[Federal Register Volume 62, Number 46 (Monday, March 10, 1997)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 10710-10730]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 97-5723]
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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
49 CFR Part 571
[Docket No. 95-28; Notice 10]
RIN 2127-AF73
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices
and Associated Equipment
AGENCY: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), DOT.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This document amends Standard No. 108, the Federal motor
vehicle safety standard on lighting, to afford an option to existing
headlamp aiming specifications which is intended to improve the
objectivity and accuracy of motor vehicle headlamp aim when headlamps
are aimed visually and/or optically. The rule reflects the consensus of
NHTSA's Advisory Committee on Regulatory Negotiation concerning the
improvement of headlamp aimability performance and visual/optical
headlamp aiming. The Committee was composed of representatives of
government, industry, and consumer interest groups.
DATES: The rule is effective May 1, 1997. Petitions for reconsideration
must be filed not later than April 24, 1997.
ADDRESSES: Petitions for reconsideration should refer to Docket No. 95-
28; Notice 10, and must be submitted to: Docket Section, Room 5109, 400
Seventh Street, SW., Washington, DC 20590. (Docket hours are from 9:30
a.m. to 4:00 p.m.).
[[Page 10711]]
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: (NHTSA Advisory Committee
representative) Steve Kratzke, Office of Safety Performance Standards,
NHTSA (Phone: 202-366-5203; FAX: 202-366-4329); (technical information)
Rich Van Iderstine, Office of Safety Performance Standards, NHTSA
(Phone: 202-366-5275; FAX: 202-366-4329); (legal information) Taylor
Vinson, Office of Chief Counsel, NHTSA (Phone: 202-366-5263; FAX: 202-
366-3820).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
On June 9, 1995, at 60 FR 30506, the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a notice of intent to establish
an advisory committee (``the Committee'') for regulatory negotiation to
develop recommended specifications for altering the lower beam patterns
of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 Lamps, Reflective
Devices and Associated Equipment to be more sharply defined. Such a
pattern would facilitate visual/optical aimability of headlamps. During
1995-96, the Committee met at intervals to develop these
specifications. On the basis of the Committee's recommendations, NHTSA
published a notice of proposed rulemaking on July 10, 1996 at 61 FR
36334. This was followed by a correction notice published on August 20,
1996 (61 FR 43033). The reader is referred to these notices for further
background information.
Because this was a negotiated rulemaking, NHTSA did not expect to
receive many comments of a substantive nature. Comments were received
from Valeo Vision, Hella KG Hueck & Co., Robert Bosch GmbH, Volkswagen,
Stanley Electric Co. Ltd, Groupe de Travail ``Bruxelles 1952'' (GTB),
Koito Manufacturing Co. Ltd., American Automobile Manufacturers
Association (AAMA), Cooper Industries Wagner Lighting Division
(Wagner), Advocates for Auto and Highway Safety (Advocates), Calcoast--
ITL, and Volvo Cars of North America, Inc. As anticipated, all
commenters supported the proposal, and the rule is adopted as proposed.
However, some important points were raised in the comments, which will
be discussed in the course of this notice.
II. Proposed Requirements and Their Rationales
The final rule will ensure that the visually/optically aimable
lower beam of a headlamp meets the following criteria, as developed by
the Committee:
A. Vertical Aim of Lower Beam
A visual cue (cutoff) is required in the lower beam pattern to
permit accurate aiming. The cutoff marks a transition between the areas
of higher and lower luminous intensities. The cutoff in the lower beam
pattern is a horizontal line composed of maximum vertical logarithmic
gradients of the screen illumination.
Vertical aim requires both a laboratory specification for headlamps
before installation and a field specification for headlamps after
installation. Under the final rule, the laboratory specifications are
incorporated into Standard No. 108. The field specifications represent
the Committee's recommendations to all persons who perform visual/
optical headlamp aiming in the field and were set forth in the preamble
to the NPRM.
1. Laboratory Specification for the Vertical Visual Aim of the Lower
Beam
Several factors must be considered to ensure accurate and
repeatable results that also relate to the requirements for field
aimability. Accuracy for laboratory aim is specified to be within +/
-0.1 degree. This is based on the test equipment positioning capability
of +/-0.01 degree along with the associated lamp-to-lamp and
laboratory-to-laboratory variances. The specification for the gradient
is based on a required +/-0.1 degree laboratory aim accuracy and a 0.25
degree field aim accuracy with confidence limits of +/-2 sigma. A
University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) study
titled ``Visual Aiming of European and U.S. Low-Beam Headlamps''
(Report No. UMTRI-91-34, by Sivak, Flannagan, Chandra, and Gellatly)
provided the information needed to establish the necessary gradient
within the confidence levels defined.
Measurement of the specific gradients may be carried out using
traditional photometric measurement equipment; however, photometric
distance may vary between companies. A procedure which has been
developed by the Groupe de Travail ``Bruxelles 1952'' (GTB) Short-term
Scientific Studies Working Group (SSST WG) provides a baseline system
for this test. (This may be found in ``Draft Minutes of the Meeting
held at Budapest 1995 October 3'' on file in the docket as attachment
3-9 to the Committee's minutes of Meeting No. 3.)
The cutoff can be on either the right or left side of the lower
beam pattern. When so located, it provides the necessary reference for
placing the beam in the appropriate vertical location for correct aim.
In order to achieve a cutoff in a beam, there must be a distinct
difference in illumination levels above and below the cutoff. This may
be achieved by numerous methods in the design of a headlamp. For the
purposes defined by the Committee, a horizontally oriented cutoff is
necessary. Based on work done by the Society of Automotive Engineers''
(SAE) Beam Pattern Task Force (in developing SAE J1735 ``Harmonized
Vehicle Headlamp Performance Requirements'), UMTRI, Commission
Internationale de l'Eclairage Working Group on Vehicle Lighting (CIE
TC4.10) (``Definition of the Vertical Cut-off of Vehicle Headlights''
draft 1993-3-15), and the GTB SSST WG, and reviewed by the Committee,
the method for describing the cutoff is as follows.
Scientific studies by Blackwell, Olson, Forbes, Sivak, Flannigan,
et.al., have shown that the human eye responds to the logarithm (to
base 10) of the gradient of screen luminance. This mathematical
expression simulates in the laboratory where human vision perceives the
cutoff on a screen during field aiming. A vertical scan of the lower
beam pattern at a specified number of degrees to the right or left of
the headlamp beam pattern's vertical axis, where the cutoff is located,
is taken to gather data on the intensity values. This data is then
analyzed using the mathematical expression to determine where the
greatest rate of change of illumination occurs; the vertical location
of the cutoff is thus defined. For example, a person could use a
goniophotometer to record data in small vertical increments at the
locations at 2.5 degree left or 2.0 degrees right in order to determine
the cutoff location.
For effective field aiming, the cutoff needs to be finitely long so
that the person looking at the cutoff has a sufficient cue to find it.
This range should extend at least one degree on each side of the
specified measurement point of the cutoff and should be approximately
straight and horizontal.
The cutoff on the left side of the beam pattern can be achieved by
putting more light below the horizontal on the left rather than
reducing the intensity of light above the cutoff. This added light
provides more illumination to detect objects on the left side of the
beam pattern and more uniformity of the total light output from the
vehicle. The light above the horizontal would not be decreased. The
right side of the beam needs no such enhancement to achieve an adequate
gradient for the cutoff. In addition to the above, these changes cause
small effects in other areas of the beam that will be addressed below.
[[Page 10712]]
To accomplish these purposes, the Agency is adopting the changes to
the existing photometric figures in Standard No. 108 for all headlamps
designed for visual/optical aiming, as described below. In the final
rule, existing photometric Figures 15A, 17A, 27, and 28, have been
redesignated respectively Figures 15-1, 17-1, 27-1, and 28-1. Proposed
Figures 15B, 17B, 27A and 28A have been adopted as Figures 15-2, 17-2,
27-2 and 28-2. The changes added to the ``-1'' Figures to achieve the
``-2'' Figures are:
(a) Elimination of the 0.5 deg. D-1.5 deg. L to L test points,
(b) Elimination of the 1.0 deg. D-6.0 deg. L test point,
(c) Addition of an 0.86 deg. D-3.5 deg. L test point with intensity
requirements of 1800 cd. minimum, and 12000 cd. maximum, and
(d) Addition of an 0.86 deg D-V test point with intensity
requirements of 4500cd. minimum,
(e) Addition of an 0.6 deg D-1.3 deg R test point replacing the
current test point at 0.5 deg D-1.5 deg R with intensity requirements
shown below:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New test point: Source: Replaced test Source:
point:
0.6 deg. D--1.3 deg. R 0.5 deg. D--1.5
deg. R
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard No. 108 Standard No. 108
Cd minimum figures Cd minimum Cd maximum figures
10000......................... 15-2 & 17-2........... 10000........... 20000 15-1 & 17-1.
10000......................... 27-2 & 28-2........... 8000............ 20000 27-1 & 28-1.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(f) And modification of the 4 degree D-V test point in the Figure
15-2 lower beam maximum candela column from 7000 cd to 10000 cd.
In Figures 27-1 and 28-1, the maximum value at 0.5 degree D-1.5
degrees L is 2500 cd. In Figures 15-1 and 17-1 the maximum value at 0.5
degree D-1.5 degrees L is 3000 cd. The value of the 1.0 degree D-6.0
degrees L test point is 750 cd minimum, and it becomes superfluous
because of the additional illumination provided by the new test point
specified at 0.86 degree D-3.5 degrees L.
The three test points: 0.86 degree D-3.5 degrees L; 0.86 degree D-
V; and 0.6 degree D-1.3 degree R being added have all been the subject
of low beam headlamp harmonization activities with GTB, GRE, JASIC, and
SAE. A research study, UMTRI 94-27 ``Evaluation of the SAE J1735 Draft
Proposal for a Harmonized Low-Beam Headlighting Pattern'' reports that
these three test points contribute to better performance of the lower
beam headlamp. Incorporation of these test points also contributes to
current worldwide harmonization for lower beam headlamps.
In the past there has been one ``seeing light'' test point at 0.5
degree D-1.5 degree R. This is being replaced by three new ``seeing
light'' test points: 0.6 degree D-1.3 degrees R; 0.86 degree D-V; and
0.86 degree D-3.5 degree L. The new 0.86 degree D-V test point with the
4500 cd minimum will increase uniformity of the beam pattern below the
horizontal line between the high intensity zones on the left and right.
The new 0.6 degree D-1.3 degree R test point represents a relocation of
a current test point by 0.1 degree D (from 0.5 degree D to 0.6 degree
D) and 0.2 degree L (from 1.5 degree R to 1.3 degree R). These changes
represent a significant improvement in providing more light to the left
side of the beam pattern and will promote harmonization. There is a
maximum (20000cd) requirement at the 0.5 degree D-1.5 degree R test
point. Because of significantly greater control of minimum and maximum
illumination above the horizontal axis, there is no continuing need for
a maximum at this location.
The modification of the test point value at 4D-V in Fig. 15-2 from
7000 cd maximum to 10000 cd maximum is based on the substantial
increase of light resulting from the test point modifications above
which extend the high intensity zone on the right side of the beam
pattern to the left side of the beam. The previous test point value at
0.5 degree D-1.5 degree L to L limited not only the light to the left
region of the roadway, but also to the foreground area. Directing more
light to the left will increase foreground light levels. Studies
performed by UMTRI have shown that very high levels of foreground light
can depreciate the driver's distance seeing performance. A modest
increase in the maximum candela level at this test point from 7000 to
10000 will allow the additional left lane light yet not create undue
foreground illumination.
As proposed, the cutoff location is positioned at 0.4 degree below
the H-H line for headlamps designed to be aimed using the left side of
the beam pattern. This causes the top edge of the main part of the beam
pattern on the left to intersect the road surface at approximately 90
m. (300 feet) from the vehicle with headlamps mounted at 635 mm. (25
inches) above the road surface. This distance is increased from present
headlamps that are limited by the 0.5 degree D-1.5 degrees L to L test
point that exists today. The new test point is taken from SAE J1735.
The specific mathematical expression for identifying the cutoff is:
G = log E()-log E(+0.1), where ``G'' is the gradient,
``E'' is illumination and ``'' is the vertical angular
position. The maximum value of the gradient ``G'' determines the
angular location of the cutoff.
B. Horizontal Aim of Lower Beam
1. Eliminating Horizontal Aim Adjustability
Horizontal aimability is mandatory for mechanically-aimed headlamps
under Standard No.108. Because the lower beam of a headlamp designed to
conform to Standard No. 108 does not have any visual cues for achieving
correct horizontal aim when aimed visually or optically, and because it
is not possible to add such visual features without damaging the beam
pattern, horizontal aim should be either fixed and nonadjustable, or
have a horizontal VHAD.
When horizontal aim is nonadjustable, horizontal aim will not be
compromised because most state laws require that headlamps be correctly
aimed at the time of the first sale of the vehicle. Generally, the
vehicle's manufacturer accepts the responsibility for assuring correct
aim of new motor vehicles. Further, proper realignment of front-end
components of collision-damaged vehicles will assure correct placement
of headlamps and thus maintain proper horizontal aim. Thus, no further
specifications are necessary for field use, except to note that
horizontal aim may not be adjustable on some lamps marked ``VOR'' or
``VOL'' on the lens.
Standard No. 108 specifies for the lower beam, test points at 15
and 9 degrees left and right, with minimum candela of 850 and 1000
(test points 15 and 9 degrees, Figures 15-1 and 17-1) and 700 and 750
(test points 15 and 9
[[Page 10713]]
degrees, Figures 27-1 and 28-1). NHTSA's new Figures 15-2, 17-2, 27-2,
and 28-2 increase these values. New test points added at 20 degrees
left and right further widen the beam. In addition to the substitution
of the above mentioned 0.86D-3.5L test point for the 0.5D-1.5L to L, to
facilitate the cutoff, these changes make the new beam pattern less
sensitive to horizontal positioning. The modifications and additions
that have been adopted are:
9 deg L&R-2 deg D--1250 cd. min.
15 deg L&R-2 deg D--1000 cd. min.
20 deg L&R-4 deg D--300 cd. min.
These locations and values were taken from SAE J1735 which achieves a
wider beam pattern as a result of these test points.
2. Horizontal Aim of Lower Beam for Laboratory Photometry tests.
The headlamp shall be mounted onto a fixture which simulates its
actual design orientation on any vehicle for which the headlamp is
intended. The fixture, with the headlamp installed, shall be attached
to the goniometer table in such a way that the fixture alignment axes
are coincident with the goniometer axes. Shimming or adjustment of the
headlamp's attachment to the test fixture to comply with the
photometric requirements is not allowed. If there is a VHAD, the aim of
the headlamp shall be adjusted, using the headlamp's horizontal aiming
adjusters so the VHAD reads zero. When the headlamp has been aimed
vertically, the lamp is ready to be tested for photometric compliance.
C. Vertical Aim of Upper Beam
As with vertical aim of the lower beam, vertical aim of the upper
beam requires both a laboratory specification for headlamps before
installation and a field specification for headlamps after
installation; however, the aim of the upper beam is not nearly as
critical as it is for the lower beam. The laboratory specification is
being incorporated into Standard No. 108 for visually/optically aimable
headlamps. For a headlamp that incorporates both a lower beam and an
upper beam, the laboratory procedure and the field procedure for upper
beam are not applicable, because the headlamp must be aimed using the
lower beam, and, by design, both beams are photometered in that
position.
For a headlamp that has only an upper beam, the following apply:
1. Laboratory Specification for Vertical Visual Aim of Upper Beam
The vertical aim of the upper beam shall be adjusted so that the
maximum beam intensity is located on the H-H axis.
2. Laboratory Specification for Horizontal Visual Aim of Upper Beam
The horizontal aim of the upper beam shall be adjusted so that the
maximum beam intensity is located on the V-V axis unless the headlamp
has fixed horizontal aim or a VHAD. In these cases, it shall be mounted
onto a fixture which simulates its actual design orientation on any
vehicle for which the headlamp is intended. The fixture, with the
headlamp installed, shall be attached to the goniometer table in such a
way that the fixture alignment axes are coincident with the goniometer
axes. Shimming or adjustment of the headlamp's attachment to the test
fixture to comply with the photometric requirements is not allowed. If
there is a VHAD, the aim of the headlamp shall be adjusted, using the
headlamp's horizontal aiming adjusters so that the VHAD reads zero.
When the headlamp has been aimed vertically, the lamp is ready to be
tested for photometric compliance.
D. Movable Reflector Headlamps
Movable reflector headlamps have a lens and headlamp housing that
do not move with respect to the surrounding car structure when
headlamps are aimed. Therefore, the range of headlamp aim limits does
not need to be as large to cover repairs from vehicle collisions.
Requirements for the aiming of movable reflector headlamps have been
clarified and expanded to cover headlamps which are visually/optically
aimable. The vertical aim range limits will now cover only the full
range of pitch on the vehicle on which the headlamp system is installed
(full range of pitch on the vehicle is defined in S7.8.3 of Standard
No. 108). When horizontal aim is incorporated in a headlamp the
horizontal aim range limits will remain 2.5 degrees. Photometry will
then be done over the applicable aim limits used for the headlamp
system.
E. Marking Requirements
1. Headlamp Optical Axis Mark
The accuracy and reliability of headlamp aim depends upon the
correct placement of aiming equipment in front of the vehicle and its
headlamps. To assure that this placement is correct and precise, it is
necessary for the headlamps to have an indication of the optical axis
to act as a geometric reference for measuring distances to the floor
and between the headlamps and the vehicle's longitudinal axis. This may
be done by a mark on the interior or exterior of the lens, or by a mark
or central structure on the interior or exterior of the headlamp. Thus,
Standard No. 108 is amended to require that a headlamp have this mark.
While the mark is necessary for visual/optical aim headlamps, it is
also desirable for all headlamps because people who aim headlamps use
visual/optical aim even though today's headlamps are not designed to be
aimed by this method. In the interest of promoting correct aim, this
optical axis mark is recommended for all future headlamp designs. This
final rule may require changes in headlamps for existing production
vehicles, however, it is not intended to be a retroactive requirement.
Adequate leadtime is required for implementation, and commenters were
invited to discuss leadtime concerns. These concerns and the effective
date adopted for the optical axis mark requirement are discussed in the
section of this notice called ``Effective Dates''
2. Visual/Optical Aimability Identification Mark
Marking of headlamps would indicate that the lamp is visually/
optically aimable according to the means specified in the final rule.
Thus, Standard No. 108 will require that the visible part of the lens
of each original and replacement equipment headlamp and headlamp lens,
and of each original equipment and replacement equipment beam
contributor, designed to be visually/optically aimable, manufactured on
or after March 1, 1997, the effective date of the final rule, be marked
with the symbols ``VOL'', ``VOR'', or ``VO'' either horizontally or
vertically. The Committee determined that ``VOR'' and ``VO''
respectively should be the only marking used for all lower beam and
upper beam sealed beam and integral beam headlamp types existing before
the effective date of the final rule if these types are ever redesigned
to be visually/optically aimable. This will ensure that replacement
headlamps are identically marked.
NHTSA proposed that manufacturers which introduce new visually/
optically aimed headlamp types after the effective date be required to
determine the aim method and apply the required marking. This aim
method and marking must be followed by all subsequent manufacturers of
this headlamp type.
Under the final rule, a lower beam headlamp will be marked ``VOL''
if the manufacturer designs it to be visually/optically aimed using the
left side of the lower beam pattern, and ``VOR'' if using the right
side. If a sealed beam or an
[[Page 10714]]
integral beam headlamp system is currently being produced, the lens of
any lamp in such system that is manufactured on or after March 1, 1997,
the effective date of the final rule, must be marked ``VOR'', and have
the gradient on the right side, if the system is ever redesigned so
that its lamps are visually/optically aimable. A headlamp will be
marked ``VO'' if it is solely an upper beam headlamp and intended to be
visually/optically aimed.
The discussion above relates to the proper marking of existing
headlamp designs should their photometric performance be redesigned to
be visually/optically aimable as described in this final rule. This
does not mean that existing designs can be changed from being
mechanically aimable to being visually/optically aimable. It means that
existing designs, all of which are mechanically aimable, can be
redesigned to include visual/optical aiming in addition to mechanical
aim. Mechanical aim must be retained on existing designs to ensure that
replacement equipment provide the same performance as original
equipment. Thus, any current headlamp design that is modified to
include visual/optical aimability must still provide mechanical
aimability if that headlamp is intended to be a replacement in vehicles
in which the lamp was used before its redesign.
Should a headlamp be redesigned without mechanical aiming features
and replace an earlier version of the headlamp, one of two distinct
safety consequences will occur, depending on whether the headlamp
incorporated an external aiming system or an on-board one. If the
headlamp incorporated an external aiming system and if one of the
headlamps were replaced with a visual/optical aim only headlamp, the
remaining headlamp would not be capable of being aimed with a
mechanical aimer. This would occur because the external aimer must be
attached to two headlamps, one on each side of the vehicle, in order to
measure horizontal aim location. Additionally, the new visual/optical
aim headlamp would be capable of being adjusted horizontally because
there would be horizontal aiming screws. This is not permitted for
visual/optical aim headlamps unless the headlamp has a horizontal VHAD.
If the headlamp had an on-board mechanical aiming system, the safety
consequence would be the inability to aim correctly a replacement
headlamp offering visual/optical aimability only. In this case, the
visual/optical headlamp would have horizontal aiming screws, but there
would be no valid manner in which to aim the headlamp horizontally
unless it continues to be equipped with a horizontal VHAD. For this
headlamp, the presumed saving might be the deletion of the vertical
VHAD. However, S5.8 Replacement Equipment prohibits replacement
equipment that differs from original equipment.
In accordance with other marking requirements of Standard No. 108,
the letters will be not less than 3 mm high.
III. Allowing Existing Headlamps to Use the New Photometrics
The Committee also decided that the improved photometrics
represented by Figures 15-2, 17-2, 27-2, and 28-2 should be available
to manufacturers of headlamps that are not visually/optically aimable
within the meaning of this rulemaking action, but which presently are
designed to meet the photometrics of Figures 15A, 17A, 27 or 28. This
raises no safety issues regarding glare or compatibility of replacement
equipment, and NHTSA is adopting appropriate amendments to implement
the Committee's decision.
In commenting on the proposal for new photometrics, AAMA
recommended that the definitions of ``integral beam headlamp'' and
``replaceable bulb headlamp'' be modified to assure that headlamps with
removable lenses may be designed to have visual/optical aiming. In its
view, visual/optical aiming of headlamps with replaceable lenses is an
acceptable alternative to VHAD aiming. The agency concurs, and is
amending the definitions in the manner suggested. Even though these
specific changes were not proposed, the NPRM did cover integral beam
headlamps and replaceable bulb headlamps with fixed lenses the agency
sees no substantive distinction that would warrant a separate notice
and an opportunity to comment on the inclusion of replaceable lens
headlamps in this rulemaking action.
IV. Comments Relating to the NPRM
Stanley, Koito, AAMA, and Wagner called the agency's attention to
the inconsistency between the proposed requirement that on-board
vehicle headlamp horizontal aiming devices (VHADs) be permanently
calibrated, and the lack of a proposal to amend the existing
requirement that requires horizontal aiming VHADs to be capable of
being recalibrated in the field (S7.8.5.2(a)(2)(iv)).
Permanent calibration was proposed to help prevent further misaim
that can occur when vehicle repair technicians attempt to calibrate
visually the VHADs of mechanically aimable headlamps that were never
intended to be visually aimed. The Committee decided that recalibration
should be prohibited because today's lower beam headlamps are not yet
capable of being properly visually/optically aimed in the field due to
the lack of visual cues in the beam pattern. Visual/optical aim is the
only method available in the field today for VHAD calibration and it
cannot be performed with any acceptable precision. Thus, there is no
safety value from the current requirement for recalibration capability,
whereas there would be one for permanent calibration. Permanent
calibration retains the precision necessary for aiming; once
calibration is lost it cannot be recovered. Maintaining calibration
permits the vehicle repair technician to measure physically the
mounting locations of the headlamp relative to the vehicle references
so that the repaired substructure onto which the headlamp is mounted is
restored to near its original alignment. Doing so permits the
horizontal VHAD to establish horizontal aim location with reliability
and accuracy. For these reasons, NHTSA is adopting S7.8.5.2(c) as
proposed and eliminating the inconsistency by deleting the last part of
the sentence of S7.8.5.2(a)(2)(iv).
In Stanley's opinion, the formula specified in SAE J1735
``Harmonized Vehicle Headlamp Performance Requirements'' defining the
cut-off of the beam is more practical than the formula that was
proposed. This issue was thoroughly discussed by the Committee in its
negotiating sessions.
The formula proposed represents the consensus of these meetings
including the views of the Japanese Automobiles Standards
Internationalization Center (JASIC), which represented the Japanese
vehicle and lighting industries. NHTSA affirms its conclusion that the
formula is practicable, for the reasons given in both the NPRM and this
notice.
One issue for which NHTSA sought answers was whether the optional
visual/optical headlamp aiming standard should become mandatory in due
course, and, if so, on what date it should become effective. Three
comments were received. Wagner believed that the standard should be
mandatory, and asked for a 3-year leadtime. Volvo objected to a
mandatory requirement. AAMA did not support a mandatory requirement
until such time as data are available from field and use experience. On
the basis of these comments, the agency concludes that resolution of
the issue requires data that is not yet available and is not making the
aiming standard mandatory. The
[[Page 10715]]
agency may revisit the issue at a later date.
AAMA also suggested minor wording and typographical changes to
paragraphs S5.5.8, S7.3.8(b), S7.3.9, S7.4.2(a)(2(i), S10(a), and
Figure 26 all of which are adopted.
Proposed paragraphs S7.8.1(b) and S7.8.5.3(f) would require
fiduciary markings ``that are visible from the front of the headlamp *
* * '' The final rule clarifies that the markings are ``visible from
the front of the headlamp when installed on the vehicle,'' implementing
a recommendation from AAMA.
V. Comments Not Relating to the NPRM
Several comments concerned issues beyond the scope of the NPRM and
the issues that were part of the consensus achieved by the Committee,
but NHTSA will comment briefly on them.
Valeo suggested permitting a visual horizontal aim adjustment
feature in the beam for visually/optically aimable headlamps, and
adding a definition of a ``kink'' in the cut off of the VOL lower
beams. In Valeo's opinion, the prohibition of horizontal aim adjustment
mechanisms will compel the manufacture of design-specific headlamps for
the ECE and U.S. markets. Valeo deems the alternative permitted in the
proposal of providing a horizontal VHAD to be considerably more
expensive than basic aiming means, but without benefit to the user.
NHTSA notes that the Committee considered features for horizontal
visual/optical aiming but none were deemed sufficiently developed and
designed to be usable, hence none were included in the NPRM. The agency
believes that Valeo's claims of a considerable cost increase are
incorrect. Today, with two different beam patterns required for the ECE
and U.S. markets, two different headlamp designs are often necessary to
meet the needs of each market. With the issuance of this final rule and
its visual/optical beam pattern, manufacturers have stated that a beam
pattern may be possible that complies with the requirements of both
markets. Because ECE headlamps at the current time are required to have
both vertical and horizontal aiming screws, an ECE headlamp, to be sold
as a visual/optical aim headlamp in the U.S., will need to have a
horizontal VHAD. While this would mean a slight cost increase for the
ECE headlamp, Valeo will realize overall a significant cost savings
from not having to design a separate product for the U.S. market. On
balance, the agency estimates that Valeo's cost savings are in the
range of $10,000,000 per design for development and tooling costs. The
incremental cost of adding a horizontal VHAD is small in comparison to
the significant savings afforded by this rulemaking. Additionally, GTB
indicates that it will petition NHTSA for rulemaking to include a
horizontal aim feature after it has completed research on the nature of
horizontal gradients necessary for horizontal visual/optical aim.
Valeo requested clarification of allowance of a re-aim of 0.25
degree in all directions around the test point being measured, even if
the visually/optically aimable headlamp does not have a VHAD. Standard
No. 108 has always allowed a re-aim of 0.25 degree in any direction for
every test point during photometric testing, and will continue to do
so. There is no reason not to allow visually/optically aimable
headlamps to be similarly reaimable during compliance testing.
Hella and Bosch suggested further aspects to be considered that
will be important to the future of harmonization. Both believe that
future requirements should be added to permit a visual cue or vertical
``kink'' to be used for horizontal visual/optical aiming of the lower
beam. However, as NHTSA has discussed above, this is not technically
feasible at this point. Both also suggested that NHTSA allow an
increased maximum intensity in upper beam headlamps. Recently NHTSA
denied a petition for rulemaking on this subject (61 FR 45359) because
of a lack of information supporting an increase beyond the maximum
established by NHTSA in 1978. Finally, Hella believes that NHTSA should
regulate fog lamps. NHTSA has already asked for comments on this issue
(60 FR 54833) and intends to publish a further notice with its views on
fog lamps in the near future.
Stanley asked whether the proposal applies to headlamps designed
exclusively for motorcycle use. The answer is no; this rulemaking was
not intended to address the amiability of motorcycle headlamps.
Calcoast offered a suggestion to improve proper horizontal
positioning when photometering a visually/optically aimable headlamp:
to add a lens marking identifying the horizontal angle at which the
vertical scan is to be performed. NHTSA believes that this marking
would add little to assist horizontal positioning, because the cut-off
must occur in a 2-degree wide area either to the left or right of the
vertical line so that field personnel can identify the cut-off and use
it for aiming purposes. It is doubtful that service personnel could
accurately and repeatably determine by observation where the cut-off is
sharpest and use that as a horizontal aiming reference.
VI. Housekeeping Amendments
In reviewing the text of Standard No. 108 (49 CFR 571.108) as
published in the Code of Federal Regulations, revised as of October 1,
1995, NHTSA has discovered several errors that it is taking this
opportunity to correct.
The first is a clarification of S5.3.1.1.1 as it relates to the
location of clearance lamps. The first sentence of the preceding
paragraph, S5.3.1.1, requires, in part, that each lamp ``be located so
that it meets the visibility requirements specified in any applicable
SAE Standard.'' The second sentence of paragraph S5.3.1.1 states, in
part and in essence, that ``no part of a vehicle shall * * * prevent
[a clearance lamp] from meeting the photometric output specified in
[the] applicable SAE Standard.''
Paragraph S5.3.1.1.1 allows an alternative location for clearance
lamps under the conditions expressed in the paragraph and specifies
that ``at such a location they need not be visible at 45 degrees
inboard.'' The SAE Standard that applies to clearance lamps is J592e,
``Clearance, Side Marker, and Identification Lamps'', July 1972. SAE
J592e does not contain installation requirements that specify inboard
visibility performance for clearance lamps, within NHTSA's
understanding of the first sentence of S5.3.1.1, unlike the standards
for turn signal lamps which require ``signals from lamps on both sides
of the vehicle [to] be visible through a horizontal angle from 45 deg.
to the left for the left lamp to 45 deg to the right for the right
lamp.'' (paragraph 5.4.1, SAE Standard J1395 APR85 ``Turn Signal Lamps
for use on Motor Vehicles 2032 mm or More in Overall Width''). Instead,
SAE J592e specifies photometric performance requirements to be met at
test points 45 Left and 45 Right, within the meaning of the second
sentence of S5.3.1.1. NHTSA does not wish to confuse the visibility of
a lamp with maintenance of its photometric performance as mounted on a
vehicle. For this reason, NHTSA believes that S5.3.1.1.1 would be more
accurately expressed as specifying that clearance lamps alternatively
located ``need not meet photometric requirements at 45 degrees
inboard.'' Accordingly this change is made in paragraph S5.3.1.1.1.
In paragraph S5.5.4, the second sentence relating to activation of
the high-mounted stop lamp is revised to substitute the word
``vehicle'' for ``passenger car''. This amendment should have been made
when Standard No. 108 was amended to require center high-mounted stop
lamps on vehicles other than passenger cars.
[[Page 10716]]
Paragraph S5.8.10 is revised by correcting its reference to
``S5.7.1'' to ``S5.8.1.'' NHTSA notes that Standard No. 108, as it
appears in 49 CFR Parts 400 to 999, revised as of October 1, 1995,
contains two paragraphs designated as S7.1 (page 231). The first that
is printed specifies headlamp photometric requirements that apply on
and after September 1, 1994, while the second contains requirements
that apply both before and after that date. Only the first paragraph
S7.1 will appear in 49 CFR Parts 400 to 999, revised as of October 1,
1996.
Paragraph S7.2(a) on headlamp lens marking explains that the DOT
symbol is the certification required by ``15 U.S.C. 1403.'' This
statutory requirement was recodified in 1994 as ``49 U.S.C. 30115'' and
the paragraph is being revised to reflect the change. The effective
date of December 1, 1989, is also being removed from this paragraph as
it is superfluous.
Paragraphs S7.4(i) and S7.5(j) are added to clarify that integral
beam headlamps and replaceable bulb headlamps may also incorporate
replaceable light sources used for purposes other than headlighting.
Finally, in paragraph S10(a), ``SAE'' is inserted before
``Standard''.
VII. Effective Dates
The amendments that allow headlamps to be visually/optically
aimable as an alternative to existing aimability requirements are
effective April 1, 1997, approximately 60 days after publication of the
final rule in the Federal Register. Because of the desire of all
interests affected by the rule that it be issued as soon as practicable
to permit an optional means of compliance, it is found for good cause
shown that an effective date earlier than 180 days after issuance is in
the public interest.
AAMA, Koito, and GTB asked for an additional year of leadtime to
comply with requirements that are mandatory within the option, which
are fixed calibration and optical axis marking. These requirements were
proposed to become effective one year following the September 1 that
follows publication of the final rule. Since this final rule is one
that is published between September 1, 1996, and August 31, 1997, the
effective date for the mandatory requirements is September 1, 1998.
NHTSA confirmed in phone conversations that the concern of the
commenters is that a late issuance date allowing a lead time of 13
months would be impracticable whereas as earlier one would not. Since
this final rule is being published around March 1, the effective date
of September 1, 1998, as discussed below for mandatory requirements
affords a leadtime of approximately 18 months. NHTSA has concluded that
this meets the needs of the commenters and therefore is taking no
action on the request.
The amendments to S7.8.1(b) amending the fiducial marking to
require an optical axis mark for headlamps that are not visually/
optically aimable are effective September 1, 1998, which, as proposed,
is September 1 of the year following one year after publication of the
final rule. For the same reason, the amendments to S7.8.5.2(c) amending
the calibration requirements for the VHAD are also effective September
1, 1998. On the basis of comments demonstrating that it is
impracticable to comply with these requirements within 360 days after
issuance of the rule, it is found for good cause shown that an
effective date for these requirements that is later than 360 days after
issuance of the rule is in the public interest.
There is no retroactive effect on existing headlamps or their
replacements.
Rulemaking Analyses and Notices
Executive Order 12866 and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures.
This rulemaking action was not reviewed under Executive Order
12866. Further, it has been determined that the rulemaking action is
not significant under Department of Transportation regulatory policies
and procedures. The purpose of the rulemaking action is to provide an
alternative and more objective means of determining the accuracy of
headlamp aim. As an alternative, the provisions are not mandatory
unless a manufacturer chooses to install visually/optically aimable
headlamps on a motor vehicle that it intends to sell. Because of
offsetting benefits to vehicle manufacturers when choosing this option,
it is likely that greater benefits than costs will occur. The costs of
the final rule are so minimal as not to warrant preparation of a full
regulatory evaluation.
National Environmental Policy Act
NHTSA has analyzed this rulemaking action for the purposes of the
National Environmental Policy Act. The final rule will not have a
significant effect upon the environment. The composition of headlamps
will not change from those presently in production.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
The agency has also considered the impacts of this rulemaking
action in relation to the Regulatory Flexibility Act. For the reasons
stated above and below, I certify that this rulemaking action will not
have a significant economic impact upon a substantial number of small
entities. Accordingly, no regulatory flexibility analysis has been
prepared. Manufacturers of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment,
those affected by the rulemaking action, are generally not small
businesses within the meaning of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.
Executive Order 12612 (Federalism)
This rulemaking action has also been analyzed in accordance with
the principles and criteria contained in Executive Order 12612, and
NHTSA has determined that this rulemaking action does not have
sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a
Federalism Assessment.
Civil Justice
The final rule will not have any retroactive effect. Under 49
U.S.C. 30103, whenever a Federal motor vehicle safety standard is in
effect, a state may not adopt or maintain a safety standard applicable
to the same aspect of performance which is not identical to the Federal
standard. 49 U.S.C. 30161 sets forth a procedure for judicial review of
final rules establishing, amending or revoking Federal motor vehicle
safety standards. That section does not require submission of a
petition for reconsideration or other administrative proceedings before
parties may file suit in court.
List of Subjects in 49 CFR Part 571
Imports, Motor vehicle safety, Motor vehicles, Tires.
In consideration of the foregoing, 49 CFR Part 571 is amended as
follows:
PART 571--FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS
1. The authority citation for part 571 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, 30117 and 30166;
delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.50.
2. Section 571.108 is amended by:
a. Amending Section S4 to add new definitions: ``Cutoff'' and
``Visually/optically aimable headlamp'' in alphabetical order to read
as set forth below;
b. revising the definition in S4 of ``Integral beam headlamp'',
``Replaceable bulb headlamp'', and ``Vehicle headlamp aiming device'',
to read as set forth below;
c. revising paragraph S5.3.1.1.1 to read as set forth below;
[[Page 10717]]
d. revising paragraph S5.5.4 to read as set forth below;
e. revising paragraph S5.5.8 to read as set forth below;
f. revising paragraph S5.8.10 to read as set forth below;
g. revising paragraph S7.2(a) to read as set forth below;
h. revising paragraphs S7.3.2(a)(3); 7.3.3(a); S7.3.4; S7.3.5(a);
S7.3.6(a); the first sentence of S7.3.7(b); S7.3.7(d); S7.3.7(h)(1);
the last sentence of S7.3.8(b); S7.3.9(a); S7.4(a)(1)(i);
S7.4(a)(1)(ii); S7.4(a)(1)(iii); S7.4(a)(2)(i); S7.4(a)(2)(ii); and the
first sentence of S7.4 (a)(3) to read as set forth below;
i. adding new paragraph S7.4(i) to read as set forth below:
j. revising paragraphs S7.5(d)(2)(i)(A)(1); S7.5(d)(2)(i)(A)(2),
S7.5(d)(2)(ii)(A)(1), S7.5(d)(2)(ii)(A)(2), S7.5(d)(3)(i)(A),
S7.5(d)(3)(i)(B); S7.5(d)(3)(ii)(A); S7.5(d)(3)(ii)(B);
S7.5(e)(2)(i)(A); S7.5(e)(2)(i)(B); S7.5(e)(2)(ii)(A);
S7.5(e)(2)(ii)(B); S7.5(e)(3)(i) and S7.5(e)(3)(ii) to read as set
forth below;
k. adding new paragraph S7.5(j) to read as set forth below;
l. revising paragraphs; S7.6.2; S7.6.3, S7.8.1; and S7.8.2 to read
as set forth below;
m. adding new paragraph S7.8.2.1(c) to read as set forth below;
n. redesignating existing paragraph S7.8.2.2 as S7.8.2.3;
o. adding new paragraph S7.8.2.2 to read as set forth below;
p. revising paragraphs S7.8.4 and S7.8.5 to read as set forth
below;
q. redesignating existing paragraph S7.8.5.2(c) as S7.8.5.2(d);
r. adding new paragraphs S7.8.5.2(c) and S7.8.5.3 to read as set
forth below;
s. revising the fourth sentence of paragraph S10 (a) and the third
sentence of paragraph S10(b) to read as set forth below;
t. redesignating Figures 15A, 17A, 27 and 28, as Figures 15-1, 17-
1, 27-1, and 28-1, revising their titles, and republishing them as set
forth below;
u. adding new Figures 15-2, 17-2, 27-2, and 28-2, to read as set
forth below: and
v. revising Figure 26 to read as set forth below:
Sec. 571.108 Standard No. 108; Lamps, reflective devices, and
associated equipment.
* * * * *
S4 Definitions.
* * * * *
Cutoff means a generally horizontal, visual/optical aiming cue in
the lower beam that marks a separation between areas of higher and
lower luminance.
* * * * *
Integral beam headlamp means a headlamp (other than a standardized
sealed beam headlamp designed to conform to paragraph S7.3 or a
replaceable bulb headlamp designed to conform to paragraph S7.5)
comprising an integral and indivisible optical assembly including lens,
reflector, and light source, except that a headlamp conforming to
paragraph S7.8.5.2 or paragraph S7.8.5.3 may have a lens designed to be
replaceable.
* * * * *
Replaceable bulb headlamp means a headlamp comprising a bonded lens
and reflector assembly and one or two replaceable headlamp light
sources, except that a headlamp conforming to paragraph S7.8.5.2 or
paragraph S7.8.5.3 may have a lens designed to be replaceable.
* * * * *
Vehicle headlamp aiming device or VHAD means motor vehicle
equipment, installed either on a vehicle or headlamp, which is used for
determining the horizontal or vertical aim, or both the vertical and
horizontal aim of the headlamp.
* * * * *
Visually/optically aimable headlamp means a headlamp which is
designed to be visually/optically aimable in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph S7.8.5.3 of this standard.
* * * * *
S5 Requirements.
* * * * *
S5.3.1.1.1 Clearance lamps may be located at a location other than
on the front and rear if necessary to indicate the overall width of a
vehicle, or for protection from damage during normal operation of the
vehicle, and at such a location they need not meet the photometric
output at any test point that is 45 degrees inboard.
* * * * *
S5.5.4 The stop lamps on each vehicle shall be activated upon
application of the service brakes. The high-mounted stop lamp on each
vehicle shall be activated only upon application of the service brakes.
* * * * *
S5.5.8 On a motor vehicle equipped with a headlighting system
designed to conform to the photometric requirements of Figure 15-1 or
Figure 15-2, the lamps marked ``L'' or ``LF'' may be wired to remain
permanently activated when the lamps marked ``U'' or ``UF'' are
activated. On a motor vehicle equipped with an Integral Beam
headlighting system meeting the photometric requirements of paragraph
S7.4(a)(1)(ii), the lower beam headlamps shall be wired to remain
permanently activated when the upper beam headlamps are activated. On a
motor vehicle equipped with a headlighting system designed to conform
to the requirements of Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2, a lower beam light
source may be wired to remain activated when an upper beam light source
is activated if the lower beam light source contributes to compliance
of the headlighting system with the upper beam requirements of Figure
17-1 or Figure 17-2.
* * * * *
S5.8.10 Unless otherwise specified in this standard, each lamp,
reflective device, or item of associated equipment to which paragraph
S5.8.1 applies may be labeled with the symbol DOT, which shall
constitute a certification that it conforms to applicable Federal motor
vehicle safety standards.
* * * * *
S7 Headlighting requirements.
* * * * *
S7.2(a) The lens of each original and replacement equipment
headlamp, and of each original equipment and replacement equipment beam
contributor shall be marked with the symbol ``DOT'' either horizontally
or vertically which shall constitute the certification required by 49
U.S.C. 30115.
* * * * *
S7.3.2 Type A headlighting system. * * *
(a) * * *
(3) In paragraphs 4.5.2 and 5.1.6, the words ``Figure 28-1 or 28-2
of Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108'' are substituted for ``Table
3.''
* * * * *
S7.3.3 Type B headlighting system. * * *
(a) The requirements of paragraph S7.3.2 (a) through (c), except
that the words ``Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2'' are substituted for
``Table 3'' in paragraph S7.3.2(a)(3).
* * * * *
S7.3.4 Type C headlighting system. A Type C headlighting system
consists of two Type 1C1 and two Type 2C1 headlamps and associated
hardware, which are designed to conform to the requirements of
paragraph S7.3.2 (a) through (d), except that the words ``Figure 28-1
or Figure 28-2'' are substituted for ``Table 3'' in paragraph
S7.3.2(a)(3).
S7.3.5 Type D headlighting system. (a) A Type D headlighting
system consists of two Type 2D1 headlamps and associated hardware,
which are designed to conform to the requirements
[[Page 10718]]
of paragraph S7.3.2 (a) through (c), except that the words ``Figure 27-
1 or Figure 27-1'' are substituted for ``Table 3'' in paragraph
S7.3.2(a)(3).
* * * * *
S7.3.6 Type E headlighting system. (a) A Type E headlighting
system consists of two Type 2E1 headlamps and associated hardware,
which are designed to conform to the requirements of paragraph S7.3.2
(a) through (c), except that the words ``Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-1''
are substituted for ``Table 3'' in paragraph S7.3.2(a)(3).
* * * * *
S7.3.7 Type F headlighting system. * * *
(b) The photometric requirements of Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2 of
this standard. * * *
* * * * *
(d) When tested in accordance with section (c), the mounted
assembly (either Type UF or Type LF headlamps, respective mounting
ring, aiming ring, and aim adjustment mechanism) shall be designed to
conform to the requirements of Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2 for upper or
lower beams respectively without reaim when any conforming Type UF or
LF headlamp is tested and replaced by another conforming headlamp of
the same Type.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
(1) The assembly (consisting of the Type UF and LF headlamps,
mounting rings, the aiming/seating rings, and aim adjustment mechanism)
shall be designed to conform to the test points of Figure 15-1 or
Figure 15-2.
* * * * *
S7.3.8 Type G headlighting system. * * *
* * * * *
(b) * * * In paragraph 4.5.2, the words ``either Figure 28-1, or
Figure 28-2'' are substituted for ``Table 3''.
* * * * *
S7.3.9 Type H headlighting system. * * *
(a) Paragraphs S7.3.8 (a) through (d) except that in paragraph
S7.3.8(b), the words ``Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2'' are substituted for
``Table 3.''
* * * * *
S7.4 Integral beam headlighting systems. * * *
(a) * * *
(1) * * *
(i) Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2; or
(ii) Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2, except that the upper beam test
value at 2.5 D-V and 2.5D-12R and 12L, shall apply to the lower beam
headlamp and not to the upper beam headlamp, and the upper beam test
point value at 1.5D-9R and 9L shall be 1000; or
(iii) Figure 28-1 or Figure 28-2.
(2) * * *
(i) Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2; or
(ii) Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2.
(3) In a system in which there is more than one beam contributor
providing a lower beam, and/or more than one beam contributor providing
an upper beam, each beam contributor in the system shall be designed to
meet only the photometric performance requirements of Figure 15-1 or
Figure 15-2 based upon the following mathematical expression:
conforming test point value = 2 (Figure 15-1 or Figure15-2 test point
value)/total number of lower or upper beam contributors for the
vehicle, as appropriate. * * *
* * * * *
(i) An integral beam headlamp may incorporate replaceable light
sources that are used for purposes other than headlighting.
S7.5 Replaceable bulb headlamp systems. * * *
* * * * *
(d) * * *
* * * * *
(2) * * *
(i) * * *
(A) * * *
(1) The lower beam requirements of Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2, or
Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2, if the light sources in the headlamp system
are any combination of dual filament replaceable light sources other
than Type HB2; or
(2) The lower beam requirements of Figure 17-1 or Figure17-2 if the
light sources are Type HB2, or any dual filament replaceable light
sources that include Type HB2; or
* * * * *
(ii) * * *
(A) * * *
(1) The upper beam requirements of Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2, or
Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2 if the light sources in the headlamp system
are any combination of dual filament replaceable light sources that
include Type HB2, or
(2) The upper beam requirements of figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2 if
the light sources are type HB2, or any combination of replaceable light
sources that include Type HB2; or
* * * * *
(3) * * *
(i) * * *
(A) The lower beam requirements of Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2, or
Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2 if the light sources in the headlamp system
are any combination of dual filament light sources other than Type HB2;
or
(B) The lower beam requirements of Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2 if
the light sources are Type HB2, or dual filament light sources other
than Type HB1 and HB5. The lens of each such headlamp shall be marked
with the letter ``L''.
(ii) * * *
(A) The upper beam requirements of Figure 27-1 or Figure 27-2, of
Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2 if the light sources in the headlamp system
are any combination of dual filament light sources other than Type HB2;
or
(B) The upper beam requirements of Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2 if
the light sources are Type HB2, or dual filament light sources other
tha Type HB1 and Type HB5. The lens of each such headlamp shall be
marked with the letter ``u''.
(e) * * *
* * * * *
(2) * * *
(i) * * *
(A) By the outboard light source (or the uppermost if arranged
vertically) designed to conform to the lower beam requirements of
Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2; or
(B) By both light sources, designed to conform to the lower beam
requirements of Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2.
(ii) * * *
(A) By the inboard light source (or the lower one if arranged
vertically) designed to conform to the upper beam requirements of
Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2; or
(B) By both light sources, designed to conform to the upper beam
requirements of Figure 17-1 or Figure 17-2.
(3) * * *
(i) The lower beam shall be produced by the outboard lamp (or upper
one if arranged vertically), designed to conform to the lower beam
requirements of Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2. The lens of each headlamp
shall be permanently marked with the letter ``L''.
(ii) The upper beam shall be produced by the inboard lamp (or lower
one of arranged vertically), designed to conform to the upper beam
requirements of Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2. The lens of each headlamp
shall be permanently marked with the letter ``U''.
* * * * *
(j) A replaceable bulb headlighting system may incorporate
replaceable light sources that are used for purposes other than
headlighting.
* * * * *
S7.6.2 In a combination headlighting system consisting of two
headlamps, each headlamp shall be designed to conform to Figure 17-1 or
Figure 17-2 and shall be a combination of two different headlamps
chosen from the
[[Page 10719]]
following types: a Type F headlamp, an integral beam headlamp, and a
replaceable bulb headlamp.
* * * * *
S7.6.3 In a combination headlighting system consisting of four
headlamps, each headlamp shall be designed to conform to Figure 15-1 or
Figure 15-2, or if an integral beam headlamp in which there is more
than one beam contributor, designed to conform to Figure 15-1 or Figure
15-2 in the manner required by S7.4(a)(3) of this standard.
* * * * *
S7.8.1 (a) Each headlamp or beam contributor that is not visually/
optically aimable in accordance with S7.8.5.3 of this standard shall be
equipped with fiducial marks, aiming pads, or similar references of
sufficient detail and accuracy, for determination of an appropriate
vehicle plane to be used with the photometric procedures of SAE J1383
APR85 for correct alignment with the photometer axis when being tested
for photometric compliance, and to serve for the aiming reference when
the headlamp or beam contributor is installed on a motor vehicle. The
fiducial marks, aiming pads, or similar references are protrusions,
bubble vials, holes, indentations, ridges, scribed lines, or other
readily identifiable marks established and described by the vehicle or
headlamp manufacturer.
(b) Each motor vehicle manufactured on and after September 1, 1998,
shall be equipped with headlamps or beam contributors which have a mark
or markings that are visible from the front of the headlamp when
installed on the vehicle to identify the optical axis of the headlamp
to assure proper horizontal and vertical alignment of the aiming screen
or optical aiming equipment. The manufacturer is free to choose the
design of the mark or markings. The mark or markings may be on the
interior or exterior of the lens or indicated by a mark or central
structure on the interior or exterior of the headlamp.
(c) Each headlamp that is visually/optically aimable in accordance
with S7.8.5.3 of this standard shall be marked in accordance with
S7.8.5.3(f).
S7.8.2 Except as provided in this paragraph, each headlamp shall
be installed on a motor vehicle with a mounting and aiming mechanism
that allows aim inspection and adjustment of both vertical and
horizontal aim, and is accessible for those purposes without removal of
any vehicle parts, except for protective covers removable without the
use of tools.
S7.8.2.1
* * * * *
(c) A visually/optically aimable headlamp that has a lower beam
shall not have a horizontal adjustment mechanism unless such mechanism
meets the requirements of paragraph S7.8.5.2 of this standard.
S7.8.2.2 If the headlamp is aimed by moving the reflector relative
to the lens and headlamp housing, or vice versa, it shall:
(a) allow movement of the headlamp system, when tested in the
laboratory, to be not less than the full range of pitch on the vehicle
on which the headlamp system is installed and for the horizontal aim
range limits of S7.8.4,
(b) Conform with the photometrics applicable to it with the lens at
any position relative to the reflector within the range limits as
specified in S7.8.2.2(a),
(c) Be exempted from the aim range limits for testing in a
laboratory in S7.8.3, and
(d) Be exempted from S7.8.4 if it is visually/optically aimable and
has fixed horizontal aim.
* * * * *
S7.8.4 When a headlamp system is tested in a laboratory, the range
of its horizontal aim shall be not less that +/-2.5 degrees from the
nominal correct aim position for the intended vehicle application.
S7.8.5 When activated in a steady-burning state, headlamps shall
not have any styling ornament or other feature, such as a translucent
cover or grill, in front of the lens. Headlamp wipers may be used in
front of the lens provided that the headlamp system is designed to
conform with all applicable photometric requirements with the wiper
stopped in any position in front of the lens. When a headlamp system is
installed on a motor vehicle, it shall be aimable with at least one of
the following: An externally applied aiming device, as specified in
S7.8.5.1; an on-vehicle headlamp aiming device installed by the vehicle
or lamp manufacturer, as specified in S7.8.5.2; or by visual/optical
means, as specified in S7.8.5.3.
* * * * *
S7.8.5.2
* * * * *
(c) Each headlamp equipped with a VHAD that is manufactured for use
on motor vehicles manufactured on or after September 1,1998, shall be
manufactured with its calibration permanently fixed by its
manufacturer. Calibration in this case means the process of accurately
aligning the geometry of the VHAD devices with the beam pattern for the
purposes of compliance with the standard.
* * * * *
S7.8.5.3 Visual/optical aiming. Each visually/optically aimable
headlamp shall be designed to conform to the following requirements:
(a) Vertical aim, lower beam. Each lower beam headlamp shall have a
cutoff in the beam pattern. It may be either on the left side or the
right side of the optical axis, but once chosen for a particular
headlamp system's design, the side chosen for the cutoff shall not be
changed for any headlamps intended to be used as replacements for those
system's headlamps.
(1) Vertical position of cutoff. The headlamp shall be aimed
vertically so that the cutoff is on the left side, at 0.4 degree down
from the H-H line, or on the right side, at the H-H line.
(2) Vertical gradient. The gradient of the cutoff measured at
either 2.5 degrees L or 2.0 degrees R shall be not less than 0.13 based
on the procedure of S7.8.5.3, paragraph (a)(5).
(3) Horizontal position of the cutoff. The width shall be not less
than two degrees, with not less than two degrees of its actual width
centered at either 2.5 degrees L, or 2.0 degrees R.
(4) Maximum inclination of cutoff. The vertical location of the
highest gradient at the ends of the minimum width shall be within +/-
0.2 degree of the vertical location of the maximum gradient measured at
the appropriate vertical line (at either 2.5 degrees L for a left side
cutoff, or 2.0 degrees R for a right side cutoff.)
(5) Measuring the cutoff parameter. (i) The headlamp shall be
mounted on a fixture which simulates its actual design location on any
vehicle for which the headlamp is intended. The fixture, with the
headlamp installed shall be attached to the goniometer table in such a
way that the fixture alignment axes are coincident with the goniometer
axes. The headlamp shall be energized at the specified test voltage.
(ii) The headlamp beam pattern shall be aimed with the cutoff at
the H-H axis. There shall be no adjustment, shimming, or modification
of the horizontal axis of the headlamp or test fixture, unless the
headlamp is equipped with a VHAD. In this case the VHAD shall be
adjusted to zero.
(iii) A vertical scan of the beam pattern shall be conducted for a
headlamp with a left side gradient by aligning the goniometer on a
vertical line at 2.5 degrees L and scanning from 1.5 degrees U to 1.5
degrees D. For a headlamp with a right side gradient, a vertical scan
of the beam pattern shall be conducted by aligning the goniometer on a
vertical line at 2.0 degrees R and scanning from 1.5 degrees U to 1.5
degrees D.
[[Page 10720]]
(iv) Determine the maximum gradient within the range of the scan by
using the formula: G = log E(a)-log E(a+0.1), where ``G'' is the
gradient, ``E'' is illumination and ``a'' is vertical angular position.
The maximum value of the gradient ``G'' determines the vertical angular
location of the cutoff. Perform vertical scans at 1.0 degree L and R of
the measurement point of the maximum gradient to determine the
inclination.
(b) Horizontal aim, lower beam. There shall be no adjustment of
horizontal aim unless the headlamp is equipped with a horizontal VHAD.
If the headlamp has a VHAD, it shall be set to zero.
(c) Vertical aim, upper beam. (1) If the upper beam is combined in
a headlamp with a lower beam, the vertical aim of the upper beam shall
not be changed from the aim set using the procedures of paragraphs
S7.8.5.3(a) and (b) used for the lower beam.
(2) If the upper beam is not combined in a headlamp with a lower
beam, the vertical aim of the upper beam shall be adjusted so that the
maximum beam intensity is located on the H-H axis.
(d) Horizontal aim, upper beam. (1) If the upper beam is combined
in a headlamp with a lower beam, the horizontal aim of the upper beam
shall not be changed from the aim set using the procedures of
paragraphs S7.8.5.3 (a) and (b) used for the lower beam.
(2) If the upper beam is not combined in a headlamp with the lower
beam and has fixed horizontal aim or has a horizontal VHAD, then the
headlamp shall be mounted on a fixture which simulates its actual
design location on any vehicle for which the headlamp is intended. The
fixture, with the headlamp installed shall be attached to the
goniometer table in such a way that the fixture alignment axes are
coincident with the goniometer axes. The headlamp shall be energized at
12.8 0.20 mV. There shall be no adjustment, shimming, or
modification of the horizontal axis of the headlamp or test fixture,
unless the headlamp is equipped with a VHAD. In this case the VHAD
shall be adjusted to zero.
(3) If the upper beam is not combined in a headlamp with a lower
beam, and it does not have a VHAD, the horizontal aim of the upper beam
shall be adjusted so that the maximium beam intensity is located on the
V-V axis.
(e) Photometric Requirements and Measurement. (1) Instead of being
designed to conform to the photometric requirements of Figures 15-1,
17-1, 27-1 or 28-1, a visually/optically aimable headlamp shall be
designed to conform to the requirements of Figures 15-2, 17-2, 27-2 or
28-2 when tested in accordance with paragraph (2) and SAE J575 DEC88,
with the distance from the photometer to the headlamp no less than 18.3
m.
(2) If the lower beam has a left side cutoff, reaim the headlamp
vertically to place the maximum gradient found in paragraph S7.8.5.3 at
0.4 degree below the H-H line. For a headlamp with a lower beam right
side cutoff, place the maximum gradient found in paragraph S7.8.5.3 at
the H-H line. For an upper beam, the headlamp would already be aimed at
the end of the procedure found in paragraph S7.8.5.3. A 0.25 degree
reaim is permitted in any direction at any test point.
(f) Marking--(1) Headlamp optical axis mark. There shall be a mark
or markings identifying the optical axis of the headlamp visible from
the front of the headlamp when installed on the vehicle, to assure
proper horizontal and vertical alignment of the aiming screen or
optical aiming equipment with the headlamp being aimed. The
manufacturer is free to choose the design of the mark or markings. The
mark or markings may be on the interior or exterior of the lens or
indicated by a mark or central structure on the interior or exterior of
the headlamp.
(2) Visual/optical aimability identification marks. (i) The lens of
a lower beam headlamp shall be marked ``VOL'' if the headlamp is
intended to be visually/optically aimed using the left side of the
lower beam pattern.
(ii) The lens of a lower beam headlamp shall be marked ``VOR'' if
the headlamp is intended to be visually/optically aimed using the right
side of the lower beam pattern.
(iii) The lens of each sealed beam or integral beam headlamp shall
be marked ``VOR'' if the headlamp is of a type that was manufactured
before May 1, 1997, and if such headlamp type has been redesigned since
then to be visually/optically aimable.
(iv) The lens of a headlamp that is solely an upper beam headlamp
and intended to be visually/optically aimed using the upper beam shall
be marked ``VO''.
(v) Each letter used in marking according to this paragraph shall
be not less than 3 mm. high.
* * * * *
S10. Simultaneous aim photometry tests.
(a) Type F headlamp systems. * * * Photometry measurements of the
UF photometry unit shall be completed using the aiming plane so
established, and the procedures of section 4.1 and 4.1.4 Standard J1383
APR85, and Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2. * * *
(b) Integral beam headlamp systems. * * * Photometric compliance of
the lower beam shall be determined with all lower beam contributors
illuminated and in accordance with sections 4.1 and 4.1.6 of SAE
Standard J1383 APR85, and Figure 15-1 or Figure 15-2. * * *
BILLING CODE 4910-59-P
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Issued on March 4, 1997.
Ricardo Martinez,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. 97-5723 Filed 3-7-97; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-59-C
