[Federal Register Volume 61, Number 40 (Wednesday, February 28, 1996)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 7457-7463]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 96-4413]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Species; Notice of Reclassification of
96 Candidate Taxa
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice of candidate taxa reclassification.
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SUMMARY: In this document, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service)
provides explanation for changes in the status of 96 taxa of plants and
animals that are under review for possible addition to the List of
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (List) under the
Endangered Species Act (Act) of 1973, as amended.
ADDRESSES: Comments and questions concerning this notice should be sent
to the Chief, Division of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., Mail Stop ARLSQ-452, Washington, D.C.,
20240.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
E. LaVerne Smith, Chief, Division of Endangered Species, at telephone
number (703/358-2171).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
In December 1992, the Service reached a settlement agreement
(agreement) with the plaintiffs in the Fund For Animals et al. v. Lujan
et al. case (D.D.C. Civ. No. 92-800) that provides for the Service to
review the listing status of species regarded as Category 1 candidates
as of September 1, 1992. For any species covered by the agreement and
removed from candidate (Category 1) status because listing is no longer
considered to be warranted, the Service must publish a notice in the
Federal Register that provides explanation for the reclassification.
This notice is published to comply with the above requirement.
It is important to note that candidate assessment is an ongoing
function and changes in status should be expected. Species that are
removed from the candidate list may very well be restored to candidate
status if additional information supporting such a change becomes
available to the Service. Requests for such information were issued by
the Service in the 1993 Plant Notice of Review (58 FR 51144; September
30, 1993) and the 1994 Animal Notice of Review (59 FR 58982; November
15, 1994). A combined plant and animal notice of review, requesting
updated information on candidate species, is being published elsewhere
in today's Federal Register.
Findings
Candidate species are those species for which the Service has on
file sufficient information to support issuance of a proposed rule to
list under the Act. The Service recently completed a review of all
candidate species to assure that this definition is uniformly
applicable. The results of this review indicate that 88 plant taxa and
8 animal taxa included in the settlement exhibits should be removed
from candidate status. There are four primary explanations for these
reclassifications: (1) The taxon is believed or known to be extinct;
(2) the taxon is not a listable entity or is the subject of taxonomic
review; (3) the taxon is more widespread than previously thought or not
subject to identified threats; and (4) Service files contain
insufficient information on status and threats to justify issuing a
proposed rule. This notice provides specific explanations for each of
the 96 reclassifications.
The Ciervo aegialian scarab beetle (Aegialia concinna) is a
flightless, fossorial beetle that was first described in 1977: long-
term information on species trends is not available. General threats
from urban, suburban, and agricultural development were identified when
this species was first designated as a candidate. Additional
populations have been discovered in Fresno, San Joaquin, and Costa
Counties. These discoveries include new habitat types and suggest that
the species is not likely to become threatened or endangered in the
foreseeable future. The species is removed from candidate status
because of the recent discoveries and limited information on habitat
requirements, life history, and status needed to prepare a proposed
listing.
Allium aaseae (Aase's onion) is a small, perennial plant that is
endemic to southwestern Idaho. The species occurs on relatively barren,
xeric habitats with gentle to steep slopes and is usually associated
with sparsely vegetated bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) or
bitterbrush/sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) communities. Recent survey
information indicates there are at least 66 extant populations of
Aase's onion (containing approximately 400,000 individuals), with 49 of
these populations having more than 1,000 individuals. Because threats
from suspected hybridization with other species have been shown to be
unfounded and because of the size and distribution of extant
populations, A. aaseae is removed from candidate status.
Allium dictuon (Blue Mountain onion) is known only from the
vicinity of Weller Butte in the Blue Mountains of Columbia County,
Washington. Five occurrences of this plant are historically and
currently known within a range of about 4 square miles. Population
estimates for this species range between 1,000 and 3,000 plants. The
species is removed from candidate status because it is believed to be
stable and the threats associated with recreational use are uncertain.
Cattle grazing does occur in the vicinity of Weller Butte, but the
impact of this activity on Allium dictuon is uncertain and data
currently available to the Service do not indicate that listing is
warranted.
Allium hickmanii (Hickman's onion) occurs in Monterey and San Luis
Obispo Counties (California) and is associated with closed-cone
coniferous forests, chaparral, coastal prairie, coastal scrub, and
valley and foothill grasslands. Additional populations of Hickman's
onion have been found in the last five years, indicating the species is
more widespread than previously known. Also, information in Service
files is currently insufficient to support issuance of a proposed
listing, so this species is removed from candidate status.
Artemisia campestris wormskioldii (northern wormwood) was
historically known from the banks of the Columbia River near the mouth
of the John Day River in Wasco County, Oregon, westward to the vicinity
of the Hood River. Today it is known from two widely disjunct sites
along the Columbia River in Washington. Possible trampling associated
with recreational activity is the only identified threat to this
species. The most recent status information indicated a declining
trend, but those data are from 1989. It is removed from candidate
status primarily because the Service lacks sufficient information on
current status to issue a proposed listing.
Aster jessicae (Jessica's aster) is endemic to mesic grasslands or
steppe vegetation of the Palouse region in southeast Washington and
northern Idaho. The species is currently known
[[Page 7458]]
from three population centers, two in Idaho and one in Washington.
Review of file information indicates that the threats from grazing,
non-native plants, and land use practices are not sufficiently severe
to support a proposed listing. Also, additional information on the
status of this species is needed. It is removed from candidate status
primarily because the Service lacks current information on biological
vulnerability and threats needed for preparation of a proposed listing.
Aster puniceus ssp. elliotti var. scabricaulis (Synphyotrichum
puniceum var. scabricaule; rough-stemmed aster) inhabits wetland areas
in east-central Texas. Recent survey work has discovered three
additional populations and extended the range to a new (Cherokee)
county. A recent taxonomic study has placed this taxon in the genus
Synphyotrichum and the validity of the taxon is being reviewed. In
addition, the species' status appears to be stable, in part due to
development and implementation of management plans for roadside
populations by the Texas Department of Transportation.
Astragalus agnicidus (Humboldt milk-vetch) is limited to a single
occurrence on an 8-acre privately-owned ranch in southern Humboldt
County, California. The population is afforded protection by an
agreement between the landowner and the California Nature Conservancy
to reduce threats by delaying logging and excluding cattle.
Astragalus australis var. olympicus (Cotton's milk-vetch) is found
at elevations above 5,000 feet on talus slopes in arctic-alpine
habitats that are characterized by a variety of associated, low-growing
cushion plants. Most of the known populations are found on federal
lands managed by the National Park Service or the U.S. Forest Service.
The only known threat to this species is overgrazing or trampling by
non-native mountain goats (Oreamus americanus). The species is
currently believed to be stable.
Astragalus beatleyae (Beatley's astragalus) is known only from the
vicinity of Pahute Mesa, Nye County, Nevada, where it occurs on lands
managed by the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense. The
Department of Energy recently completed extensive studies of the
distribution and life history of the species which indicate that
listing is not warranted. The species is no longer regarded as a
candidate because the identified threats have been resolved.
Astragalus columbianus (Columbia milk-vetch) is a short-lived
perennial that occurs in sagebrush/bunchgrass shrub-steppe habitat
along the Columbia River in Kittitas, Yakima, and Benton counties in
Washington. Though once presumed extirpated in Washington, 29
populations have been documented in the past 15 years, four of these in
1994. Approximately 55,000 plants are known to exist and viable seeds
are being produced. The recent discovery of additional populations and
apparent stability justify removal from candidate status.
Astragalus mulfordiae (Mulford's milk-vetch) is endemic to the
western Snake River plain in Idaho and Oregon. Removal from candidate
status is justified by identification of 36 extant populations and a
lack of information on threats to the species. The estimated population
size is approximately 15,000 individuals in Oregon and between 3,000
and 4,000 individuals in Idaho. Because of poor documentation of
threats and the existence of stable populations, the species is removed
from candidate status.
Bloomeria humilis (dwarf goldenstar) is known from two populations
that occur on private lands in northwestern San Luis Obispo County,
California. Current land uses, which have not been shown to be
detrimental, include light cattle grazing and periodic shrub removal.
No imminent threats are known at this time and no population losses
have been documented.
Calochortus clavatus var. avius (Pleasant Valley mariposa lily) was
historically known from only 13 locations containing approximately 450
plants. Two of the historical occurrences were possibly extirpated.
Recent surveys conducted by the Eldorado National Forest discovered
additional occurrences within the original range. The variety is now
known from 125 locations with an estimate of 45,000 plants. The variety
is removed from candidate status.
Calochortus greenei (Greene's mariposa) generally grows in pinyon-
juniper woodland or upper montane coniferous forests. It is known from
southern Jackson and Klamath counties, Oregon and Siskiyou and Modoc
counties, California. Estimated abundance was 1,610 individuals in
Oregon and 6,840 individuals in California, but these data are from
1988 surveys. The threats posed by habitat destruction, harvest, and
grazing are not severe and the species is not particularly narrow in
its choice of substrate. Given the broad habitat tolerance, lack of
severe threats, and lack of current status information on which to base
a proposed listing, this species is removed from candidate status.
Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily) is a perennial herb
with large, showy flowers that is endemic to mid-elevation grassland
habitats of the Palouse region in north-central Idaho. The taxon was
previously known from southeast Washington but is now considered to be
extirpated from the State. C. nitidus is currently known from more than
100 populations that range in size from a few individuals to several
thousand plants. The species is believed to be stable and faces only
weak threats from grazing, nonindigenous plants, logging, and
agriculture. A conservation agreement was signed in 1991 to conserve C.
nitidus on a parcel of land transferred from the Bureau of Land
Management to private ownership and numerous other populations occur on
BLM lands.
Calochortus westonii (Shirley Meadows mariposa lily) is a perennial
found in meadows and in the understory of broadleaf upland forests and
lower montane coniferous forests of the southern Sierra on lands
administered by Sequoia National Forest. The U.S. Forest Service
Species Management Guide allows for selective timber harvest at
infrequent intervals in C. westonii habitat. This action helps maintain
suitable habitat for the species and combined with recent population
discoveries justifies removal of this species from candidate status.
Cardamine pattersonii (Saddle Mountain bittercress) is endemic to
four mountaintops in the Coast Ranges of Clatsop and Yamhill counties,
Oregon. The species grows on moss mats over bare rocks or on grassy
balds, and in the gravel of small creeks. Total habitat for this
species covers about 100 to 150 acres and there are roughly 3,000
individuals known. The only known threats are from recreational use of
a trail and possible construction of a radio repeater on nearby private
land. Neither of these threats are severe and inclusion as a candidate
is therefore not warranted.
Castilleja salsuginosa (Monte Neva paintbrush) is known only from a
15-acre area of private land in White Pine County, Nevada. However,
information in Service files cast considerable doubt on the
distinctiveness of this taxon. Botanist Mark Egger (in litt.) has
concluded that material identified as C. salsuginosa is probably at
best a variety of the widespread species C. nana and other botanists
question even the varietal distinctiveness of the Monte Neva
paintbrush. C. salsuginosa is removed from candidate status while its
taxonomic status is under review.
Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (Santa Barbara jewelflower)
is
[[Page 7459]]
a serpentinite endemic, known from five occurrences in Santa Barbara
County, California. It inhabits bluffs, dry disturbed slopes, openings
in chaparral, under ghost pines, and Sargent cypress forest. The
species is believed to be stable and the only potential threats are
from grazing and road grazing. Since serpentinite supports limited
forage, threats from grazing are unlikely. The species is removed from
candidate status.
Chamaesyce remyi var. hanaleiensis (no common name) was endemic to
the island of Kauai. The plant has not been observed or collected in
this Century and is believed to be extinct. It is therefore removed
from candidate status.
The greenest tiger beetle (Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima) was
recently rediscovered and returned to candidate status (see 60 FR
34226, June 30, 1995). However, experts for the family Cicindelidae
acknowledge that the taxonomy of C. tranquebarica is in need of serious
revision. Recent studies indicate that C. t. viridissima is in fact
synonymous with C. t. vibex, so candidate status for C. t. viridissima
is no longer appropriate.
Claytonia lanceolata var. peirsonii (Peirson's spring beauty)
occurs on scree slopes in subalpine forests. The variety is known from
five populations in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains of Los Angeles
County, California. In 1980, the number of individuals was estimated at
about 3,300 but a major fire severely depressed the population later
that year. By 1987 the estimated number of individuals had risen to
about 1,400. Its current status is unknown. In the most recent
taxonomic treatment of the genus, this variety was not recognized as
distinct from the parent species C. lanceolata, so the variety is
removed from candidate status. This treatment has been challenged by
the California Native Plant Society so the Service will follow the
resolution of the taxonomic issues.
The San Joaquin dune beetle (Coelus gracilis) is a flightless,
fossorial beetle restricted to dunes of fine-grained sand. It was
described from the Antioch dunes (Contra Costa County, California) in
1939 but has not been found there recently despite searches. Current
information on the status of the species is lacking and the known
threats from habitat alteration caused by nonindigenous tumbleweeds
(Salsola kali) or off-road vehicle use are believed to be slight. The
species is removed from candidate status primarily because the Service
lacks current status information needed for preparation of a proposed
listing.
Collomia rawsoniana (Rawson's flaming trumpet) was first described
in 1888 from specimens collected in the higher valleys of the Sierra
Nevada. The species is found within riparian zones of the upper
watershed of the San Joaquin River and the Fresno River at elevations
between 3,500 and 6,300 feet. The species is removed from candidate
status because it is believed to be stable. Threats associated with
logging have been alleviated by restricting logging in habitat areas as
part of an interagency agreement between the Service and the U.S.
Forest Service.
Cordylanthus nidularius (Mt. Diablo bird's-beak) is found in a
single population on Mt. Diablo in Contra Costa County, California on
serpentine soils of Mt. Diablo State Park. The species is believed to
be stable and protected from threats by Park guidance.
Cordylanthus rigidus ssp. littoralis (seaside bird's-beak) is an
annual member of the snapdragon family that flowers in mid-summer.
Habitat occurs in limited areas of loose sandy soils of stabilized
dunes in openings in maritime chaparral, oak woodland, and closed cone
pine forest communities. Seventeen extant populations have been
identified and threats to these populations are believed to be few.
Recent discoveries on Fort Ord property indicate that this species is
more widespread than previously known. Protections afforded for six of
the 17 extant occurrences, including the Fort Ord population, justify
removal from candidate status.
Coryphantha recurvata (Santa Cruz cactus) occurs at elevations of
4,000-6,000 feet in grassland and oak woodland in the rolling hills of
the Atascosa Mountains in south-central Arizona and Sonora, Mexico.
Survey work conducted in 1994 identified previously unknown sites,
suggesting the species is more widespread than previously thought. The
species is removed from candidate status primarily because of recently
discovered populations. Preparation of a proposed listing would only be
possible with additional status information that contradicts the known
data.
Cupressus stephensonii (Cuyamaca cypress) is a small tree or shrub
that grows in clay soils in closed conifer forest, chaparral, and along
riparian drainages. It is known from two small populations in San Diego
County, California. This species has received considerable taxonomic
revision and was recently deemed synonymous with C. arizonica. Based on
these changes, C. stephensonii does not meet the Act's definition of
species and is therefore removed from candidate status.
Cymopterus deserticola (desert cymopterus) is a perennial herb that
grows on loose sandy soils in the western Mojave Desert at about 45
feet in elevation. The species is restricted to about 10 occurrences
over a 30 mile range. The plant occurs within the area being addressed
by the West Mojave Coordinated Management Plan, which will function as
a multi-species habitat conservation plan and this action will
alleviate many of the threats to the species.
Delphinium pavonaceum (peacock larkspur) is endemic to the central
portion of the Willamette Valley, Oregon and to Benton, Clackamus,
Marion, and Polk counties. There are 53 reported occurrences, but only
31 of these have been confirmed since 1985. A status report prepared in
1980 does not provide site specific threats, population size, or
population trends. Candidate status is not justified based on the lack
of specific information on threats and population status.
Delphinium variegatum ssp. thornei (Thorne's royal larkspur) is a
perennial herb restricted to southern San Clemente Island. Roughly
13,000 individuals are known from 13 populations. The recent removal of
goats from the island has removed the only known threat to this
species.
Delphinium viridescens (Wenatchee larkspur) is found in moist
meadows at mid-elevation of the Wenatchee Mountains of Washington.
Roughly 5,000 stems of the species are known from 20 populations in
Chelan and Kittitas counties. Conservation efforts by the U.S. Forest
Service and the Washington Department of Natural Resources have reduced
threats to the species and warrant its removal from candidate status.
Dudleya cymosa ssp. costafolia (Pierpoint Springs dudleya) is known
only from its type locality. The only known threats are associated with
use or construction of summer homes. Significant threats are lacking
and it is removed from candidate status.
Dudleya viscida (sticky dudleya) is a perennial succulent that
occurs on steep rocky cliffs and outcrops in chaparral and coastal sage
scrub. The species is estimated to number between 100,000 and 250,000
individuals and appears to be stable. It is more abundant than
previously thought and is being removed from candidate status for that
reason.
The spring pygmy sunfish (Elassoma alabamae, formerly known as
Elassoma sp.) was discovered in 1938 in a spring in Lauderdale County,
Alabama near the Tennessee River. The species was thought extinct until
1973 when it was
[[Page 7460]]
found in part of Beaverdam Creek in Limestone County. The species has
been successfully introduced into other waters and its distribution has
increased outside the range of introduction. Tennessee Valley Authority
biologists recently discovered additional populations, including one on
Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge. The known populations, each exceeding
1,000 individuals, are increasing. This species is removed from
candidate status.
Eriogonum brandegei (Brandegee wild-buckwheat) is a long-lived
perennial plant found in sagebrush stands or in pinyon-juniper
woodlands between 5,700 and 7,500 feet in elevation. Prior to the late
1980s the total known population was 700 individuals. However,
inventories conducted in 1989, 1992, and 1993 resulted in population
estimates between 100,000 and several million individuals. The species
is removed from candidate status.
Eriogonum breedlovei var. breedlovei (Piute buckwheat) is
restricted to dolomite and limestone substrates within the Piute
Mountains in the southern Sierra Mountains of California. Previously
identified threats associated with gold mining were overstated and the
species is being removed from candidate status due to lack of known
threats to the species.
Eriogonum chrysops (golden buckwheat) is a perennial herb limited
to the Dry Creek drainage in central Malheur County, Oregon. Roughly
9,500 individuals were known from five sites in 1988 but current status
information is lacking. Former threats from herbicide use, grazing,
off-road vehicles, and nonindigenous plants are now regarded as
inconsequential, justifying removal from candidate status.
Eriogonum ericifolium var. thornei (Thorne's buckwheat) is
restricted to two populations in the New York Mountains of San
Bernardino County, California. When elevated to candidate status,
threats from mining and grazing were identified but it is uncertain
whether these activities still threaten the species' existence due to
the transfer of management of the areas occupied by this plant to the
National Park Service.
Eriophyllum lanatum var. hallii (Fort Tejon woolly-sunflower) is
currently known from three populations in eastern Santa Barbara and
western Kern counties, California. The two Santa Barbara populations
were estimated to contain 800 and 12 individuals respectively and the
Kern County population has an estimated 500 individuals. Development on
private lands appears unlikely and hypothesized threats from erosion
and road grading on Forest Service lands are questionable. Similarly,
potential threats by cattle grazing and insects do not appear to be
problematic. In addition, current status information needed to support
a proposed listing is not available, so this species is being removed
from candidate status.
Erythrina eggersii (Pinon Espinoso Cock's spur) is a spiny tree
known only from Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. On the island
of St. John it is known from four sites within the National Park;
threats to the St. John population are not known. In Puerto Rico it is
known primarily from the northern limestone hills, but its distribution
and abundance within this habitat type is poorly known. Given secure
status on St. John and the lack of status information that would be
needed for preparation of a proposed listing in Puerto Rico, it is
removed from candidate status.
The Florida mastiff bat (Eumops glaucinus floridanus) is known from
Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, and South America. The studies
upon which the original candidate classification was based were
seriously flawed in that they used a technique with low likelihood of
detecting mastiff bats. While native habitat appears to be declining,
the species also appears to have adapted to human presence by using
Spanish tile roofs. The current or historic number of mastiff bats in
Florida is unknown. This species is being removed from candidate status
because current status information is not available to prepare a
proposed listing, recent surveys indicate that mastiff bats in south
Florida may be more abundant than previously known, and adaptation to
human presence suggests that the species is unlikely to become
threatened or endangered in the foreseeable future.
Franklinia alatamaha (Franklin tree) was last seen in the wild in
McIntosh County, Georgia in 1803. The type locality has been searched
repeatedly over the past 200 years, but no specimens have been
observed. While probably extinct in the wild, the species is extant
through cultivation and widely distributed as an ornamental. It is
removed from candidate status because the species is not threatened or
endangered.
Gilia maculata (little San Bernardino Mountains gilia) is
restricted to sandy wash terraces at the base of the Little San
Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino County, California. Recent
surveys have increased the number of known locations for this species,
reduced the intensity of threats to the species, and its status is
believed to be stable. Therefore, it is removed from candidate status.
Hackelia cronquistii (Cronquist's stickseed) is found on sandy
moist sagebrush slopes in eastern Oregon and Idaho. The species is
being removed from candidate status due to stable populations in Oregon
and large amounts of potential habitat that are believed to be suitable
for this species.
Hackelia venusta (showy stickseed) grows in openings within the
Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir forests of open, steep slopes on dry,
loose, granitic well-drained soils. The species appears to be
restricted to a single population in Tumwater Canyon, Chelan County,
Washington. Two other potential populations have been identified near
the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, also in Chelan County, but the taxonomic
status of these populations is uncertain. Tumwater Canyon was
designated a Botanical Area by the Wenatchee National Forest and the
State of Washington has developed management guidelines to protect the
species. The species is being removed from candidate status due to
poorly documented threats, management actions to supplement the wild
population with outplantings of disease-free plantings, and an
uncertain taxonomic status.
Haplopappus (=Pyrrocoma) insecticruris (bugleg goldenweed) is
endemic to Camas, Elmore, and Blaine counties, Idaho. It occurs in two
habitat types: the densely vegetated habitat of the Cama prairie found
in mesic areas with deep soils, and less vegetated, somewhat xeric
habitats of the Artemisia arbuscula or shrub/grassland type. The
species' known distribution has increased from four populations in 1983
to more than 83 populations in 1985 surveys. It appears to occupy
disturbed and undisturbed habitats. The Idaho Native Plant Society
recently recommended removing this species from candidate status and
the Service concurs.
Haplopappus radiatus (Snake River goldenweed) is endemic to the
dry, rolling hills, ridge, and canyon slopes of the Snake River in
eastern Oregon and western Idaho. The habitat is generally a grazing-
modified sagebrush/grassland community. Estimated abundance in Idaho is
approximately 35,000 individuals from 22 known populations. Total
abundance of the 37 known Oregon populations may exceed 100,000
individuals. This species is too widely distributed and abundant to be
considered a candidate species.
Hastingsia bracteosa (large-flowered rush-lily) is a lilaceous
plant growing from bulbs and is found in serpentine bogs at lower
elevations in Jackson and
[[Page 7461]]
Josephine counties, Oregon, and Siskiyou and Del Norte counties,
California. The species is historically known from 43 locations in
Oregon but the most recent status information on the species is from
1980. It is being removed from candidate status due to weak or unclear
data on threats and due to the lack of current status information.
Hemizonia arida (Red Rock tarplant) is associated with clay soils
in desert scrub. Its distribution is limited to a few square miles in
the Mojave desert, Kern County, California. Threats posed by off-road
vehicles have been relieved via transfer of the land to the California
Department of Parks and Recreation and the species is therefore removed
from candidate status.
Hesperolinon didmyocarpum (Lake County dwarf-flax) is known from
six populations on a combined area of less than five acres. The current
range is comparable to its known historical range and only one
population is subject to threatened habitat degradation. The species is
believed to be stable and is removed from candidate status due to a
lack of documented threats.
Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus (hau kuahiwi) was historically found
on the island of Lanai but is now believed to be extinct. The last
known specimen, discovered in 1981, died in 1985. The species is
removed from candidate status.
Ivesia aperta var. canina (Dog Valley ivesia) is known only from
Dog Valley, Sierra County, California on lands managed by the Toiyabe
National Forest. The population size was estimated at 2,700 individuals
in 1989, but has increased by about 33 percent since then. Potential
threats from grazing, recreation, and dam construction have not
materialized and the species' status is improving. The species is
removed from candidate status.
Juncus leiospermus var. ahartii (Ahart's rush) is known from Butte,
Calaveras, and Placer counties, California. Since the late 1980s,
several additional populations of this plant have been discovered. Only
the Oroville population in Butte County is known to face threats
associated with habitat degradation. Because of insufficient
information on status, distribution, and threats, the species is
removed from candidate status.
Lavatera assurgentiflora ssp. assurgentiflora and L. a. glabra were
combined in a 1993 taxonomic treatment to form Lavatera assurgentiflora
(island tree mallow). The species is widespread and cultivated as an
ornamental or windbreak on the mainland and it also occurs on the Santa
Cruz islands, Santa Catalina Island, and San Clemente Island. Given the
widespread distribution and taxonomic uncertainty, the two subspecies
are removed from candidate status.
Layia leucopappa (Comanche layia) is known only from a small area
of the Tejon Ranch and surrounding area in Kern County, California.
Five of the six known populations occur on the privately owned ranch.
Although the plant has a very limited distribution, only one population
faces potential threats from grazing. The species is removed from
candidate status.
The Hawaiian stream goby `o`opu alamo`o (Lentipes concolor) occurs
in freshwater streams throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. The species
has an amphidromous life-history pattern that allows for transfer of
genetic material among the various island populations. Although
populations on the island of Oahu have declined, recent studies
indicate that the species is not sufficiently threatened with
extinction to be considered a candidate species.
Lilium maritimum (coast lily) grows in closed-cone coniferous
forest, coastal prairie, and coastal scrub habitats of Mendocino and
Sonoma counties, California. Populations from Marin, San Mateo, and San
Francisco counties may have been extirpated. Today, many populations
are found in roadside ditches at elevations from 30 to 1,100 feet.
Although the species faces threats associated with horticultural
collecting, the Service lacks current status information needed to
justify candidate status.
Limnanthes floccosa ssp. pumila (dwarf wooly meadow-foam) is
endemic to two basalt formations in Jackson County, Oregon. The plant
occurs at the edges of deep vernal pools and during most years the
populations number in the thousands of individuals. While this species
has a limited distribution, it faces only limited threats and is
generally abundant. It is removed from candidate status.
Lomatium erythrocarpum (red-fruited desert-parsley) is a perennial
herb that is restricted to western Baker County, Oregon, along the
Elkhorn Ridge of the Blue Mountains. It occurs on loose gravel or talus
on east- or south-facing slopes at elevations between 7,500 and 8,500
feet. Although the species has a limited distribution and is rare, it
faces only minor threats associated with trampling by ungulates or
humans. The species is removed from candidate status.
Lomatium greenmanii (Greenman's desert-parsley) is endemic to the
summit region of Mount Howard in the Wallowa Mountains of northeast
Oregon. The total population of 20,000 individuals occupies roughly 20
acres of subalpine and alpine meadows. This rare endemic has a stable
population that appears to be fully using its available habitat. It is
removed from candidate status.
Lotus argophyllus ssp. adsurgens (San Clemente Island silver
hosackia) is restricted to 10 populations at the southern tip of San
Clemente Island, California. Former threats posed by grazing and
rooting pigs have been alleviated by removal of feral goats and pigs
from the island. Therefore, candidate status is no longer justified.
Luina serpentina (colonial luina) is a stout branching plant that
forms colonies or large mats which hug the ground. The species is known
only from two sites and grows on steep, rocky, open serpentine slopes.
There are no known threats and the last survey was conducted in 1980,
so status information necessary to support listing is not available.
Lunania buchii (no common name) was originally described from
specimens collected by the U.S. Forest Service from Luquillo and
Maricao, Puerto Rico. This species had previously been reported from
Haiti. Studies by H.O. Sleumer, conducted in 1980, placed L. buchii in
synonymy with L. eckmanii, a species common to Hispaniola. More recent
studies of the Puerto Rican specimens suggest that they are not fully
consistent with L. eckmanii, further clouding the taxonomic status of
the species. The species is withdrawn from candidate status.
Lupinus aridus ssp. ashlandensis (Mount Ashland lupine) is a
perennial lupine that grows in granitic outcrops only on the summit of
Mount Ashland in Jackson County, Oregon. The population was estimated
at roughly 350,000 individuals in 1991 and faces no verified threats.
It is believed to be stable and is therefore removed from candidate
status.
Malacothamnus abbottii (Abbott's bush-mallow) is known from private
lands in southern Monterey County, California. It was originally
described from a single location in 1896 and was thought extinct until
its rediscovery in 1990. At least five populations have been located
and the species appears to persist in areas with surface disturbance.
The species is more abundant than originally believed and although it
is globally rare, threats are unknown. Current information on the
distribution, abundance, and life history is insufficient to support
candidate status.
[[Page 7462]]
Oenothera psammophila (St. Anthony evening primrose) is part of the
early successional community dominated by Elymus flavescens and
Psoralea lanceolata. In 1983, approximately 50,000 individuals were
known from 298 colonies. By 1994 this number had grown to roughly
85,000 individuals in 685 colonies. Recent studies indicate that
threats from trampling and off-road vehicles are less than previously
believed. In light of reduced levels of threat and improving status,
this species is removed from candidate status.
Oenothera wolfii (Wolf's evening primrose) is known from six sites
in Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte counties, California and seven
sites in Curry County, Oregon. The species faces limited threats from
slope stabilization, road widening, and bridge replacement. Also,
review of file information indicates insufficient status information to
support issuance of a proposed listing for this species. The species is
removed from candidate status.
Ophioglossum concinnum (pololei) was thought to be endemic to the
Hawaiian Islands but taxonomic revisions have placed it within o.
polyphyllum, a species found in Asia, South America, and Africa. This
revision greatly increases the range and abundance of the species and
it is removed from candidate status.
Orobanche parishii ssp. brachyloba (short-lobed broom-rape) occurs
on the Pacific coast from San Luis Obispo south to Baja California and
on the Channel Islands. It is associated with sandy soils in coastal
bluff scrub, coastal dunes, and coastal scrub. Several new populations
have recently been discovered on San Nicolas Island and San Miguel
Island, supporting removal from candidate status.
Penstemon discolor (Catalina beardtongue) is known to occur in the
Santa Catalina, Dragoon, Atascosa, Winchester, and Galiuro mountains of
southeastern Arizona. Since 1991, several additional populations have
been discovered. These discoveries lessen the significance of threats
posed to the Santa Catalina population and supports removal from
candidate status because a listing proposal is no longer warranted.
Pentachaeta exilis ssp. aeolica (slender pentachaeta) is a small,
ephemeral plant associated with dry grasslands. Based on status
information from 1977, the species is restricted to three populations
in Monterey and San Benito counties, California. The only potential
threat is grazing by cattle. The extent of this threat is not presently
sufficient to warrant a proposed listing. Given the lack of recent
status information to support issuance of proposed listing, and a lack
of clearly identified threats, maintaining this species in candidate
status is not warranted.
Phlox idahonis (Clearwater phlox) is endemic to moist meadows and
streambanks in the Clearwater Mountains of north-central Idaho. The
species occurs in relatively flat grassland/shrub habitats, ranging
from 2,800 to 3,275 feet in elevation and is the only phlox occurring
in mountain meadows of northern Idaho. This species is known from four
metapopulations (eight occurrences), all within four miles of the town
of Headquarters, Idaho. Although the timing and intensity of grazing
may adversely affect the species, the threat from grazing is not
sufficient to warrant a proposed listing for this plant. It is
therefore being removed from candidate status.
Pleuropogon oregonus (Oregon semaphore grass) grows in moist
meadows and marshlands at about 2,500 to 4,000 feet in elevation with
numerous aquatic and semiaquatic associates. The species is known from
two widely separated regions of Oregon. There are eight known
populations, four in Lake County and four in Union County. Because the
species faces only minor threats from grazing and stream channelization
and is believed to be stable, removal from candidate status is
justified.
Polemonium pectinatum (Washington polemonium) is found primarily
along the outer margins of riparian areas near the transition with
xeric vegetation in Lincoln, Whitman, and Adams counties, Washington
and is believed extirpated from Spokane County. Currently there are 35
extant populations with an estimated total of 15,000 to 20,000
individuals. Minor threats have been reduced by a conservation
agreement aimed at reducing the populations of noxious weeds and
removal from candidate status is justified.
Polyctenium williamsiae (Williams' combleaf) is presently known
from five occurrences in Washoe and Nye counties, Nevada. The species
occurs on sandy clay margins and bottoms of ephemeral pools in
sagebrush scrub. At its spring 1995 meeting, the Northern Nevada Native
Plant Society Rare Plant Committee recommended removing this species
from Category 1 candidate status but retaining it in Category 2 status.
A listing proposal is no longer warranted for this species in light of
the potential for locating additional populations and Federal agency
efforts to conserve this plant, so it is removed from candidate status.
Potentilla basaltica (Soldier Meadows cinquefoil) occupies alkali
meadows, seeps, and occasionally, marshes bordering thermal springs,
outflow streams, and depressions in Soldier Meadows, Humboldt County,
Nevada. The total population in 1990 was estimated to be 85,000
individuals in 10 sub-populations. More recently, a small, disjunct
population was discovered on private lands in Lassen County,
California. The Bureau of Land Management has adopted conservation
practices to protect P. basaltica and the threatened desert dace
(Eremichthys acros), thereby reducing the threats from grazing, wetland
alteration, and recreational use and justifying removal from candidate
status.
The Pecos springsnail (Pyrgulopsis [=Fontelicella] pecosensis) is
endemic to southeastern New Mexico, occurring on mud and pebble
substrates near the margins of springs. Threats to the water quality of
the spring have been alleviated by purchase of the water rights and
this species' status is believed to be improving. Potential threats
from oil and gas development do not appear relevant since reserves that
would affect the springs have not been identified.
The dusky gopher frog (Rana areolata sevosa) is part of a group of
frogs that is subject to considerable taxonomic debate. One treatment
considers gopher frogs as conspecific with crawfish frogs under R.
areolata. An alternate treatment splits the gopher frogs from crawfish
frogs, assigning the gopher frogs to R. capito. Neither designation is
universally accepted. The distribution of the various subspecies of
gopher frogs is also problematic. This taxon is removed from candidate
status, pending resolution of the taxonomic and distribution questions
raised above.
Ranunculus reconditus (obscure buttercup) is a perennial forb that
historically grew in Wasco County, Oregon and across the Columbia River
in Klickitat County, Washington. The Oregon sites were believed
extirpated until 1988, when two populations were discovered. The
estimated population sizes from 1988 surveys were 7,400 plants in
Washington and 250-400 plants in Oregon. Minor threats from grazing and
nonindigenous plants, coupled with the need for updated status
information, justify removal of this species from candidate status.
Rorippa subumbellata (Tahoe yellow cress) occurs on sandy
substrates, along lake margins, near stream mouths, and in back-beach
depressions. Occurrence and availability of suitable habitat for R.
subumbellata are correlated with lake water surface elevation. A dam
constructed on the Truckee River
[[Page 7463]]
outflow in 1871 allows lake surface elevation to fluctuate between
6,223 feet and 6,229.1 feet. Surveys of the entire lake shore conducted
in 1993 counted approximately 6,500 individuals at 35 locations. The
persistence of these populations over the last 15 years and recent
colonization of new sites as water levels recede indicate that R.
subumbellata should not be considered a candidate species.
Rubus nigerrimus (northwest raspberry) occurs primarily along the
banks and channels of small streams that are tributary to the Snake
River. The species is found at elevations ranging from 700 to 2,200
feet. It is known from 18 locations scattered among approximately 80
square miles in Whitman and Garfield counties, Washington. Most
populations are small, consisting of 15 to 30 individuals and seedling
establishment appears to be low. Removal of this species from candidate
status is based primarily on a lack of current status information
needed to support issuance of a proposed listing.
Scrophularia macrantha (Mimbres figwort) is a narrowly endemic
herbaceous perennial found in the Mimbres Mountains and the Cooks Range
in Grant and Luna counties, New Mexico. It is generally restricted to
north-facing igneous cliffs and steep talus slopes from 6,500 to 8,200
feet in elevation. Status surveys conducted in 1982 and 1994 indicate
the species is stable and previously identified threats from grazing
and recreational use were over-emphasized since these activities did
not occur in the species' habitat. It is hereby removed from candidate
status.
Senecio huachucanus (Huachuca groundsel) is a herbaceous perennial
that grows on steep, mesic, high elevation mountain slopes. The species
is known from the Santa Rita and Huachuca Mountains in Arizona and the
Sierra Azul, Sonora, Mexico. Aside from one population in the Santa
Rita Mountains, populations tend to be isolated and small (less than a
few hundred plants). The Santa Rita population probably contains
thousands of plants on many acres in remote, wilderness lands. Since
1991, populations at two sites in the Huachuca Mountains, one site in
the Sierra Azula, and the large population in the Santa Rita Mountains
have been discovered, indicating the species is more widespread than
previously believed and should be removed from candidate status.
Sidalcea covillei (Owens Valley checkermallow) grows in alkaline
and subalkaline meadows in the Owens River drainage in California. It
is restricted to 31 sites in Inyo County and occurs on habitat
protected in part by conservation efforts in the eastern Mohave Desert.
The primary threat to the species was believed to be hydrologic
alteration and grazing, but these threats no longer exist. The species
is removed from candidate status.
Sidalcea stipularis (Scadden Flat checkerbloom) is known from only
two occurrences: one on private land and the second on a utility right-
of-way. No threats to the species have been identified. S. stipularis
is believed to be stable and does not warrant status as a candidate
species.
Sphaeromeria compacta (Charleston tansy) is known only from the
Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, where it occurs at timberline
and above. It occurs on talus slopes, in frost-heave broken rubble, and
on gravelly slopes in limestone-derived soils. The species is known
from three separate populations but individual numbers are unknown. The
primary threat is trampling by hikers. In the face of limited status
data and minor threats, the species is removed from candidate status.
Streptanthus albidus ssp. peramoenus (most beautiful jewelflower)
is the subject of an ongoing taxonomic revision. New subspecies of S.
albidus may be named and some new populations of S. albidus ssp.
peramoenus may be identified. As a result, the range and current status
are unknown, supporting removal from candidate status pending the
results of the taxonomic revisions.
Streptanthus brachiatus ssp. brachiatus (Socrates Mine
jewelflower), Streptanthus brachiatus ssp. hoffmanii (Freed's
jewelflower), and Streptanthus morrisonii ssp. hirtiflorus are very
rare and vulnerable subspecies that are the subjects of ongoing status
reviews. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) protects known locations
from disturbance and the potential for habitat loss from geothermal
development in the Geysers Geothermal Steamfield has been reduced by
BLM protection and reduced rates of geothermal exploitation.
Information in Service files is currently insufficient to support
issuance of proposed listings, so these subspecies are removed from
candidate status.
Streptanthus morrisonii ssp. elatus (Three Peaks jewelflower) is
known only from a few serpentine barrens in Lake County, California.
Habitat for this species has been seriously impacted by mining and
road-building, but recent actions by BLM will protect habitat for this
species. Information in Service files is currently insufficient to
support issuance of proposed listings, so this subspecies is removed
from candidate status.
Synthyris ranunculina (Charleston kittentails) is found in
permanently damp areas, moist meadows, along creek corridors, snow
banks, on moss-covered rock, and moist cliff crevices. All known sites
are on the eastern flank of the Spring Mountains Range at elevations
ranging from 8,600 to 11,800 feet. The species is known only from lands
within the Toiyabe National Forest's Spring Mountains Recreation Area
and the Service and U.S. Forest Service are developing an ecosystem-
level conservation agreement to provide for long-term conservation of
this species. Minor historic threats (from trampling by horses and
hikers and spring manipulation) support removal from candidate status.
Trifolium polyodon (Pacific Grove clover) was included as part of
the common Trifolium variegatum in a recent taxonomic revision. This
species is removed from candidate status because it is no longer a
listable entity under the Act.
Author
This notice was compiled from materials supplied by the Service's
staff biologists located throughout the country in regional and field
offices. The materials were compiled by Dr. Richard E. Sayers, Jr.,
Division of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1849 C
Street, NW., Mailstop ARLSQ-452, Washington, DC 20240 (phone 703/358-
2105; facsimile 703/358-1735).
Authority: The authority for this notice is the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.
Dated: February 16, 1996.
John G. Rogers,
Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 96-4413 Filed 2-27-96; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
