[Federal Register Volume 63, Number 91 (Tuesday, May 12, 1998)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 26082-26089]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 98-12578]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 180
[OPP-300648; FRL-5787-8]
RIN 2070-AB78
Azoxystrobin; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This regulation establishes a time-limited tolerance for
combined residues of azoxystrobin or methyl (E)-2-[2-[6-(2-
cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy]phenyl]-3-methoxyacrylate) and its Z
isomer in or on cucurbits and watercress . This action is in response
to EPA's granting of an emergency exemption under section 18 of the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) authorizing
use of the pesticide on cucurbits and watercress in several states.
This regulation establishes a maximum permissible level for residues of
azoxystrobin in this food commodity pursuant to section 408(l)(6) of
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), as amended by the
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996.
[[Page 26083]]
The tolerance will expire and is revoked on June 30, 1999.
DATES: This regulation is effective May 12, 1998. Objections and
requests for hearings must be received by EPA on or before July 13,
1998.
ADDRESSES: Written objections and hearing requests, identified by the
docket control number, [OPP-300648], must be submitted to: Hearing
Clerk (1900), Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. M3708, 401 M St.,
SW., Washington, DC 20460. Fees accompanying objections and hearing
requests shall be labeled ``Tolerance Petition Fees'' and forwarded to:
EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, OPP (Tolerance Fees),
P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. A copy of any objections and
hearing requests filed with the Hearing Clerk identified by the docket
control number, [OPP-300648], must also be submitted to: Public
Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and
Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person,
bring a copy of objections and hearing requests to Rm. 119, CM #2, 1921
Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA.
A copy of objections and hearing requests filed with the Hearing
Clerk may also be submitted electronically by sending electronic mail
(e-mail) to: opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov. Copies of objections and
hearing requests must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of
special characters and any form of encryption. Copies of objections and
hearing requests will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 5.1 file
format or ASCII file format. All copies of objections and hearing
requests in electronic form must be identified by the docket control
number [OPP-300648]. No Confidential Business Information (CBI) should
be submitted through e-mail. Electronic copies of objections and
hearing requests on this rule may be filed online at many Federal
Depository Libraries.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Virginia Dietrich,
Registration Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460.
Office location, telephone number, and e-mail address: Crystal Mall #2,
1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA, (703) 308-9359, e-mail:
dietrich.virginia@epamail.epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: EPA, on its own initiative, pursuant to
section 408(e) and (l)(6) of the FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. 346a(e) and (l)(6),
is establishing a tolerance for combined residues of the fungicide
azoxystrobin and its Z isomer, in or on cucurbits and watercress at 1.0
and 1.0 part per million (ppm). This tolerance will expire and is
revoked on June 30, 1999. EPA will publish a document in the Federal
Register to remove the revoked tolerance from the Code of Federal
Regulations.
I. Background and Statutory Authority
The FQPA (Pub. L. 104-170) was signed into law August 3, 1996. FQPA
amends both the FFDCA, 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., and FIFRA, 7 U.S.C. 136
et seq. The FQPA amendments went into effect immediately. Among other
things, FQPA amends FFDCA to bring all EPA pesticide tolerance-setting
activities under a new section 408 with a new safety standard and new
procedures. These activities are described below and discussed in
greater detail in the final rule establishing the time-limited
tolerance associated with the emergency exemption for use of
propiconazole on sorghum (61 FR 58135, November 13, 1996)(FRL-5572-9).
New section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of the FFDCA allows EPA to establish a
tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a
food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section
408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable
certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the
pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures
and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This
includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings,
but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C)
requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and
children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance
and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will
result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide
chemical residue. . . .''
Section 18 of FIFRA authorizes EPA to exempt any Federal or State
agency from any provision of FIFRA, if EPA determines that ``emergency
conditions exist which require such exemption.'' This provision was not
amended by FQPA. EPA has established regulations governing such
emergency exemptions in 40 CFR part 166.
Section 408(l)(6) of the FFDCA requires EPA to establish a time-
limited tolerance or exemption from the requirement for a tolerance for
pesticide chemical residues in food that will result from the use of a
pesticide under an emergency exemption granted by EPA under section 18
of FIFRA. Such tolerances can be established without providing notice
or period for public comment.
Because decisions on section 18-related tolerances must proceed
before EPA reaches closure on several policy issues relating to
interpretation and implementation of the FQPA, EPA does not intend for
its actions on such tolerance to set binding precedents for the
application of section 408 and the new safety standard to other
tolerances and exemptions.
II. Emergency Exemption for Azoxystrobin on Cucurbits and
Watercress and FFDCA Tolerances
For watercress, copper hydroxide is the only material registered
for control of Cercospora leaf spot disease. Several applications of
copper hydroxide are required per season for adequate control. Although
copper hydroxide is still effective at controlling Cercospora leaf spot
disease, due to the many required applications, levels of copper in
soil and watercress plants have reached phytotoxic levels. As a
consequence, in areas where watercress has been grown for several
years, yield has been significantly reduced.
For cucurbits, azoxystrobin has been requested for the control of
gummy stem blight and powdery mildew because unusually wet and cloudy
weather conditions favor disease development. Similar weather
conditions in 1997 resulted in estimated production losses of 68.4 and
36.2% in cantaloupe and honeydews. Registered alternatives are
ineffective due to a combination of weather and resistance factors.
EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of azoxystrobin
on cucurbits and watercress for control of gummy stem blight on
cucurbits and Cercospora leaf spot disease in watercress in several
States. After having reviewed the submission, EPA concurs that
emergency conditions exist for these States.
As part of its assessment of this emergency exemption, EPA assessed
the potential risks presented by residues of azoxystrobin in or on
cucurbits and watercress. In doing so, EPA considered the new safety
standard in FFDCA section 408(b)(2), and EPA decided that the necessary
tolerance under FFDCA section 408(l)(6) would be consistent with the
new safety standard and with FIFRA section 18. Consistent with the need
to move quickly on the emergency exemption in order to address an
urgent non-routine situation and to ensure that the resulting food is
safe and lawful, EPA is issuing this tolerance without notice and
opportunity for public comment under section 408(e), as
[[Page 26084]]
provided in section 408(l)(6). Although this tolerance will expire and
is revoked on June 30, 1999, under FFDCA section 408(l)(5), residues of
the pesticide not in excess of the amounts specified in the tolerance
remaining in or on cucurbits and watercress after that date will not be
unlawful, provided the pesticide is applied in a manner that was lawful
under FIFRA, and the residues do not exceed a level that was authorized
by this tolerance at the time of that application. EPA will take action
to revoke this tolerance earlier if any experience with, scientific
data on, or other relevant information on this pesticide indicate that
the residues are not safe.
Because this tolerance is being approved under emergency conditions
EPA has not made any decisions about whether azoxystrobin meets EPA's
registration requirements for use on cucurbits and watercress or
whether a permanent tolerance for this use would be appropriate. Under
these circumstances, EPA does not believe that this tolerance serves as
a basis for registration of azoxystrobin by a State for special local
needs under FIFRA section 24(c). Nor does this tolerance serve as the
basis for any State other than the approved States to use this
pesticide on this crop under section 18 of FIFRA without following all
provisions of section 18 as identified in 40 CFR part 166. For
additional information regarding the emergency exemption for
azoxystrobin, contact the Agency's Registration Division at the address
provided above.
III. Risk Assessment and Statutory Findings
EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from
aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. First, EPA determines the
toxicity of pesticides based primarily on toxicological studies using
laboratory animals. These studies address many adverse health effects,
including (but not limited to) reproductive effects, developmental
toxicity, toxicity to the nervous system, and carcinogenicity. Second,
EPA examines exposure to the pesticide through the diet (e.g., food and
drinking water) and through exposures that occur as a result of
pesticide use in residential settings.
A. Toxicity
1. Threshold and non-threshold effects. For many animal studies, a
dose response relationship can be determined, which provides a dose
that causes adverse effects (threshold effects) and doses causing no
observed effects (the ``no-observed effect level'' or ``NOEL'').
Once a study has been evaluated and the observed effects have been
determined to be threshold effects, EPA generally divides the NOEL from
the study with the lowest NOEL by an uncertainty factor (usually 100 or
more) to determine the Reference Dose (RfD). The RfD is a level at or
below which daily aggregate exposure over a lifetime will not pose
appreciable risks to human health. An uncertainty factor (sometimes
called a ``safety factor'') of 100 is commonly used since it is assumed
that people may be up to 10 times more sensitive to pesticides than the
test animals, and that one person or subgroup of the population (such
as infants and children) could be up to 10 times more sensitive to a
pesticide than another. In addition, EPA assesses the potential risks
to infants and children based on the weight of the evidence of the
toxicology studies and determines whether an additional uncertainty
factor is warranted. Thus, an aggregate daily exposure to a pesticide
residue at or below the RfD (expressed as 100% or less of the RfD) is
generally considered acceptable by EPA. EPA generally uses the RfD to
evaluate the chronic risks posed by pesticide exposure. For shorter
term risks, EPA calculates a margin of exposure (MOE) by dividing the
estimated human exposure into the NOEL from the appropriate animal
study. Commonly, EPA finds MOEs lower than 100 to be unacceptable. This
100-fold MOE is based on the same rationale as the 100-fold uncertainty
factor.
Lifetime feeding studies in two species of laboratory animals are
conducted to screen pesticides for cancer effects. When evidence of
increased cancer is noted in these studies, the Agency conducts a
weight of the evidence review of all relevant toxicological data
including short-term and mutagenicity studies and structure activity
relationship. Once a pesticide has been classified as a potential human
carcinogen, different types of risk assessments (e.g., linear low dose
extrapolations or MOE calculation based on the appropriate NOEL) will
be carried out based on the nature of the carcinogenic response and the
Agency's knowledge of its mode of action.
2. Differences in toxic effect due to exposure duration. The
toxicological effects of a pesticide can vary with different exposure
durations. EPA considers the entire toxicity data base, and based on
the effects seen for different durations and routes of exposure,
determines which risk assessments should be done to assure that the
public is adequately protected from any pesticide exposure scenario.
Both short and long durations of exposure are always considered.
Typically, risk assessments include ``acute,'' ``short-term,''
``intermediate term,'' and ``chronic'' risks. These assessments are
defined by the Agency as follows.
Acute risk, by the Agency's definition, results from 1-day
consumption of food and water, and reflects toxicity which could be
expressed following a single oral exposure to the pesticide residues.
High end exposure to food and water residues are typically assumed.
Short-term risk results from exposure to the pesticide for a period
of 1-7 days, and therefore overlaps with the acute risk assessment.
Historically, this risk assessment was intended to address primarily
dermal and inhalation exposure which could result, for example, from
residential pesticide applications. However, since enaction of FQPA,
this assessment has been expanded to include both dietary and non-
dietary sources of exposure, and will typically consider exposure from
food, water, and residential uses when reliable data are available. In
this assessment, risks from average food and water exposure, and high-
end residential exposure, are aggregated. High-end exposures from all
three sources are not typically added because of the very low
probability of this occurring in most cases, and because the other
conservative assumptions built into the assessment assure adequate
protection of public health. However, for cases in which high-end
exposure can reasonably be expected from multiple sources (e.g.
frequent and widespread homeowner use in a specific geographical area),
multiple high-end risks will be aggregated and presented as part of the
comprehensive risk assessment/characterization. Since the toxicological
endpoint considered in this assessment reflects exposure over a period
of at least 7 days, an additional degree of conservatism is built into
the assessment; i.e., the risk assessment nominally covers 1-7 days
exposure, and the toxicological endpoint/NOEL is selected to be
adequate for at least 7 days of exposure. (Toxicity results at lower
levels when the dosing duration is increased.)
Intermediate-term risk results from exposure for 7 days to several
months. This assessment is handled in a manner similar to the short-
term risk assessment.
Chronic risk assessment describes risk which could result from
several months to a lifetime of exposure. For this assessment, risks
are aggregated
[[Page 26085]]
considering average exposure from all sources for representative
population subgroups including infants and children.
B. Aggregate Exposure
In examining aggregate exposure, FFDCA section 408 requires that
EPA take into account available and reliable information concerning
exposure from the pesticide residue in the food in question, residues
in other foods for which there are tolerances, residues in groundwater
or surface water that is consumed as drinking water, and other non-
occupational exposures through pesticide use in gardens, lawns, or
buildings (residential and other indoor uses). Dietary exposure to
residues of a pesticide in a food commodity are estimated by
multiplying the average daily consumption of the food forms of that
commodity by the tolerance level or the anticipated pesticide residue
level. The Theoretical Maximum Residue Contribution (TMRC) is an
estimate of the level of residues consumed daily if each food item
contained pesticide residues equal to the tolerance. In evaluating food
exposures, EPA takes into account varying consumption patterns of major
identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children.
The TMRC is a ``worst case'' estimate since it is based on the
assumptions that food contains pesticide residues at the tolerance
level and that 100% of the crop is treated by pesticides that have
established tolerances. If the TMRC exceeds the RfD or poses a lifetime
cancer risk that is greater than approximately one in a million, EPA
attempts to derive a more accurate exposure estimate for the pesticide
by evaluating additional types of information (anticipated residue data
and/or percent of crop treated data) which show, generally, that
pesticide residues in most foods when they are eaten are well below
established tolerances.
Percent of crop treated estimates are derived from federal and
private market survey data. Typically, a range of estimates are
supplied and the upper end of this range is assumed for the exposure
assessment. By using this upper end estimate of percent of crop
treated, the Agency is reasonably certain that exposure is not
understated for any significant subpopulation group. Further, regional
consumption information is taken into account through EPA's computer-
based model for evaluating the exposure of significant subpopulations
including several regional groups, to pesticide residues. For this
pesticide, the most highly exposed population subgroup (nonursing
infants (<1 year="" old))="" was="" not="" regionally="" based.="" iv.="" aggregate="" risk="" assessment="" and="" determination="" of="" safety="" consistent="" with="" section="" 408(b)(2)(d),="" epa="" has="" reviewed="" the="" available="" scientific="" data="" and="" other="" relevant="" information="" in="" support="" of="" this="" action,="" epa="" has="" sufficient="" data="" to="" assess="" the="" hazards="" of="" azoxystrobin="" and="" to="" make="" a="" determination="" on="" aggregate="" exposure,="" consistent="" with="" section="" 408(b)(2),="" for="" a="" time-limited="" tolerance="" for="" combined="" residues="" of="" azoxystrobin="" and="" its="" z="" isomer)="" on="" cucurbits="" and="" watercress="" at="" 1.0="" and="" 1.0="" ppm.="" epa's="" assessment="" of="" the="" dietary="" exposures="" and="" risks="" associated="" with="" establishing="" the="" tolerance="" follows.="" a.="" toxicological="" profile="" epa="" has="" evaluated="" the="" available="" toxicity="" data="" and="" considered="" its="" validity,="" completeness,="" and="" reliability="" as="" well="" as="" the="" relationship="" of="" the="" results="" of="" the="" studies="" to="" human="" risk.="" epa="" has="" also="" considered="" available="" information="" concerning="" the="" variability="" of="" the="" sensitivities="" of="" major="" identifiable="" subgroups="" of="" consumers,="" including="" infants="" and="" children.="" the="" nature="" of="" the="" toxic="" effects="" and="" the="" agency's="" selection="" of="" toxicological="" endpoints="" upon="" which="" to="" assess="" risk="" caused="" by="" azoxystrobin="" are="" discussed="" below.="" 1.="" acute="" toxicity.="" the="" agency="" evaluated="" the="" existing="" toxicology="" database="" for="" azoxystrobin="" and="" did="" not="" identify="" an="" acute="" dietary="" endpoint.="" therefore,="" a="" risk="" assessment="" is="" not="" required.="" 2.="" short="" -="" and="" intermediate="" -="" term="" toxicity.="" the="" agency="" evaluated="" the="" existing="" toxicology="" database="" for="" short-="" and="" intermediate-term="" dermal="" and="" inhalation="" exposure="" and="" determined="" that="" this="" risk="" assessment="" is="" not="" required.="" [note:="" from="" a="" 21-day="" dermal="" toxicity="" study="" the="" noel="" was="" 1,000="" mg/kg/day="" at="" the="" highest="" dose="" tested="" (acute="" inhalation="" toxicity="" category="" iii).="" 3.="" chronic="" toxicity.="" epa="" has="" established="" the="" rfd="" for="" azoxystrobin="" at="" 0.18="" milligrams/kilogram/day="" (mg/kg/day).="" this="" rfd="" is="" based="" on="" a="" chronic="" toxicity="" study="" in="" rats="" with="" a="" noel="" of="" 18.2="" mg/kg/day.="" reduced="" body="" weights="" and="" bile="" duct="" lesions="" were="" observed="" at="" the="" lowest-effect-="" level="" (lel)="" of="" 34="" mg/kg/day.="" an="" uncertainty="" factor="" (uf)="" of="" 100="" was="" used="" to="" account="" for="" both="" the="" interspecies="" extrapolation="" and="" the="" intraspecies="" variability.="" 4.="" carcinogenicity.="" the="" hed="" rfd/peer="" review="" committee="" (november="" 7,="" 1996)="" determined="" that="" azoxystrobin="" should="" be="" classified="" as="" ``not="" likely''="" to="" be="" a="" human="" carcinogen="" according="" to="" the="" proposed="" revised="" cancer="" guidelines.="" this="" classification="" is="" based="" on="" the="" lack="" of="" evidence="" of="" carcinogenicity="" in="" long-term="" rat="" and="" mouse="" feeding="" studies.="" b.="" exposures="" and="" risks="" 1.="" from="" food="" and="" feed="" uses.="" permanent="" tolerances="" have="" been="" established="" (40="" cfr="" 180.507(a))="" for="" the="" combined="" residues="" of="" azoxystrobin="" and="" its="" z="" isomer,="" in="" or="" on="" a="" variety="" of="" raw="" agricultural="" commodities="" at="" levels="" ranging="" from="" 0.01="" ppm="" in="" pecans="" to="" 1.0="" ppm="" in="" grapes.="" in="" addition,="" time-limited="" tolerances="" have="" been="" established="" (40="" cfr="" 180.507(b)="" at="" levels="" ranging="" from="" 0.006="" ppm="" in="" milk="" to="" 20="" ppm="" in="" rice="" hulls)="" in="" conjunction="" with="" previous="" section="" 18="" requests.="" risk="" assessments="" were="" conducted="" by="" epa="" to="" assess="" dietary="" exposures="" and="" risks="" from="" azoxystrobin="" as="" follows:="" i.="" acute="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" acute="" dietary="" risk="" assessments="" are="" performed="" for="" a="" food-use="" pesticide="" if="" a="" toxicological="" study="" has="" indicated="" the="" possibility="" of="" an="" effect="" of="" concern="" occurring="" as="" a="" result="" of="" a="" one="" day="" or="" single="" exposure.="" the="" agency="" did="" not="" conduct="" an="" acute="" risk="" assessment="" because="" no="" toxicological="" endpoint="" of="" concern="" was="" identified="" during="" review="" of="" available="" data.="" ii.="" chronic="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" in="" conducting="" this="" chronic="" dietary="" risk="" assessment,="" hed="" has="" made="" very="" conservative="" assumptions="" --="" 100%="" of="" cucurbits,="" watercress="" and="" all="" other="" commodities="" having="" azoxystrobin="" tolerances="" will="" contain="" azoxystrobin="" residues="" and="" those="" residues="" would="" be="" at="" the="" level="" of="" the="" tolerance="" --="" which="" result="" in="" an="" overestimation="" of="" human="" dietary="" exposure.="" thus,="" in="" making="" a="" safety="" determination="" for="" this="" tolerance,="" hed="" is="" taking="" into="" account="" this="" conservative="" exposure="" assessment.="" the="" existing="" azoxystrobin="" tolerances="" (published,="" pending,="" and="" including="" the="" necessary="" section="" 18="" tolerance(s))="" result="" in="" a="" theoretical="" maximum="" residue="" contribution="" (tmrc)="" that="" is="" equivalent="" to="" the="" following="" percentages="" of="" the="" rfd:="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" population="" sub-group="" tmrc="" (mg/kg/day)="" %="" rfd="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" u.s.="" population="" (48="" states)="" 0.002="" 1%="" [[page="" 26086]]="" nursing="" infants=""><1 year="" old)="" 0.004="" 2%="" non-nursing="" infants=""><1 year="" old)="" 0.009="" 5%="" children="" (1-6="" years="" old)="" 0.005="" 3%="" children="" (7-12="" years="" old)="" 0.003="" 2%="" hispanics="" 0.003="" 2%="" non-hispanics="" others="" 0.005="" 3%="" u.s.="" population="" (summer="" season)="" 0.003="" 2%="" females="" (13-19,="" not="" preg="" or="" nursing)="" 0.002="" 1%="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" the="" subgroups="" listed="" above="" are:="" (a)="" the="" u.s.="" population="" (48="" states);="" (b)="" those="" for="" infants="" and="" children;="" (c)="" females="" (13-19="" years="" old,="" not="" pregnant="" or="" nursing);="" and,="" (d)="" the="" other="" subgroups="" for="" which="" the="" percentage="" of="" the="" rfd="" occupied="" is="" greater="" than="" that="" occupied="" by="" the="" subgroup="" u.s.="" population="" (48="" states).="" 2.="" from="" drinking="" water.="" there="" is="" no="" established="" maximum="" contaminant="" level="" for="" residues="" of="" azoxystrobin="" in="" drinking="" water.="" no="" health="" advisory="" levels="" for="" azoxystrobin="" in="" drinking="" water="" have="" been="" established.="" i.="" acute="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" an="" assessment="" was="" not="" appropriate="" since="" no="" toxicological="" endpoint="" of="" concern="" was="" identified="" during="" review="" of="" the="" available="" data.="" ii.="" chronic="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" based="" on="" the="" chronic="" dietary="" (food)="" exposure="" estimates,="" chronic="" drinking="" water="" levels="" of="" concern="" (dwloc)="" for="" azoxystrobin="" were="" calculated="" and="" are="" summarized="" in="" table="" 1.="" estimated="" environmental="" concentrations="" (eecs)="" using="" geneec="" for="" azoxystrobin="" on="" bananas,="" grapes,="" peaches,="" peanuts,="" pecans,="" tomatoes,="" and="" wheat="" are="" listed="" in="" swat="" team="" second="" interim="" report="" (6/20/97).="" the="" highest="" eec="" for="" azoxystrobin="" in="" surface="" water="" is="" from="" the="" application="" of="" azoxystrobin="" on="" grapes="" (39="">g/L) and is substantially lower
than the DWLOCs calculated. Therefore, chronic exposure to azoxystrobin
residues in drinking water do not exceed the Agency's level of concern.
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Table 1. Drinking Water Levels of Concern
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TMRC [Food Exposure] Max Water Exposure\1\ DWLOC 2,3,4 (g/
RfD (mg/kg/day) (mg/kg/day) (mg/kg/day) L)
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U.S. Population (48 States)......................... 0.18 0.00231 0.178 6200
Females (13+ years old, not pregnant or nursing).... 0.18 0.00176 0.178 5300
Non-nursing Infants (< 1="" year="" old)..................="" 0.18="" 0.00879="" 0.171="" 1700="" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------="" \1\="" maximum="" water="" exposure="" (mg/kg/day)="RfD" (mg/kg/day)="" -="" tmrc="" from="" dres="" (mg/kg/day)="" \2\="">g/L) = Max water exposure (mg/kg/day) * body wt (kg) /[(10-3 mg/g)*water consumed daily (L/day)]
\3\ HED Default body wts for males, females, and children are 70 kg, 60 kg, and 10 kg respectively.
\4\ HED Default Daily Drinking Rates are 2 L/Day for Adults and 1 L/Day for children
3. From non-dietary exposure. Azoxystrobin is not currently
registered for use on residential non-food sites.
4. Cumulative exposure to substances with common mechanism of
toxicity. Azoxystrobin is related to the naturally occurring
strobilurins. There are no other members of this class of fungicides
registered with the Agency. Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when
considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the
Agency consider ``available information'' concerning the cumulative
effects of a particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances
that have a common mechanism of toxicity.'' The Agency believes that
``available information'' in this context might include not only
toxicity, chemistry, and exposure data, but also scientific policies
and methodologies for understanding common mechanisms of toxicity and
conducting cumulative risk assessments. For most pesticides, although
the Agency has some information in its files that may turn out to be
helpful in eventually determining whether a pesticide shares a common
mechanism of toxicity with any other substances, EPA does not at this
time have the methodologies to resolve the complex scientific issues
concerning common mechanism of toxicity in a meaningful way. EPA has
begun a pilot process to study this issue further through the
examination of particular classes of pesticides. The Agency hopes that
the results of this pilot process will increase the Agency's scientific
understanding of this question such that EPA will be able to develop
and apply scientific principles for better determining which chemicals
have a common mechanism of toxicity and evaluating the cumulative
effects of such chemicals. The Agency anticipates, however, that even
as its understanding of the science of common mechanisms increases,
decisions on specific classes of chemicals will be heavily dependent on
chemical specific data, much of which may not be presently available.
Although at present the Agency does not know how to apply the
information in its files concerning common mechanism issues to most
risk assessments, there are pesticides as to which the common mechanism
issues can be resolved. These pesticides include pesticides that are
toxicologically dissimilar to existing chemical substances (in which
case the Agency can conclude that it is unlikely that a pesticide
shares a common mechanism of activity with other substances) and
pesticides that produce a common toxic metabolite (in which case common
mechanism of activity will be assumed).
EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine
whether azoxystrobin has a common mechanism of toxicity with other
substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk
assessment. Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a
cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity,
azoxystrobin does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by
other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore,
EPA has not assumed that azoxystrobin has a
[[Page 26087]]
common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.
C. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety for U.S. Population
1. Chronic risk. Using the conservative TMRC exposure assumptions
described above, and taking into account the completeness and
reliability of the toxicity data, HED has estimated the exposure to
azoxystrobin from food will utilize 1% of the RfD for the U.S.
population. HED generally has no concern for exposures below 100% of
the RfD because the RfD represents the level at or below which daily
aggregate dietary exposure over a lifetime will not pose appreciable
risks to human health. Despite the potential for exposure to
azoxystrobin in drinking water, HED does not expect the aggregate
exposure to exceed 100% of the RfD. Under current HED guidelines, the
registered non-dietary uses of azoxystrobin do not constitute a chronic
exposure scenario. HED concludes that there is a reasonable certainty
that no harm will result from chronic aggregate exposure to
azoxystrobin residues. EPA concludes that there is a reasonable
certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to
azoxystrobin residues.
2. Short- and intermediate-term risk. Short- and intermediate-term
aggregate exposure takes into account chronic dietary food and water
(considered to be a background exposure level) plus indoor and outdoor
residential exposure. This risk assessment is not applicable since no
indoor and outdoor residential exposure uses are currently registered
for azoxystrobin.
D. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety for Infants and Children
1. Safety factor for infants and children-- In general. In
assessing the potential for additional sensitivity of infants and
children to residues of azoxystrobin, EPA considered data from
developmental toxicity studies in the rat and rabbit and a 2-generation
reproduction study in the rat. The developmental toxicity studies are
designed to evaluate adverse effects on the developing organism
resulting from maternal pesticide exposure during gestation.
Reproduction studies provide information relating to effects from
exposure to the pesticide on the reproductive capability of mating
animals and data on systemic toxicity.
FFDCA section 408 provides that EPA shall apply an additional
tenfold margin of safety for infants and children in the case of
threshold effects to account for pre-and post-natal toxicity and the
completeness of the database unless EPA determines that a different
margin of safety will be safe for infants and children. Margins of
safety are incorporated into EPA risk assessments either directly
through use of a MOE analysis or through using uncertainty (safety)
factors in calculating a dose level that poses no appreciable risk to
humans. EPA believes that reliable data support using the standard MOE
and uncertainty factor (usually 100 for combined inter- and intra-
species variability)) and not the additional tenfold MOE/uncertainty
factor when EPA has a complete data base under existing guidelines and
when the severity of the effect in infants or children or the potency
or unusual toxic properties of a compound do not raise concerns
regarding the adequacy of the standard MOE/safety factor.
2. Developmental toxicity studies--i. Rabbit. In the developmental
toxicity study in rabbits, developmental NOEL was 500 mg/kg/day, at the
highest dose tested (HDT). Because there were no treatment-related
effects, the developmental LEL was >500 mg/kg/day. The maternal NOEL
was 150 mg/kg/day. The maternal LEL of 500 mg/kg/day was based on
decreased body weight gain during dosing.
ii. Rat. In the developmental toxicity study in rats, the maternal
(systemic) NOEL was not established. The maternal LEL of 25 mg/kg/day
at the lowest dose tested (LDT) was based on increased salivation. The
developmental (fetal) NOEL was 100 mg/kg/day (HDT).
3. Reproductive toxicity study-- i. Rat. In the reproductive
toxicity study (MRID #43678144) in rats, the parental (systemic) NOEL
was 32.3 mg/kg/day. The parental LEL of 165.4 mg/kg/day was based on
decreased body weights in males and females, decreased food consumption
and increased adjusted liver weights in females, and cholangitis. The
reproductive NOEL was 32.3 mg/kg/day. The reproductive LEL of 165.4 mg/
kg/day was based on increased weanling liver weights and decreased body
weights for pups of both generations.
ii. Pre- and post-natal sensitivity. The pre- and post-natal
toxicology data base for azoxystrobin is complete with respect to
current toxicological data requirements. The results of these studies
indicate that infants and children are not more sensitive to exposure,
based on the results of the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity
studies and the 2-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats. The
additional 10X safety factor to account for sensitivity of infants and
children was removed by an ad hoc FQPA Safety Factor Committee.
iii. Conclusion. The results of these studies indicate that infants
and children are not more sensitive to exposure, based on the results
of the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies and the 2-
generation reproductive toxicity study in rats. The additional 10X
safety factor to account for sensitivity of infants and children was
removed by an ad hoc FQPA Safety Factor Committee.
4. Chronic risk. Using the conservative exposure assumptions
described above, EPA has concluded that aggregate exposure to
azoxystrobin from food will utilize 2 to 5% of the RfD for infants and
children. EPA generally has no concern for exposures below 100% of the
RfD because the RfD represents the level at or below which daily
aggregate dietary exposure over a lifetime will not pose appreciable
risks to human health. Despite the potential for exposure to
azoxystrobin in drinking water and from non-dietary, non-occupational
exposure, EPA does not expect the aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of
the RfD. EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no
harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to
azoxystrobin residues.
V. Other Considerations
A. Metabolism In Plants and Animals
The nature of the residue in grapes is adequately understood. The
residue of concern in grapes is parent azoxystrobin and its Z isomer.
The qualitative nature of the residue in wheat is adequately
understood. Again, the major residues are azoxystrobin and the Z isomer
in wheat metabolism studies. These data are being translated for
watercress for this emergency exemption.
The qualitative nature of the residue in animals is adequately
understood for the purposes of this Section 18 request. A ruminant
metabolism study has been submitted, however the animal metabolism data
have not been reviewed by the Office of Pesticide Program's Metabolism
Assessment Review Committee. The residues of concern in ruminants
appears to be different from that of plants. Unidentified metabolite
compounds, designated metabolites 2, 20, and 28, appear to be the major
components of the residue in ruminant tissues. For the purposes of
these time-limited tolerances for emergency exemptions only, the
residues of concern in animal tissues are azoxystrobin and its Z-
isomer.
[[Page 26088]]
B. Analytical Enforcement Methodology
A method (SOP RAM 243/03, GLC/NPD) to determine residues of
azoxystrobin and its Z isomer in banana, peach, peanut, tomato, and
wheat commodities has been submitted. This method has been
independently validated as per PR Notice 88-5. An Agency validation of
this method is pending. The Agency concludes this method is adequate
for enforcement of the requested Section 18 tolerances on plant
commodities.
GLC/NPD method RAM 255/01 is adequate for collection of residue
data for azoxystrobin in animal commodities. Adequate independent
method validation and concurrent method recovery data have been
submitted. Method SOP RAM 255/01 has been submitted for Agency method
validation. The Agency concludes this method is adequate for
enforcement of the necessary Section 18 tolerances on livestock
commodities.
C. Magnitude of Residues
Residues of azoxystrobin and its Z isomer are not expected to
exceed 1.0 ppm in/on cucurbits or watercress as a result of this
Section 18 use. Time-limited tolerances should be established at this
level.
D. Rotational Crop Restrictions
Rotational crop data were previously submitted. Based on this
information, a 45 day plantback interval is appropriate for all crops.
E. International Residue Limits
There are no CODEX, Canadian, or Mexican Maximum Residue Limits
(MRL) for azoxystrobin on cucurbits or watercress. Thus, harmonization
is not an issue for these section 18 requests.
VI. Conclusion
Therefore, the tolerance is established for combined residues of
azoxystrobin and its Z isomer in cucurbits and watercress at 1.0 and
1.0 ppm.
VII. Objections and Hearing Requests
The new FFDCA section 408(g) provides essentially the same process
for persons to ``object'' to a tolerance regulation issued by EPA under
new section 408(e) and (l)(6) as was provided in the old section 408
and in section 409. However, the period for filing objections is 60
days, rather than 30 days. EPA currently has procedural regulations
which govern the submission of objections and hearing requests. These
regulations will require some modification to reflect the new law.
However, until those modifications can be made, EPA will continue to
use those procedural regulations with appropriate adjustments to
reflect the new law.
Any person may, by July 13, 1998, file written objections to any
aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those
objections. Objections and hearing requests must be filed with the
Hearing Clerk, at the address given above (40 CFR 178.20). A copy of
the objections and/or hearing requests filed with the Hearing Clerk
should be submitted to the OPP docket for this rulemaking. The
objections submitted must specify the provisions of the regulation
deemed objectionable and the grounds for the objections (40 CFR
178.25). Each objection must be accompanied by the fee prescribed by 40
CFR 180.33(i). If a hearing is requested, the objections must include a
statement of the factual issues on which a hearing is requested, the
requestor's contentions on such issues, and a summary of any evidence
relied upon by the requestor (40 CFR 178.27). A request for a hearing
will be granted if the Administrator determines that the material
submitted shows the following: There is genuine and substantial issue
of fact; there is a reasonable possibility that available evidence
identified by the requestor would, if established, resolve one or more
of such issues in favor of the requestor, taking into account
uncontested claims or facts to the contrary; and resolution of the
factual issues in the manner sought by the requestor would be adequate
to justify the action requested (40 CFR 178.32). Information submitted
in connection with an objection or hearing request may be claimed
confidential by marking any part or all of that information as CBI.
Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with
procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. A copy of the information that
does not contain CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public
record. Information not marked confidential may be disclosed publicly
by EPA without prior notice.
VIII. Public Docket
EPA has established a record for this rulemaking under docket
control number [OPP-300648] (including any comments and data submitted
electronically). A public version of this record, including printed,
paper versions of electronic comments, which does not include any
information claimed as CBI, is available for inspection from 8:30 a.m.
to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The public
record is located in Room 119 of the Public Information and Records
Integrity Branch, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C),
Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, Crystal
Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA.
Electronic comments may be sent directly to EPA at:
opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov.
Electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the
use of special characters and any form of encryption.
The official record for this rulemaking, as well as the public
version, as described above will be kept in paper form. Accordingly,
EPA will transfer any copies of objections and hearing requests
received electronically into printed, paper form as they are received
and will place the paper copies in the official rulemaking record which
will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The
official rulemaking record is the paper record maintained at the
Virginia address in ``ADDRESSES'' at the beginning of this document.
IX. Regulatory Assessment Requirements
This final rule establishes a tolerance under FFDCA section 408(d)
in response to a petition submitted to the Agency. The Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these types of actions from
review under Executive Order 12866, entitled Regulatory Planning and
Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). This final rule does not contain
any information collections subject to OMB approval under the Paperwork
Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., or impose any enforceable
duty or contain any unfunded mandate as described under Title II of the
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Pub. L. 104-4). Nor does
it require any prior consultation as specified by Executive Order
12875, entitled Enhancing the Intergovernmental Partnership (58 FR
58093, October 28, 1993), or special considerations as required by
Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to Address
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994), or require OMB review in
accordance with Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children
from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April
23, 1997).
In addition, since these tolerances and exemptions that are
established under FFDCA section 408 (l)(6), such as the tolerance in
this final rule, do not require the issuance of a proposed rule, the
requirements of the Regulatory
[[Page 26089]]
Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply.
Nevertheless, the Agency has previously assessed whether establishing
tolerances, exemptions from tolerances, raising tolerance levels or
expanding exemptions might adversely impact small entities and
concluded, as a generic matter, that there is no adverse economic
impact. The factual basis for the Agency's generic certification for
tolerance actions published on May 4, 1981 (46 FR 24950), and was
provided to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business
Administration.
X. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule,
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the
United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other
required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior
to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. This rule is not a
``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Agricultural commodities, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: April 27, 1998.
James Jones,
Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.
Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:
PART 180-[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 346a and 371.
2. Section 180.507 is amended in paragraph (b) by alphabetically
adding the following commodities to the table to read as follows:
Sec. 180.507 Azoxystrobin; tolerances for residues.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expiration/
Commodity Parts per million Revocation Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * * *
*
Cucurbits....................... 1.0 6/30/99
* * * * * *
*
Watercress...................... 1.0 6/30/99
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
[FR Doc. 98-12578 Filed 5-11-98; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-F
