[Federal Register Volume 60, Number 53 (Monday, March 20, 1995)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 14641-14645]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 95-6673]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 300
[FRL-5173-4]
The National Priorities List for Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste
Sites; Deletion Policy for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Facilities
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION: Notice of policy statement.
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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (``EPA'') is announcing a
policy relating to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Contingency Plan (``NCP''), 40 CFR part 300, which was promulgated
pursuant to section 105 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (``CERCLA'') (amended by the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (``SARA'')) and
Executive Order 12580 (52 FR 2023, January 29, 1987). CERCLA requires
that the NCP include a list of national priorities among the known
releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants or
contaminants throughout the United States, and that the list be revised
at least annually. The National Priorities List (``NPL''), initially
promulgated as Appendix B of the NCP on September 8, 1983 (48 FR
40658), constitutes this list.
This document describes a policy for deleting sites from the NPL
and deferring them to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(``RCRA''), as amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984 (``HSWA'') corrective action program, if they meet the eligibility
criteria for deletion set out in the NCP. EPA requested public comment
on this policy on December 21, 1988 (53 FR 51421). The policy applies
to sites on the NPL that are RCRA-regulated facilities engaged in
treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste (``TSDs'' under the
RCRA program).
EFFECTIVE DATE: This policy is effective on April 19, 1995.
ADDRESSES: Comments received and the Agency's responses to them are
contained in the Headquarters Superfund Docket. The Headquarters
Superfund Docket is located at the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Crystal Gateway #1, 12th Floor, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway,
Arlington, VA. It is available for viewing by appointment only from
9:00 a.m. to 4:00 [[Page 14642]] p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding
Federal holidays, Telephone 703/603-8917.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: The Superfund Hotline, phone 800/424-
9346 (or 703/412-9810 in the Washington, DC metropolitan area).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. Policy for Deleting RCRA Sites from the NPL Based Upon RCRA
Deferral
III. Appendix A: Summary of NPL Deletion/Deferral Policies
I. Introduction
A. Purpose of CERCLA
In 1980, Congress enacted the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601, et seq. (``CERCLA'' or
``the Act''), in response to the dangers of uncontrolled or abandoned
hazardous waste sites. CERCLA was amended in 1986 by the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act (``SARA''), Pub. L., No. 99-499, 100
Stat. 1613. To implement CERCLA, the Environmental Protection Agency
(``EPA'' or ``the Agency'') promulgated the National Oil and Hazardous
Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (``NCP''), 40 CFR part 300, on
July 16, 1982 (47 FR 31180), pursuant to CERCLA section 105 and
Executive Order 12316 (46 FR 42237, August 20, 1981). The NCP, further
revised most recently by EPA on March 8, 1990 (55 FR 8664), sets forth
guidelines and procedures for responding under CERCLA to releases and
threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or
contaminants.
The National Priorities List (``NPL''), initially promulgated as
Appendix B of the NCP on September 8, 1983 (48 FR 40658), constitutes
this list.
EPA requested public comment on this policy on December 21, 1988
(53 FR 51421).
B. Purpose of the NPL
Section 105(a)(8)(A) of CERCLA requires that the NCP include
criteria for ``determining priorities among releases or threatened
releases throughout the United States for the purpose of taking
remedial action and, to the extent practicable taking into account the
potential urgency of such action.'' Section 105(a)(8)(B) of CERCLA
requires that those criteria be used to prepare a list of national
priorities among the known releases or threatened releases of hazardous
substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States.
The list, which is Appendix B of the NCP, is the National Priorities
List (``NPL''). A site may undergo Fund-financed remedial action only
after it is placed on the NPL. See 40 CFR 300.425(b)(1).
The Hazard Ranking System (``HRS''), which EPA promulgated as
Appendix A of the NCP (47 FR 31219, July 16, 1982), and amended (55 FR
51532, December 14, 1990), is the principal tool upon which the Agency
relies to determine the priority sites for possible remedial actions
under CERCLA. 40 CFR 300.425(c)(1). In addition to the HRS scoring
method, a site also may be listed if designated as a state's highest
priority, or if the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(``ATSDR'') has issued a health advisory for the site, and EPA
determines that the site poses a significant threat to public health
and that it will be more cost effective to use the Agency's remedial
authority than to use removal authority to respond to a release. Id. at
40 CFR 300.425(c) (2) and (3).
II. Policy for Deleting Sites from the NPL Based Upon RCRA Deferral
A. Purpose of Today's Notice
This notice announces the Agency's policy of deleting RCRA
facilities from the NPL before a cleanup is complete, if the site is
being, or will be, adequately addressed by the RCRA corrective action
program under an existing permit or order. EPA must also be satisfied,
based either on an evaluation of a petition from a person outside the
Agency or via a unilateral Agency determination, that the site, as
defined by the CERCLA program, falls within the criteria for deferral.
The terms ``deferral'' and ``deletion'' as used in the context of
the NPL refer to the following: Deferral refers to the decision not to
list a site on the NPL, or not retain a site on the NPL, to allow
another authority (RCRA corrective action in this case) to handle the
remediation of the site in lieu of CERCLA. Deletion is the act of
taking a site off the NPL, which may occur because cleanup at a site is
complete or because another authority (such as RCRA corrective action)
can be used to bring about remediation at the site and further CERCLA
action is not needed. Please see Appendix A for a summary of the
development of deferral policies.
B. Rationale for Deleting Sites Based Upon RCRA Deferral Under NCP
Deletion Criteria
EPA believes it is appropriate to delete sites from the NPL based
upon deferral to RCRA under certain circumstances. Deletion of sites
from the NPL to defer them to RCRA Subtitle C corrective action
authorities would free CERCLA's oversight resources for use in
situations where another authority is not available, as well as avoid
possible duplication of effort and the need for an owner/operator to
follow more than one set of regulatory procedures. Eliminating
regulation under two separate authorities also will eliminate public
and owner/operator confusion over which authority has primacy.
Moreover, since the CERCLA and RCRA programs have comparable cleanup
goals, RCRA Subtitle C facilities requiring remediation appropriately
may be deferred to RCRA corrective action authorities unless deletion
would interfere with the remediation of the site.
However, today's RCRA deletion policy does not pertain to Federal
facility sites. Federal facility sites will not be deleted from the NPL
based upon deferral to RCRA, even if such facilities are also subject
to the corrective action authorities of Subtitle C of RCRA. One of the
primary goals of deferral--maximizing the use of limited Fund monies--
does not apply to Federal facility sites since Federal facilities
typically are not eligible for Fund-financed remedial action.
Furthermore, the goal of avoiding duplication of efforts can be
resolved through the use of comprehensive Inter-Agency Agreements (54
FR 10522, March 13, 1989).
C. Proposed Criteria for Deleting Sites from the NPL Based on Deferral
to RCRA
The following are the criteria proposed in the December 21, 1988
Federal Register notice for determining whether a site may be deleted
from the NPL based upon deferral to another authority such as RCRA:
i. A site on the NPL is currently being addressed by another
regulatory authority under an enforceable order or permit requiring
corrective action or the PRPs have entered into a CERCLA consent order
to perform the RD/RA;
ii. Response is progressing adequately;
iii. Deletion would not otherwise disrupt an ongoing CERCLA
response action; and
iv. All criteria for deferral to that authority have been met
(i.e., the requesting party must meet all conditions for deferral to
that authority in addition to the three specific criteria set out above
for deletion based upon deferral).
D. Final Criteria for Deleting Sites
EPA believes that it is appropriate to apply different and more
stringent [[Page 14643]] criteria to actions to delete based on
deferral to RCRA for sites that are on the NPL than to sites that are
candidates for deferral prior to NPL listing. For NPL sites, EPA has
completed its listing process, identified the site as a potential
problem requiring further attention, and often has commenced CERCLA
response actions. In addition, the listing itself has created public
anticipation of a response under CERCLA. Thus, EPA and the public will
generally have an interest in seeing that these sites are addressed by
the Superfund program, particularly in cases where significant
Superfund resources already have been expended at a site. Thus, it is
in the best interest of the public to apply different and more
stringent criteria.
In today's notice, EPA is finalizing the criteria enumerated below
for use in identifying sites eligible for deletion based upon deferral
to RCRA corrective action authorities. A site should satisfy all of
these criteria to be eligible for deletion. Where there is uncertainty
as to whether the criteria have been met, deletion generally will be
inappropriate. The criteria are the following:
1. If evaluated under EPA's current RCRA/NPL deferral policy,1
the site would be eligible for deferral from listing on the NPL.
\1\ The term ``current RCRA/NPL deferral policy'' refers to the
policy in effect at the time the deletion decision is made. As past
Federal Register notices demonstrate, the RCRA/NPL deferral policy
has changed, and may continue to change based upon the Agency's
continued evaluation of how best to implement the statutory
authorities of RCRA and CERCLA.
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2. The CERCLA site is currently being addressed by RCRA corrective
action authorities under an existing enforceable order or permit
containing corrective action provisions.
3. Response under RCRA is progressing adequately.
4. Deletion would not disrupt an ongoing CERCLA response action.
E. Discussion of Each Criterion
The first criterion states that sites generally will not be
eligible for deletion from the NPL based upon deferral to RCRA
corrective action if similarly situated sites would not be deferred
from listing on the NPL.
Two types of sites may be eligible for deletion: 1) sites that
would be eligible for deferral under current deferral criteria, but
were not deferred because the deferral policy at the time of listing
was different; and 2) sites that were not eligible for deferral when
listed, but now may be eligible because of changed conditions at the
site (e.g., they no longer are in bankruptcy, or they now are in
compliance with a corrective action order). For RCRA facilities within
the second category, the Agency will review the original listing
rationale (e.g., unwillingness, bankruptcy) together with current
information to ascertain whether conditions at the site have changed
sufficiently to warrant deletion from the NPL. Where there is
uncertainty about whether the criteria have been met, deletion
generally will be inappropriate. Persons who submit petitions for
deletion will have to bear the burden of demonstrating that they meet
the current criteria for deletion based upon deferral, and that the
conditions that justified the listing no longer exist and are not
likely to recur.
The second criterion states that the site is being addressed by
RCRA corrective action authorities under an existing order or permit.
The criterion specifies that the requirement applies to sites as
defined by CERCLA, and that the authority addressing the site is RCRA
Subtitle C corrective action.
Under the second criterion, corrective action orders or permits
issued by EPA or an authorized state program that address corrective
action at the facility must generally be in place as a condition of
deletion. This criterion serves as an objective indicator that
contamination at a site is addressable under RCRA corrective action
authorities. The term ``addressable'' in this context means that a
CERCLA site is fully remediable by a permit or order with a schedule of
compliance, whether or not actual cleanup has begun.
Corrective action permits or orders should require the cleanup of
all releases at the CERCLA site (e.g., if contamination stemming from
the CERCLA ``release'' extends beyond the boundaries of a particular
RCRA facility, such releases must be addressed under RCRA sections
3004(v) and 3008(h) or other enforcement authority under RCRA);2
otherwise, the CERCLA site would not be a candidate for deletion. There
may be circumstances where modification of corrective action orders or
permits may be necessary before a facility can be considered for
deletion from the NPL. For example, a facility owner/operator who has
been doing remedial work under CERCLA and intends to pursue deletion
from the NPL, generally must obtain modification of RCRA permits or
orders if existing permits and orders do not contain corrective action
requirements for all operable units. Likewise, the implementing agency
intending to unilaterally pursue deletion would need to modify orders
or permits if necessary. This should enable the facility to meet the
second criterion by ensuring that the entire CERCLA-defined facility is
subject to RCRA corrective action.
\2\ Under CERCLA, the term ``facility'' is meant to be
synonymous with ``site'' or ``release'' and is not meant to suggest
that the listing is geographically defined (56 FR 5600, February 11,
1991). The size or extent of a facility listed on the NPL may extend
to those areas where the contamination has ``come to be located.''
(See CERCLA section 101(9)). On the other hand, a ``facility'' as
defined under RCRA is ``all contiguous property under the control of
the owner or operator seeking a Subtitle C permit'' (58 FR 8664,
February 16, 1993). Thus, a RCRA site relates more to property
boundaries, and a CERCLA site/facility/release includes
contamination irrespective of RCRA facility boundaries.
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Under the third criterion, EPA evaluates whether response under
RCRA is progressing adequately. The RCRA/NPL deferral policy currently
looks to compliance with corrective action orders or permits as the
primary indicator of whether an owner/operator is willing to undertake
corrective action. Under this criterion, noncompliance with corrective
action orders and permits generally would be regarded as an indicator
that response under RCRA is not progressing adequately. The Agency's
evaluation may not end there, however. Even if an owner/operator is in
compliance with a corrective action order or permit, EPA may determine
that response is not progressing adequately based upon other factors.
For example, the Agency may consider whether there has been a history
of protracted negotiations due primarily to an uncooperative owner or
operator.
Under the fourth criterion, EPA evaluates on a site-by-site basis
whether deletion would disrupt an ongoing CERCLA response action.
Consistent with the deletion criterion set forth in the NCP, the fourth
criterion in today's notice is satisfied only where one of the
following two circumstances exist: 1) no CERCLA response has been
undertaken; or 2) CERCLA response has been discontinued (e.g., where
CERCLA response action has reached a logical point of transfer to the
RCRA program and has been discontinued). Response actions being
undertaken under CERCLA generally will not be discontinued solely to
allow for deletion.
In cases where EPA determines that a CERCLA response, or a CERCLA
response combined with a RCRA response, is the most effective approach
for addressing contamination at a site, the site will be retained on
the NPL. In addition, a site generally will not be eligible for
deletion based upon deferral to RCRA if such deletion would cause a
significant delay in the response resulting in a threat to human health
or the environment. [[Page 14644]]
F. Process for Deleting Sites From the NPL
In order for a site to be deleted from the NPL based upon deferral
to RCRA, that site will be evaluated by EPA, as well as the relevant
state authority. Deferral will be accomplished only after a coordinated
review has occurred and concurrence has been achieved. As with any
deletion, a decision to delete a site based upon deferral to RCRA would
be made only after EPA publishes a Notice of Intent to Delete in the
Federal Register and comment is taken. In addition, EPA's regulations
allow a site to be deleted only if ``the state in which the release was
located has concurred on the proposed deletion'' (40 CFR
300.425(e)(2)).
The process of deletion may begin either by a petition by a party
outside the Agency, such as a facility owner/operator, or via a
unilateral action from EPA. Petitions and inquiries about them should
be directed to the appropriate Regional Administrator. The petitioner
must demonstrate that the site has met the four criteria to the
satisfaction of EPA, as well as the state in which the release has
occurred. If necessary, the Agency may request additional information
from the petitioner before making a decision.
Finally, if, after deletion, EPA later determines that a site is
not being addressed adequately under RCRA, and that CERCLA remedial
action is necessary at the site, the site would remain eligible for
CERCLA Fund-financed remedial action. (40 CFR 300.425(e)(3)). Under
such circumstances, and in accordance with the NCP, the site also may
be eligible for relisting on the NPL.
III. Appendix A: Summary of NPL Deletion/Deferral Policies
1. NCP Criteria for Deleting Sites From the NPL
Section 300.425(e)(1) (i)-(iii) of the NCP addresses deletion of
sites from the NPL. Pursuant to that section, releases may be deleted
from the NPL where EPA determines that no further response is
appropriate. In making that determination, EPA must consider, in
consultation with the state, whether any of the following criteria have
been met:
(i) Responsible parties or other persons have implemented all
appropriate response actions required;
(ii) All appropriate Fund-financed response under CERCLA has been
implemented, and no further response action by responsible parties is
appropriate; or
(iii) The remedial investigation has shown that the release poses
no significant threat to public health or the environment and
therefore, taking remedial measures is not appropriate.
2. Current Deferral Policies
When the initial NPL was promulgated (48 FR 40658, September 8,
1983), the Agency announced certain listing policies relating to sites
that might qualify for the NPL, but instead could be ``deferred'' to
another authority for cleanup. These deferral policies included sites
that can be addressed by the corrective action authorities of RCRA
Subtitle C, or that are subject to regulation by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission.\3\ (Id. at 40661-62).
\3\In 1988, the Agency proposed to defer to a number of other
authorities, namely Subtitles D and I of RCRA, the Surface Mine
Control and Reclamation Act (``SMCRA''), the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (``FIFRA''), and States, and to allow
responsible parties voluntarily to clean up sites under CERCLA
without listing (53 FR 51415, December 21, 1988). Final decisions
have not been made on those proposals, and they are not addressed in
this notice.
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3. RCRA Deferral Policy
In the preamble to the final rule promulgating the initial NPL (48
FR 40662, September 8, 1983), EPA announced the RCRA/NPL deferral
policy, which provided that ``where a site consists of regulated units
of a RCRA facility operating pursuant to a permit or interim status, it
will not be included on the NPL but will instead be addressed under the
authorities of RCRA.'' Since that time, EPA has amended the RCRA/NPL
deferral policy on a number of occasions. (For a more detailed
discussion of the components of the RCRA/NPL deferral policy, see the
Federal Register notice referenced below.\4\)
\4\On March 13, 1989 (54 FR 10520), EPA announced the policy of
including on the NPL Federal facility sites that may be eligible for
listing (e.g., they have an HRS score of 28.5 or higher) even if
such facilities are also subject to the corrective action
authorities of Subtitle C of RCRA. The elements of the RCRA/NPL
deferral policy are not revised in today's notice.
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Prior to enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984 (HSWA) only releases to ground water from regulated units, i.e.
surface impoundments, waste piles, land treatment areas, and landfills
were subject to corrective action requirements under RCRA. The
enactment of HSWA greatly expanded RCRA Subtitle C corrective action
authorities. For example, under RCRA section 3004(u), hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities seeking RCRA permits must
address all releases of hazardous constituents to any medium from solid
waste management units, whether active or inactive. HSWA also provided
new authority in RCRA section 3004(v) to address releases that have
migrated beyond the facility boundary. In addition, section 3008(h)
authorizes EPA to compel corrective action or any response necessary to
protect human health or the environment when there is or has been a
release of hazardous waste at a RCRA interim status facility.
In light of the new authorities, the Agency proposed in the
preamble to the April 10, 1985 proposed rule (50 FR 14118), a revised
policy for listing of RCRA-related sites on the NPL. Under the proposed
policy, listing on the NPL of RCRA-related sites would be deferred
until the Agency determined that RCRA corrective action measures were
not likely to succeed due to factors outlined in the following
paragraph.
On June 10, 1986 (51 FR 21057), EPA announced several new
components of the RCRA/NPL deferral policy for placing RCRA-regulated
facilities on the NPL. Certain RCRA facilities at which Subtitle C
corrective action authorities are available would generally be listed
if they had an HRS score of 28.50 or greater and fell within at least
one of the following categories: (1) Facilities owned by persons who
have demonstrated an inability to finance a cleanup as evidenced by
their invocation of the bankruptcy laws; (2) facilities that have lost
authorization to operate, or for which there are additional indications
that the owner or operator will be unwilling to undertake corrective
action; or (3) facilities, analyzed on a case-by-case basis, whose
owners or operators have a clear history of unwillingness to undertake
corrective action.
The Agency also recognized that facilities clearly not subject to
RCRA Subtitle C corrective action authorities would be eligible for
listing on the NPL, including those that ceased treating, storing or
disposing of hazardous wastes prior to November 19, 1980 (the effective
date of the RCRA hazardous waste regulations), and sites at which only
material exempted from the statutory or regulatory definition of solid
waste or hazardous waste are managed. Id. In addition, RCRA hazardous
waste handlers to which Subtitle C corrective action authorities do not
apply, such as hazardous waste generators or transporters not required
to have interim status or a final RCRA permit, also are eligible for
listing. Id.
On June 24, 1988 (53 FR 23980) and October 4, 1989 (54 FR 41004),
EPA revised the NPL/RCRA deferral policy by identifying four new
categories of RCRA sites eligible for listing on the NPL: (1) Non- or
late filers; (2) pre-HSWA permittees; (3) protective filers;
[[Page 14645]] and (4) converters.\5\ In the June 24, 1988, revision,
EPA also recognized that sites where RCRA corrective action may not
apply to all contamination are eligible for listing (53 FR 23982).
\5\Non- or late filers are facilities that were treating,
storing or disposing of hazardous waste after November 19, 1980, but
did not file a Part A permit by that date and have little or no
history of compliance with RCRA. Pre-HSWA permittees are facilities
that have permits in place that pre-date the 1984 corrective action
requirements of HSWA. The protective filer category includes
facilities which have filed Part A permit applications for
treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes as a
precautionary measure only, and were never actually engaged in
hazardous waste management activities subject to RCRA Subtitle C
corrective action. Converters are facilities that at one time were
treating or storing RCRA Subtitle C hazardous waste but have since
converted to generator-only status, or are engaged in no other
hazardous waste activity for which interim status is required (53 FR
22992, June 24, 1988).
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On August 9, 1988 (53 FR 30002), EPA proposed additional revisions
to the policy concerning criteria to determine if an owner or operator
is unable to pay for corrective action. No final Agency action has been
taken on those proposed revisions.
On August 9, 1988 (53 FR 30005), in a separate Federal Register
notice, EPA also further revised a portion of the NPL/RCRA deferral
policy relating to the determination of unwillingness. The Agency
specified that circumstances under which RCRA sites may be listed on
the NPL if an owner/operator's unwillingness to undertake corrective
action is established through noncompliance with one or more of the
following: (1) A Federal or substantially equivalent state unilateral
administrative order requiring corrective action, after the facility
owner/operator has exhausted administrative due process rights; (2) a
Federal or substantially equivalent State unilateral administrative
order requiring corrective action, if the facility owner/operator did
not pursue administrative due process rights within the specified time;
(3) an initial Federal or State preliminary injunction or other
judicial order requiring corrective action; (4) a Federal or State RCRA
permit condition requiring corrective action after the facility owner/
operator has exhausted administrative due process rights; or (5) a
final Federal or State consent decree or administrative order on
consent requiring corrective action after the exhaustion of dispute
resolution procedures.
EPA also may depart from the above criteria on a case-by-case basis
where CERCLA authorities are determined to be more appropriate than
RCRA authorities for cleaning up a site. (See, e.g., 56 FR 5602,
February 11, 1991).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 300
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Chemicals,
Hazardous materials, Intergovernmental relations, Natural resources,
Oil pollution, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Superfund,
Waste treatment and disposal, Water pollution control, Water supply.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 9605; 42 U.S.C. 9620; 33 U.S.C. 1321(C)(2);
E.O. 11735, 3 CFR, 1971-1975 Comp., p. 793; E.O. 12580, 3 CFR, 1987
Comp., p. 193.
Dated: March 8, 1995.
Elliott P. Laws,
Assistant Administrator, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
[FR Doc. 95-6673 Filed 3-17-95; 8:45 am]
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