[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 98 (Friday, May 21, 1999)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 27747-27749]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-12844]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 90-Day Finding for
a Petition To List the Baird's Sparrow as Threatened With Critical
Habitat
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice of 90-day petition finding.
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SUMMARY: We, the Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), announce a 90-day
finding for a petition to list the Baird's sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii)
as threatened, and to designate critical habitat, under the Endangered
Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). We find that the petition does
not present substantial information indicating that listing of this
species as threatened may be warranted.
DATES: The finding announced in this document was made on May 13, 1999.
ADDRESSES: Data, information, comments, or questions concerning this
petition should be submitted to the Field Supervisor, North Dakota
Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1500
East Capitol Avenue, Bismarck, North Dakota 58501. The petition
finding, supporting data, and comments are available for public
inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above
address.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Al Sapa, at the above address, or
telephone (701) 250-4481.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Section 4(b)(3)(A) of the Act, requires that we make a finding on
whether a petition to list, delist, or reclassify a species presents
substantial scientific or commercial information to demonstrate that
the petitioned action may be warranted. This finding is to be based on
all information available to us at the time the finding is made. To the
maximum extent practicable, this finding is to be made within 90 days
of the date the petition was received, and the finding is to be
published promptly in the Federal Register. If the finding is that
substantial information was presented, we are required to promptly
initiate a review of the status of the species.
We initiated a status review for the Baird's sparrow when it was
categorized as a Category 2 species in the Animal Notice of Review
published in the Federal Register on November 21, 1991 (56 FR 58804).
At that time, a Category 2 species was one that was being considered
for possible addition to the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife, but for which conclusive data on biological vulnerability and
threat were not available to support a proposed rule. Designation of
Category 2 species was discontinued in the February 28, 1996, Notice of
Review (61 FR 7596). We completed the Baird's Sparrow Status Assessment
and Conservation Plan (Jones and Green 1998) in April 1998. Based on
the results of the Assessment, we recommended no change in the status
for this species and it remains on our list of Nongame Migratory Bird
Species of Management Concern. This designation does not confer legal
protection but is intended to stimulate a coordinated effort by
Federal, State, and private agencies to develop and implement
comprehensive and integrated approaches for management.
On July 1, 1997, we received a petition dated June 26, 1997, from
the Biodiversity Legal Foundation, to list the Baird's sparrow
(Ammodramus bairdii) as threatened, and to designate critical habitat,
pursuant to the Act. We acknowledged receipt of the petition on July
23, 1997, and indicated to the petitioner that our Listing Priority
Guidance for fiscal year 1997, published in the December 5, 1996,
Federal Register (61 FR 64475), would preclude working on the 90-day
finding at that time. The fiscal year 1997 Guidance designated the
processing of listing
[[Page 27748]]
petitions as a Tier 3 activity, i.e., of lower priority than the
completion of emergency listings (Tier 1) and the processing of pending
proposed listings (Tier 2). We indicated that, as these higher-priority
activities were accomplished we would proceed with a 90-day finding on
the Baird's sparrow petition.
The petitioner requested the current status of its petition in
March 1998, and we responded that we were in a position to start
responding to petitions, and that we intended to prepare a 90-day
finding by June 29, 1998. Subsequently, higher priority listing issues
prevented us from meeting that completion date.
The petitioner asserted that historically the Baird's sparrow was
abundant and widespread in the northern Great Plains, but that today
the species is mainly restricted to small islands of remaining native
prairie surrounded by an agricultural mosaic. Also, the petitioner
stated that the small remnant breeding populations of the sparrow are
threatened by the ongoing loss of suitable grassland habitat, extensive
agricultural practices (such as livestock grazing, haying, irrigation,
and the use of pesticides), collisions with communication towers, the
invasion of exotic species, and fire suppression.
The Baird's sparrow is a grassland specialist endemic to the
northern North American prairie. Its behavior and ecology was shaped by
the historical conditions of the Great Plains, and the health of its
populations are dependent on the conditions of native prairie (Samson
and Knopf 1996). The habitat of the Baird's sparrow consists of upland
prairies of mixed-grass or tallgrass habitat types. The Baird's sparrow
nests in North and South Dakota, Montana, Minnesota, Alberta, Manitoba,
and Saskatchewan. Common grasses found in its habitat are Bouteloua
gracilis (blue grama), Stipa comata (needle-and-thread), and Andropogon
scoparius (little bluestem). In the breeding season Baird's sparrows
prefer native grasslands, but they also nest in smaller numbers in
hayfields, seeded pastures (Sutter et al. 1995), weedy stubble fields
and retired croplands (Kantrud and Kologiski 1983, Stewart 1975, De
Smet and Conrad 1989, Davis 1994), wheat fields (Land 1968), and in dry
wetland basins (Goossen et al. 1993). The Baird's sparrow winters
primarily in northern Mexico, although some individuals may be found in
southwestern Texas, southeastern Arizona, and occasionally southern New
Mexico (Jones and Green 1998).
The petitioner asserted that mid-grass prairie habitat continues to
be converted to cultivation and other uses at an alarming rate.
However, there were no recent acreage figures provided to support that
argument. The petition recognized that the Baird's sparrow's breeding
range included large tracts of U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land
Management, and other Federal lands on the northern plains, and this
provides the potential for implementation of specific management
measures to conserve the species.
Estimates of the remaining mixed grass prairie are wide-ranging.
Mixed grass prairie has declined 60-99 percent in acreage in the
prairie provinces and North Dakota (Sampson and Knopf 1996), with over
90 percent of the grasslands in Canada converted to agriculture. The
most conservative estimates in North Dakota are that approximately 8
million acres of the habitat remain (U.S. Geological Survey 1993).
Others estimate that as many as 12-15 million acres of the northern
mixed grass prairie type still exist in North Dakota (Klopatek et al.
1979). Overall, we believe that current Baird's sparrow population
estimates and trends indicate that native prairie acreage in the
Northern Great Plains is sufficient to support a stable population.
There are significant large tracts of this habitat on Federal land that
are managed with light to moderate grazing pressure as a conservation
measure for Baird's sparrow.
Population data are unreliable from many parts of the Baird's
sparrow range, and conflict in other areas. However, populations are
likely to be greater than earlier believed, and remain high in many
portions of the range (Jones and Green 1998). The population in North
Dakota is estimated to be from 171,000 to 279,000 breeding pairs (Igl
and Johnson 1997), based on the most recent North American Breeding
Bird Survey (BBS) data. Our analysis indicates that historic population
trends have been negative, but populations of the species currently
appear to be stable. The BBS data indicate that this sparrow's
population declines were persistent and steep (in mean annual percent
change per year) in the continental population for the period of 1966-
1979 for all areas except Montana (Sauer et al. 1996). However, for the
period 1980-1996, with a larger sample size of survey routes, the
trends leveled out in most geographic areas. During this period, there
was a nonsignificant increase for the entire survey area of 1.1 percent
per year, and significant increases in the Glaciated Missouri Plateau
region (mainly North Dakota). The average trend over the 30 years
(1966-1996) of the BBS shows Baird's sparrow population trends to be
stable (Sauer et al. 1996, Jones and Green 1998).
Susceptibility to human disturbance is a factor in Baird's sparrow
distribution. Disturbances caused by plowing, brushing, burning,
movement of livestock, grazing, haying, and mowing can result in the
abandonment of an area and lead to reproductive failure (Jones and
Green 1998). However, the species can coexist with light to moderate
grazing pressure on native prairie (Cartwright et al. 1937, Lane 1968,
Sampson and Knopf 1996) and the currently stable population trend for
Baird's sparrow implies that the survival of the species is not
threatened by these habitat disturbances at this time.
Predation can be a major cause of reproductive failure in Baird's
sparrows (Davis and Sealy in press), as it is with most small birds.
Predation frequencies ranged from 26-46 percent for nests in
southwestern Manitoba to 50-71 percent in southern Saskatchewan (Davis
1994). Davis and Sealy (in press) reported predation by the striped
skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel
(Spermophilus tridecemlineatus). Richardson's ground-squirrels (S.
richardsoni) depredated eggs, nestlings, and fledglings at a site in
Alberta (Mahon 1995). Other potential predators include American crow
(Corvus brachyrhyncos), northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), and western
plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix haydeni) (Davis and Sealy in
press).
Baird's sparrow nests are commonly parasitized by brown-headed
cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Davis and Sealy (in press) found that 36
percent of 74 nests in southwestern Manitoba were parasitized with an
average of two cowbirds eggs (range 1-4). Significantly fewer young
were fledged from successful parasitized nests than from successful
nonparasitized nests, resulting in an average cost of 1.1 Baird's
sparrow fledglings per parasitized nest. Egg removal by cowbirds was
likely the primary cause of lowered productivity in parasitized nests.
These levels of predation and nest parasitism are comparable to other
grassland passerine birds, and we find no evidence to indicate that the
level of documented predation is a threat to the species based upon its
stable population trend.
The Baird's sparrow is protected from take under the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act in the United States, the Migratory Bird Convention Act in
Canada, and the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Bird and
Game Mammals in Mexico. Additionally, the Baird's sparrow is on the
Service's list of
[[Page 27749]]
Nongame Migratory Bird Species of Management Concern and is the subject
of numerous research efforts and conservation actions across its range.
We reviewed information during the processing of this petition to
indicate that the level of concern generated by these designations has
been sufficient to generate heightened research and management interest
in the Baird's sparrow. The Service will continue to promote these
efforts to improve the biological status of the Baird's sparrow. Our
current programs that benefit the Baird's sparrow include grassland
easements, technical assistance to ranchers grazing native prairie and
research and monitoring of grassland species.
Finding
We reviewed the petition, as well as other available information,
published and unpublished studies and reports, and agency files. On the
basis of the best scientific and commercial information available, we
find the petition does not present substantial information that listing
this species may be warranted. While the species has experienced major
declines since European settlement of the prairies and the conversion
of native prairie to agriculture, population trend data for this
species over the last 16 years show their populations are stable. There
are an estimated 171,000 to 279,000 pairs of Baird's sparrows in North
Dakota (Igl and Johnson 1997). We have found no evidence to suggest
that the millions of acres of breeding habitat for this species in
North Dakota, Montana, and Canada face immediate threat of conversion
from grassland to other agricultural uses. Canada removed the Baird's
sparrow from its national list of threatened species in 1997 after a
1994 survey estimated 500,000 to 2 million pairs of Baird's sparrow in
Saskatchewan (Davis et al. 1996). The petition provided no evidence to
indicate that conditions on the wintering grounds threaten the
continued existence of Baird's sparrow. The Baird's sparrow remains a
species of special concern and the BBS and other range-wide and local
surveys will continue to monitor its status.
References Cited
You may request a complete list of all references cited herein, as
well as others, from the Service's North Dakota Field Office (See
ADDRESSES section).
Author
Michael Olson (see ADDRESSES section) prepared this document.
Authority
The authority for this action is the Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
Dated: May 13, 1999.
Jamie Rappaport Clark,
Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 99-12844 Filed 5-20-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
