northstar Project were calculated using data for
subsea pipelines outside of Alaska and outside of the Arctic. These
spill probability estimates, therefore, do not reflect conditions that
are routinely encountered in the Arctic, such as permafrost, ice
gouging, and strudel scour. They may include other conditions unlikely
to be encountered in the Arctic, such as damage from anchors and trawl
nets. Consequently, there is some uncertainty about the validity of oil
spill probabilities as presented in the Northstar FEIS. However, if the
probability of a spill were actually twice the estimated value, the
probability of a spill that would cause a mortality of one or more
bears is still low (about 6 percent).
This analysis is dependent on numerous assumptions, some of which
underestimate, while others overestimate, the potential risk to polar
bears. These include variation in spill probabilities during the year,
the length of time the oil spill trajectory model was run, whether or
not containment occurred during the trajectory model, lack of efforts
to deter wildlife during the model runs, contact with a spillet
constitutes mortality, aggregations of bears not included, etc. We
determined that the assumptions that would overestimate and
underestimate mortalities were generally in balance.
We conclude that if an oil spill were to occur during the fall of
spring broken-ice periods, there could be a significant impact to polar
bears. However, in balancing the level of impact with the probability
of occurrence, we conclude that the probability of serious impacts
(large-volume spills that cause high polar bear mortalities) is low.
Therefore we conclude that the effect of operations associated with the
Northstar development will have a negligible impact on polar bears.
Subsistence Use of Polar Bear
Within the area covered by the proposed regulations, polar bears
are taken in Barrow, Nuiqsut, or Kaktovik; however, it is not
considered a primary subsistence species in these villages. Data from
our Marking, Tagging, and Reporting Program indicate that from July 1,
1993, to June 30, 1998, a total of 94 polar bears was reported
harvested by residents of Barrow; 7 by residents of the village of
Nuiqsut; and 10 by residents of the village of Kaktovik. Hunting
success varies considerably from year to year because of variable ice
and weather conditions. Native subsistence polar bear hunting could be
affected by an oil spill. Hunting areas where polar bears are
historically taken may be viewed as tainted by an oil spill.
Industry works with local Native groups to achieve a cooperative
relationship between oil and gas activities and subsistence activities.
The Industry works with the local Native groups to develop a Plan of
Cooperation to address subsistence mitigation measures to be
incorporated into the Industry's plan of operation.
Cumulative Effects
Based on past LOA monitoring reports, the level of interaction
between Industry and marine mammals (Pacific walrus and polar bears)
has had a negligible impact on these species. Additional information,
such as subsistence harvested levels and incidental observations of
polar bears near shore, provides evidence that these populations have
not been adversely affected. The projected level of activities during
the period covered by the proposed regulations (existing onshore
development and proposed exploratory activities) are similar in scale
to previous levels. Therefore, we conclude that projected onshore
activities will have a negligible impact on polar bears and Pacific
walrus.
While the actual construction and operation of the Northstar
development is not expected to significantly increase the impacts to
Pacific walrus and polar bears, concern about potential oil spills in
the marine environment was raised in the Northstar FEIS. We have
analyzed the likelihood of an oil spill in the marine environment that
would kill a significant number of polar bears and found it to be
negligible. Thus, after considering the cumulative effects of existing
onshore development, proposed exploratory activities, and the new
Northstar subsea pipeline, we find that these activities will have a
negligible impact on polar bears and Pacific walrus.
Conclusions
Based on the previous discussion, we propose the following findings
regarding this action:
Impact on Species
We find, based on the best scientific information available, the
results of monitoring data from our previous regulations and the
results of our modeling assessments, that the effects of oil and gas
related exploration, development, and production activities from
January 31, 2000, through January 31, 2003, in the Beaufort Sea and
adjacent northern coast of Alaska will have a negligible impact on
polar bears and Pacific walrus and their habitat. In making this
proposed finding, we are following Congressional direction in balancing
the potential for a significant impact with the likelihood of that
event occurring. The specific Congressional direction that justifies
balancing probabilities with impacts follows:
If potential effects of a specified activity are conjectural or
speculative, a finding of negligible impact may be appropriate. A
finding of negligible impact may also be appropriate if the
probability of occurrence is low but the potential effects may be
significant. In this case, the probability of occurrence of impacts
must be balanced with the potential severity of harm to the species
or stock when determining negligible impact. In applying this
balancing test, the Service will thoroughly evaluate the risks
involved and the potential impacts on marine mammal populations.
Such determination will be made based on the best available
scientific information. (53 FR at 8474: accord, 132 Cong. Rec. S
16305 (Oct. 15, 1986)
In the event of a catastrophic spill, we would reassess the impacts
to the polar bear and walrus populations and reconsider the
appropriateness of authorizations for incidental taking through Section
101(a)(5)(A) of the Act.
Our proposed finding of ``negligible impact'' applies to oil and
gas exploration, development, and production activities. The following
are generic conditions intended to minimize interference with normal
breeding, feeding, and possible migration patterns to ensure that the
effects to the species remain negligible. We may expand the conditions
in the LOAs based upon site-specific and species-specific reasons.
(1) These regulation do not authorize intentional taking of polar
bear or Pacific walrus.
(2)For the protection of pregnant polar bears during denning
activities (den selection, birthing, and maturation of cubs) in known
and confirmed denning areas, Industry activities will be restricted in
specific locations during certain specified times of the year. These
restrictions will be applied on a case-by-case basis in response to
each LOA request. In potential denning areas, we may require pre-
activity surveys (e.g., aerial surveys) to determine the presence or
absence of denning activity.
(3) Each activity authorized by an LOA requires a site-specific
plan of
[[Page 68979]]
operation and a site-specific monitoring and reporting plan. The
purpose of the required plan is to ensure that the level of activity
and possible takes will be consistent with our proposed finding that
the cumulative total of incidental takes will have a negligible impact
on polar bear and Pacific walrus, their habitat, and where relevant,
will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of
these species for subsistence uses.
Impact on Subsistence Take
We propose to find, based on the best scientific information
available, and the results of monitoring data, that the effects of oil
and gas exploration, development, and production activities for the
next 3 years in the Beaufort Sea and adjacent northern coast of Alaska
will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the availability of
polar bears and Pacific walrus for taking for subsistence uses.
Polar bear and Pacific walrus represent a small portion, in terms
of the number of animals, of the total subsistence harvest for the
villages of Barrow, Nuiqsut, and Kaktovik. However, the low numbers do
not mean that the harvest of these species is not important to Alaska
Natives. Prior to receipt of an LOA, Industry must provide evidence to
us that a Plan of Cooperation has been presented to the subsistence
communities, the Eskimo Walrus Commission, the Alaska Nanuuq
Commission, and the North Slope Borough. The plan will ensure that oil
and gas activities will continue to not have an unmitigable adverse
impact on the availability of the species or stock for subsistence
uses. This Plan of Cooperation must provide the procedures on how
Industry will work with the affected Native communities and what
actions will be taken to avoid interference with subsistence hunting of
polar bear and walrus.
If there is evidence that oil and gas activities will affect, or in
the future may affect, the availability of polar bear or walrus for
take for subsistence uses, we will reevaluate our findings regarding
permissible limits of take and the measures required to ensure
continued subsistence hunting opportunities.
Monitoring and Reporting
Monitoring plans are required to determine short-term and direct
effects of authorized oil and gas activities on polar bear and walrus
in the Beaufort Sea and the adjacent northern coast of Alaska.
Monitoring plans must identify the methods used to assess changes in
the movements, behavior, and habitat use of polar bear and walrus in
response to Industry's activities. Monitoring activities are summarized
and reported in a formal report each year. The applicant must submit an
annual monitoring and reporting plan at least 90 days prior to the
initiation of a proposed exploratory activity, and the applicant must
submit a final monitoring report to us no later than 90 days after
completion of the activity. We base each year's monitoring objective on
the previous year's monitoring results.
We require an approved plan for monitoring and reporting the
effects of oil and gas industry exploration, development, and
production activities on polar bear and walrus prior to issuance of an
LOA. Since development and production activities are continuous and
long-term, upon approval, LOAs and their required monitoring and
reporting plans will be issued for the life of the activity or until
the expiration of the regulations, whichever occurs first. Each year,
prior to January 15, we will require that the operator submit
development and production activity monitoring results of the previous
year's activity. We require annual approval of the monitoring results
for continued operation under the LOA.
Required Determinations
We have prepared a draft Environmental Assessment (EA) in
conjunction with this proposed rulemaking. Subsequent to closure of the
comment period for this proposed rule, we will decide whether this is a
major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human
environment within the meaning of Section 102(2)(C) of the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969. For a copy of the draft
Environmental Assessment, contact the individual identified above in
the section FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.
This document has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and
Budget under Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review).
This rule will not have an effect of $100 million or more on the
economy; will not adversely affect in a material way the economy,
productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health of
safety, of State, local, or tribal governments or communities; will not
create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an action
taken or planned by another agency; does not alter the budgetary
effects or entitlement, grants, user fees, or loan programs or the
rights or obligations of their recipients; and does not raise novel
legal or policy issues. The proposed rule is not likely to result in an
annual effect on the economy of $100 million of more. Expenses will be
related to, but not necessarily limited to, the development of
applications for regulations and LOAs, monitoring, record keeping, and
reporting activities conducted during Industry oil and gas operations,
development of polar bear interaction plans, and coordination with
Alaska Natives to minimize effects of operations on subsistence
hunting. Compliance with the rule is not expected to result in
additional costs to Industry that it has not already been subjected to
for the previous 6 years. Realistically, these costs are minimal in
comparison to those related to actual oil and gas exploration,
development, and production operations. The actual costs to Industry to
develop the petition for promulgation of regulations (originally
developed in 1997) and LOA requests probably does not exceed $500,000
per year, short of the ``major rule'' threshold that would require
preparation of a regulatory impact analysis. As is presently the case,
profits would accrue to Industry; royalties and taxes would accrue to
the Government; and the rule would have little or no impact on
decisions by Industry to relinquish tracts and write off bonus
payments.
We have determined that this rule is not a major rule under 5
U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act.
The proposed rule is also not likely to result in a major increase in
costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, or government
agencies or have significant adverse effects on competition,
employment, productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United
States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in
domestic or export markets.
We have also determined that this proposed rule will not have a
significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities
under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. Oil
companies and their contractors conducting exploration, development,
and production activities in Alaska have been identified as the only
likely applicants under the regulations. These potential applicants
have not been identified as small businesses. The analysis for this
rule is available from the person in Alaska identified above in the
section, FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.
Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations
that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to make
this rule easier to understand, including answers to questions such as
the following: (1)
[[Page 68980]]
Are the requirements in the rule clearly stated? (2) Does the rule
contain technical language or jargon that interferes with its clarity?
(3) Does the format of the rule (grouping and order of sections, use of
headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Would the
rule be easier to understand if it were divided into more (but shorter)
sections? (A ``section'' appears in bold type and is preceded by the
symbol ``Sec. '' and a numbered heading; for example, Sec. 18.123 When
is this rule effective? (5) Is the description of the rule in the
``Supplementary Information'' section of the preamble helpful in
understanding the proposed rule? What else could we do to make the rule
easier to understand?
Our practice is to make comments, including names and home
addresses of respondents, available for public review during regular
business hours. Individual respondents may request that we withhold
their home address from the rulemaking record, which we will honor to
the extent allowable by law. There also may be circumstances in which
we would withhold from the rulemaking record a respondent's identity,
as allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold your name and/or
address, you must state that prominently at the beginning of your
comment. However, we will not consider anonymous comments. We will make
all submissions from organizations or businesses, and from individuals
identifying themselves as representatives or officials of organizations
or businesses, available for public inspection in their entirety.
This proposed rule is not expected to have a potential takings
implication under Executive Order 12630 because it would authorize the
incidental, but not intentional, take of polar bear and walrus by oil
and gas industry companies and thereby exempt these companies from
civil and criminal liability.
This proposed rule also does not contain policies with Federalism
implications sufficient to warrant preparation of a Federalism
Assessment under Executive Order 13132. In accordance with the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501, et seq.), this rule will not
``significantly or uniquely'' affect small governments. A Small
Government Agency Plan is not required. The Service has determined and
certifies pursuant to the Unfunded Mandates Act that this rulemaking
will not impose a cost of $100 million or more in any given year on
local or State governments or private entities. This rule will not
produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year, i.e.,
it is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act. The Service has determined and certifies pursuant
to the Unfunded Mandates Act that this rulemaking will not impose a
cost of $100 million or more in any given year on local or State
governments or private entities.
The Departmental Solicitor's Office has determined that these
regulations meet the applicable standards provided in Sections 3(a) and
3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988.
The information collection contained in this rule has been approved
by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork
Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et. seq.) and assigned clearance number
1018-0070. The OMB approval of our collection of this information will
expire in October 2001. The proposed section 18.129 contains the public
notice information--including identification of the estimated burden
and obligation to respond--required under the Paperwork Reduction Act.
Information from our Marking, Tagging, and Reporting Program is cleared
under OMB Number 1018-0066 pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction Act. For
information on our Marking, Tagging, and Report Program, see 50 CFR
18.23(f)(12).
Comments and materials received in response to this action are
available for public inspection during normal working hours of 8:00
a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, at the Office of Marine
Mammals Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 E. Tudor Road,
Anchorage, Alaska 99503.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 18
Administrative practice and procedure, Alaska, Imports, Indians,
Marine mammals, Oil and gas exploration, Reporting and record keeping
requirements, Transportation.
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Service proposes to
amend Part 18, Subchapter B of Chapter 1, Title 50 of the Code of
Federal Regulations as set forth below.
PART 18--MARINE MAMMALS
1. The authority citation of 50 CFR part 18 continues to read as
follows: 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.
2. Revise Subpart J to read as follows:
Subpart J--Taking of Marine Mammals Incidental to Oil and Gas
Exploration, Development, and Production Activities in the Beaufort
Sea and Adjacent Northern Coast of Alaska
Sec.
18.121 What specified activities does this rule cover?
18.122 In what specified geographic region does this rule apply?
18.123 When is this rule effective?
18.124 How do you obtain a Letter of Authorization?
18.125 What criteria does the Service use to evaluate Letter of
Authorization requests?
18.126 What does a Letter of Authorization allow?
18.127 What activities are prohibited?
18.128 What are the monitoring and reporting requirements?
18.129 What are the information collection requirements?
Sec. 18.121 What specified activities does this rule cover?
Regulations in this subpart apply to the incidental, but not
intentional, task of small numbers of polar bear and Pacific walrus by
you (U.S. citizens as defined in Sec. 18.27(c)) while engaged in oil
and gas exploration, development, and production activities in the
Beaufort Sea and adjacent northern coast of Alaska. The offshore
exploration, development, and production facility, known as Northstart,
is covered by this rule. Further offshore development and production,
such as the proposed Liberty project, is not covered by this rule.
Sec. 18.122 In what specified geographic region does this rule apply?
This rule applies to the specified geographic region defined by a
north/south line at Barrow, Alaska, and includes all Alaska coastal
areas, State waters, and Outer Continental Shelf waters east of that
line to the Canadian border and an area 25 miles inland from Barrow on
the west to the Canning River on the east. The Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge is excluded from this rule.
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Sec. 18.123 When is this rule effective?
Regulations in this subpart are effective January 31, 2000, through
January 31, 2003, for year-round oil and gas exploration, development,
and production activities.
Sec. 18.124 How do you obtain a Letter of Authorization?
(a) You must be a U.S. citizen as defined in Sec. 18.27(c) of this
part.
(b) If you are conducting an oil and gas exploration, development,
or production activity in the specified geographic region described in
Sec. 18.122 that may take a polar bear or Pacific walrus in execution
of those activities and desire incidental take authorization under this
rule, you must apply for a Letter of Authorization for each exploration
activity or a Letter of Authorization for each development and
production area. You must submit the application for authorization to
our Alaska Regional Director (see 50 CFR 2.2 for address) at least 90
days prior to the start of the proposed activity.
(c) Your application for a Letter of Authorization must include the
following information:
(1) A description of the activity, the dates and duration of the
activity, the specific location, and the estimated area affected by
that activity.
(2) A site-specific plan to monitor the effects of the activity on
the behavior of polar bear and Pacific walrus that may be present
during the ongoing activities. Your monitoring program must document
the effects to these marine mammals and estimate the actual level and
type of take. The monitoring requirements will vary depending on the
activity, the location, and the time of year.
(3) A polar bear awareness and interaction plan. For the protection
of human life and welfare, each employee on site must complete a basic
polar bear encounter training course.
(4) A Plan of Cooperation to mitigate potential conflicts between
the proposed activity and subsistence hunting. This Plan of Cooperation
must identify measures to minimize adverse effects on the availability
of polar bear and Pacific walrus for subsistence uses if the activity
takes place in or near a traditional subsistence hunting area. You must
contact affected subsistence communities to discuss potential conflicts
caused by location, timing, and methods of proposed operations. You
must make reasonable efforts to assure that activities do not interfere
with subsistence hunting or that adverse effects on the availability of
polar bear or Pacific walrus are properly mitigated.
Sec. 18.125 What Criteria does the Service use to evaluate Letter of
Authorization requests?
(a) When you request a Letter of Authorization, we will evaluate
each request for a Letter of Authorization based on the specific
activity and the specific geographic location. We will determine
whether the level of activity identified in the request exceeds that
considered by us in making a finding of negligible impact on the
species and a finding of no unmitigable adverse impact on the
availability of the species for take for subsistence uses. If the level
of activity is greater, we will reevaluate our findings to determine if
those findings continue to be appropriate based on the greater level of
activity that you have requested. Depending on the results of the
evaluation, we may allow the authorization to stand as is, add further
conditions, or withdraw the authorization.
(b) In accordance with Sec. 18.27(f)(5) of this part, we will make
decisions concerning withdrawals of Letters of Authorization, either on
an individual or class basis, only after notice and opportunity for
public comment.
(c) The requirement for notice and public comment in Sec. 18.125(b)
will not apply should we determine that an emergency exists that poses
a significant risk to the well-being of the species or stock of polar
bear or Pacific walrus.
Sec. 18.126 What does a Letter of Authorization allow?
(a) Your Letter of Authorization may allow the incidental, but not
intentional, take of polar bear and Pacific walrus when you are
carrying out one or more of the following activities:
(1) Conducting geological and geophysical surveys and associated
activities;
(2) Drilling exploratory wells and associated activities;
(3) Developing oil fields and associated activities;
(4) Drilling production wells and performing production support
operations; and
(5) Conducting environmental monitoring activities associated with
exploration, development, and production activities to determine
associated impacts.
(b) You must use methods and conduct activities identified in your
Letter of Authorization in a manner that minimizes to the greatest
extent practicable adverse impacts on polar bear and Pacific walrus,
their habitat, and on the availability of these marine mammals for
subsistence uses.
(c) Each Letter of Authorization will identify allowable conditions
or methods that are specific to the activity and location.
Sec. 18.127 What activities are prohibited?
(a) Intentional take of polar bear or Pacific walrus; and
(b) Any take that fails to comply with the terms and conditions of
these specific regulations or of your Letter of Authorization.
Sec. 18.128 What are the monitoring and reporting requirements?
(a) We require holders of Letters of Authorization to cooperate
with us and other designated Federal, State, and local agencies to
monitor the impacts of oil and gas exploration, development, and
production activities on polar bear and Pacific walrus.
(b) Holders of Letters of Authorization must designate a qualified
individual or individuals to observe, record, and report on the effects
of their activities on polar bear and Pacific walrus.
(c) We may place an observer on site of the activity on board drill
ships, drill rigs, aircraft, icebreakers, or other support vessels or
vehicles to monitor the impacts of your activity on polar bear and
Pacific walrus.
(d) For exploratory activities, holders of a Letters of
Authorization must submit a report to our Alaska Regional Director
within 90 days after completion of activities. For development and
production activities, holders of a Letters of Authorization must
submit a report to our Alaska Regional Director by January 15 for the
preceding year's activities. Reports must include, at a minimum, the
following information:
(1) Dates and times of activity;
(2) Dates and locations of polar bear or Pacific walrus activity as
related to the monitoring activity; and
(3) Results of the monitoring activities including an estimated
level of take.
Sec. 18.129 What are the information collection requirements?
(a) The collection of information contained in this subpart has
been approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the
Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) and assigned clearance
number 1018-0070. We need to collect the information in order to
describe the proposed activity and estimate the impacts of potential
taking by all persons conducting the activity. We will use the
information to evaluate the application and determine whether to issue
specific regulations and, subsequently, Letters of Authorization.
(b) For the initial year, we estimate your burden to be 200 hours
to develop an application requesting us to
[[Page 68983]]
promulgate incidental take regulations. For the initial year and
annually thereafter when you conduct operations under this rule, we
estimate an 8-hour burden per Letters of Authorization, a 4-hour burden
for monitoring, and an 8-hour burden per monitoring report. You must
respond to this information collection request to obtain a benefit
pursuant to Section 101(a)(5) of the Marine Mammal Protection Act. You
should direct comments regarding the burden estimate or any other
aspect of this requirement to the Information Collection Clearance
Officer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior,
Mail Stop 222 ARLSQ, 1849 C Street, NW., Washington, DC 20240, and the
Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (1018-
0070), Washington, D.C. 20503.
Dated: November 17, 1999.
Donald J. Barry,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. 99-31906 Filed 12-6-99; 12:13 pm]
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