[Federal Register Volume 62, Number 70 (Friday, April 11, 1997)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 17742-17748]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 97-9375]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Parts 180, 185, and 186
[OPP-300470; FRL-5598-2]
RIN 2070-AC78
Norflurazon; Pesticide Tolerance for Emergency Exemptions
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This regulation establishes time-limited tolerances for
residues of the herbicide norflurazon in or on the raw agricultural
commodities bermudagrass hay and forage in connection with EPA's
granting of emergency exemptions under section 18 of the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act authorizing use of
norflurazon on bermudagrass in the states of Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. This regulation establishes maximum
permissible levels for residues of norflurazon in these foods pursuant
to section 408(l)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as
amended by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. The tolerances will
expire and be revoked by EPA on November 30, 1998.
DATES: This regulation becomes effective April 11, 1997. Objections and
requests for hearings must be received by EPA on or before June 10,
1997.
ADDRESSES: Written objections and hearing requests, identified by the
docket control number, [OPP-300470], must be submitted to: Hearing
Clerk (1900), Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. M3708, 401 M St.,
SW., Washington, DC 20460. Fees accompanying objections and hearing
requests shall be labeled ``Tolerance Petition Fees'' and forwarded to:
EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, OPP (Tolerance Fees),
P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. A copy of any objections and
hearing requests filed with the Hearing Clerk identified by the
document control number, [OPP-300470], must also be submitted to:
Public Response and Program Resources Branch, Field Operations Division
(7506C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person, bring a copy of
objections and hearing requests to Rm. 1132, CM #2,
[[Page 17743]]
1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA.
A copy of objections and hearing requests filed with the Hearing
Clerk may also be submitted electronically by sending electronic mail
(e-mail) to: opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov. Copies of objections and
hearing requests must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of
special characters and any form of encryption. Copies of objections and
hearing requests will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 5.1 file
format or ASCII file format. All copies of objections and hearing
requests in electronic form must be identified by the docket control
number [OPP-300470]. No Confidential Business Information (CBI) should
be submitted through e-mail. Electronic copies of objections and
hearing requests on this rule may be filed online at many Federal
Depository Libraries.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Libby Pemberton, Registration
Division (7505W), Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW.,
Washington, DC 20460. Office location, telephone number, and e-mail
address: Sixth Floor, Crystal Station #1, 2800 Jefferson Davis Highway,
Arlington, VA 22202, (703) 308-8326, e-mail:
pemberton.libby@epamail.epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: EPA, on its own initiative, pursuant to
section 408(e) and (l)(6) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(e) and (l)(6), is establishing tolerances for
residues of norflurazon on bermudagrass forage at 2 ppm and
bermudagrass hay at 3 ppm. These tolerances will expire on November 30,
1998.
I. Background and Statutory Authority
The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) (Pub. L. 104-170)
was signed into law August 3, 1996. FQPA amends both the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., and the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. 136 et
seq. The FQPA amendments went into effect immediately. Among other
things, FQPA amends FFDCA to bring all EPA pesticide tolerance-setting
activities under a new section 408 with a new safety standard and new
procedures. These activities are described below and discussed in
greater detail in the final rule establishing the time-limited
tolerance associated with the emergency exemption for use of
propiconazole on sorghum (61 FR 58135, November 13, 1996) (FRL-5572-9).
New section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) allows EPA to establish a tolerance
(the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only
if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section
408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable
certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the
pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures
and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This
includes exposure through drinking water, but does not include
occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) requires EPA to give
special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the
pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to ``ensure
that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to
infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical
residue. . . .''
Section 18 of FIFRA authorizes EPA to exempt any Federal or State
agency from any provision of FIFRA, if EPA determines that ``emergency
conditions exist which require such exemption.'' This provision was not
amended by FQPA. EPA has established regulations governing such
emergency exemptions in 40 CFR part 166. Section 408(l)(6) of the FFDCA
requires EPA to establish a time-limited tolerance or exemption from
the requirement for a tolerance for pesticide chemical residues in food
that will result from the use of a pesticide under an emergency
exemption granted by EPA under section 18 of FIFRA. Section 408(l)(6)
also requires EPA to promulgate regulations by August 3, 1997,
governing the establishment of tolerances and exemptions under section
408(l)(6) and requires that the regulations be consistent with section
408(b)(2) and (c)(2) and FIFRA section 18.
Section 408(l)(6) allows EPA to establish tolerances or exemptions
from the requirement for a tolerance, in connection with EPA's granting
of FIFRA section 18 emergency exemptions, without providing notice or a
period for public comment. Thus, consistent with the need to act
expeditiously on requests for emergency exemptions under FIFRA, EPA can
establish such tolerances or exemptions under the authority of section
408(e) and (l)(6) without notice and comment rulemaking.
In establishing section 18-related tolerances and exemptions during
this interim period before EPA issues the section 408(l)(6) procedural
regulation and before EPA makes its broad policy decisions concerning
the interpretation and implementation of the new section 408, EPA does
not intend to set precedents for the application of section 408 and the
new safety standard to other tolerances and exemptions. Rather, these
early section 18 tolerance and exemption decisions will be made on a
case-by-case basis and will not bind EPA as it proceeds with further
rulemaking and policy development. EPA intends to act on section 18-
related tolerances and exemptions that clearly qualify under the new
law.
II. Emergency Exemptions for Norflurazon on Bermudagrass and FFDCA
Tolerances
EPA has authorized use under FIFRA section 18 of norflurazon on
bermudagrass hay meadows and patures for control of grassy weeds.
Bermudagrass requires at least 2 years to completely cover a planted
area and successfully compete with annual grassy weeds. Successful
establishment during the first 2 years is critically important to
profitable production from a bermudagrass hay meadow. Annual grassy
weed encroachment and resulting variable bermudagrass stands will
reduce the quantity of hay produced and the overall quality. A hay
field does not reach maximum hay production for 3 or 4 years after
establishment depending on the degree of success in establishment. For
the next 6 to 7 years, growers should receive maximum economic yield
and return on their annual investments. The market will not accept
bermudagrass hay contaminated with weeds or annual grasses.
Bermudagrass stands often begin to decline after about 10 years due to
diseases, insect problems, fertility imbalances, or environmental
stresses. Establishment of a new stand of bermudagrass is the most cost
effective way of maintaining maximum quality and quantity of hay.
Atrazine and simazine, which traditionally provided control of these
weeds, were voluntarily canceled in 1990 resulting in this urgent,
nonroutine situation. After having reviewed their submissions, EPA
concurs that emergency conditions exist.
As part of its assessment of these specific exemptions, EPA
assessed the potential risks presented by residues of norflurazon on
bermudagrass hay and forage. In doing so, EPA considered the new safety
standard in FFDCA section 408(b)(2), and EPA decided that the necessary
tolerances under FFDCA section 408(l)(6) would clearly be consistent
with the new safety standard and with FIFRA section 18. These
tolerances for residues of norflurazon will permit the marketing of
bermudagrass hay and forage treated in accordance with the provisions
of the section 18 emergency exemptions.
[[Page 17744]]
Consistent with the need to move quickly on these emergency exemptions
in order to address an urgent non-routine situation and to ensure that
the resulting food is safe and lawful, EPA is issuing these tolerances
without notice and opportunity for public comment under section 408(e)
as provided in section 408(l)(6). Although these tolerances will expire
and be revoked by EPA on November 30, 1998, under FFDCA section
408(l)(5), residues of norflurazon not in excess of the amount
specified in these tolerances remaining in or on bermudagrass hay and
forage after that date will not be unlawful, provided the pesticide is
applied during the term of, and in accordance with all the conditions
of, the emergency exemptions. EPA will take action to revoke these
tolerances earlier if any experience with, scientific data on, or other
relevant information on this pesticide indicate that the residues are
not safe.
EPA has not made any decisions about whether norflurazon meets the
requirements for registration under FIFRA section 3 for use on
bermudagrass or whether permanent tolerances for norflurazon for
bermudagrass hay and forage would be appropriate. This action by EPA
does not serve as a basis for registration of norflurazon by a State
for special local needs under FIFRA section 24(c). Nor does this action
serve as the basis for any States other than Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas to use this product on this crop
under section 18 of FIFRA without following all provisions of section
18 as identified in 40 CFR part 166. For additional information
regarding the emergency exemptions for norflurazon, contact the
Agency's Registration Division at the address provided above.
III. Risk Assessment and Statutory Findings
EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from
aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. First, EPA determines the
toxicity of pesticides based primarily on toxicological studies using
laboratory animals. These studies address many adverse health effects,
including (but not limited to) reproductive effects, developmental
toxicity, toxicity to the nervous system, and carcinogenicity. For many
of these studies, a dose response relationship can be determined, which
provides a dose that causes adverse effects (threshold effects) and
doses causing no observed effects (the ``no-observed effect level'' or
``NOEL'').
Once a study has been evaluated and the observed effects have been
determined to be threshold effects, EPA generally divides the NOEL from
the study with the lowest NOEL by an uncertainty factor (usually 100 or
more) to determine the Reference Dose (RfD). The RfD is a level at or
below which daily aggregate exposure over a lifetime will not pose
appreciable risks to human health. An uncertainty factor (sometimes
called a ``safety factor'') of 100 is commonly used since it is assumed
that people may be up to 10 times more sensitive to pesticides than the
test animals, and that one person or subgroup of the population (such
as infants and children) could be up to 10 times more sensitive to a
pesticide than another. In addition, EPA assesses the potential risks
to infants and children based on the weight of the evidence of the
toxicology studies and determines whether an additional uncertainty
factor is warranted. Thus, an aggregate daily exposure to a pesticide
residue at or below the RfD (expressed as 100 percent or less of the
RfD) is generally considered acceptable by EPA.
Lifetime feeding studies in two species of laboratory animals are
conducted to screen pesticides for cancer effects. When evidence of
increased cancer is noted in these studies, the Agency conducts a
weight of the evidence review of all relevant toxicological data
including short term and mutagenicity studies and structure activity
relationship. Once a pesticide has been classified as a potential human
carcinogen, different types of risk assessments (e.g., linear low dose
extrapolations or margin of exposure calculation based on the
appropriate NOEL) will be carried out based on the nature of the
carcinogenic response and the Agency's knowledge of its mode of action.
In examining aggregate exposure, FFDCA section 408 requires that
EPA take into account available and reliable information concerning
exposure from the pesticide residue in the food in question, residues
in other foods for which there are tolerances, and other non-
occupational exposures, such as where residues leach into groundwater
or surface water that is consumed as drinking water. Dietary exposure
to residues of a pesticide in a food commodity are estimated by
multiplying the average daily consumption of the food forms of that
commodity by the tolerance level or the anticipated pesticide residue
level. The Theoretical Maximum Residue Contribution (TMRC) is an
estimate of the level of residues consumed daily if each food item
contained pesticide residues equal to the tolerance. The TMRC is a
``worst case'' estimate since it is based on the assumptions that food
contains pesticide residues at the tolerance level and that 100 percent
of the crop is treated by pesticides that have established tolerances.
If the TMRC exceeds the RfD or poses a lifetime cancer risk that is
greater than approximately one in a million, EPA attempts to derive a
more accurate exposure estimate for the pesticide by evaluating
additional types of information (anticipated residue data and/or
percent of crop treated data) which show, generally, that pesticide
residues in most foods when they are eaten are well below established
tolerances.
IV. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety
Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the
available scientific data and other relevant information in support of
these actions. Norflurazon is registered by EPA for several
agricultural as well as non-agricultural uses. EPA believes it has
sufficient data to assess the hazards of norflurazon and to make a
determination on aggregate exposure, consistent with section 408(b)(2),
for the time-limited tolerances for residues of norflurazon on
bermudagrass hay and forage. EPA's assessment of the dietary exposures
and risks associated with establishing these tolerances follows.
A. Toxicological Profile
1. Chronic toxicity. Based on the available chronic toxicity data,
EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has established the RfD for
norflurazon at 0.02 milligrams(mg)/kilogram(kg)/day. The RfD was
established based on a NOEL (no observable effect level) of 1.53 mg/kg/
day in a 6-month dog feeding study. The LEL (lowest effect level) was
based on absolute and relative liver weight and increased cholesterol
levels. An uncertainty factor (UF) of 100 was used to account for both
inter-species extrapolation and intra-species variability.
2. Acute toxicity. Agency toxicologists have recommended that the
developmental NOEL of 30 mg/kg/day from the rabbit developmental
toxicity study be used for acute dietary risk calculations. The
developmental LEL of 60 mg/kg/day is based on increased skeletal
variations. The population of concern for this risk assessment is
females 13+ years old.
3. Short-term non-dietary inhalation and dermal toxicity. OPP
recommends use of the 21-day dermal toxicity study
[[Page 17745]]
in rabbits for short- and intermediate-term MOE calculations.
The NOEL was 375 mg/kg/day and the LEL of 1,000 mg/kg/day was based
on increased absolute and relative liver weights, and increased
alkaline phosphatase.
4. Carcinogenicity. Norflurazon is classified as a ``Group C'',
possible human carcinogen, by the Carcinogenicity Peer Review Committee
(CPRC). The CPRC recommended using the RfD approach for quantification
of human risk.
B. Aggregate Exposure
Tolerances for residues of norflurazon in or on food/feed
commodities are currently expressed in terms of the herbicide
norflurazon (4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-
m-tolyl)-3-(2H)-pyridazinone) and its desmethyl metabolite 4-chloro-5-
(amino)-2-alpha, alpha, alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (40
CFR 180.356, 185.4450, and 186.4450). Existing norflurazon tolerances
for meat, milk, poultry, and eggs are not expected to be exceeded and
are adequate to cover any secondary residues which might occur in
animal commodities as a result of this use on bermudagrass.
For the purpose of assessing chronic dietary exposure from
norflurazon, EPA assumed tolerance level residues and 100% of crop
treated for the proposed use of norflurazon. These conservative
assumptions result in overestimation of human dietary exposures.
In examining aggregate exposure, FQPA directs EPA to consider
available information concerning exposures from the pesticide residue
in food and all other non-occupational exposures. The primary non-food
sources of exposure the Agency looks at include drinking water (whether
from groundwater or surface water), and exposure through pesticide use
in gardens, lawns, or buildings (residential and other indoor uses).
Because the Agency lacks sufficient water-related exposure data to
complete a comprehensive drinking water risk assessment for many
pesticides, EPA has commenced and nearly completed a process to
identify a reasonable yet conservative bounding figure for the
potential contribution of water-related exposure to the aggregate risk
posed by a pesticide. In developing the bounding figure, EPA estimated
residue levels in water for a number of specific pesticides using
various data sources. The Agency then applied the estimated residue
levels, in conjunction with appropriate toxicological endpoints (RfDs
or acute dietary NOELs) and assumptions about body weight and
consumption, to calculate, for each pesticide, the increment of
aggregate risk contributed by consumption of contaminated water. While
EPA has not yet pinpointed the appropriate bounding figure for
consumption of contaminated water, the ranges the Agency is continuing
to examine are all below the level that would cause norflurazon to
exceed the RfD if the tolerances being considered in this document were
granted. The Agency has therefore concluded that the potential
exposures associated with norflurazon in water, even at the higher
levels the Agency is considering as a conservative upper bound, would
not prevent the Agency from determining that there is a reasonable
certainty of no harm if the tolerances are granted.
Based on the available studies used in EPA's assessment of
environmental risk, norflurazon is persistent and mobile. The
``Pesticides in Groundwater Data Base'' (EPA 734-12-92-001, September
1992) reported sampling of wells for norflurazon residues in Texas and
California. Texas reported 188 wells sampled, California reported 6
wells sampled. No detection of residues were reported in any of the
sampled wells. There is no established Maximum Concentration Level
(MCL) for residues of norflurazon in drinking water. No drinking water
health advisory levels have been established for norflurazon.
Norflurazon is registered for uses, such as fencerows and around
buildings, that could result in non-occupational exposure, and EPA
acknowledges that there may be short-, intermediate-, and long-term
non-occupational, non-dietary exposure scenarios. At this time, the
Agency has insufficient information to assess the potential risks from
such exposure.
Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering whether to
establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider
``available information'' concerning the cumulative effects of a
particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances that have a
common mechanism of toxicity.'' The Agency believes that ``available
information'' in this context might include not only toxicity,
chemistry, and exposure data, but also scientific policies and
methodologies for understanding common mechanisms of toxicity and
conducting cumulative risk assessments. For most pesticides, although
the Agency has some information in its files that may turn out to be
helpful in eventually determining whether a pesticide shares a common
mechanism of toxicity with any other substances, EPA does not at this
time have the methodologies to resolve the complex scientific issues
concerning common mechanism of toxicity in a meaningful way. EPA has
begun a pilot process to study this issue further through the
examination of particular classes of pesticides. The Agency hopes that
the results of this pilot process will increase the Agency's scientific
understanding of this question such that EPA will be able to develop
and apply scientific principles for better determining which chemicals
have a common mechanism of toxicity and evaluating the cumulative
effects of such chemicals. The Agency anticipates, however, that even
as its understanding of the science of common mechanisms increases,
decisions on specific classes of chemicals will be heavily dependent on
chemical-specific data, much of which may not be presently available.
Although at present the Agency does not know how to apply the
information in its files concerning common mechanism issues to most
risk assessments, there are pesticides as to which the common mechanism
issues can be resolved. These pesticides include pesticides that are
toxicologically dissimilar to existing chemical substances (in which
case the Agency can conclude that it is unlikely that a pesticide
shares a common mechanism of activity with other substances) and
pesticides that produce a common toxic metabolite (in which case common
mechanism of activity will be assumed).
EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine
whether norflurazon has a common mechanism of toxicity with other
substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk
assessment. Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a
cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity,
norflurazon does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by
other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore,
EPA has not assumed that norflurazon has a common mechanism of toxicity
with other subtances.
C. Safety Determinations for U.S. Population
Taking into account the completeness and reliability of the
toxicity data, EPA has concluded that chronic dietary exposure to
norflurazon in food from published tolerances will utilize 10 percent
of the RfD for the U.S. population. EPA generally has no concern for
chronic exposures below 100 percent of the RfD because the RfD
represents the level at or below which daily aggregate dietary exposure
over a lifetime will not pose appreciable risks to human health. The
acute dietary
[[Page 17746]]
exposure endpoint of concern for norflurazon is developmental. For the
population of concern, females 13+ years, a MOE of 3,000 was
calculated. This MOE value does not exceed the Agency's level of
concern for acute dietary exposure. Dietary cancer concerns are
adequately addressed by the chronic exposure analysis using the RfD.
Short- and intermediate-term aggrgate risk takes into account exposure
from chronic dietary food and water plus indoor and outdoor residential
exposure. Short- and intermediate-term MOE's for the U.S. population
was calculated to be 11,000. Despite the potential for exposure to
norflurazon from drinking water and outdoor residential uses, EPA does
not expect the aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the RfD or the
Agency's level of concern for acute, short- and intermediate-term
dietary exposure. EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty
that no harm will result for the U.S. poulation from aggregate exposure
to norflurazon residues.
D. Determination of Safety for Infants and Children
FFDCA section 408 provides that EPA shall apply an additional
tenfold margin of exposure (safety) for infants and children in the
case of threshold effects to account for pre-and post-natal toxicity
and the completeness of the database unless EPA determines that a
different margin of exposure (safety) will be safe for infants and
children. Margins of exposure (safety) are often referred to as
uncertainty (safety) factors. EPA believes that reliable data support
using the standard margin of exposure (usually 100x for combined inter-
and intra-species variability)) and not the additional ten-fold margin
of exposure when EPA has a complete data base under existing guidelines
and when the severity of the effect in infants or children or the
potency or unusual toxic properties of a compound do not raise concerns
regarding the adequacy of the standard margin of exposure. Based on
current toxicological data requirements, the data base for norflurazon
relative to pre- and post-natal toxicity is complete.
The results of the rabbit developmental toxicity study required an
acute dietary risk assessment be performed for additional pre-natal
sensitivity due to skeletal variations. However, the MOE of 3,000 is
adequate to protect against any pre-natal fetal risks. In the rabbit
developmental toxicity study, the NOEL of 30 mg/kg/day was the same for
both developmental and maternal toxicity. The developmental LEL of 60
mg/kg/day was based on increased skeletal variations and decreased mean
fetal weight. The maternal LEL of 60 mg/kg/day was based on decreased
body weight and abortions. Although there were developmental effects at
60 mg/kg/day in rabbit fetuses, these findings only occurred in the
presence of maternal toxicity. In the rat developmental toxicity study,
the developmental NOEL was identified at; 400 mg/kg/day (HDT), while
the maternal (systemic) NOEL was <100 mg/kg/day.="" the="" acute="" dietary="" exposure="" endpoint="" of="" concern="" for="" norflurazon="" is="" developmental="" (increased="" skeletal="" variations).="" for="" the="" population="" subgroup="" of="" concern,="" females="" 13+="" years,="" the="" calculated="" margin="" of="" exposure="" (moe)="" value="" is="" 3,000.="" the="" results="" of="" the="" 2-generation="" reproductive="" toxicity="" study="" will="" be="" used="" to="" assess="" the="" potential="" for="" additional="" pre-="" and="" post-natal="" sensitivity.="" the="" parental="" (systemic)="" noel="" was="" 10.2="" mg/kg/day="" and="" the="" reproductive="" noel="" was="" 50.8="" mg/kg/day.="" the="" reproductive="" lel="" of="" 102.5="" mg/="" kg/day="" was="" based="" on="" increased="" pup="" deaths,="" increased="" stillborns="" and="" decreased="" lactation="" index.="" these="" effects="" occurred="" in="" the="" presence="" of="" maternal="" toxicity.="" this="" indicates="" that="" there="" is="" no="" extra="" post-natal="" sensitivity.="" the="" noel="" used="" to="" establish="" the="" rfd="" is="" approximately="" 10-="" fold="" lower="" than="" the="" pup="" noel="" from="" the="" reproduction="" study;="" therefore,="" epa="" concludes="" that="" reliable="" data="" support="" use="" of="" the="" standard="" uncertainty="" factor="" as="" protecting="" the="" safety="" of="" infants="" and="" children="" and="" that="" an="" additional="" 10-fold="" margin="" of="" exposure="" is="" unnecessary.="" epa="" has="" concluded="" that="" the="" percent="" of="" the="" rfd="" that="" will="" be="" utilized="" by="" chronic="" dietary="" (food)="" exposure="" to="" residues="" of="" norflurazon="" ranges="" from="" 15%="" for="" nursing="" infants=""><1 year="" old)="" up="" to="" 47%="" for="" non-nursing="" infants=""><1 year="" old).="" however,="" this="" calculation="" assumes="" tolerance="" level="" residues="" for="" all="" commodities="" and="" is="" therefore="" an="" over-estimate="" of="" dietary="" risk.="" refinement="" of="" the="" dietary="" risk="" assessment="" by="" using="" anticipated="" residue="" data="" would="" reduce="" dietary="" exposure.="" the="" addition="" of="" potential="" exposure="" from="" norflurazon="" residues="" in="" drinking="" water="" is="" not="" expected="" to="" result="" in="" an="" exposure="" which="" would="" exceed="" the="" rfd.="" therefore,="" epa="" concludes="" that="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" certainty="" that="" no="" harm="" will="" result="" to="" infants="" and="" children="" from="" aggregate="" exposure="" to="" norflurazon="" residues.="" v.="" other="" considerations="" the="" metabolism="" of="" norflurazon="" in="" plants="" and="" animals="" is="" adequately="" understood="" for="" the="" purposes="" of="" this="" tolerance.="" there="" are="" no="" codex="" maximum="" residue="" levels="" established="" for="" residues="" of="" norflurazon="" and="" its="" desmethyl="" metabolite="" in="" or="" on="" bremudagrass="" hay="" and="" forage.="" the="" residue="" of="" concern,="" for="" the="" purposes="" of="" this="" tolerance,="" is="" norflurazon="" and="" its="" desmethyl="" metabolite.="" adequate="" methods="" for="" purposes="" of="" data="" collection="" and="" enforcement="" of="" tolerances="" for="" norflurazon="" and="" its="" desmethyl="" metabolite="" are="" available.="" methods="" for="" determining="" norflurazon="" residues="" are="" described="" in="" the="" pesticide="" analytical="" manual,="" vol.="" ii.="" vi.="" conclusion="" therefore,="" tolerances="" in="" connection="" with="" the="" fifra="" section="" 18="" emergency="" exemptions="" are="" established="" for="" residues="" of="" norflurazon="" in="" or="" on="" bermudagrass="" forage="" at="" 2="" ppm="" and="" bermudagrass="" hay="" at="" 3="" ppm.="" these="" tolerances="" will="" expire="" and="" be="" revoked="" by="" epa="" on="" november="" 30,="" 1998.="" in="" addition="" to="" the="" new="" tolerance="" being="" established,="" since="" fqpa="" eliminates="" all="" distinctions="" between="" raw="" and="" processed="" food,="" epa="" is="" combining="" the="" tolerances="" that="" now="" appear="" in="" secs.="" 185.4450="" and="" 186.4450="" into="" sec.="" 180.356.="" subsequently,="" secs.="" 185.4450="" and="" 186.4450="" are="" removed.="" vii.="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" the="" new="" ffdca="" section="" 408(g)="" provides="" essentially="" the="" same="" process="" for="" persons="" to="" ``object''="" to="" a="" tolerance="" regulation="" issued="" by="" epa="" under="" new="" section="" 408(e)="" and="" (l)(6)="" as="" was="" provided="" in="" the="" old="" section="" 408="" and="" in="" section="" 409.="" however,="" the="" period="" for="" filing="" objections="" is="" 60="" days,="" rather="" than="" 30="" days.="" epa="" currently="" has="" procedural="" regulations="" which="" govern="" the="" submission="" of="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests.="" these="" regulations="" will="" require="" some="" modification="" to="" reflect="" the="" new="" law.="" however,="" until="" those="" modifications="" can="" be="" made,="" epa="" will="" continue="" to="" use="" those="" procedural="" regulations="" with="" appropriate="" adjustments="" to="" reflect="" the="" new="" law.="" any="" person="" may,="" by="" june="" 10,="" 1997="" file="" written="" objections="" to="" any="" aspect="" of="" this="" regulation="" (including="" the="" revocation="" provision)="" and="" may="" also="" request="" a="" hearing="" on="" those="" objections.="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" must="" be="" filed="" with="" the="" hearing="" clerk,="" at="" the="" address="" given="" above="" (40="" cfr="" 178.20).="" a="" copy="" of="" the="" objections="" and/or="" hearing="" requests="" filed="" with="" the="" hearing="" clerk="" should="" be="" submitted="" to="" the="" opp="" docket="" for="" this="" rulemaking.="" the="" objections="" submitted="" must="" specify="" the="" provisions="" of="" the="" regulation="" deemed="" objectionable="" and="" the="" grounds="" for="" the="" objections="" (40="" cfr="" 178.25).="" each="" objection="" must="" be="" accompanied="" by="" the="" fee="" prescribed="" by="" 40="" cfr="" 180.33(i).="" if="" a="" hearing="" is="" requested,="" the="" objections="" must="" include="" a="" [[page="" 17747]]="" statement="" of="" the="" factual="" issues="" on="" which="" a="" hearing="" is="" requested,="" the="" requestor's="" contentions="" on="" such="" issues,="" and="" a="" summary="" of="" any="" evidence="" relied="" upon="" by="" the="" requestor="" (40="" cfr="" 178.27).="" a="" request="" for="" a="" hearing="" will="" be="" granted="" if="" the="" administrator="" determines="" that="" the="" material="" submitted="" shows="" the="" following:="" there="" is="" genuine="" and="" substantial="" issue="" of="" fact;="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" possibility="" that="" available="" evidence="" identified="" by="" the="" requestor="" would,="" if="" established,="" resolve="" one="" or="" more="" of="" such="" issues="" in="" favor="" of="" the="" requestor,="" taking="" into="" account="" uncontested="" claims="" or="" facts="" to="" the="" contrary;="" and="" resolution="" of="" the="" factual="" issues="" in="" the="" manner="" sought="" by="" the="" requestor="" would="" be="" adequate="" to="" justify="" the="" action="" requested="" (40="" cfr="" 178.32).="" information="" submitted="" in="" connection="" with="" an="" objection="" or="" hearing="" request="" may="" be="" claimed="" confidential="" by="" marking="" any="" part="" or="" all="" of="" that="" information="" as="" confidential="" business="" information="" (cbi).="" information="" so="" marked="" will="" not="" be="" disclosed="" except="" in="" accordance="" with="" procedures="" set="" forth="" in="" 40="" cfr="" part="" 2.="" a="" copy="" of="" the="" information="" that="" does="" not="" contain="" cbi="" must="" be="" submitted="" for="" inclusion="" in="" the="" public="" record.="" information="" not="" marked="" confidential="" may="" be="" disclosed="" publicly="" by="" epa="" without="" prior="" notice.="" viii.="" public="" docket="" a="" record="" has="" been="" established="" for="" this="" rulemaking="" under="" docket="" number="" [opp-300470].="" a="" public="" version="" of="" this="" record,="" which="" does="" not="" include="" any="" information="" claimed="" as="" cbi,="" is="" available="" for="" inspection="" from="" 8:30="" a.m.="" to="" 4="" p.m.,="" monday="" through="" friday,="" excluding="" legal="" holidays.="" the="" public="" record="" is="" located="" in="" room="" 1132="" of="" the="" public="" response="" and="" program="" resources="" branch,="" field="" operations="" division="" (7506c),="" office="" of="" pesticide="" programs,="" environmental="" protection="" agency,="" crystal="" mall="" #2,="" 1921="" jefferson="" davis="" highway,="" arlington,="" va.="" the="" official="" record="" for="" this="" rulemaking,="" as="" well="" as="" the="" public="" version,="" as="" described="" above,="" is="" kept="" in="" paper="" form.="" accordingly,="" in="" the="" event="" there="" are="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests,="" epa="" will="" transfer="" any="" copies="" of="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" received="" electronically="" into="" printed,="" paper="" form="" as="" they="" are="" received="" and="" will="" place="" the="" paper="" copies="" in="" the="" official="" rulemaking="" record.="" the="" official="" rulemaking="" record="" is="" the="" paper="" record="" maintained="" at="" the="" address="" in="" ``addresses''="" at="" the="" beginning="" of="" this="" document.="" ix.="" regulatory="" assessment="" requirements="" under="" executive="" order="" 12866="" (58="" fr="" 51735,="" october="" 4,="" 1993),="" this="" action="" is="" not="" ``a="" significant="" regulatory="" action''="" and,="" since="" this="" action="" does="" not="" impose="" any="" information="" collection="" requirements="" as="" defined="" by="" the="" paperwork="" reduction="" act,="" 44="" u.s.c.="" 3501="" et="" seq.,="" it="" is="" not="" subject="" to="" review="" by="" the="" office="" of="" management="" and="" budget.="" this="" action="" does="" not="" impose="" any="" enforceable="" duty,="" or="" contain="" any="" ``unfunded="" mandates''="" as="" described="" in="" title="" ii="" of="" the="" unfunded="" mandates="" reform="" act="" of="" 1995="" (pub.="" l.="" 104-4),="" or="" require="" prior="" consultation="" as="" specified="" by="" executive="" order="" 12875="" (58="" fr="" 58093,="" october="" 28,="" 1993),="" entitled="" enhancing="" the="" intergovernmental="" partnership,="" or="" special="" consideration="" as="" required="" by="" executive="" order="" 12898="" (59="" fr="" 7629,="" february="" 16,="" 1994).="" because="" ffdca="" section="" 408(l)(6)="" permits="" establishment="" of="" this="" regulation="" without="" a="" notice="" of="" proposed="" rulemaking,="" the="" regulatory="" flexibility="" analysis="" requirements="" of="" the="" regulatory="" flexibility="" act,="" 5="" u.s.c.="" 604(a),="" do="" not="" apply.="" nonetheless,="" the="" agency="" has="" previously="" assessed="" whether="" establishing="" tolerances="" or="" exemptions="" from="" tolerance,="" raising="" tolerance="" levels,="" or="" expanding="" exemptions="" adversely="" impact="" small="" entities="" and="" concluded,="" as="" a="" generic="" matter,="" that="" there="" is="" no="" adverse="" impact.="" (46="" fr="" 24950)="" (may="" 4,="" 1981).="" under="" 5="" u.s.c.="" 801(a)(1)(a)="" of="" the="" small="" business="" regulatory="" enforcement="" fairness="" act="" of="" 1996="" (title="" ii="" of="" pub.="" l.="" 104-121,="" 110="" stat.="" 847),="" epa="" submitted="" a="" report="" containing="" this="" rule="" and="" other="" required="" information="" to="" the="" u.s.="" senate,="" the="" u.s.="" house="" of="" representatives="" and="" the="" comptroller="" general="" of="" the="" general="" accounting="" office="" prior="" to="" publication="" of="" the="" rule="" in="" today's="" federal="" register.="" this="" rule="" is="" not="" a="" ``major="" rule''="" as="" defined="" by="" 5="" u.s.c.="" 804(2)="" of="" the="" apa="" as="" amended.="" list="" of="" subjects="" in="" 40="" cfr="" parts="" 180,="" 185,="" and="" 186="" environmental="" protection,="" administrative="" practice="" and="" procedure,="" agricultural="" commodities,="" feed="" additive,="" food="" additive,="" pesticides="" and="" pests,="" reporting="" and="" recordkeeping="" requirements.="" dated:="" april="" 4,="" 1997.="" stephen="" l.="" johnson,="" director,="" registration="" division,="" office="" of="" pesticide="" programs.="" therefore,="" 40="" cfr="" chapter="" i="" is="" amended="" as="" follows:="" part="" 180--[amended]="" 1.="" in="" part="" 180:="" a.="" the="" authority="" citation="" for="" part="" 180="" continues="" to="" read="" as="" follows:="" authority:="" 21="" u.s.c.="" 346a="" and="" 371.="" b.="" section="" 180.356="" is="" amended="" by="" redesignating="" the="" existing="" text="" as="" paragraph="" (a),="" adding="" a="" paragraph="" heading="" and="" adding="" alphabetically="" three="" new="" entries="" to="" the="" table="" therein="" to="" the="" newly="" redesignated="" paragraph="" (a),="" adding="" a="" new="" paragraph="" (b),="" and="" reserving="" paragraphs="" (c)="" and="" (d)="" to="" read="" as="" follows:="" sec.="" 180.356="" norflurazon,="" tolerances="" for="" residues.="" (a)="" general.="" *="" *="" *="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" commodity="" parts="" per="" million="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" *="" *="" *="" *="" *="" citrus="" molasses...........................="" 1.0="" *="" *="" *="" *="" *="" dried="" citrus="" pulp.........................="" 0.4="" *="" *="" *="" *="" *="" dried="" hops................................="" 3.0="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" (b)="" section="" 18="" emergency="" exemptions.="" time-limited="" tolerances="" are="" established="" for="" residues="" of="" the="" herbicide="" norflurazon="" (4-chloro-5-="" (methylamino)-2-(alpha,="" alpha,="" alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3-="" (2h)pyridazinone)="" and="" its="" desmethyl="" metabolite="" 4-chloro-5-(amino)-2-="" alpha,="" alpha,="" alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone="" in="" connection="" with="" use="" of="" the="" pesticide="" under="" section="" 18="" emergency="" exemptions="" granted="" by="" epa.="" the="" tolerances="" are="" specified="" in="" the="" following="" table.="" the="" tolerances="" expire="" and="" will="" be="" revoked="" on="" the="" date="" specified="" in="" the="" table="" by="" epa.="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" expiration/="" commodity="" parts="" per="" million="" revocation="" date="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" grasses,="" bermuda,="" forage="" 2.0="" november="" 30,="" 1998="" grasses,="" bermuda,="" hay="" 3.0="" november="" 30,="" 1998="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" (c)="" tolerances="" with="" regional="" registration.="" [reserved]="" (d)="" indirect="" or="" inadvertent="" residues.="" [reserved]="" part="" 185--[amended]="" 2.="" in="" part="" 185:="" a.="" the="" authority="" citation="" for="" part="" 185="" continues="" to="" read="" as="" follows:="" authority:="" 21="" u.s.c.="" 346a="" and="" 348.="" sec.="" 185.4450="" [removed]="" b.="" section="" 185.4450="" is="" removed.="" [[page="" 17748]]="" part="" 186--[amended]="" 3.="" in="" part="" 186:="" a.="" the="" authority="" citation="" for="" part="" 186="" continues="" to="" read="" as="" follows:="" authority:="" 21="" u.s.c.="" 342,="" 348="" and="" 701.="" sec.="" 186.4450="" [removed]="" b.="" section="" 186.4450="" is="" removed.="" [fr="" doc.="" 97-9375="" filed="" 4-10-97;="" 8:45="" am]="" billing="" code="" 6560-50-f="">