2020-02502. Air Plan Approval; FL; 2010 1-Hour SO2  

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    AGENCY:

    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

    ACTION:

    Proposed rule.

    SUMMARY:

    The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to approve Florida's September 18, 2018, State Implementation Plan (SIP) submission pertaining to the “good neighbor” provision of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) for the 2010 1-hour sulfur dioxide (SO2) National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). The good neighbor provision requires each state's implementation plan to address the interstate transport of air pollution in amounts that contribute significantly to nonattainment, or interfere with maintenance, of a NAAQS in any other state. In this action, EPA is proposing to determine that Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state. Therefore, EPA is proposing to approve the September 18, 2018, SIP revision as meeting the requirements of the good neighbor provision for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS.

    DATES:

    Written comments must be received on or before March 11, 2020.

    ADDRESSES:

    Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R04-OAR-2019-0008 at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written Start Printed Page 7481comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. EPA will generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please visit http://www.epa.gov/​dockets/​commenting-epa-dockets.

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    FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

    Michele Notarianni, Air Regulatory Management Section, Air Planning and Implementation Branch, Air and Radiation Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street SW, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8960. Ms. Notarianni can be reached via phone number (404) 562-9031 or via electronic mail at notarianni.michele@epa.gov.

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    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

    I. Background

    A. Infrastructure SIPs

    On June 2, 2010, EPA promulgated a revised primary SO2 NAAQS with a level of 75 parts per billion (ppb), based on a 3-year average of the annual 99th percentile of 1-hour daily maximum concentrations. See 75 FR 35520 (June 22, 2010). Whenever EPA promulgates a new or revised NAAQS, CAA section 110(a)(1) requires states to make SIP submissions to provide for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of the NAAQS. This particular type of SIP submission is commonly referred to as an “infrastructure SIP.” These submissions must meet the various requirements of CAA section 110(a)(2), as applicable.

    Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) of the CAA requires SIPs to include provisions prohibiting any source or other type of emissions activity in one state from emitting any air pollutant in amounts that will contribute significantly to nonattainment, or interfere with maintenance, of the NAAQS in another state. The two clauses of this section are referred to as prong 1 (significant contribution to nonattainment) and prong 2 (interference with maintenance of the NAAQS).

    On September 18, 2018, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) submitted a revision to the Florida SIP addressing prongs 1 and 2 of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS.[1] EPA is proposing to approve FDEP's September 18, 2018, SIP submission because, based on the information available at the time of this rulemaking, the State demonstrated that Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment, or interfere with maintenance, of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state. All other elements related to the infrastructure requirements of section 110(a)(2) for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS for Florida have been addressed in separate rulemakings.[2]

    B. 2010 1-Hour SO 2 NAAQS Designations Background

    In this action, EPA has considered information from the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS designations process, as discussed in more detail in section III.C of this notice. For this reason, a brief summary of EPA's designations process for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS is included here.[3]

    After the promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS, EPA is required to designate areas as “nonattainment,” “attainment,” or “unclassifiable” pursuant to section 107(d)(1) of the CAA. The process for designating areas following promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS is contained in section 107(d) of the CAA. The CAA requires EPA to complete the initial designations process within two years of promulgating a new or revised standard. If the Administrator has insufficient information to make these designations by that deadline, EPA has the authority to extend the deadline for completing designations by up to one year.

    EPA promulgated the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS on June 2, 2010. See 75 FR 35520 (June 22, 2010). EPA completed the first round of designations (“round 1”) [4] for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS on July 25, 2013, designating 29 areas in 16 states as nonattainment for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. See 78 FR 47191 (August 5, 2013). EPA signed Federal Register notices of promulgation for round 2 designations [5] on June 30, 2016 (81 FR 45039 (July 12, 2016)) and on November 29, 2016 (81 FR 89870 (December 13, 2016)), and round 3 designations [6] on December 21, 2017 (83 FR 1098 (January 9, 2018)).[7]

    On August 21, 2015 (80 FR 51052), EPA separately promulgated air quality characterization requirements for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in the Data Requirements Rule (DRR). The DRR requires state air agencies to characterize air quality, through air dispersion modeling or monitoring, in areas associated with sources that emitted 2,000 tons per year (tpy) or more of SO2, or that have otherwise been listed under the DRR by EPA or state air agencies. In lieu of modeling or monitoring, state air agencies, by specified dates, could elect to impose federally-enforceable emissions limitations on those sources restricting their annual SO2 emissions to less than 2,000 tpy, or provide documentation that the sources have been shut down. EPA expected that the information generated by implementation of the DRR would help inform designations for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS that must be completed by December 31, 2020 (“round 4”).

    In rounds 1 and 3 of designations, EPA designated three SO2 nonattainment areas and one unclassifiable area in Florida. In round 1, EPA designated portions of Nassau and Hillsborough counties as Start Printed Page 7482nonattainment for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS based on air quality monitoring data (Nassau, FL Area and Hillsborough, FL Area, respectively).[8] In round 3, EPA designated portions of Hillsborough and Polk counties (Hillsborough-Polk, FL Area) as nonattainment for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS based on air quality modeling.[9] EPA also designated portions of Hillsborough and Polk counties (Mulberry, FL Area) as unclassifiable for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in round 3. The remaining counties in Florida were designated as attainment/unclassifiable in round 3; therefore, no areas in Florida will be designated in round 4.[10]

    II. Relevant Factors Used To Evaluate 2010 1-Hour SO2 Interstate Transport SIPs

    Although SO2 is emitted from a similar universe of point and nonpoint sources as is directly emitted fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the precursors to ozone and PM2.5, interstate transport of SO2 is unlike the transport of PM2.5 or ozone because SO2 emissions sources usually do not have long range SO2 impacts. The transport of SO2 relative to the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS is more analogous to the transport of lead (Pb) relative to the Pb NAAQS in that emissions of SO2 typically result in 1-hour pollutant impacts of possible concern only near the emissions source. However, ambient 1-hour concentrations of SO2 do not decrease as quickly with distance from the source as do 3-month average concentrations of Pb, because SO2 gas is not removed by deposition as rapidly as are Pb particles and because SO2 typically has a higher emissions release height than Pb. Emitted SO2 has wider ranging impacts than emitted Pb, but it does not have such wide-ranging impacts that treatment in a manner similar to ozone or PM2.5 would be appropriate. Accordingly, while the approaches that EPA has adopted for ozone or PM2.5 transport are too regionally focused, the approach for Pb transport is too tightly circumscribed to the source. SO2 transport is therefore a unique case and requires a different approach.

    In this proposed rulemaking, as in prior SO2 transport analyses, EPA focuses on a 50 km-wide zone because the physical properties of SO2 result in relatively localized pollutant impacts near an emissions source that drop off with distance. Given the properties of SO2, EPA selected a spatial scale with dimensions from four to 50 kilometers (km) from point sources—the “urban scale”—to assess trends in area-wide air quality that might impact downwind states.[11]

    In its SIP submission, FDEP identified a distance threshold to reflect the transport properties of SO2. FDEP selected the “urban scale” as appropriate in assessing trends in both area-wide air quality and the effectiveness of large-scale pollution control strategies at such point sources. FDEP supported this transport distance threshold with references to the March 1, 2011, EPA memorandum titled “Additional Clarification Regarding Application of Appendix W Modeling Guidance for the 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard,” and noted that this clarification applies equally to the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard.[12] The memorandum offers a general guideline for estimating the distance to maximum 1-hour impact and the region of significant concentration gradients that may apply in relatively flat terrain, which is approximately 10 times the source's release height.[13] FDEP states that no SO2 source in Florida (which has flat terrain) has a stack height of more than 205 meters and thus, the maximum distance to a significant concentration gradient from a Florida source is approximately 2,050 meters (i.e., 2.05 km) from the source, after which a source's impacts decrease significantly. Additionally, the memorandum indicates that the inclusion of all emissions sources within 50 km of the source under analysis is likely to produce an overly conservative result in most cases.

    Given the properties of SO2, EPA preliminarily agrees with Florida's selection of the urban scale to assess trends in area-wide air quality that might impact downwind states. As discussed further in section III.B, EPA believes that Florida's selection of the urban scale is appropriate for assessing trends in both area-wide air quality and the effectiveness of large-scale pollution control strategies at SO2 point sources. Florida's selection of this transport distance for SO2 is consistent with 40 CFR 58, Appendix D, Section 4.4.4(4) “Urban scale,” which states that measurements in this scale would be used to estimate SO2 concentrations over large portions of an urban area with dimensions from four to 50 km. The American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) is EPA's preferred modeling platform for regulatory purposes for near-field dispersion of emissions for distances up to 50 km. See Appendix W of 40 CFR part 51. Thus, EPA concurs with Florida's application of the 50-km threshold as a reasonable distance to evaluate emission source impacts into neighboring states and to assess air quality monitors within 50 km of the State's border, which is discussed further in section III.C.Start Printed Page 7483

    As discussed in sections III.C and III.D, EPA first reviewed Florida's analysis to assess how the State evaluated the transport of SO2 to other states, the types of information used in the analysis, and the conclusions drawn by the State. EPA then conducted a weight of evidence analysis based on a review of the State's submission and other available information, including SO2 air quality and available source modeling for other states' sources within 50 km of the Florida border.[14]

    III. Florida's SIP Submission and EPA's Analysis

    A. State Submission

    On September 18, 2018, FDEP submitted a revision to the Florida SIP addressing prongs 1 and 2 of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. Florida conducted a weight of evidence analysis to examine whether SO2 emissions from the State adversely affect attainment or maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in downwind states.

    FDEP concluded that the State is meeting its prong 1 and prong 2 obligations for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. FDEP based its conclusions on: Trends in SO2 design values (DVs) [15] at the State's air quality monitors from 2007-2017; SO2 DVs for monitors located within 50 km of the Florida border; SO2 emissions trends statewide from 2000-2017; the change in SO2 emissions from 2014-2017 at the largest sources of SO2 within 50 km of the border; available SO2 modeling data for the State's round 3 DRR sources; and SIP-approved State and federal regulations that establish requirements for sources of SO2 emissions. EPA's evaluation of Florida's September 18, 2018, SIP submission is detailed in sections III.B, C, and D.

    B. EPA's Evaluation Methodology

    EPA believes that a reasonable starting point for determining which sources and emissions activities in Florida are likely to impact downwind air quality in other states with respect to the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS is by using information in EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI).[16] The NEI is a comprehensive and detailed estimate of air emissions for criteria pollutants, criteria pollutant precursors, and hazardous air pollutants from air emissions sources, that is updated every three years using information provided by the states and other information available to EPA. EPA evaluated data from the 2014 NEI (version 2), the most recently available, complete, and quality assured dataset of the NEI.

    FDEP provided 2014 NEI SO2 emissions data statewide by source category. FDEP states that fuel combustion by electric generating units (EGUs) is the largest source of SO2 emissions in Florida, representing 60 percent of the State's SO2 emissions. FDEP also states that other large sources of SO2 emissions in Florida include chemical and allied product manufacturing and fuel combustion at industrial sources, which, when added to the EGU SO2 emissions, comprise 80 percent of Florida's total SO2 emissions.

    As shown in Table 1, the majority of SO2 emissions in Florida originate from fuel combustion at point sources.[17] In 2014, the total SO2 emissions from point sources in Florida comprised approximately 83 percent of the total SO2 emissions in the State. Further analysis of these data show that SO2 emissions from fuel combustion from point sources make up approximately 68 percent of the State's total SO2 emissions. Because emissions from the other listed source categories are more dispersed throughout the State, those categories are less likely to cause high ambient concentrations when compared to a point source on a ton-for-ton basis. Based on EPA's analysis of the 2014 NEI, EPA believes that it is appropriate to focus the analysis on SO2 emissions from Florida's larger point sources (i.e., emitting over 100 tpy of SO2 in 2017), which are located within the “urban scale,” i.e., within 50 km of one or more state borders.

    Table 1—Summary of 2014 NEI (Version 2) SO2 Data for Florida by Source Type

    CategoryEmissions (tpy)Percent of total SO2 emissions
    Fuel Combustion: EGUs (All Fuel Types)99,362.8760.4
    Fuel Combustion: Industrial Boilers/Internal Combustion Engines (All Fuel Types)11,868.397.2
    Fuel Combustion: Commercial/Institutional (All Fuel Types)188.600.1
    Fuel Combustion: Residential (All Fuel Types)91.660.1
    Industrial Processes (All Categories)24,904.2415.1
    Mobile Sources (All Categories)12,534.897.6
    Fires (All Types)13,342.468.1
    Waste Disposal2,161.721.3
    Solvent Processes0.150
    Miscellaneous (Non-Industrial)13.500
    SO2 Emissions Total164,468.48100
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    As explained in Section II, because the physical properties of SO2 result in relatively localized pollutant impacts near an emissions source that drop off with distance, in SO2 transport analyses, EPA focuses on a 50 km-wide zone. Thus, EPA focused its evaluation on Florida's point sources of SO2 emissions located within approximately 50 km of another state and their potential impact on neighboring states.

    As discussed in section I.B., EPA's current implementation strategy for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS includes the flexibility to characterize air quality for stationary sources subject to the DRR via either data collected at ambient air quality monitors sited to capture the points of maximum concentration, or air dispersion modeling (hereinafter referred to as “DRR monitors” or “DRR modeling,” respectively). EPA's assessment of SO2 emissions from Florida's point sources located within approximately 50 km of another state and their potential impacts on neighboring states (see sections III.C.1. and II.C.2 of this notice) and SO2 air quality data at monitors within 50 km of the Florida border (see section III.C.3. of this notice) is informed by all available data at the time of this proposed rulemaking.[18]

    As described in Section III, EPA proposes to conclude that an assessment of Florida's satisfaction of the prong 1 and 2 requirements under section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) of the CAA for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS may be reasonably based upon evaluating the downwind impacts via modeling and an assessment of SO2 emissions from Florida's point sources emitting more than 100 tpy of SO2 (including fuel combustion sources) that are located within approximately 50 km of another state, and upon any federal regulations and SIP-approved regulations affecting SO2 emissions of Florida's sources.

    C. EPA's Prong 1 Evaluation—Significant Contribution to Nonattainment

    Prong 1 of the good neighbor provision requires states' plans to prohibit emissions that will contribute significantly to nonattainment of a NAAQS in another state. FDEP asserts in its submission that Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment in any other state with respect to the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard. To evaluate Florida's satisfaction of prong 1, EPA assessed the State's SIP submission with respect to the following factors: (1) Potential ambient impacts of SO2 emissions from certain facilities in Florida on neighboring states based on available SO2 designation air dispersion modeling results; (2) SO2 emissions from Florida sources; (3) SO2 ambient air quality for Florida and neighboring states; (4) SIP-approved Florida regulations that address SO2 emissions; and (5) federal regulations that reduce SO2 emissions at Florida sources. A detailed discussion of Florida's SIP submission with respect to each of these factors follows.[19] EPA proposes, based on the information available at the time of this rulemaking, that these factors, taken together, support the Agency's proposed determination that Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in another state. As discussed in the following sections, EPA's proposed conclusion is based, in part, on the fact that modeling results for Florida's four DRR sources within 50 km of another state's border indicate that the maximum impacts do not exceed the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. Regarding three out-of-state DRR sources within 50 km of the Florida border which are located in Alabama, the information available to the Agency does not indicate there are violations of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in Alabama to which Florida sources could contribute. In addition, 2017 SO2 emissions for Florida's non-DRR sources emitting over 100 tons of SO2 within 50 km of another state are at distances or emit levels of SO2 that make it unlikely that these SO2 emissions could interact with SO2 emissions from the neighboring states' sources in such a way as to contribute significantly to nonattainment in neighboring states. Finally, the downward trends in SO2 emissions and DVs for air quality monitors in the State, combined with federal regulations and SIP-approved regulations affecting SO2 emissions of Florida's sources, further support EPA's proposed conclusion.

    1. SO2 Designations Air Dispersion Modeling

    a. State Submission

    In Appendix 2 to Florida's SIP revision, FDEP included the State's January 13, 2017, modeling reports for the four DRR sources in the State within 50 km of the Florida border: Jacksonville Electric Authority (JEA)—Northside Generating Station (NGS)/St. Johns River Power Park (SJRPP); [20 21] WestRock CP, LLC—Fernandina Beach Mill (WestRock); Gulf Power Crist Plant (Crist Plant); and White Springs Agricultural Chemical—Swift Creek Chemical Complex (White Springs). Florida used AERMOD to evaluate the area around each of these sources to satisfy the requirements of the DRR and ran the model for the years 2012-2014 using actual emissions data and monitored SO2 background concentrations. FDEP asserts that the modeling results indicate that the area surrounding each facility is in attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS, as shown in the modeling reports included in Appendix 2 of the State's 2018 submission. FDEP included a table showing emissions decreases for these DRR sources from 2014 to 2017 (see Table 2 of Appendix 1 to Florida's SIP submission), and states that since 2014, actual emissions from these sources have collectively decreased by 74 percent.[22] A summary of the modeling results for Florida's DRR sources within 50 km of the State's border, including supplemental data EPA has reviewed as part of the Agency's analysis, is shown in Table 2 of section III.C.1.b.

    b. EPA Analysis

    EPA evaluated the DRR modeling data in Florida's SIP submission for sources in the State and supplemented this data with available DRR modeling results for sources in adjacent states (i.e., Alabama and Georgia) that are within 50 km of the Florida border.[23] The purpose of Start Printed Page 7485evaluating modeling results in adjacent states within 50 km of the Florida border is to ascertain whether any nearby sources in Florida are impacting a violation of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in another state.

    Table 2 provides a summary of the modeling results for the four modeled DRR sources in Florida which are located within 50 km of another state. The modeling analyses for these four DRR sources resulted in no modeled violations of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS within the modeling domains for each facility. As a result, no further analysis is necessary for assessing the impacts of the interstate transport of SO2 pollution from these sources.

    Table 2—Florida Sources With DRR Modeling Located Within 50 km of Another State

    DRR sourceCountyApproximate distance from source to adjacent state (km)Other facilities included in modeling?Modeled 99th percentile daily maximum 1-hour SO2 concentration (ppb)Model grid extends into another state?
    Crist PlantEscambia17 (AL)Yes—International Paper Pensacola Facility (FL)33.81 (based on 2012-2014 actual emissions for both facilities)No.
    JEA-NGS/SJRPPDuval35 (GA)Yes—Cedar Bay/Generating Plant, Renessenz Jacksonville Facility (now Symrise, Inc.), Anchor Glass Jacksonville Plant, and IFF Chemical Holdings (FL)56.22 (based on 2012-2014 actual emissions for SJRPP and Renessenz Jacksonville Facility (now Symrise, Inc.); allowable emission rates for Cedar Bay, Anchor Glass, and IFF Chemical facilities)No.
    WestRock 24Nassau<5 (GA)Yes—Rayonier Performance Fibers (FL)66.09 (based on 2012-2014 actual emissions for WestRock and Rayonier and permitted allowable emissions for three minor units at WestRock)Yes (approximately 3 km into a portion of southern Georgia).
    White SpringsHamilton16 (GA)Yes—PCS Suwannee River Plant * (FL)56.34 (based on 2012-2014 actual emissions for sulfuric acid plants E & F and permitted allowable emissions for the PCS Suwaneee River Plant and the remaining sources at White Springs River Plant equivalent to 1,276 tpy)No.
    * The PCS Suwannee River Plant shut down most of its operations in 2014.

    There are three DRR sources in neighboring states which are located within 50 km of Florida and which elected to provide air dispersion modeling under the DRR: Alabama Power Company—James M. Barry Electric Generating Plant (Plant Barry); Akzo Nobel Functional Chemicals—LeMoyne Site (AkzoNobel); and Escambia Operating Company—Big Escambia Creek Plant (Big Escambia), which are located approximately 36, 41, and 8 km, respectively, from the Florida border. These sources are all located in Alabama. With respect to the modeling and other information submitted by Alabama under the DRR for these modeled Alabama sources, EPA previously stated that the Agency does not have sufficient information to determine whether the areas around these sources meet or do not meet the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS or contribute to an area that does not meet the standard, and thus designated these areas as unclassifiable.[25] Accordingly, the Agency has further assessed AkzoNobel and Plant Barry in section III.C.2.b. of this action to determine whether there is evidence of a violation in Alabama with respect to interstate transport for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS.

    Regarding Big Escambia, the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) provided supplemental information to EPA in correspondence dated September 5, 2019, September 20, 2019, and September 25, 2019, December 2, 2019, and December 6, 2019 (collectively, the “Big Escambia Supplement”) to address interstate transport by evaluating potential SO2 ambient air impacts in the neighboring state of Florida.[26] On December 31, 2019 (84 FR 72278), EPA published a notice of proposed rulemaking containing an evaluation of this supplemental information [27] and proposing to determine that ADEM's revised modeling for Big Escambia can be used for evaluating interstate transport of SO2 emissions from this facility to locations in Florida. Big Escambia is located 8 km from the Florida border, 21 km northwest from Breitburn Operating, L.P (Breitburn), the nearest SO2 source in Florida. Breitburn is located less than 5 km from the Florida-Alabama border. Florida's submittal indicates that Breitburn's 2017 SO2 emissions are 1,491 tons. Due to its proximity to Big Escambia, Alabama's modeling analysis includes Breitburn as a modeled nearby source using its permitted allowable emissions of 2,181 pounds per hour (9,553 tpy). This modeling indicates that the maximum impacts do not exceed the Start Printed Page 7486level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. EPA believes that the modeling provides a conservative estimate of Breitburn's SO2 impacts at locations in Alabama near the Florida-Alabama border, because the Big Escambia modeling used allowable emissions of SO2 for Breitburn, which are approximately 6.4 times Breitburn's actual SO2 emissions for 2017 (9,533 tons/1,491 tons = 6.4). Breitburn's 2014-2018 SO2 emissions contained in EPA's Emissions Inventory System (EIS) are shown in Table 3 below. SO2 emissions have remained fairly constant from 2014-2018, with the 2018 emissions representing the lowest emissions over that time period. Breitburn's 2014-2018 emissions profile demonstrates that Breitburn has consistently operated well below its permitted allowable emission rate. Thus, Breitburn's actual contribution to SO2 concentrations in Alabama would likely be much less than the predicted concentrations in the Big Escambia modeling. Based upon this information, EPA proposes to find that SO2 emissions from Breitburn will not contribute significantly to nonattainment in Alabama.

    Table 3—Breitburn SO2 Emissions Trends (2014-2018)

    [Tons]

    Source20142015201620172018
    Breitburn1,3271,4541,4611,491* 1,242
    * Data submitted to EIS by FDEP.

    EPA believes that the modeling results for the DRR sources located in Florida (summarized in Table 2) and available information for the areas surrounding the DRR sources in Alabama within 50 km of the Florida border do not indicate there are violations of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in Alabama to which Florida sources could contribute, based partially on the updated modeling completed by Alabama which addresses the Breitburn facility, weighed along with the other factors in this notice, support EPA's proposed conclusion that sources in Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state.

    2. SO2 Emissions Analysis

    a. State Submission

    As discussed in section III.B, Florida's SIP revision presents SO2 emissions from EPA's 2014 NEI by source category and statewide SO2 emission trends for stationary industrial, on-road, nonroad, and nonpoint sources from 2000 to 2017. The State notes that SO2 emissions from stationary, on-road, nonroad, and nonpoint sources have decreased by 90, 95, 99, and 61 percent, respectively, since 2000. FDEP states that the largest source categories of SO2 emissions in Florida according to the 2014 NEI are chemical and allied product manufacturing and fuel combustion at electric utilities and industrial facilities. SO2 emissions from industrial sources have decreased by 90 percent since the year 2000 due to unit shut downs, fuel switches from higher sulfur-emitting fuels to lower sulfur-emitting fuels, and SO2 reductions due to sources' compliance with EPA's Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS). FDEP anticipates that emissions are expected to decrease further in the coming years due to additional emission unit shutdowns and fuel switches.

    In addition, FDEP included 2014 and 2017 emissions for Florida's four DRR sources within 50 km of the State's border (discussed in section III.C.1 and listed in Table 2). From 2014 to 2017, total annual SO2 emissions from these four sources have decreased by 22,021 tons (74 percent) from 29,762 tons to 7,741 tons.

    b. EPA Analysis

    EPA reviewed the SO2 emissions data from 1990 to 2017 for Florida and the adjacent states of Alabama and Georgia. EPA notes that statewide SO2 emissions for these states, including Florida, have decreased significantly over this time period. This data specifically shows that Florida's statewide SO2 emissions decreased from approximately 799,150 tons in 1990 to 100,850 tons in 2017.[28]

    As discussed in section III.B, EPA also finds that it is appropriate to examine the impacts of SO2 emissions from stationary sources emitting greater than 100 tons of SO2 in Florida at distances ranging from zero km to 50 km from a neighboring state's border. Therefore, in addition to those sources addressed in section III.C.1.b. of this notice, EPA also assessed the potential impacts of SO2 emissions from stationary sources not subject to the DRR that emitted over 100 tons of SO2 in 2017 and are located in Florida within 50 km from the border. EPA assessed this information to evaluate whether the SO2 emissions from these sources could interact with SO2 emissions from the nearest source in a neighboring state in such a way as to impact a violation of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in that state. Table 4 lists the four sources in Florida not regulated under the DRR that emitted greater than 100 tpy of SO2 in 2017 and are located within 50 km of the State's border (i.e., Anchor Glass Container Corporation (Anchor), Breitburn, IFF Chemical Holdings, Inc. (IFF), and Symrise).

    Table 4—Florida Non-DRR SO2 Sources Emitting Greater Than 100 TPY Near Neighboring States

    Florida source2017 Annual SO2 emissions (tons)Approximate distance to Florida border (km)Closest neighboring stateApproximate distance to nearest neighboring state SO2 source (km)Nearest neighboring state non-DRR SO2 source & 2017 emissions (>100 tons SO2)
    Anchor117.126Georgia92Brunswick Cellulose LLC (281.4 tons).
    Breitburn1,491<5Alabama16Georgia-Pacific Brewton LLC (103 tons).
    IFF494.127Georgia91Brunswick Cellulose LLC (281.4 tons).
    Start Printed Page 7487
    Symrise824.938Georgia81Brunswick Cellulose LLC (281.4 tons).

    Currently, the monitoring and modeling data available to EPA does not suggest that Alabama and Florida are impacted by SO2 emissions from the four Florida sources not subject to the DRR listed in Table 4. Of these four Florida sources, Anchor, IFF, and Symrise are located over 50 km from the nearest source in another state emitting over 100 tons of SO2. EPA believes that the distances greater than 50 km between sources make it unlikely that SO2 emissions from these three Florida sources could interact with SO2 emissions from these out-of-state sources in such a way as to contribute significantly to nonattainment in Alabama and Georgia.

    The remaining source, Breitburn, is located at or less than 50 km from the nearest source in Alabama (Georgia-Pacific Brewton LLC) which emits greater than 100 tons of SO2. EPA's evaluation of potential SO2 impacts from Breitburn on Alabama is discussed in Section III.C.1.b of this notice. Based upon the analysis of the modeling for Alabama's Big Escambia in Section III.C.1.b, EPA believes that emissions from Breitburn are not contributing significantly to nonattainment in Alabama.

    In addition, EPA evaluated the 2017 SO2 emissions data for AkzoNobel and Plant Barry, two of the DRR sources in Alabama located within 50 km of the Florida border for which EPA could not rely on existing DRR modeling. This was done to assess whether Florida sources may potentially be impacting the areas surrounding these Alabama sources under the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. Table 5 provides annual 2017 SO2 emissions data for AkzoNobel and Plant Barry, along with the distances to the closest neighboring state's non-DRR sources emitting over 100 tpy of SO2. Table 6 shows the SO2 emissions trends for AkzoNobel and Plant Barry from 2012-2017 (and 2018 if data is available).

    Table 5—Alabama DRR SO2 Sources Emitting Greater Than 100 TPY Near Neighboring States

    Alabama source2017 Annual SO2 emissions (tons)Approximate distance to Alabama (km)Closest neighboring stateApproximate distance to nearest neighboring state SO2 source (km)Nearest neighboring state SO2 source & 2017 emissions (>100 tons SO2)
    Plant Barry4,21840Mississippi74Mississippi Power Company—Plant Daniel (Plant Daniel) (204 tons).
    AkzoNobel2,20139Mississippi71Plant Daniel (204 tons).

    Table 6—Alabama DRR SO2 Sources Emitting Greater Than 100 TPY Near Neighboring States—Emissions Trends

    Alabama source2012201320142015201620172018
    Plant Barry *10,73113,44810,6908,6885,4214,2185,257
    AkzoNobel3,2932,7522,3203,5873,6462,201** N/A
    * SO2 emissions for Plant Barry are from EPA's Air Markets Program Data (AMPD) accessible at: https://ampd.epa.gov/​ampd/​.
    ** 2018 SO2 emissions not available for AkzoNobel.

    Table 5 shows that the distances between each facility and the nearest state's source to each facility which emits over 100 tpy of SO2, exceed 50 km. The closest sources in another state to AkzoNobel and Plant Barry are located in Mississippi; therefore, there are no Florida sources within 50 km of AkzoNobel and Plant Barry which could interact with SO2 emissions from these Alabama sources in Table 4 in such a way as to contribute significantly to nonattainment in Alabama. Table 5 shows that SO2 emissions have declined from 2012 to 2017/2018 for these Alabama sources.

    EPA also considered whether any changes in controls or operations had occurred at AkzoNobel and Plant Barry. AkzoNobel entered into a consent decree with EPA which required more stringent emissions limits that have reduced SO2 emissions at the facility by 2,340 tpy.[29] Plant Barry has retired Unit 3, and Units 1 and 2 are restricted to burn only natural gas as of January 1, 2017.

    Start Printed Page 7488

    EPA also evaluated data from the Agency's Air Quality System (AQS) [30] from the SO2 monitors in the surrounding areas of AkzoNobel and Plant Barry. The only monitor within 50 km of these sources is located in Mobile County, Alabama (AQS ID: 01-097-0003) and is approximately 23 km from AkzoNobel. The 2018 DV for this monitor is 11 ppb. EPA believes that the SO2 emissions trends information in Florida's submission, the Agency's analysis of the sources in Tables 4 and 5, and the SO2 emissions trends for AkzoNobel and Plant Barry in Table 6, support the Agency's conclusion that sources in Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in a nearby state.

    3. SO2 Ambient Air Quality

    a. State Submission

    In its September 18, 2018, SIP submission, FDEP included a table showing DV trends from 2007 to 2017 for Florida's 23 existing SO2 air quality monitors. All of Florida's SO2 air quality monitors have 2015-2017 SO2 DVs below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. FDEP notes that the majority of these 2015-2017 DVs are “well below” the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS and that several monitors show “significant decreases” in their SO2 DVs over time.[31]

    FDEP also identified recent maximum 1-hour SO2 concentrations at the one monitor in Mobile County, Alabama, that is within 50 km of the Florida border and notes that these concentrations—30.1 ppb in 2016 and 23.9 ppb in 2017—are well below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. FDEP also included the 2017 DV (5 ppb) for the next nearest SO2 monitor—located in Georgia—and notes that this monitor's DV is seven percent of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS.[32] In addition, FDEP identified the closest SO2 nonattainment areas outside of Florida, with the nearest one located approximately 145 km away in St. Bernard Parish in New Orleans, Louisiana.

    FDEP notes that on August 5, 2013 (78 FR 47191), EPA designated an area in Nassau County, Florida, as nonattainment for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS based on ambient SO2 monitoring data in the area for the three-year period 2009-2011 (round 1 designations). In Florida's SIP submission, the State indicates that this is the only SO2 nonattainment area within 50 km of another state (approximately 4 km from the Georgia border). FDEP submitted a redesignation request and maintenance plan for the area on June 7, 2018. EPA notes that, subsequent to the state's submission, the Agency approved Florida's request to redesignate the Nassau County area to attainment for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS and the accompanying SIP revision containing the maintenance plan for the area on April 24, 2019 (effective May 24, 2019). See 84 FR 17085.

    b. EPA Analysis

    Since the time of development of Florida's SIP submission, DVs based on more recent certified monitoring data from monitors in EPA's AQS (“AQS monitors”) have become available for Florida and the surrounding states. The most recent certified 3-year DV period is 2016-2018. EPA has summarized the DVs from 2012 to 2018 for AQS monitors in Florida within 50 km of another state in Table 7. The 2010 1-hour SO2 standard is violated at an ambient air quality monitoring site (or in the case of dispersion modeling, at an ambient air quality receptor location) when the 3-year average of the annual 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average concentrations exceeds 75 ppb, as determined in accordance with Appendix T of 40 CFR part 50.

    Table 7—Trend in 1-Hour SO2 DVs (ppb) for AQS Monitors in Florida Within 50 km of Another State

    CountyAQS site code2010-20122011-20132012-20142013-20152014-20162015-20172016-2018Approximate distance to state border (km)
    Duval12-031-00321617171616161839 (GA)
    Duval* 12-031-0080131117171710** ND37 (GA)
    Duval12-031-00812929272320121138 (GA)
    Duval* 12-031-0097182121231814** ND43 (GA)
    Escambia12-033-000427222524168620 (AL)
    Hamilton12-047-00152325** ND** ND** ND** ND** ND19 (GA)
    Nassau12-089-00051227057585143376 (GA)
    * EPA approved the discontinuation of two SO2 monitors in Duval County (AQS IDs: 12-031-0080 and 12-031-0097) in 2018.
    ** ND indicates “No Data” due to monitor startup or shutdown (operated less than three years), data quality issues, or incomplete data.

    As shown in Table 7, the 2012-2018 DVs for six of the seven monitoring sites in Florida within 50 km of another state's border have remained below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS, with the exception of the Nassau County monitor which had a 122 ppb DV for the 2010-2012 period. The DVs at the Nassau County monitor have declined over the 2013 through 2018 DV time periods, and these DVs are all below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. The Hamilton County monitor has 2012 and 2013 DVs of 23 and 25 ppb, respectively, and incomplete data for the remaining DV time periods (2014-2018). The Hamilton County monitor has not measured a daily exceedance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS since 2013.

    There is one AQS monitor in Alabama (Mobile County) which is located within 50 km of the Florida border. This monitor is approximately 45 km from Florida and began operation on January 1, 2016. The monitor has a complete, quality-assured 2016-2018 DV of 11 ppb, which is 85 percent below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. The Mobile County monitor has measured no daily exceedances of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS during its years of operation.

    EPA also evaluated monitoring data provided to date for AQS monitors located in states adjacent to Florida and neighboring states within 50 km of the State's border that were established to characterize the air quality around Start Printed Page 7489specific sources subject to EPA's DRR to inform the Agency's future round 4 designations for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in lieu of modeling. No sources in Florida elected to establish monitors under the DRR and there are no DRR monitors within 50 km of the Florida border located in the adjacent states of Alabama and Georgia.

    EPA believes that the air quality data for monitors within 50 km of the Florida border within the State and in surrounding states support EPA's proposed conclusion that Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state.

    4. SIP-Approved Regulations Addressing SO2 Emissions

    a. State Submission

    In its September 18, 2018, SIP submission, Florida identified SIP-approved measures which help ensure that SO2 emissions in the State do not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state. FDEP indicates that many of the current SIP-approved rules are adopted under the authority of subsection 403.061(35), Florida Statutes. FDEP lists the following SIP-approved Florida rule chapters of the Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.) which establish emission limits and other control measures for SO2: Chapter 62-210, F.A.C., Stationary Sources—General Requirements; Chapter 62-212, F.A.C., Stationary Sources—Preconstruction Review; and Chapter 62-296, F.A.C., Stationary Sources—Emission Standards. Chapter 62-210, F.A.C establishes definitions and the general requirements for major and minor stationary sources of air pollutant emissions. Chapter 62-212, F.A.C. establishes the preconstruction review requirements for proposed new emissions units, new facilities, and modifications to existing units and facilities. Chapter 62-296, F.A.C. establishes emission limiting standards and compliance requirements for stationary sources of air pollutant emissions, including SIP emission limits that restrict SO2 emissions from various source categories (e.g., EGUs (Rule 62-296.405, F.A.C.) and sulfuric acid plants (Rule 62-296.402, F.A.C.)) and source-specific SO2 emission limits that form the basis of Florida's SO2 nonattainment area SIPs.

    b. EPA Analysis

    As part of EPA's weight of evidence approach to evaluating 2010 SO2 transport SIPs, EPA considered Florida's SIP-approved measures summarized in III.C.4.a. of this notice, which establish emission limits, permitting requirements, and other control measures for SO2. For the purposes of ensuring that SO2 emissions at new major sources or major modifications at existing major sources in Florida do not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the NAAQS, the State has a SIP-approved major source new source review (NSR) program. Chapters 62-210 and 62-212, F.A.C. collectively regulate the construction of any new major stationary source or any modification at an existing major stationary source in an area designated as nonattainment, attainment, or unclassifiable. The State's SIP-approved prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) regulations are found in Chapters 62-210, F.A.C., Stationary Sources—General Requirements, and 62-212, F.A.C., Stationary Sources—Preconstruction Review, F.A.C., which apply to the construction of any new major stationary source or major modification at an existing major stationary source in an area designated as attainment or unclassifiable or not yet designated. Florida's SIP-approved rules, 62-210.300, F.A.C., and 62-212.300, F.A.C., collectively govern the preconstruction permitting of modifications to and construction of minor stationary sources. These major and minor NSR rules are designed to ensure that SO2 emissions due to major modifications at existing major stationary sources, modifications at minor stationary sources, and the construction of new major and minor sources subject to these rules will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in neighboring states.

    5. Federal Regulations Addressing SO2 Emissions in Florida

    a. State Submission

    FDEP notes that MATS has helped to reduce SO2 emissions from industrial sources as discussed in section III.C.2.a of this notice.

    b. EPA Analysis

    EPA agrees that MATS is a federal control measure which has helped to reduce SO2 emissions in Florida, along with other federal regulatory programs such as: 2007 Heavy-Duty Highway Rule; Acid Rain Program; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; New Source Performance Standards; Nonroad Diesel Rule; and Tier 1 and 2 Mobile Source Rules. EPA believes that MATS, along with the other federal measures EPA identified, have and continue to lower SO2 emissions, which, in turn, supports EPA's proposed conclusion that SO2 emissions from Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in another state.

    6. Conclusion

    EPA proposes to determine that Florida's September 18, 2018, SIP submission satisfies the requirements of prong 1 of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I). This proposed determination is based on the following considerations: DVs for six of Florida's seven AQS SO2 monitors within 50 km of another state's border have remained below the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS since 2013 and six of these monitors have had DVs well below the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS since 2011 (the seventh monitor in Hamilton County, Florida, has no data to calculate DVs for the 2012-2014 through the 2016-2018 time periods); the 2018 99th percentile 1-hour SO2 concentrations for Alabama's Mobile County monitor within 50 km of Florida's border is well below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS for the 2016-2018 time period; modeling for the DRR sources within 50 km of the Florida border both within the State and in Alabama estimates impacts below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS; downward SO2 emissions trends in Florida; SO2 emissions from Florida sources not subject to the DRR which each emitted over 100 tons of SO2 in 2017 are not likely interacting with SO2 emissions from the nearest out-of-state source in a bordering state in such a way as to cause a violation in Alabama and Georgia due to either distances over 50 km between the sources or, in the case of Breitburn, modeling which includes this source at much higher permitted emissions shows impacts below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS; and current Florida SIP-approved measures and federal emissions control programs ensure control of SO2 emissions from sources within Florida.

    Based on the analysis provided by Florida in its SIP submission and EPA's analysis of the factors described in section III.C, EPA proposes to find that sources within Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state.

    D. EPA's Prong 2 Evaluation—Interference With Maintenance of the NAAQS

    Prong 2 of the good neighbor provision requires state plans to prohibit emissions that will interfere Start Printed Page 7490with maintenance of a NAAQS in another state.

    1. State Submission

    In its September 18, 2018, SIP submission, FDEP confirms that Florida will not interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard in any other state. FDEP bases its conclusion for prong 2 on: The localized nature of SO2 dispersion, emissions, and monitoring data presented in the submission and discussed in sections III.C.2.a and III.C.3.a of this notice, and DRR modeling for large SO2 sources within 50 km of the State border which shows the areas around these sources are not exceeding the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. As discussed in sections III.C.4 and III.C.5, FDEP has SIP-approved measures which address sources of SO2 emissions in Florida and there are also federal measures that control SO2 emissions in the State. Specifically, FDEP notes that SIP-approved sections of Chapters 62-210 and 62-212, F.A.C., require any new major source or major modification to undergo PSD or nonattainment NSR permitting to demonstrate that the source will not cause or contribute to a violation of any NAAQS in Florida or any other state. FDEP also states that Florida's SIP contains other emission limiting standards such as Chapter 62-296, F.A.C., which includes SIP emissions limits that restrict SO2 emissions from various source categories.

    2. EPA Analysis

    In North Carolina v. EPA, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) explained that the regulating authority must give prong 2 “independent significance” from prong 1 by evaluating the impact of upwind state emissions on downwind areas that, while currently in attainment, are at risk of future nonattainment. North Carolina v. EPA, 531 F.3d 896, 910-11 (D.C. Cir. 2008). EPA interprets prong 2 to require an evaluation of the potential impact of a state's emissions on areas that are currently measuring clean data, but that may have issues maintaining that air quality. Therefore, in addition to the analysis presented by Florida, EPA has also reviewed additional information on SO2 air quality and emission trends to evaluate the State's conclusion that Florida will not interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in downwind states. This evaluation builds on the analysis regarding significant contribution to nonattainment (prong 1).

    For the prong 2 analysis, EPA evaluated the data discussed in section III.C. of this notice for prong 1, with a specific focus on evaluating emissions trends in Florida, analyzing air quality data, and assessing how future sources of SO2 are addressed through existing SIP-approved and federal regulations. Given the continuing trend of decreasing SO2 emissions from sources within Florida, and the fact that all areas in other states within 50 km of the Florida border which have existing monitors have DVs attaining the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS, EPA believes that evaluating whether these decreases in emissions can be maintained over time is a reasonable criterion to ensure that sources within Florida do not interfere with its neighboring states' ability to maintain the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS.

    With respect to air quality data trends, the 2016-2018 DVs for AQS SO2 monitors both in Florida within 50 km of another state's border and in Alabama within 50 km of Florida's border are below the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS. Further, modeling results for DRR sources within 50 km of Florida's border within the State demonstrate attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS, and thus, demonstrate that Florida's largest point sources of SO2 are not expected to interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in another state.

    EPA believes that federal and SIP-approved State regulations discussed in sections III.C.4 and III.C.5 that both directly and indirectly reduce emissions of SO2 in Florida help ensure that the State does not interfere with maintenance of the NAAQS in another state. SO2 emissions from future major modifications and new major sources will be addressed by Florida's SIP-approved major NSR regulations described in section III.C.4. In addition, Florida has a SIP-approved minor NSR permit program addressing small emission sources of SO2. The permitting regulations contained within these programs are designed to ensure that emissions from these activities do not interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in the State or in any other state.

    3. Conclusion

    EPA proposes to determine that Florida's September 18, 2018, SIP submission satisfies the requirements of prong 2 of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I). This determination is based on the following considerations: SO2 emissions statewide from 2000 to 2017 in Florida have declined significantly; SO2 emissions from Florida's non-DRR sources emitting greater than 100 tpy in 2017 listed in Table 4 of this notice are not likely interacting with SO2 emissions from the nearest out-of-state source in a bordering state in such a way as to interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in Alabama and Georgia due to either distances over 50 km between the sources or, in the case of Breitburn modeling which includes this source at much higher permitted emissions shows impacts below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS; current Florida SIP-approved measures and federal emissions control programs ensure control of SO2 emissions from sources within Florida; Florida's SIP-approved PSD and minor source NSR permit programs will address future large and small SO2 sources; current DVs for AQS SO2 monitors both in Florida within 50 km of another state's border and in Alabama within 50 km of Florida's border are below the level of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS; and modeling for DRR sources within 50 km of Florida's border both within the State and in Alabama demonstrate that Florida's largest point sources of SO2 are not expected to interfere with maintenance of current attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in another state. Based on the analysis provided by Florida in its SIP submission and EPA's supplemental analysis of the factors described in section III.C and III.D of this notice, EPA proposes to find that emission sources within Florida will not interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in any other state.

    IV. Proposed Action

    In light of the above analysis, EPA is proposing to approve Florida's September 18, 2018, SIP submission as demonstrating that emissions from Florida will not contribute significantly to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in another state.

    V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and applicable Federal regulations. See 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. This proposed action merely proposes to approve state law as meeting Federal requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. For that reason, this proposed action:

    • Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget under Start Printed Page 7491Executive Orders 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011);
    • Is not an Executive Order 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 2, 2017) regulatory action because SIP approvals are exempted under Executive Order 12866;
    • Does not impose an information collection burden under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
    • Is certified as not having a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
    • Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
    • Does not have Federalism implications as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
    • Is not an economically significant regulatory action based on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997);
    • Is not a significant regulatory action subject to Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
    • Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent with the CAA; and
    • Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).

    The SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian reservation land or in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian country, the rule does not have tribal implications as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), nor will it impose substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law.

    Start List of Subjects

    List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    • Environmental protection
    • Air pollution control
    • Incorporation by reference
    • Intergovernmental relations
    • Particulate matter
    • Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
    • Sulfur oxides
    End List of Subjects Start Authority

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    End Authority Start Signature

    Dated: January 30, 2020.

    Mary S. Walker,

    Regional Administrator, Region 4.

    End Signature End Supplemental Information

    Footnotes

    1.  On June 3, 2013, and supplemented on January 8, 2014, FDEP submitted SIP revisions addressing all infrastructure elements with respect to the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS with the exception of prongs 1 and 2 of CAA 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I).

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    2.  EPA acted on the other elements of Florida's June 3, 2013, infrastructure SIP submission, as supplemented on January 8, 2014, for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS on September 30, 2016 (81 FR 67179).

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    3.  While designations may provide useful information for purposes of analyzing transport, particularly for a more source-specific pollutant such as SO2, EPA notes that designations themselves are not dispositive of whether or not upwind emissions are impacting areas in downwind states. EPA has consistently taken the position that CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) addresses “nonattainment” anywhere it may occur in other states, not only in designated nonattainment areas nor any similar formulation requiring that designations for downwind nonattainment areas must first have occurred. See e.g., Clean Air Interstate Rule, 70 FR 25162, 25265 (May 12, 2005); Cross-State Air Pollution Rule, 76 FR 48208, 48211 (August 8, 2011); Final Response to Petition from New Jersey Regarding SO2 Emissions From the Portland Generating Station, 76 FR 69052 (November 7, 2011) (finding facility in violation of the prohibitions of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) with respect to the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS prior to issuance of designations for that standard).

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    4.  The term “round” in this instance refers to which “round of designations.”

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    5.  EPA and state documents and public comments related to the round 2 final designations are in the docket at regulations.gov with Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2014-0464 and at EPA's website for SO2 designations at https://www.epa.gov/​sulfur-dioxide-designations.

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    6.  EPA and state documents and public comments related to round 3 final designations are in the docket at regulations.gov with Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0003 and at EPA's website for SO2 designations at https://www.epa.gov/​sulfur-dioxide-designations.

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    7.  Consent Decree, Sierra Club v. McCarthy, Case No. 3:13-cv-3953-SI (N.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2015). This consent decree requires EPA to sign for publication in the Federal Register notices of the Agency's promulgation of area designations for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS by three specific deadlines: July 2, 2016 (“round 2”); December 31, 2017 (“round 3”); and December 31, 2020 (“round 4”).

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    8.  The Nassau and Hillsborough Areas are currently attaining the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS based on complete, quality-assured, and certified air quality monitoring data for 2016-2018 and air dispersion modeling showing attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in the area. Florida submitted a request that EPA redesignate both areas to attainment, and EPA approved the redesignation request and associated maintenance plan for the Nassau Area on April 24, 2019 (84 FR 17085). EPA approved the redesignation request and associated maintenance plan for the Hillsborough Area on November 12, 2019 (84 FR 60927). EPA approved the attainment demonstration for the Nassau Area on July 3, 2017, and incorporated the new allowable emission rates and control measures into the SIP, making them permanent and enforceable. See 82 FR 30749. EPA's redesignation of the Nassau Area was based, in part, on a modeled attainment demonstration that included permanent and enforceable SO2 controls and emissions limits at the Rayonier and WestRock facilities showing attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard by the statutory deadline.

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    9.  EPA designated a portion of Citrus County, Florida as unclassifiable in round 3 designations on December 21, 2017 (83 FR 1098). However, on March 28, 2018, EPA withdrew the designation of unclassifiable for the area and established a designation of attainment/unclassifiable for that area based on complete, quality-assured and certified air quality monitoring data from 2017 submitted by FDEP, and modeling showing attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS in the area. See 83 FR 14597 (April 5, 2018). On September 9, 2019 (84 FR 47216), EPA proposed approval of Florida's February 15, 2019, draft redesignation requests and maintenance plan for the round 3 Hillsborough-Polk County SO2 nonattainment area, the redesignation request for the Mulberry unclassifiable area, and adoption of new 24-hour SO2 emission limits for the two primary emission sources in the areas. The public comment period has closed, and EPA is not reopening that comment period through this infrastructure proposal.

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    10.  See Technical Support Document: Chapter 9 Final Round 3 Area Designations for the 2010 1-Hour SO2Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Florida at https://www.epa.gov/​sites/​production/​files/​2017-12/​documents/​09-fl-so2-rd3-final.pdf. See also Technical Support Document: Chapter 9 Intended Round 3 Area Designations for the 2010 1-Hour SO2Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Florida at https://www.epa.gov/​sites/​production/​files/​2017-08/​documents/​9_​fl_​so2_​rd3-final.pdf.

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    11.  For the definition of spatial scales for SO2, see 40 CFR part 58, Appendix D, section 4.4 (“Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Design Criteria”). For further discussion on how EPA applies these definitions with respect to interstate transport of SO2, see EPA's proposed rulemaking on Connecticut's SO2 transport SIP. See 82 FR 21351, 21352, 21354 (May 8, 2017).

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    12.  EPA's March 1, 2011, memorandum, Additional Clarification Regarding Application of Appendix W Modeling Guidance for the 1-hour NO2National Ambient Air Quality Standard, is available at: https://www.epa.gov/​sites/​production/​files/​2015-07/​documents/​appwno2_​2.pdf.

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    13.  Id. at pp. 15-16.

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    14.  This proposed approval action is based on the information contained in the administrative record for this action and does not prejudge any other future EPA action that may make other determinations regarding Florida's or any neighboring state's air quality status. Any such future actions, such as area designations under any NAAQS, will be based on their own administrative records and EPA's analyses of information that become available at those times. Future available information may include, and is not limited to, monitoring data and modeling analyses conducted pursuant to the DRR and information submitted to EPA by states, air agencies, and third-party stakeholders such as citizen groups and industry representatives.

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    15.  A “Design Value” is a statistic that describes the air quality status of a given location relative to the level of the NAAQS. The DV for the primary 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS is the 3-year average of annual 99th percentile daily maximum 1-hour values for a monitoring site. For example, the 2017 DV is calculated based on the three-year average from 2015-2017. The interpretation of the primary 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS including the data handling conventions and calculations necessary for determining compliance with the NAAQS can be found in Appendix T to 40 CFR part 50.

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    17.  Florida's point sources listed in Table 1, for the purposes of this proposed action, are comprised of all of the “Fuel Combustion” categories and “Industrial Processes (All Categories),” with the exception of residential fuel combustion. Residential fuel consumption is considered a nonpoint source, and thus, residential fuel combustion data is not included in the point source fuel combustion data and related calculations.

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    18.  EPA notes that the evaluation of other states' satisfaction of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2010 1-hour SO2 NAAQS can be informed by similar factors found in this proposed rulemaking but may not be identical to the approach taken in this or any future rulemaking for Florida, depending on available information and state-specific circumstances.

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    19.  EPA has reviewed Florida's submission, and where new or more current information has become available, is including this information as part of the Agency's evaluation of this submission.

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    20.  JEA owns and operates the combined NGS and SJRPP facility in Jacksonville, Florida. Table 2 of Appendix 1 in Florida's September 18, 2018, SIP submission lists JEA NGS and JEA SJRRP separately; however, these sources are modeled as one source under the DRR.

    21.  Units 1 and 2 at St. John River Power Park shut down, effective December 31, 2017.

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    22.  EPA notes that on page 5 of the State's September 18, 2018, SIP submission, FDEP inadvertently states that since 2014, actual emissions from the four DRR sources in Florida within 50 km of the border have decreased by 65 percent. EPA has confirmed that the value of 74 percent in Table 2 of Appendix 1 is correct.

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    23.  As discussed in section I.B., Florida used air dispersion modeling to characterize air quality in the vicinity of certain SO2 emitting sources to identify the maximum 1-hour SO2 concentrations in ambient air which informed EPA's round 3 SO2 designations. EPA's preferred modeling platform for regulatory purposes is AERMOD (Appendix W of 40 CFR part 51). In these DRR modeling analyses using AERMOD, the impacts of the actual emissions for one or more of the recent 3-year periods (e.g., 2012-2014, 2013-2015, 2014-2016) were considered, and in some cases, the modeling was of currently effective limits on allowable emissions in lieu of or as a supplement to modeling of actual emissions. The available air dispersion modeling of certain SO2 sources can support transport related conclusions about whether sources in one state will potentially contribute significantly to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard in other states. While AERMOD was not designed specifically to address interstate transport, the 50-km distance that EPA recommends for use with AERMOD aligns with the concept that there are localized pollutant impacts of SO2 near an emissions source that drop off with distance. Thus, EPA believes that the use of AERMOD provides a reliable indication of air quality for transport purposes.

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    24.  As discussed in footnote 8, EPA's redesignation of the Nassau Area was based, in part, on a modeled attainment demonstration that included permanent and enforceable SO2 controls and emissions limits at the Rayonier and WestRock facilities showing attainment of the 2010 1-hour SO2 standard.

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    26.  The Big Escambia Supplement is available in Docket ID: EPA-R04-OAR-2018-0792.

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    27.  EPA prepared a TSD—titled “Technical Support Document (TSD) Addressing Big Escambia Data Requirements Rule (DRR) Modeling for the Purpose of Evaluating Interstate Transport”—analyzing the sufficiency of the model for use in evaluating interstate transport from Big Escambia. The TSD is located in the docket for that proposed rulemaking at Docket ID: EPA-R04-OAR-2018-0792.

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    28.  State annual emissions trends for criteria pollutants of 14 emission source categories (“Tier 1”) from 1990 to 2017 are available at: https://www.epa.gov/​air-emissions-inventories/​air-pollutant-emissions-trends-data.

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    30.  EPA's AQS contains ambient air pollution data collected by EPA, state, local, and tribal air pollution control agencies. This data is available at https://www.epa.gov/​air-trends/​air-quality-design-values.

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    31.  See Table 3 of Appendix 1 of Florida's September 18, 2018, SIP submission.

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    32.  FDEP inadvertently identified the nearest monitor in Georgia—located in Savannah, Georgia, approximately 155 km from the State's border—as AQS ID 13-021-0012. EPA has confirmed that the monitor with this ID is located in Macon, Georgia, approximately 241 km from the Florida border, and it has 2016, 2017, and 2018 DVs of 9, 5, and 4 ppb, respectively. The monitor located in Savannah, Georgia, is AQS ID 13-051-1002, and it has 2016, 2017, and 2018 DVs of 52, 48, 45 ppb, respectively.

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    [FR Doc. 2020-02502 Filed 2-7-20; 8:45 am]

    BILLING CODE 6560-50-P

Document Information

Published:
02/10/2020
Department:
Environmental Protection Agency
Entry Type:
Proposed Rule
Action:
Proposed rule.
Document Number:
2020-02502
Dates:
Written comments must be received on or before March 11, 2020.
Pages:
7480-7491 (12 pages)
Docket Numbers:
EPA-R04-OAR-2019-0008, FRL-10005-27-Region 4
Topics:
Air pollution control, Environmental protection, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Sulfur oxides
PDF File:
2020-02502.Pdf
Supporting Documents:
» FL 2010 SO2 Transport SIP
CFR: (1)
40 CFR 52