[Federal Register Volume 61, Number 101 (Thursday, May 23, 1996)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 25940-25982]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 96-12029]
[[Page 25939]]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part II
Department of Transportation
_______________________________________________________________________
Research and Special Programs Administration
_______________________________________________________________________
49 CFR Part 171, et al.
Restructuring of Cylinder Specifications Requirements; Final Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 101 / Thursday, May 23, 1996 / Rules
and Regulations
[[Page 25940]]
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Research and Special Programs Administration
49 CFR Parts 171, 173, and 178
[Docket HM-220B; Admt. Nos. 171-142, 173-250, and 178-114]
RIN 2137-AC81
Restructuring of Cylinder Specifications Requirements
AGENCY: Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), DOT.
ACTION: Final rule.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY: RSPA is amending the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) by
restructuring the cylinder specification requirements in its
regulations on Specifications for packagings. The intended effect of
this rulemaking is to reduce the size of the HMR through consolidation
of repetitive requirements and other formatting changes. This action
eliminates approximately 45 pages of regulations from the Code of
Federal Regulations without substantially changing the regulatory
requirements or affecting safety. It is in response to President
Clinton's March 4, 1995 Regulatory Reinvention Initiative memorandum to
heads of departments and agencies calling for a review of all agency
regulations. RSPA is also making corresponding reference changes
throughout the HMR.
DATES: Effective date: October 1, 1996.
Incorporation by reference date: The incorporation by reference of
certain publications listed in these amendments has been approved by
the Director of the Federal Register as of October 1, 1996.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John A. Gale, (202) 366-8553; Office
of Hazardous Materials Standards, RSPA, Department of Transportation,
Washington, DC 20590-0001.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
On March 4, 1995, President Clinton issued a Regulatory Reinvention
Initiative memorandum to heads of departments and agencies calling for
a review of all agency regulations and elimination or revision of those
regulations that are outdated or in need of reform. RSPA has performed
an extensive review of the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR
Parts 171-180) and associated procedural rules (49 CFR Parts 106 and
107) in response to the President's directive.
The President also directed that front line regulators ``* * * get
out of Washington and create grassroots partnerships'' with people
affected by agency regulations. On April 4, 1995, RSPA published in the
Federal Register (60 FR 17049) a Notice of Public Meetings and request
for comment on its hazardous materials safety program. Comments were
requested on ways to improve the HMR and the kind and quality of
services its customers want. RSPA held seven public meetings and
received over 50 comments in response to the notice. On July 28, 1995,
RSPA published a second Notice of Public Meetings in the Federal
Register (60 FR 38888) which announced five more public meetings that
were held from September 1995 through January 1996.
One area identified by RSPA in its review of the HMR was the need
to reform the cylinder specifications in 49 CFR Part 178. On March 4,
1996 (61 FR 8328), RSPA proposed to amend the HMR by restructuring the
cylinder specifications in Part 178. RSPA estimates that by
consolidating duplicative requirements in 23 cylinder specifications,
that it will eliminate at least 45 pages from the CFR. By reformatting
the specifications, RSPA proposes to eliminate over 450 sections from
Part 178 of Title 49. The combined effect of these changes will be to
make the regulations shorter and easier to use and help RSPA move
toward its goal of issuing the HMR in one volume of the Code of Federal
Regulations, rather than two.
This rulemaking also serves as the model for a comprehensive
rulemaking, being developed by RSPA in cooperation with the Compressed
Gas Association, for which a notice of proposed rulemaking is
anticipated later this year. In this latter rulemaking, under Docket
HM-220, RSPA intends to propose substantive changes to the cylinder
specifications to accommodate contemporary manufacturing techniques,
eliminate obsolete requirements, contemporize regulatory language and
make safety enhancements to the regulations.
II. Summary of Amendments
RSPA received approximately 10 comments to the NPRM. All of the
comments were in support of the proposal. One commenter stated that the
changes proposed under Docket HM-220B are a valuable contribution to
simplification of the cylinder specifications. Another commenter stated
that it strongly supports the amendments proposed in Docket HM-220B to
simplify and update existing regulations and to reduce the size of the
HMR by consolidation of the text. Several commenters also raised
concerns that were beyond the scope of the proposed rule; however, they
may be considered in future rulemakings.
In this final rule, RSPA is revising the HMR by restructuring the
cylinder specification requirements in 49 CFR Part 178. This
restructuring of the cylinder specifications: (1) consolidates similar
sections; (2) reformats subpart C of Part 178 for consistency with the
format of the rest of Part 178; and (3) revises section references
throughout the HMR to correspond to the revised sections. RSPA intends
to streamline the cylinder specification requirements without making
substantive changes to them.
Sections that have been consolidated are the sections of each
specification addressing compliance, authorized inspectors, duties of
the inspector, the inspector's report, record retention, defects,
safety relief devices, and marking. These sections have been
consolidated into a new Sec. 178.35. Section 178.35, entitled ``General
requirements for specification cylinders'' prescribes the general
requirements for all DOT specification cylinders. However, because some
of the duties of the inspector and marking requirements are specific to
individual cylinder designs, some specifications have additional
marking and inspector requirements remaining in their sections.
For the inspector's report, RSPA has adopted the inspector report
formats in Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Pamphlet C-11,
``Recommended Practices for Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylinders at
Time of Manufacture.'' The report formats can be modified to represent
the inspection of specific cylinders. Additional information may be
required as stated in each specification. In order to help facilitate
transition into the new reports, RSPA is allowing inspectors an
additional year, until October 1, 1997, to use the old report format
required by the HMR.
Those sections remaining in each specification have been
consolidated into a single section. Presently, each specification is
set forth in approximately 22 different sections. Under this final
rule, there is only one section for each specification. For example,
Specification 3B was set forth in 24 sections, Secs. 178.38 through
178.38-23. In this final rule, Specification 3B is set forth in one
section, Sec. 178.38, and some of its requirements are relocated in
Sec. 178.35. Sixteen of the old sections are converted to paragraphs
(a) through (o) of Sec. 178.38. As an aid to the reader, the regulatory
[[Page 25941]]
text in this final rule includes all of the requirements for cylinders
in the current Subpart C of part 178, even though not all of the
requirements are changed.
In response to comments, RSPA has made several changes to the
original proposal. RSPA has corrected the minimum service pressure for
the DOT Specification 4E cylinder to 225 psig. In the NPRM, RSPA
incorrectly proposed the minimum service pressure for the 4E cylinder
at 250 psig.
In the NPRM, RSPA proposed to revise the marking requirements for
the DOT Specification 39 to indicate that the highest monetary penalty
under the Federal hazardous materials transportation law was $500,000
and not $25,000. One commenter, citing the costs of updating silk-
screens, requested that RSPA not adopt this change. RSPA has not
adopted this commenter's suggestion because the marking should
accurately reflect the requirements of the Federal hazardous materials
transportation law. However, RSPA is adding a ``grandfather'' provision
for those containers marked prior to October 1, 1996.
In Sec. 178.35(b)(2), RSPA is adding a reference to the DOT
Specification 3E. RSPA had inadvertently left reference of that
specification out of that section.
The purpose of this rulemaking action is to reduce the size of the
HMR and make it easier to use. It is not intended to make substantive
changes to regulatory requirements and no adverse impacts are
anticipated on the regulated community.
III. Regulatory Analyses and Notices
Executive Order 12866 and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures
This final rule is not considered a significant regulatory action
under section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 and was not reviewed by the
Office of Management and Budget. The rule is not considered significant
under the regulatory policies and procedures of the Department of
Transportation (44 FR 11034). The economic impact of this rule is
minimal to the extent that the preparation of a regulatory evaluation
is not warranted.
Executive Order 12612
This final rule has been analyzed in accordance with the principles
and criteria contained in Executive Order 12612 (``Federalism''). The
Federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 5101-5127)
contains an express preemption provision that preempts State, local,
and Indian tribe requirements on certain covered subjects. Covered
subjects are:
(i) the designation, description, and classification of hazardous
material;
(ii) the packing, repacking, handling, labeling, marking, and
placarding of hazardous material;
(iii) the preparation, execution, and use of shipping documents
pertaining to hazardous material and requirements respecting the
number, content, and placement of such documents;
(iv) the written notification, recording, and reporting of the
unintentional release in transportation of hazardous material; or
(v) the design, manufacturing, fabrication, marking, maintenance,
reconditioning, repairing, or testing of a package or container which
is represented, marked, certified, or sold as qualified for use in the
transportation of hazardous material.
The Federal hazardous materials transportation law provides that if
DOT issues a regulation concerning any of the covered subjects after
November 16, 1990, DOT must determine and publish in the Federal
Register the effective date of Federal preemption. 49 U.S.C.
5125(b)(2). That effective date may not be earlier than the 90th day
following the date of issuance of the final rule and not later than two
years after the date of issuance. RSPA has determined the effective
date of Federal preemption for these requirements is October 1, 1996.
This final rule deals with the packaging of compressed gases. Because
RSPA lacks discretion in this area, preparation of a federalism
assessment is not warranted.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
I certify that this final rule will not have a significant economic
impact on a substantial number of small entities. This final rule does
not impose any new requirements on persons subject to the HMR.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This final rule does not propose any new information collection
requirements.
Regulation Identifier Number (RIN)
A regulation identifier number (RIN) is assigned to each regulatory
action listed in the Unified Agenda of Federal Regulations. The
Regulatory Information Service Center publishes the Unified Agenda in
April and October of each year. The RIN number contained in the heading
of this document can be used to cross-reference this action with the
Unified Agenda.
List of Subjects
49 CFR Part 171
Exports, Hazardous materials transportation, Hazardous waste,
Imports, Incorporation by reference, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
49 CFR Part 173
Hazardous materials transportation, Packaging and containers,
Radioactive materials, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements,
Uranium.
49 CFR Part 178
Hazardous materials transportation, Incorporation by reference,
Motor carrier safety, Packaging and containers, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
In consideration of the foregoing, 49 CFR parts 171, 173, and 178
are amended as follows:
PART 171--GENERAL INFORMATION, REGULATIONS, AND DEFINITIONS
1. The authority citation for Part 171 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 5101-5127; 49 CFR 1.53.
2. In Sec. 171.7(a)(3), in the table, under the entry ``Aluminum
Standards and Data, Seventh Edition, June 1982'', the section reference
``178.65-5'' is revised to read ``178.46 and 178.65'', under the entry
National Institute of Standards and Technology the entry for ``USDC,
NBS Handbook H-28'' is amended by adding a section reference to read
``; 178.46'', under the entry American Society for Testing and
Materials the entries for ASTM A 240-82, and ASTM B 557-84 are revised
and two new entries are added in appropriate alpha-numerical order, and
under the entry Compressed Gas Association, Inc., the entries for CGA
Pamphlet C-3 and CGA Pamphlet C-12 are revised and a new entry is added
in alpha-numerical order to read as follows:
Sec. 171.7 Reference material.
(a) * * *
(3) * * *
[[Page 25942]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source and name of material 49 CFR reference
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * *
* * *
American Society for Testing and Materials
* * * *
* * *
ASTM A 240-82 Standard Specification for Heat- 178.57; 178.358; 179.100;
Resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel 179.200; 179.201;
Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip for 179.220; 179.400.
Fusion-Welded Unfired Pressure Vessels,
Revision A.
* * * *
* * *
ASTM B 557-84 Tension Testing Wrought and 178.46; 178.251.
Cast Aluminum and Magnesium-Alloy Products.
* * * *
* * *
ASTM E 112-88 Standard Test Methods for 178.44.
Determining Average Grain Size.
ASTM E 290-92 Standard Test Method for Semi- 178.46.
Guided Bend Test for Ductility of Metallic
Materials.
* * * *
* * *
Compressed Gas Association, Inc.,
* * * *
* * *
CGA Pamphlet C-3, Standards for Welding and 178.47; 178.50; 178.51;
Brazing on Thinned Walled Containers, 1975. 178.53; 178.54; 178.56;
178.57; 178.58; 178.59;
178.60; 178.61; 178.65;
178.68.
* * * *
* * *
CGA Pamphlet C-11, Recommended Practices for 178.35.
Inspection of Compressed Gas Cylinders at
Time of Manufacture, 1993.
CGA Pamphlet C-12, Qualification Procedure 173.34; 173.303; 178.59;
for Acetylene Cylinder Design, 1994. 178.60.
* * * *
* * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
PART 173--SHIPPERS--GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPMENTS AND
PACKAGINGS
3. The authority citation for Part 173 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 5101-5127; 49 CFR 1.53.
Sec. 173.34 [Amended]
4. In Sec. 173.34, paragraph (h) is amended by:
a. Removing, in the first sentence, the phrase ``Secs. 178.36-9(a),
178.37-9(a), 178.38-9(a), and 178.40-9(a)'' and replacing it with the
phrase ``Sec. 178.36(e), 178.37(e), 178.38(e), and 178.40(e)''.
b. Removing, in the fourth sentence, the phrase ``Sec. 178.36-9(a),
Sec. 178.37-9(a), Sec. 178.38-9(a), or Sec. 178.40-9(a)'' and replacing
it with the phrase ``Sec. 178.36(e), 178.37(e), 178.38(e), or
178.40(e)''.
Sec. 173.316 [Amended]
5. In Sec. 173.316, in paragraph (a)(8), the section reference
``178.57-20(a)(4)'' is revised to read ``178.35'' and in paragraph
(c)(3)(ii) the section reference ``178.57-20'' is revised to read
``178.35''.
PART 178--SPECIFICATIONS FOR PACKAGINGS
6. The authority citation for Part 178 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 5101-5127; 49 CFR 1.53.
7. Subpart C of Part 178 is revised to read as follows:
Subpart C--Specifications for Cylinders
Sec.
178.35 General requirements for specification cylinders.
178.36 Specification 3A and 3AX seamless steel cylinders.
178.37 Specification 3AA and 3AAX seamless steel cylinders.
178.38 Specification 3B seamless steel cylinders.
178.39 Specification 3BN seamless nickel cylinders.
178.42 Specification 3E seamless steel cylinders.
178.44 Specification 3HT seamless steel cylinders for aircraft use.
178.45 Specification 3T seamless steel cylinders.
178.46 Specification 3AL seamless aluminum cylinders.
178.47 Specification 4DS welded stainless steel cylinders for
aircraft use.
178.50 Specification 4B welded or brazed steel cylinders.
178.51 Specification 4BA welded or brazed steel cylinders.
178.53 Specification 4D welded steel cylinders for aircraft use.
178.55 Specification 4B240ET welded or brazed cylinders.
178.56 Specification 4AA480 welded steel cylinders.
178.57 Specification 4L welded insulated cylinders.
178.58 Specification 4DA welded steel cylinders for aircraft use.
178.59 Specification 8 steel cylinders with porous fillings for
acetylene.
178.60 Specification 8AL steel cylinders with porous fillings for
acetylene.
178.61 Specification 4BW welded steel cylinders with electric-arc
welded longitudinal seam.
178.65 Specification 39 non-reusable (non-refillable) cylinders.
178.68 Specification 4E welded aluminum cylinders.
Subpart C--Specifications for Cylinders
Sec. 178.35 General requirements for specification cylinders.
(a) Compliance. Compliance with the requirements of this subpart is
required in all details.
(b) Inspections and analyses. Chemical analyses and tests as
specified must be made within the United States unless otherwise
approved in writing by the Associate Administrator, in accordance with
Sec. 173.300b of this subchapter. Inspections and verifications must be
performed by--
[[Page 25943]]
(1) An independent inspection agency approved in writing by the
Associate Administrator, in accordance with Sec. 173.300a of this
subchapter; or
(2) For DOT Specifications 3B, 3BN, 3E, 4B, 4BA, 4D (water capacity
less than 1,100 cubic inches), 4B240ET, 4AA480, 4L, 8, 8AL, 4BW, 39
(marked service pressure 900 p.s.i.g. or lower) and 4E manufactured in
the United States, a competent inspector of the manufacturer.
(c) Duties of inspector. The inspector shall determine that each
cylinder made is in conformance with the applicable specification.
Except as otherwise specified in the applicable specification, the
inspector shall perform the following:
(1) Inspect all material and reject any not meeting applicable
requirements. For cylinders made by the billet-piercing process,
billets must be inspected and shown to be free from pipe, cracks,
excessive segregation and other injurious defects after parting or,
when applicable, after nick and cold break.
(2) Verify the material of construction meets the requirements of
the applicable specification by--
(i) Making a chemical analysis of each heat of material;
(ii) Obtaining a certified chemical analysis from the material
manufacturer for each heat of material (a ladle analysis is
acceptable); or
(iii) If an analysis is not provided for each heat of material by
the material manufacturer, by making a check analysis of a sample from
each coil, sheet, or tube.
(3) Verify compliance of cylinders with the applicable
specification by--
(i) Verifying identification of material is proper;
(ii) Inspecting the inside of the cylinder before closing in ends;
(iii) Verifying that the heat treatment is proper;
(iv) Obtaining samples for all tests and check chemical analyses;
(v) Witnessing all tests;
(vi) Verify threads by gauge;
(vii) Reporting volumetric capacity and tare weight (see report
form) and minimum thickness of wall noted; and
(viii) Verifying that each cylinder is marked in accordance with
the applicable specification.
(4) Furnish complete test reports required by this subpart to the
maker of the cylinder and, upon request, to the purchaser. The test
report must be retained by the inspector for fifteen years from the
original test date of the cylinder.
(d) Defects. A cylinder may not be constructed of material with
seams, cracks, laminations, or other injurious defects.
(e) Safety devices. Safety devices and protection for valves,
safety devices, and other connections, if applied, must be as required
or authorized by the appropriate specification, and as required in
Secs. 173.34 and 173.301 of this subchapter.
(f) Markings. Markings on a DOT Specification cylinder must conform
to applicable requirements.
(1) Each cylinder must be marked with the following information:
(i) The DOT specification marking must appear first, followed
immediately by the service pressure. For example, DOT-3A1800.
(ii) The serial number must be placed just below or immediately
following the DOT specification marking.
(iii) A symbol (letters) must be placed just below, immediately
before or following the serial number. Other variations in sequence of
markings are authorized only when necessitated by a lack of space. The
symbol and numbers must be those of the manufacturer. The symbol must
be registered with the Associate Administrator; duplications are not
authorized.
(iv) The inspector's official mark and date of test (such as 5-95
for May 1995) must be placed near the serial number. This information
must be placed so that dates of subsequent tests can be easily added.
An example of the markings prescribed in this paragraph (f)(1) is as
follows:
DOT-3A1800
1234
XY
AB 5-95
Or;
DOT-3A1800-1234-XY
AB 5-95
Where:
DOT-3A=specification number
1800=service pressure
1234=serial number
xy=symbol of manufacturer
AB=inspector's mark
5-95=date of test
(2) Additional required marking must be applied to the cylinder as
follows:
(i) The word ``spun'' or ``plug'' must be placed near the DOT
specification marking when an end closure in the finished cylinder has
been welded by the spinning process, or effected by plugging.
(ii) As prescribed in specification 3HT (Sec. 178.44) or 3T
(Sec. 178.45), if applicable.
(3) Marking exceptions.
(i) A DOT 3E cylinder is not required to be marked with the
inspector mark.
(ii) An identifying lot number may be marked on the cylinder in
place of a serial number for cylinders not over 2 inches outside
diameter or for cylinders with a volumetric capacity not exceeding 60
cubic inches. Each lot shall not have over 500 cylinders.
(4) Unless otherwise specified in the applicable specification, the
markings on each cylinder must be stamped plainly and permanently on
the shoulder, top head, or neck.
(5) The size of each marking must be at least 0.25 inch or as space
permits.
(6) Other markings are authorized provided they are made in low
stress areas other than the side wall and are not of a size and depth
that will create harmful stress concentrations. Such marks may not
conflict with any DOT required markings.
(g) Inspector's report. Each inspector shall prepare a report
containing, at a minimum, the applicable information listed in CGA
Pamphlet C-11 or, until October 1, 1997, in accordance with the
applicable test report requirements of this subchapter in effect on
September 30, 1996. Any additional information or markings that are
required by the applicable specification must be shown on the test
report. The signature of the inspector on the reports certifies that
the processes of manufacture and heat treatment of cylinders were
observed and found satisfactory.
(h) Report retention. The manufacturer of the cylinders shall
retain the reports required by this subpart for 15 years from the
original test date of the cylinder.
Sec. 178.36 Specification 3A and 3AX seamless steel cylinders.
(a) Type size and service pressure. In addition to the requirements
of Sec. 178.35, cylinders must conform to the following:
(1) A DOT-3A cylinder is a seamless steel cylinder with a water
capacity (nominal) not over 1,000 pounds and a service pressure of at
least 150 pounds per square inch.
(2) A DOT-3AX is a seamless stainless steel cylinder with a water
capacity not less than 1,000 pounds and a service pressure of at least
500 pounds per square inch, conforming to the following requirements:
(i) Assuming the cylinder is to be supported horizontally at its
two ends only and to be uniformly loaded over its entire length
consisting of the weight per unit of length of the straight cylindrical
portion filled with water and compressed to the specified test
pressure; the sum of two times the maximum tensile stress in the bottom
fibers due to bending, plus that in the same fibers (longitudinal
stress), due to hydrostatic test may not exceed 80
[[Page 25944]]
percent of the minimum yield strength of the steel at such maximum
stress. Wall thickness must be increased when necessary to meet the
requirement.
(ii) To calculate the maximum longitudinal tensile stress due to
bending, the following formula must be used:
S=Mc/I
(iii) To calculate the maximum longitudinal tensile stress due to
hydrostatic test pressure, the following formula must be used:
S=A1P/A2
where:
S=tensile stress--p.s.i.;
M=bending moment-inch pounds--(wl2)/8;
w=weight per inch of cylinder filled with water;
l=length of cylinder-inches;
c=radius (D)/(2) of cylinder-inches;
I=moment of inertia--0.04909 (D4-d4) inches fourth;
D=outside diameter-inches;
d=inside diameter-inches;
A1=internal area in cross section of cylinder-square inches;
A2=area of metal in cross section of cylinder-square inches;
P=hydrostatic test pressure-p.s.i.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth or electric steel of uniform quality must be
used. Content percent may not exceed the following: Carbon, 0.55;
phosphorous, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method, except that plates and billets for hot-drawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No fissure or other defect is
permitted that is likely to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A
reasonably smooth and uniform surface finish is required. If not
originally free from such defects, the surface may be machined or
otherwise treated to eliminate these defects. The thickness of the
bottoms of cylinders welded or formed by spinning is, under no
condition, to be less than two times the minimum wall thickness of the
cylindrical shell; such bottom thicknesses must be measured within an
area bounded by a line representing the points of contact between the
cylinder and floor when the cylinder is in a vertical position.
(e) Welding or brazing. Welding or brazing for any purpose
whatsoever is prohibited except as follows:
(1) Welding or brazing is authorized for the attachment of
neckrings and footrings which are non-pressure parts and only to the
tops and bottoms of cylinders having a service pressure of 500 pounds
per square inch or less. Cylinders, neckrings, and footrings must be
made of weldable steel, the carbon content of which may not exceed 0.25
percent except in the case of 4130X steel which may be used with proper
welding procedures.
(2) As permitted in paragraph (d) of this section.
(3) Cylinders used solely in anhydrous ammonia service may have a
\1/2\ inch diameter bar welded within their concave bottoms.
(f) Wall thickness. For cylinders with service pressure less than
900 pounds, the wall stress may not exceed 24,000 pounds per square
inch. A minimum wall thickness of 0.100 inch is required for any
cylinder over 5 inches outside diameter. Wall stress calculation must
be made by using the following formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test or 450 pounds
per square inch whichever is the greater;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. The completed cylinder must be uniformly and
properly heat-treated prior to tests.
(h) Openings in cylinders and connections (valves, fuse plugs,
etc.) for those openings. Threads are required on openings.
(1) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and to gauge.
(2) Taper threads, when used, must be of length not less than as
specified for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(3) Straight threads having at least 6 engaged threads are
authorized. Straight threads must have a tight fit and calculated shear
strength of at least 10 times the test pressure of the cylinder.
Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are required.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable methods,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus the test pressure cannot be maintained the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent, volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
the total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Each cylinder must be tested to at least \5/3\ times service
pressure.
(j) Flattening test. A flattening test must be performed on one
cylinder taken at random out or each lot of 200 or less, by placing the
cylinder between wedge shaped knife edges having a 60 deg. included
angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. The longitudinal axis of the
cylinder must be at a 90-degree angle to knife edges during the test.
For lots of 30 or less, flattening tests are authorized to be made on a
ring at least 8 inches long cut from each cylinder and subjected to
same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(k) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder taken
at random out of each lot of 200 or less. For lots of 30 or less,
physical tests are authorized to be made on a ring at least 8 inches
long cut from each cylinder and subjected to same heat treatment as the
finished cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) Gauge length of 8 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, a gauge length of 2 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, or a gauge length of at least 24 times thickness with width not
over 6 times thickness is authorized when cylinder wall is not over \3/
16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within 1 inch of each end of the reduced
section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the
[[Page 25945]]
gauge length. The following conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2-percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch and the strain indicator reading must be set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(l) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests. Either of
the following is an acceptable result:
(1) An elongation at least 40 percent for a 2-inch gauge length or
at least 20 percent in other cases and yield strength not over 73
percent of tensile strength. In this instance, the flattening test is
not required.
(2) An elongation at least 20 percent for a 2-inch gauge length or
10 percent in other cases and a yield strength not over 73 percent of
tensile strength. In this instance, the flattening test is required,
without cracking, to 6 times the wall thickness.
(m) Leakage test. All spun cylinders and plugged cylinders must be
tested for leakage by gas or air pressure after the bottom has been
cleaned and is free from all moisture subject to the following
conditions and limitations:
(1) Pressure, approximately the same as but no less than service
pressure, must be applied to one side of the finished bottom over an
area of at least \1/16\ of the total area of the bottom but not less
than \3/4\ inch in diameter, including the closure, for at least 1
minute, during which time the other side of the bottom exposed to
pressure must be covered with water and closely examined for
indications of leakage. Except as provided in paragraph (n) of this
section, a cylinder that is leaking must be rejected.
(2) A spun cylinder is one in which an end closure in the finished
cylinder has been welded by the spinning process.
(3) A plugged cylinder is one in which a permanent closure in the
bottom of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug.
(4) As a safety precaution, if the manufacturer elects to make this
test before the hydrostatic test, the manufacturer should design the
test apparatus so that the pressure is applied to the smallest area
practicable, around the point of closure, and so as to use the smallest
possible volume of air or gas.
(n) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair by welding or spinning is not authorized. Spun
cylinders rejected under the provisions of paragraph (m) of this
section may be removed from the spun cylinder category by drilling to
remove defective material, tapping and plugging.
Sec. 178.37 Specification 3AA and 3AAX seamless steel cylinders.
(a) Type, size and service pressure. In addition to the
requirements of Sec. 178.35, cylinders must conform to the following:
(1) A DOT-3AA cylinder is a seamless steel cylinder with a water
capacity (nominal) of not over 1,000 pounds and a service pressure of
at least 150 pounds per square inch.
(2) A DOT-3AAX cylinder is a seamless steel cylinder with a water
capacity of not less than 1,000 pounds and a service pressure of at
least 500 pounds per square inch, conforming to the following
requirements:
(i) Assuming the cylinder is to be supported horizontally at its
two ends only and to be uniformly loaded over its entire length
consisting of the weight per unit of length of the straight cylindrical
portion filled with water and compressed to the specified test
pressure; the sum of two times the maximum tensile stress in the bottom
fibers due to bending, plus that in the same fibers (longitudinal
stress), due to hydrostatic test pressure may not exceed 80 percent of
the minimum yield strength of the steel at such maximum stress. Wall
thickness must be increased when necessary to meet the requirement.
(ii) To calculate the maximum tensile stress due to bending, the
following formula must be used:
S=Mc/I
(iii) To calculate the maximum longitudinal tensile stress due to
hydrostatic test pressure, the following formula must be used:
S=A\1\P/A\2\
Where:
S=tensile stress-p.s.i.;
M=bending moment-inch pounds (wl\2\)/8;
w=weight per inch of cylinder filled with water;
l=length of cylinder-inches;
c=radius (D)/(2) of cylinder-inches;
I=moment of inertia-0.04909 (D\4\-d\4\) inches fourth;
D=outside diameter-inches;
d=inside diameter-inches;
A\1\=internal area in cross section of cylinder-square inches;
A\2\=area of metal in cross section of cylinder-square inches;
P=hydrostatic test pressure-p.s.i.
(b) Authorized steel. Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel
of uniform quality must be used. A heat of steel made under the
specifications in Table 1 of this paragraph (b), check chemical
analysis of which is slightly out of the specified range, is
acceptable, if satisfactory in all other respects, provided the
tolerances shown in Table 2 of this paragraph (b) are not exceeded.
When a carbon-boron steel is used, a hardenability test must be
performed on the first and last ingot of each heat of steel. The
results of this test must be recorded on the Record of Chemical
Analysis of Material for Cylinders required by Sec. 178.35. This
hardness test must be made \5/16\-inch from the quenched end of the
Jominy quench bar and the hardness must be at least Rc 33 and no more
than Rc 53. The following chemical analyses are authorized:
Table 1.--Authorized Materials
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter- mediate
Designation 4130X (percent) NE-8630 (percent) 9115 (percent) 9125 (percent) Carbon-boron manganese
(see Note 1) (see Note 1) (see Note 1) (see Note 1) (percent) (percent)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon.......................... 0.25/0.35......... 0.28/0.33......... 0.10/0.20......... 0.20/0.30......... 0.27-0.37......... 0.40 max.
[[Page 25946]]
Manganese....................... 0.40/0.90......... 0.70/0.90......... 0.50/0.75......... 0.50/0.75......... 0.80-1.40......... 1.35/1.65.
Phosphorus...................... 0.04 max.......... 0.04 max.......... 0.04 max.......... 0.04 max.......... 0.035 max......... 0.04 max.
Sulfur.......................... 0.05 max.......... 0.04 max.......... 0.04 max.......... 0.04 max.......... 0.045 max......... 0.05 max.
Silicon......................... 0.15/0.35......... 0.20/0.35......... 0.60/0.90......... 0.60/0.90......... 0.3 max........... 0.10/0.30.
Chromium........................ 0.80/1.10......... 0.40/0.60......... 0.50/0.65......... 0.50/0.65.
Molybdenum...................... 0.15/0.25......... 0.15/0.25
Zirconium....................... .................. .................. 0.05/0.15......... 0.05/0.15
Nickel.......................... .................. 0.40/0.70.........
Boron........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. 0.0005/0.003.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note 1: This designation may not be restrictive and the commercial steel is limited in analysis as shown in this Table.
Table 2.--Check Analysis Tolerances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tolerance (percent) over
the maximum limit or
under the minimum limit
Element Limit or maximum specified (percent) -------------------------
Under Over
minimum maximum
limit limit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon........................................ To 0.15 incl.......................... 0.02 0.03
Over 0.15 to 0.40 incl................ .03 .04
Manganese..................................... To 0.60 incl.......................... .03 .03
Over 0.60 to 1.15 incl................ 0.04 0.04
Over 1.15 to 2.50 incl................ 0.05 0.05
Phosphorus\1\................................. All ranges............................ ........... .01
Sulphur....................................... All ranges............................ ........... .01
Silicon....................................... To 0.30 incl.......................... .02 .03
Over 0.30 to 1.00 incl................ .05 .05
Nickel........................................ To 1.00 incl.......................... .03 .03
Chromium...................................... To 0.90 incl.......................... .03 .03
0.90 to 2.90 incl..................... .05 .05
Molybdenum.................................... To 0.20 incl.......................... .01 .01
Over 0.20 to 0.40..................... .02 .02
Zirconium..................................... All ranges............................ .01 .05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hot-drawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No fissure or other defects is
permitted that is likely to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A
reasonably smooth and uniform surface finish is required. If not
originally free from such defects, the surface may be machined or
otherwise treated to eliminate these defects. The thickness of the
bottoms of cylinders welded or formed by spinning is, under no
condition, to be less than two times the minimum wall thickness of the
cylindrical shell; such bottom thicknesses must be measured within an
area bounded by a line representing the points of contact between the
cylinder and floor when the cylinder is in a vertical position.
(e) Welding or brazing. Welding or brazing for any purpose
whatsoever is prohibited except as follows:
(1) Welding or brazing is authorized for the attachment of
neckrings and footrings which are non-pressure parts, and only to the
tops and bottoms of cylinders having a service pressure of 500 pounds
per square inch or less. Cylinders, neckrings, and footrings must be
made of weldable steel, the carbon content of which may not exceed 0.25
percent except in the case of 4130X steel which may be used with proper
welding procedure.
(2) As permitted in paragraph (d) of this section.
(f) Wall thickness. The thickness of each cylinder must conform to
the following:
(1) For cylinders with a service pressure of less than 900 pounds,
the wall stress may not exceed 24,000 pounds per square inch. A minimum
wall thickness of 0.100 inch is required for any cylinder with an
outside diameter of over 5 inches.
(2) For cylinders with service pressure of 900 p.s.i. or more the
minimum wall must be such that the wall stress at the minimum specified
test pressure may not exceed 67 percent of the minimum tensile strength
of the steel as determined from the physical tests required in
paragraphs (k) and (l) of this section and must be not over 70,000
p.s.i.
(3) Calculation must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test or 450 pounds
per square inch whichever is the greater;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. The completed cylinders must be uniformly and
properly heat treated prior to tests. Heat treatment of cylinders of
the authorized analyses must be as follows:
[[Page 25947]]
(1) All cylinders must be quenched by oil, or other suitable medium
except as provided in paragraph (g)(5) of this section.
(2) The steel temperature on quenching must be that recommended for
the steel analysis, but may not exceed 1750 deg.F.
(3) All steels must be tempered at a temperature most suitable for
that steel.
(4) The minimum tempering temperature may not be less than 1000
deg.F except as noted in paragraph (1)(vi) of this section.
(5) Steel 4130X may be normalized at a temperature of 1650 deg.F
instead of being quenched and cylinders so normalized need not be
tempered.
(6) Intermediate manganese steels may be tempered at temperatures
not less than 1150 deg.F., and after heat treating each cylinder must
be submitted to a magnetic test to detect the presence of quenching
cracks. Cracked cylinders must be rejected and destroyed.
(7) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (g)(6) of this
section, all cylinders, if water quenched or quenched with a liquid
producing a cooling rate in excess of 80 percent of the cooling rate of
water, must be inspected by the magnetic particle, dye penetrant or
ultrasonic method to detect the presence of quenching cracks. Any
cylinder designed to the requirements for specification 3AA and found
to have a quenching crack must be rejected and may not be requalified.
Cylinders designed to the requirements for specification 3AAX and found
to have cracks must have cracks removed to sound metal by mechanical
means. Such specification 3AAX cylinders will be acceptable if the
repaired area is subsequently examined to assure no defect, and it is
determined that design thickness requirements are met.
(h) Openings in cylinders and connections (valves, fuse plugs,
etc.) for those openings. Threads are required on openings.
(1) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and to gauge.
(2) Taper threads, when used, must be of a length not less than as
specified for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(3) Straight threads having at least 6 engaged threads are
authorized. Straight threads must have a tight fit and a calculated
shear strength of at least 10 times the test pressure of the cylinder.
Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are required.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Each cylinder must be tested to at least \5/3\ times the
service pressure.
(j) Flattening test. A flattening test must be performed on one
cylinder taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less, by placing the
cylinder between wedge shaped knife edges having a 60 deg. included
angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. The longitudinal axis of the
cylinder must be at a 90-degree angle to knife edges during the test.
For lots of 30 or less, flattening tests are authorized to be made on a
ring at least 8 inches long cut from each cylinder and subjected to
same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(k) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder taken
at random out of each lot of 200 or less. For lots of 30 or less,
physical tests are authorized to be made on a ring at least 8 inches
long cut from each cylinder and subjected to the same heat treatment as
the finished cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) Gauge length of 8 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, a gauge length of 2 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, or a gauge length of at least 24 times the thickness with width
not over 6 times thickness when the thickness of the cylinder wall is
not over \3/16\ inch.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within 1 inch of each end of the reduced
section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch, the strain indicator reading being set at the calculated
corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(l) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests. An
acceptable result for physical and flattening tests is elongation at
least 20 percent for 2 inches of gauge length or at least 10 percent in
other cases. Flattening is required without cracking to 6 times the
wall thickness of the cylinder.
(m) Leakage test. All spun cylinders and plugged cylinders must be
tested for leakage by gas or air pressure after the bottom has been
cleaned and is free from all moisture. Pressure, approximately the same
as but no less than the service pressure, must be applied to one side
of the finished bottom over an area of at least \1/16\ of the total
area of the bottom but not less than \3/4\ inch in diameter, including
the closure, for at least one minute, during which time the other side
of the bottom exposed to pressure must be covered with water and
closely examined for indications of leakage. Except as provided in
paragraph (n) of this section, a cylinder must be rejected if there is
any leaking.
[[Page 25948]]
(1) A spun cylinder is one in which an end closure in the finished
cylinder has been welded by the spinning process.
(2) A plugged cylinder is one in which a permanent closure in the
bottom of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug.
(3) As a safety precaution, if the manufacturer elects to make this
test before the hydrostatic test, the manufacturer should design the
test apparatus so that the pressure is applied to the smallest area
practicable, around the point of closure, and so as to use the smallest
possible volume of air or gas.
(n) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair by welding or spinning is not authorized. Spun
cylinders rejected under the provision of paragraph (m) of this section
may be removed from the spun cylinder category by drilling to remove
defective material, tapping and plugging.
Sec. 178.38 Specification 3B seamless steel cylinders.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 3B cylinder is seamless
steel cylinder with a water capacity (nominal) of not over 1,000 pounds
and a service pressure of at least 150 to not over 500 pounds per
square inch.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth or electric steel of uniform quality must be
used. Content percent may not exceed the following: carbon, 0.55;
phosphorus, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hot-drawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No fissure or other defect is
permitted that is likely to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A
reasonably smooth and uniform surface finish is required. If not
originally free from such defects, the surface may be machined or
otherwise treated to eliminate these defects. The thickness of the
bottoms of cylinders welded or formed by spinning is, under no
condition, to be less than two times the minimum wall thickness of the
cylindrical shell; such bottom thicknesses to be measured within an
area bounded by a line representing the points of contact between the
cylinder and floor when the cylinder is in a vertical position.
(e) Welding or brazing. Welding or brazing for any purpose
whatsoever is prohibited except as follows:
(1) Welding or brazing is authorized for the attachment of
neckrings and footrings which are non-pressure parts, and only to the
tops and bottoms of cylinders having a service pressure of 500 pounds
per square inch or less. Cylinders, neckrings, and footrings must be
made of weldable steel, carbon content of which may not exceed 0.25
percent except in the case of 4130X steel which may be used with proper
welding procedure.
(2) As permitted in paragraph (d) of this section.
(f) Wall thickness. The wall stress may not exceed 24,000 pounds
per square inch. The minimum wall thickness is 0.090 inch for any
cylinder with an outside diameter of 6 inches. Calculation must be made
by the following formula:
S=[P(1.3D\2\+0.4d\2\)]/(D\2\-d\2\)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=at least two times service pressure or 450 pounds per square inch,
whichever is the greater;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. The completed cylinders must be uniformly and
properly heat-treated prior to tests.
(h) Openings in cylinders and connections (valves, fuse plugs,
etc.) for those openings. Threads, conforming to the following, are
required on all openings:
(1) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and to gauge.
(2) Taper threads when used, must be of a length not less than as
specified for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(3) Straight threads having at least 4 engaged threads are
authorized. Straight threads must have a tight fit, and calculated
shear strength at least 10 times the test pressure of the cylinder.
Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are required.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Cylinders must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy either of 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to insure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(i) Each cylinder; to at least 2 times service pressure; or
(ii) 1 cylinder out of each lot of 200 or less; to at least 3 times
service pressure. Others must be examined under pressure of 2 times
service pressure and show no defect.
(j) Flattening test. A flattening test must be performed on one
cylinder taken at random out or each lot of 200 or less, by placing the
cylinder between wedge shaped knife edges having a 60 deg. included
angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. The longitudinal axis of the
cylinder must be at a 90-degree angle to knife edges during the test.
For lots of 30 or less, flattening tests are authorized to be made on a
ring at least 8 inches long cut from each cylinder and subjected to
same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(k) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material, as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder taken
at random out of each lot of 200 or less. For lots of 30 or less,
physical tests are authorized to be made on a ring at least 8 inches
long cut from each cylinder and subjected to same heat treatment as the
finished cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) Gauge length of 8 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches; or a gauge length of 2 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches; or a gauge length at least 24 times the thickness with a width
not over 6 times thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not
over \3/16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of
[[Page 25949]]
physical tests detailed information in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch, and the strain indicator reading being set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(l) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests. Either of
the following is an acceptable result:
(1) An elongation of at least 40 percent for a 2-inch gauge length
or at least 20 percent in other cases and yield strength not over 73
percent of tensile strength. In this instance, the flattening test is
not required.
(2) An elongation of at least 20 percent for a 2-inch gauge length
or 10 percent in other cases and yield strength not over 73 percent of
tensile strength. Flattening is required, without cracking, to 6 times
the wall thickness.
(m) Leakage test. All spun cylinders and plugged cylinders must be
tested for leakage by gas or air pressure after the bottom has been
cleaned and is free from all moisture, subject to the following
conditions and limitations:
(1) Pressure, approximately the same as but no less than service
pressure, must be applied to one side of the finished bottom over an
area of at least \1/16\ of the total area of the bottom but not less
than \3/4\ inch in diameter, including the closure, for at least one
minute, during which time the other side of the bottom exposed to
pressure must be covered with water and closely examined for
indications of leakage. Except as provided in paragraph (n) of this
section, a cylinder must be rejected if there is any leaking.
(2) A spun cylinder is one in which an end closure in the finished
cylinder has been welded by the spinning process.
(3) A plugged cylinder is one in which a permanent closure in the
bottom of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug.
(4) As a safety precaution, if the manufacturer elects to make this
test before the hydrostatic test, he should design his apparatus so
that the pressure is applied to the smallest area practicable, around
the point of closure, and so as to use the smallest possible volume of
air or gas.
(n) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment of rejected cylinders is
authorized. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Repair by welding or spinning is not
authorized. Spun cylinders rejected under the provisions of paragraph
(m) of this section may be removed from the spun cylinder category by
drilling to remove defective material, tapping and plugging.
(o) Marking. Markings may be stamped into the sidewalls of
cylinders having a service pressure of 150 psi if all of the following
conditions are met:
(1) Wall stress at test pressure may not exceed 24,000 psi.
(2) Minimum wall thickness must be not less than 0.090 inch.
(3) Depth of stamping must be no greater than 15 percent of the
minimum wall thickness, but may not exceed 0.015 inch.
(4) Maximum outside diameter of cylinder may not exceed 5 inches.
(5) Carbon content of cylinder may not exceed 0.25 percent. If the
carbon content exceeds 0.25 percent, the complete cylinder must be
normalized after stamping.
(6) Stamping must be adjacent to the top head.
Sec. 178.39 Specification 3BN seamless nickel cylinders.
(a) Type, size and service pressure. A DOT 3BN cylinder is a
seamless nickel cylinder with a water capacity (nominal) not over 125
pounds water capacity (nominal) and a service pressure at least 150 to
not over 500 pounds per square inch.
(b) Nickel. The percentage of nickel plus cobalt must be at least
99.0 percent.
(c) Identification of material. The material must be identified by
any suitable method except that plates and billets for hot-drawn
cylinders must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Cylinders closed in by spinning
process are not authorized.
(e) Welding or brazing. Welding or brazing for any purpose
whatsoever is prohibited except that welding is authorized for the
attachment of neckrings and footrings which are nonpressure parts, and
only to the tops and bottoms of cylinders. Neckrings and footrings must
be of weldable material, the carbon content of which may not exceed
0.25 percent. Nickel welding rod must be used.
(f) Wall thickness. The wall stress may not exceed 15,000 pounds
per square inch. A minimum wall thickness of 0.100 inch is required for
any cylinder over 5 inches in outside diameter. Wall stress calculation
must be made by using the following formula:
S=[P(1.3D\2\+0.4d\2\)]/(D\2\-d\2\)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test or 450 pounds
per square inch whichever is the greater;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. The completed cylinders must be uniformly and
properly heat-treated prior to tests.
(h) Openings in cylinders and connections (valves, fuse plugs,
etc.) for those openings. Threads conforming to the following are
required on openings:
(1) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and to gauge.
(2) Taper threads, when used, to be of length not less than as
specified for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(3) Straight threads having at least 6 engaged threads are
authorized. Straight threads must have a tight fit and a calculated
shear strength of at least 10 times the test pressure of the cylinder.
Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are required.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy either of 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer
[[Page 25950]]
to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure applied after heat-
treatment and previous to the official test may not exceed 90 percent
of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test apparatus, the
test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be repeated at a
pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square inch,
whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Each cylinder must be tested to at least 2 times service
pressure.
(j) Flattening test. A flattening test must be performed on one
cylinder taken at random out or each lot of 200 or less, by placing the
cylinder between wedge shaped knife edges having a 60 deg. included
angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. The longitudinal axis of the
cylinder must be at a 90-degree angle to knife edges during the test.
For lots of 30 or less, flattening tests are authorized to be made on a
ring at least 8 inches long cut from each cylinder and subjected to
same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(k) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material, as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder taken
at random out of each lot of 200 or less. For lots of 30 or less,
physical tests are authorized to be made on a ring at least 8 inches
long cut from each cylinder and subjected to same heat treatment as the
finished cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, a gauge length of 2 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, or a gauge length of at least 24 times the thickness with a
width not over 6 times thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is
not over \3/16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch, and the strain indicator reading must be set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(l) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests. Either of
the following is an acceptable result:
(1) An elongation of at least 40 percent for a 2 inch gauge length
or at least 20 percent in other cases and yield point not over 50
percent of tensile strength. In this instance, the flattening test is
not required.
(2) An elongation of at least 20 percent for a 2 inch gauge length
or 10 percent in other cases and a yield point not over 50 percent of
tensile strength. Flattening is required, without cracking, to 6 times
the wall thickness.
(m) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair by welding is not authorized.
Sec. 178.42 Specification 3E seamless steel cylinders.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 3E cylinder is a
seamless steel cylinder with an outside diameter not greater than 2
inches nominal, a length less than 2 feet and a service pressure of
1,800 pounds per square inch.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth or electric steel of uniform quality must be
used. Content percent may not exceed the following: Carbon, 0.55;
phosphorus, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050.
(c) Identification of steel. Materials must be identified by any
suitable method.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured by best appliances
and methods. No defect is permitted that is likely to weaken the
finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and uniform surface
finish is required. The thickness of the spun bottom is, under no
condition, to be less than two times the minimum wall thickness of the
cylindrical shell; such bottom thickness must be measured within an
area bounded by a line representing the points of contact between the
cylinder and floor when the cylinder is in a vertical position.
(e) Openings in cylinders and connections (valves, fuse plugs,
etc.) for those openings. Threads conforming to the following are
required on openings.
(1) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and to gauge.
(2) Taper threads, when used, must be of length not less than as
specified for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(3) Straight threads having at least 4 engaged threads are
authorized. Straight threads must have a tight fit and a calculated
shear strength of at least 10 times the test pressure of the cylinder.
Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are required.
(f) Hydrostatic test. Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(1) One cylinder out of each lot of 500 or less must be subjected
to a hydrostatic pressure of 6,000 pounds per square inch or higher.
(2) The cylinder referred to in paragraph (f)(1) of this section
must burst at a pressure higher than 6,000 pounds per square inch
without fragmenting or otherwise showing lack of ductility, or must
hold a pressure of 12,000 pounds per square inch for 30 seconds without
bursting. In which case, it must be subjected to a flattening test
without cracking to six times wall thickness between knife edges, wedge
shaped 60 degree angle, rounded out to a \1/2\ inch radius. The
inspector's report must be suitably changed to show results of latter
alternate and flattening test.
(3) Other cylinders must be examined under pressure of at least
3,000 pounds per square inch and not to exceed 4,500 pounds per square
inch and show no defect. Cylinders tested at a pressure in excess of
3,600 pounds per square inch must burst at a pressure higher than 7,500
pounds per square inch when tested as specified in paragraph (f)(2) of
this section. The pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds
and
[[Page 25951]]
sufficiently longer to ensure complete examination.
(g) Leakage test. All spun cylinders and plugged cylinders must be
tested for leakage by gas or air pressure after the bottom has been
cleaned and is free from all moisture subject to the following
conditions and limitations:
(1) A pressure, approximately the same as but not less than the
service pressure, must be applied to one side of the finished bottom
over an area of at least \1/16\ of the total area of the bottom but not
less than \3/4\ inch in diameter, including the closure, for at least
one minute, during which time the other side of the bottom exposed to
pressure must be covered with water and closely examined for
indications of leakage. Accept as provided in paragraph (h) of this
section, a cylinder must be rejected if there is any leakage.
(2) A spun cylinder is one in which an end closure in the finished
cylinder has been welded by the spinning process.
(3) A plugged cylinder is one in which a permanent closure in the
bottom of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug.
(4) As a safety precaution, if the manufacturer elects to make this
test before the hydrostatic test, the manufacturer shall design the
test apparatus so that the pressure is applied to the smallest area
practicable, around the point of closure, and so as to use the smallest
possible volume of air or gas.
(h) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair by welding or spinning is not authorized. Spun
cylinders rejected under the provisions of paragraph (g) of this
section may be removed from the spun cylinder category by drilling to
remove defective material, tapping and plugging.
(i) Marking. Markings required by Sec. 178.35 must be stamped
plainly and permanently on the shoulder, top head, neck or sidewall of
each cylinder.
Sec. 178.44 Specification 3HT seamless steel cylinders for aircraft
use.
(a) Type, size and service pressure. A DOT 3HT cylinder is a
seamless steel cylinder with a water capacity (nominal) of not over 150
pounds and a service pressure of at least 900 pounds per square inch.
(b) Authorized steel. Open hearth or electric furnace steel of
uniform quality must be used. A heat of steel made under the
specifications listed in Table 1 in this paragraph (b), check chemical
analysis of which is slightly out of the specified range, is
acceptable, if satisfactory in all other respects, provided the
tolerances shown in Table 2 in this paragraph (b) are not exceeded.
Grain size 6 or finer according to ASTM E 112. Steel of the following
chemical analysis is authorized:
Table 1.--Authorized Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Designation AISI 4130 (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon....................................... 0.28/0.33
Manganese.................................... 0.40/0.60
Phosphorus................................... 0.040 maximum
Sulfur....................................... 0.040 maximum
Silicon...................................... 0.15/0.35
Chromium..................................... 0.80/1.10
Molybdenum................................... 0.18/0.25
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.--Check Analysis Tolerances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tolerance (percent) over
the maximum limit or
under the minimum limit
Element Limit or maximum specified (percent) -------------------------
Under Over
minimum maximum
limit limit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon......................... Over 0.15 to 0.40 incl............................... .03 .04
Manganese...................... To 0.60 incl......................................... .03 .03
Phosphorus\1\.................. All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Sulphur........................ All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Silicon........................ To 0.30 incl......................................... .02 .03
Over 0.30 to 1.00 incl............................... .05 .05
Chromium....................... To 0.90 incl......................................... .03 .03
Over 0.90 to 2.10 incl............................... .05 .05
Molybdenum..................... To 0.20 incl......................................... .01 .01
Over 0.20 to 0.40 incl............................... .02 .02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method. Steel stamping of heat identifications may not be made
in any area which will eventually become the side wall of the cylinder.
Depth of stamping may not encroach upon the minimum prescribed wall
thickness of the cylinder.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No fissure or other defect is
permitted that is likely to weaken the finished container appreciably.
The general surface finish may not exceed a roughness of 250 RMS.
Individual irregularities such as draw marks, scratches, pits, etc.,
should be held to a minimum consistent with good high stress pressure
vessel manufacturing practices. If the cylinder is not originally free
of such defects or does not meet the finish requirements, the surface
may be machined or otherwise treated to eliminate these
[[Page 25952]]
defects. The point of closure of cylinders closed by spinning may not
be less than two times the prescribed wall thickness of the cylindrical
shell. The cylinder end contour must be hemispherical or ellipsoidal
with a ratio of major-to-minor axis not exceeding two to one and with
the concave side to pressure.
(e) Welding or brazing. Welding or brazing for any purpose
whatsoever is prohibited, except that welding by spinning is permitted
to close the bottom of spun cylinders. Machining or grinding to produce
proper surface finish at point of closure is required.
(f) Wall thickness. (1) Minimum wall thickness for any cylinder
must be 0.050 inch. The minimum wall thickness must be such that the
wall stress at the minimum specified test pressure may not exceed 75
percent of the minimum tensile strength of the steel as determined from
the physical tests required in paragraph (m) of this section and may
not be over 105,000 psi.
(2) Calculations must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D\2\+0.4d\2\)]/(D\2\-d\2\)
Where:
S=Wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=Minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test;
D=Outside diameter in inches;
d=Inside diameter in inches.
(3) Wall thickness of hemispherical bottoms only permitted to 90
percent of minimum wall thickness of cylinder sidewall but may not be
less than 0.050 inch. In all other cases, thickness to be no less than
prescribed minimum wall.
(g) Heat treatment. The completed cylinders must be uniformly and
properly heated prior to tests. Heat treatment of the cylinders of the
authorized analysis must be as follows:
(1) All cylinders must be quenched by oil, or other suitable
medium.
(2) The steel temperature on quenching must be that recommended for
the steel analysis, but may not exceed 1750 deg.F.
(3) The steel must be tempered at a temperature most suitable for
the particular steel analysis but not less than 850 deg.F.
(4) All cylinders must be inspected by the magnetic particle or dye
penetrant method to detect the presence of quenching cracks. Any
cylinder found to have a quenching crack must be rejected and may not
be requalified.
(h) Openings in cylinders and connections (valves, fuse plugs,
etc.) for those openings. Threads conforming to the following are
required on openings:
(1) Threads must be clean cut, even, without cracks, and to gauge.
(2) Taper threads, when used, must be of length not less than as
specified for National Gas Tapered Thread (NGT) as required by American
Standard Compressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections.
(3) Straight threads having at least 6 engaged threads are
authorized. Straight threads must have a tight fit and a calculated
shear stress of at least 10 times the test pressure of the cylinder.
Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are required.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must withstand a hydrostatic
test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. Pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy either of 1 percent of 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, which ever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Each cylinder must be tested to at least \5/3\ times service
pressure.
(j) Cycling tests. Prior to the initial shipment of any specific
cylinder design, cyclic pressurization tests must have been performed
on at least three representative samples without failure as follows:
(1) Pressurization must be performed hydrostatically between
approximately zero psig and the service pressure at a rate not in
excess of 10 cycles per minute. Adequate recording instrumentation must
be provided if equipment is to be left unattended for periods of time.
(2) Tests prescribed in paragraph (j)(1) of this section must be
repeated on one random sample out of each lot of cylinders. The
cylinder may then be subjected to a burst test.
(3) A lot is defined as a group of cylinders fabricated from the
same heat of steel, manufactured by the same process and heat treated
in the same equipment under the same conditions of time, temperature,
and atmosphere, and may not exceed a quantity of 200 cylinders.
(4) All cylinders used in cycling tests must be destroyed.
(k) Burst test. One cylinder taken at random out of each lot of
cylinders must be hydrostatically tested to destruction.
(l) Flattening test. A flattening test must be performed on one
cylinder taken at random out or each lot of 200 or less, by placing the
cylinder between wedge shaped knife edges having a 60 deg. included
angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. The longitudinal axis of the
cylinder must be at a 90-degree angle to knife edges during the test.
For lots of 30 or less, flattening tests are authorized to be made on a
ring at least 8 inches long cut from each cylinder and subjected to
same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(m) Physical tests. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material, as follows:
(1) Test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder taken at
random out of each lot of cylinders.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of at least 24 times the thickness with a width
not over six times the thickness. The specimen, exclusive of grip ends,
may not be flattened. Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of
each end of the reduced section. When size of cylinder does not permit
securing straight specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location
or direction and may be straightened or flattened cold by pressure
only, not by blows. When specimens are so taken and prepared, the
inspector's report must show in connection with the record of physical
tests detailed information in regard to such specimens.
(ii) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy,
[[Page 25953]]
the entire stress-strain diagram must be plotted and the yield strength
determined from the 0.2 percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch, the strain indicator reading being set at the calculated
corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(n) Magnetic particle inspection. Inspection must be performed on
the inside of each container before closing and externally on each
finished container after heat treatment. Evidence of discontinuities,
which in the opinion of a qualified inspector may appreciably weaken or
decrease the durability of the cylinder, must be cause for rejection.
(o) Leakage test. All spun cylinders and plugged cylinders must be
tested for leakage by dry gas or dry air pressure after the bottom has
been cleaned and is free from all moisture, subject to the following
conditions and limitations:
(1) Pressure, approximately the same as but not less than service
pressure, must be applied to one side of the finished bottom over an
area of at least \1/16\ of the total area of the bottom but not less
than \3/4\ inch in diameter, including the closure, for at least one
minute, during which time the other side of the bottom exposed to
pressure must be covered with water and closely examined for
indications of leakage. Except as provided in paragraph (q) of this
section, a cylinder must be rejected if there is leakage.
(2) A spun cylinder is one in which an end closure in the finished
cylinder has been welded by the spinning process.
(3) A plugged cylinder is one in which a permanent closure in the
bottom of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug.
(4) As a safety precaution, if the manufacturer elects to make this
test before the hydrostatic test, the manufacturer should design the
test apparatus so that the pressure is applied to the smallest area
practicable, around the point of closure, and so as to use the smallest
possible volume of air or gas.
(p) Acceptable results of tests. Results of the flattening test,
physical tests, burst test, and cycling test must conform to the
following:
(1) Flattening required without cracking to ten times the wall
thickness of the cylinder.
(2) Physical tests:
(i) An elongation of at least 6 percent for a gauge length of 24
times the wall thickness.
(ii) The tensile strength may not exceed 165,000 p.s.i.
(3) The burst pressure must be at least \4/3\ times the test
pressure.
(4) Cycling-at least 10,000 pressurizations.
(q) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair by welding or spinning is not authorized. For
each cylinder subjected to reheat treatment during original
manufacture, sidewall measurements must be made to verify that the
minimum sidewall thickness meets specification requirements after the
final heat treatment.
(r) Marking. (1) Cylinders must be marked by low stress type steel
stamping in an area and to a depth which will insure that the wall
thickness measured from the root of the stamping to the interior
surface is equal to or greater than the minimum prescribed wall
thickness. Stamping must be permanent and legible. Stamping on side
wall not authorized.
(2) The rejection elastic expansion (REE), in cubic centimeters
(cc), must be marked on the cylinder near the date of test. The REE for
a cylinder is 1.05 times its original elastic expansion.
(3) Name plates are authorized, provided that they can be
permanently and securely attached to the cylinder. Attachment by either
brazing or welding is not permitted. Attachment by soldering is
permitted provided steel temperature does not exceed 500 deg.F.
(s) Inspector's report. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 178.35, the inspector's report must indicate the rejection elastic
expansion (REE), in cubic centimeters (cc).
Sec. 178.45 Specification 3T seamless steel cylinder.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 3T cylinder is a
seamless steel cylinder with a minimum water capacity of 1,000 pounds
and a minimum service pressure of 1,800 p.s.i. Each cylinder must have
integrally formed heads concave to pressure at both ends. The inside
head shape must be hemispherical, ellipsoidal in which the major axis
is two times the minor axis, or a dished shape falling within these two
limits. Permanent closures formed by spinning are prohibited.
(b) Material, steel. Only open hearth, basic oxygen, or electric
furnace process steel of uniform quality is authorized. The steel
analysis must conform to the following:
Analysis Tolerances
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Check Analysis
Element Ladle analysis ---------------------
Under Over
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon...................... 0.35 to 0.50........ 0.03 0.04
Manganese................... 0.75 to 1.05........ 0.04 0.04
Phosphorus (max)............ 0.035............... ......... 0.01
Sulphur (max)............... 0.04................ ......... 0.01
Silicon..................... 0.15 to 0.35........ 0.02 0.03
Chromium.................... 0.80 to 1.15........ 0.05 0.05
Molybdenum.................. 0.15 to 0.25........ 0.02 0.02
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) A heat of steel made under the specifications in the table in
this paragraph (b), the ladle analysis of which is slightly out of the
specified range, is acceptable if satisfactory in all other aspects.
However, the check analysis tolerances shown in the table in this
paragraph (b) may not be exceeded except as approved by the Department.
(2) Material with seams, cracks, laminations, or other injurious
defects is not permitted.
(3) Material used must be identified by any suitable method.
(c) Manufacture. General manufacturing requirements are as follows:
(1) Surface finish must be uniform and reasonably smooth.
(2) Inside surfaces must be clean, dry, and free of loose
particles.
[[Page 25954]]
(3) No defect of any kind is permitted if it is likely to weaken a
finished cylinder.
(4) If the cylinder surface is not originally free from the
defects, the surface may be machined or otherwise treated to eliminate
these defects provided the minimum wall thickness is maintained.
(5) Welding or brazing on a cylinder is not permitted.
(d) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness must be such that
the wall stress at the minimum specified test pressure does not exceed
67 percent of the minimum tensile strength of the steel as determined
by the physical tests required in paragraphs (j) and (k) of this
section. A wall stress of more than 90,500 p.s.i. is not permitted. The
minimum wall thickness for any cylinder may not be less than 0.225
inch.
(1) Calculation of the stress for cylinders must be made by the
following formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=Wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=Minimum test pressure, at least \5/3\ service pressure;
D=Outside diameter in inches;
d=Inside diameter in inches.
(2) Each cylinder must meet the following additional requirement
which assumes a cylinder horizontally supported at its two ends and
uniformly loaded over its entire length. This load consists of the
weight per inch of length of the straight cylindrical portion filled
with water compressed to the specified test pressure. The wall
thickness must be increased when necessary to meet this additional
requirement:
(i) The sum of two times the maximum tensile stress in the bottom
fibers due to bending (see paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section), plus
the maximum tensile stress in the same fibers due to hydrostatic
testing (see paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section) may not exceed 80
percent of the minimum yield strength of the steel at this maximum
stress.
(ii) The following formula must be used to calculate the maximum
tensile stress due to bending:
S=Mc/I
Where:
S=Tensile stress in pounds per square inch;
M=Bending moment in inch-pounds (wl2/8);
I=Moment of inertia--0.04909 (D4-d4) in inches fourth;
c=Radius (D/2) of cylinder in inches;
w=Weight per inch of cylinder filled with water;
l=Length of cylinder in inches;
D=Outside diameter in inches;
d=Inside diameter in inches.
(iii) The following formula must be used to calculate the maximum
longitudinal tensile stress due to hydrostatic test pressure:
S=A1P/A2
Where:
S=Tensile stress in pounds per square inch;
A1=Internal area in cross section of cylinder in square inches;
P=Hydrostatic test pressure in pounds per square, inch;
A2=Area of metal in cross section of cylinder in square inches.
(e) Heat treatment. Each completed cylinder must be uniformly and
properly heat treated prior to testing, as follows:
(1) Each cylinder must be heated and held at the proper temperature
for at least one hour per inch of thickness based on the maximum
thickness of the cylinder and then quenched in a suitable liquid medium
having a cooling rate not in excess of 80 percent of water. The steel
temperature on quenching must be that recommended for the steel
analysis, but it must never exceed 1750 deg.F.
(2) After quenching, each cylinder must be reheated to a
temperature below the transformation range but not less than 1050
deg.F., and must be held at this temperature for at least one hour per
inch of thickness based on the maximum thickness of the cylinder. Each
cylinder must then be cooled under conditions recommended for the
steel.
(f) Openings. Openings in cylinders must comply with the following:
(1) Openings are permitted on heads only.
(2) The size of any centered opening in a head may not exceed one
half the outside diameter of the cylinder.
(3) Openings in a head must have ligaments between openings of at
least three times the average of their hole diameter. No off-center
opening may exceed 2.625 inches in diameter.
(4) All openings must be circular.
(5) All openings must be threaded. Threads must be in compliance
with the following:
(i) Each thread must be clean cut, even, without any checks, and to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads, when used, must be the American Standard Pipe
thread (NPT) type and must be in compliance with the requirements of
NBS Handbook H-28, Part II, Section VII.
(iii) Taper threads conforming to National Gas Taper thread (NGT)
standards must be in compliance with the requirements of NBS Handbook
H-28, Part II, Sections VII and IX.
(iv) Straight threads conforming with National Gas Straight thread
(NGS) standards are authorized. These threads must be in compliance
with the requirements of NBS Handbook H-28, Part II, Sections VII and
IX.
(g) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must be tested at an internal
pressure by the water jacket method or other suitable method,
conforming to the following requirements:
(1) The testing apparatus must be operated in a manner that will
obtain accurate data. Any pressure gauge used must permit reading to an
accuracy of one percent. Any expansion gauge used must permit reading
of the total expansion to an accuracy of one percent.
(2) Any internal pressure applied to the cylinder after heat
treatment and before the official test may not exceed 90 percent of the
test pressure.
(3) The pressure must be maintained sufficiently long to assure
complete expansion of the cylinder. In no case may the pressure be held
less than 30 seconds.
(4) If, due to failure of the test apparatus, the required test
pressure cannot be maintained, the test must be repeated at a pressure
increased by 10 percent or 100 p.s.i., whichever is lower or, the
cylinder must be reheat treated.
(5) Permanent volumetric expansion of the cylinder may not exceed
10 percent of its total volumetric expansion at the required test
pressure.
(6) Each cylinder must be tested to at least \5/3\ times its
service pressure.
(h) Ultrasonic examination. After the hydrostatic test, the
cylindrical section of each vessel must be examined in accordance with
ASTM Standard A-388-67 using the angle beam technique. The equipment
used must be calibrated to detect a notch equal to five percent of the
design minimum wall thickness. Any discontinuity indication greater
than that produced by the five percent notch must be cause for
rejection of the cylinder unless the discontinuity is repaired within
the requirements of this specification.
(i) Basic requirements for tension and Charpy impact tests.
Cylinders must be subjected to a tension and Charpy impact as follows:
(1) When the cylinders are heat treated in a batch furnace, two
tension specimens and three Charpy impact specimens must be tested from
one of the cylinders or a test ring from each batch. The lot size
represented by these tests may not exceed 200 cylinders.
[[Page 25955]]
(2) When the cylinders are heat treated in a continuous furnace,
two tension specimens and three Charpy impact specimens must be tested
from one of the cylinders or a test ring from each four hours or less
of production. However, in no case may a test lot based on this
production period exceed 200 cylinders.
(3) Each specimen for the tension and Charpy impact tests must be
taken from the side wall of a cylinder or from a ring which has been
heat treated with the finished cylinders of which the specimens must be
representative. The axis of the specimens must be parallel to the axis
of the cylinder. Each cylinder or ring specimen for test must be of the
same diameter, thickness, and metal as the finished cylinders they
represent. A test ring must be at least 24 inches long with ends
covered during the heat treatment process so as to simulate the heat
treatment process of the finished cylinders it represents.
(4) A test cylinder or test ring need represent only one of the
heats in a furnace batch provided the other heats in the batch have
previously been tested and have passed the tests and that such tests do
not represent more than 200 cylinders from any one heat.
(5) The test results must conform to the requirements specified in
paragraphs (j) and (k) of this section.
(6) When the test results do not conform to the requirements
specified, the cylinders represented by the tests may be reheat treated
and the tests repeated. Paragraph (i)(5) of this section applies to any
retesting.
(j) Basic conditions for acceptable physical testing. The following
criteria must be followed to obtain acceptable physical test results:
(1) Each tension specimen must have a gauge length of two inches
with a width not exceeding one and one-half inches. Except for the grip
ends, the specimen may not be flattened. The grip ends may be flattened
to within one inch of each end of the reduced section.
(2) A specimen may not be heated after heat treatment specified in
paragraph (d) of this section.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gage length.
(i) This yield strength must be determined by the ``offset'' method
or the ``extension under load'' method described in ASTM Standard E8.
(ii) For the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain (or
extension under load) corresponding to the stress at which the 0.2
percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gage length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gage length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. However, when the degree of accuracy of this method is
questionable the entire stress-strain diagram must be plotted and the
yield strength determined from the 0.2 percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set with the specimen under a stress of 12,000 p.s.i. and the
strain indicator reading set at the calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) The cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/
8\ inch per minute during the determination of yield strength.
(4) Each impact specimen must be Charpy V-notch type size 10 mm x
10 mm taken in accordance with paragraph 11 of ASTM Standard A-333-67.
When a reduced size specimen is used, it must be the largest size
obtainable.
(k) Acceptable physical test results. Results of physical tests
must conform to the following:
(1) The tensile strength may not exceed 155,000 p.s.i.
(2) The elongation must be at least 16 percent for a two-inch gage
length.
(3) The Charpy V-notch impact properties for the three impact
specimens which must be tested at 0 deg.F may not be less than the
values shown as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Average value for Minimum value (1
Size of specimen (mm) acceptance (3 specimen only of the
specimens) 3)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.0x10.0................... 25.0 ft. lbs........ 20.0 ft. lbs.
10.0x7.5.................... 21.0 ft. lbs........ 17.0 ft. lbs.
10.0x5.0.................... 17.0 ft. lbs........ 14.0 ft. lbs.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) After the final heat treatment, each vessel must be hardness
tested on the cylindrical section. The tensile strength equivalent of
the hardness number obtained may not be more than 165,000 p.s.i. (Rc
36). When the result of a hardness test exceeds the maximum permitted,
two or more retests may be made; however, the hardness number obtained
in each retest may not exceed the maximum permitted.
(l) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. However, each reheat treated cylinder must subsequently pass
all the prescribed tests. Repair by welding is not authorized.
(m) Markings. Marking must be done by stamping into the metal of
the cylinder. All markings must be legible and located on a shoulder.
(n) Inspector's report. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 178.35, the inspector's report for the physical test report, must
indicate the average value for three specimens and the minimum value
for one specimen for each lot number.
Sec. 178.46 Specification 3AL seamless aluminum cylinders.
(a) Size and service pressure. A DOT 3AL cylinder is a seamless
aluminum cylinder with a maximum water capacity of 1000 pounds and
minimum service pressure of 150 psig.
(b) Authorized material and identification of material. The
material of construction must meet the following conditions:
(1) Starting stock must be cast stock or traceable to cast stock.
(2) Material with seams, cracks, laminations, or other defects
likely to weaken the finished cylinder may not be used.
(3) Material must be identified by a suitable method that will
identify the alloy, the aluminum producer's cast number, the solution
heat treat batch number and the lot number.
(4) The material must be of uniform quality. Only the following
heat treatable aluminum alloys in Table 1 and 2 are permitted as
follows:
[[Page 25956]]
Table 1.--Chemical Composition Limits
[Chemical composition (in weight percent)]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Other \1\
Aluminum Assoc. alloy Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Pb Bi -------------- A1
designation No. Each Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6351........................... 0.7-1.3 0.50 0.10 0.40-0.80 0.40-0.80 ......... 0.20 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.15 Remainder.
6061........................... 0.40-0.80 0.70 0.15-0.40 0.15 0.80-1.20 0.04-0.35 0.25 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.15 Remainder.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Analysis is regularly made only for the elements for which specific limits are shown, except for unalloyed aluminum. If, however, the presence of
other elements is suspected to be, or in the course of routine analysis is indicated to be in excess of specified limits, further analysis is made to
determine that these other elements are not in excess of the amounts specified. (Aluminum Association Standards and Data.)
Table 2.--Mechanical Property Limits
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tensile strength--PSI
--------------------------------- Elongation--percent
Alloy and temper Yield-- minimum for 2'' or
Ultimate--minimum minimum 4D \1\ size
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------specimen-----
6351-T6................................................... 42,000 37,000 \2\14
6061-T6................................................... 38,000 35,000 \2\14
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ ``D'' represents specimen diameters. When the cylinder wall is greater than \3/16\ inch thick, a retest
without reheat treatment using the 4D size specimen is authorized if the test using the 2 inch size specimen
fails to meet elongation requirements.
\2\ When cylinder wall is not over \3/16\-inch thick, 10 percent elongation is authorized when using a 24t x 6t
size test specimen.
(5) All starting stock must be 100 percent ultrasonically
inspected, along the length at right angles to the central axis from
two positions at 90 deg. to one another. The equipment and continuous
scanning procedure must be capable of detecting and rejecting internal
defects such as cracks which have an ultrasonic response greater than
that of a calibration block with a \5/64\-inch diameter flat bottomed
hole.
(6) Cast stock must have uniform equiaxed grain structure not to
exceed 500 microns maximum.
(7) Any starting stock not complying with the provisions of
paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(6) of this section must be rejected.
(c) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured in accordance with
the following requirements:
(1) Cylinder shells must be manufactured by the backward extrusion
method and have a cleanliness level adequate to ensure proper
inspection. No fissure or other defect is acceptable that is likely to
weaken the finished cylinder below the design strength requirements. A
reasonably smooth and uniform surface finish is required. If not
originally free from such defects, the surface may be machined or
otherwise conditioned to eliminate these defects.
(2) Thickness of the cylinder base may not be less than the
prescribed minimum wall thickness of the cylindrical shell. The
cylinder base must have a basic torispherical, hemispherical, or
ellipsoidal interior base configuration where the dish radius is no
greater than 1.2 times the inside diameter of the shell. The knuckle
radius may not be less than 12 percent of the inside diameter of the
shell. The interior base contour may deviate from the true
torispherical, hemispherical or ellipsoidal configuration provided
that--
(i) Any areas of deviation are accompanied by an increase in base
thickness;
(ii) All radii of merging surfaces are equal to or greater than the
knuckle radius;
(iii) Each design has been qualified by successfully passing the
cycling tests in this paragraph (c); and
(iv) Detailed specifications of the base design are available to
the inspector.
(3) For free standing cylinders, the base thickness must be at
least two times the minimum wall thickness along the line of contact
between the cylinder base and the floor when the cylinders are in the
vertical position.
(4) Welding or brazing is prohibited.
(5) Each new design and any significant change to any acceptable
design must be qualified for production by testing prototype samples as
follows:
(i) Three samples must be subjected to 100,000 pressure reversal
cycles between zero and service pressure or 10,000 pressure reversal
cycles between zero and test pressure, at a rate not in excess of 10
cycles per minute without failure.
(ii) Three samples must be pressurized to destruction and failure
may not occur at less than 2.5 times the marked cylinder service
pressure. Each cylinder must remain in one piece. Failure must initiate
in the cylinder sidewall in a longitudinal direction. Rate of
pressurization may not exceed 200 psi per second.
(6) In this specification ``significant change'' means a 10 percent
or greater change in cylinder wall thickness, service pressure, or
diameter; a 30 percent or greater change in water capacity or base
thickness; any change in material; over 100 percent increase in size of
openings; or any change in the number of openings.
(d) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness must be such that
the wall stress at the minimum specified test pressure will not exceed
80 percent of the minimum yield strength nor exceed 67 percent of the
minimum ultimate tensile strength as verified by physical tests in
paragraph (i) of this section. The minimum wall thickness for any
cylinder with an outside diameter greater than 5 inches must be 0.125
inch. Calculations must be made by the following formula:
S=[P(1.3D\2\+0.4d\2\)]/(D\2\-d\2\)
Where:
S=Wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=Prescribed minimum test pressure in pounds per square inch (see
paragraph (g) of this section);
D=Outside diameter in inches; and
d=Inside diameter in inches.
(e) Openings. Openings must comply with the following requirements:
(1) Openings are permitted in heads only.
(2) The size of any centered opening in a head may not exceed one-
half the outside diameter of the cylinder.
(3) Other openings are permitted in the head of a cylinder if:
(i) Each opening does not exceed 2.625 inches in diameter, or one-
half the outside diameter of the cylinder; whichever is less;
[[Page 25957]]
(ii) Each opening is separated from each other by a ligament; and
(iii) Each ligament which separates two openings must be at least
three times the average of the diameters of the two openings.
(4) All openings must be circular.
(5) All openings must be threaded. Threads must comply with the
following:
(i) Each thread must be clean cut, even, without checks, and to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads, when used, must conform to one of the
following:
(A) American Standard Pipe Thread (NPT) type, conforming to the
requirements of Federal Standard H-28, Section 7;
(B) National Gas Taper Thread (NGT) type, conforming to the
requirements of Federal Standard H-28, Sections 7 and 9; or
(C) Other taper threads conforming to other standards may be used
provided the length is not less than that specified for NPT threads.
(iii) Straight threads, when used, must conform to one of the
following:
(A) National Gas Straight Thread (NGS) type, conforming to the
requirements of Federal Standard H-28, Sections 7 and 9;
(B) Unified Thread (UN) type, conforming to the requirements of
Federal Standard H-28, Section 2;
(C) Controlled Radius Root Thread (UN) type, conforming to the
requirements of Federal Standard H-28, Section 4; or
(D) Other straight threads conforming to other recognized standards
may be used provided that the requirements in paragraph (e)(5)(iv) of
this section are met.
(iv) All straight threads must have at least 6 engaged threads, a
tight fit, and a factor of safety in shear of at least 10 at the test
pressure of the cylinder. Shear stress must be calculated by using the
appropriate thread shear area in accordance with Federal Standard H-28,
Appendix A5, Section 3.
(f) Heat treatment. Prior to any test, all cylinders must be
subjected to a solution heat treatment and aging treatment appropriate
for the aluminum alloy used.
(g) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must be subjected to an
internal test pressure using the water jacket equipment and method or
other suitable equipment and method and comply with the following
requirements:
(1) The testing apparatus must be operated in a manner so as to
obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge used must permit reading to an
accuracy of one percent. The expansion gauge must permit reading the
total expansion to an accuracy of either one percent or 0.1 cubic
centimeter.
(2) The test pressure must be maintained for a sufficient period of
time to assure complete expansion of the cylinder. In no case may the
pressure be held less than 30 seconds. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the required test pressure cannot be maintained, the test
may be repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 psi,
whichever is lower. If the test apparatus again fails to maintain the
test pressure, the cylinder being tested must be rejected. Any internal
pressure applied to the cylinder before any official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure.
(3) The minimum test pressure is the greatest of the following:
(i) 450 psi regardless of service pressure;
(ii) Two times the service pressure for cylinders having service
pressure less than 500 psi; or
(iii) Five-thirds times the service pressure for cylinders having a
service pressure of at least 500 psi.
(4) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(h) Flattening test. One cylinder taken at random out of each lot
must be subjected to a flattening test as follows:
(1) The test must be between knife edges, wedge shaped, having a
60 deg. included angle, and rounded in accordance with the following
table. The longitudinal axis of the cylinder must be at an angle
90 deg. to the knife edges during the test. The flattening test table
is as follows:
Table 3.--Flattening Test Table
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radius
Cylinder wall thickness in inches in
inches
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under .150.................................................... .500
.150 to .249.................................................. .875
.250 to .349.................................................. 1.500
.350 to .449.................................................. 2.125
.450 to .549.................................................. 2.750
.550 to .649.................................................. 3.500
.650 to .749.................................................. 4.125
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) An alternate bend test in accordance with ASTM E 290 using a
mandrel diameter not more than 6 times the wall thickness is authorized
to qualify lots that fail the flattening test of this section without
reheat treatment. If used, this test must be performed on two samples
from one cylinder taken at random out of each lot of 200 cylinders or
less.
(3) Each test cylinder must withstand flattening to nine times the
wall thickness without cracking. When the alternate bend test is used,
the test specimens must remain uncracked when bent inward around a
mandrel in the direction of curvature of the cylinder wall until the
interior edges are at a distance apart not greater than the diameter of
the mandrel.
(i) Mechanical properties test. Two test specimens cut from one
cylinder representing each lot of 200 cylinders or less must be
subjected to the mechanical properties test, as follows:
(1) The results of the test must conform to at least the minimum
acceptable mechanical property limits for aluminum alloys as specified
in paragraph (b) of this section.
(2) Specimens must be 4D bar or gauge length 2 inches with width
not over 1\1/2\ inch taken in the direction of extrusion approximately
180 deg. from each other; provided that gauge length at least 24 times
thickness with width not over 6 times thickness is authorized, when
cylinder wall is not over \3/16\ inch thick. The specimen, exclusive of
grip ends, may not be flattened. Grip ends may be flattened to within
one inch of each end of the reduced section. When the size of the
cylinder does not permit securing straight specimens, the specimens may
be taken in any location or direction and may be straightened or
flattened cold by pressure only, not by blows. When such specimens are
used, the inspector's report must show that the specimens were so taken
and prepared. Heating of specimens for any purpose is forbidden.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard B-557.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
10,000,000 psi. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 6,000 psi, the
strain indicator reading
[[Page 25958]]
being set at the calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(j) Rejected cylinder. Reheat treatment of rejected cylinders is
authorized one time. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all
prescribed tests to be acceptable.
(k) Duties of inspector. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 178.35, the inspector shall:
(1) Verify compliance with the provisions of paragraph (b) of this
section by:
(i) Performing or witnessing the performance of the chemical
analyses on each melt or cast lot or other unit of starting material;
or
(ii) Obtaining a certified chemical analysis from the material or
cylinder manufacturer for each melt, or cast of material; or
(iii) Obtaining a certified check analysis on one cylinder out of
each lot of 200 cylinders or less, if a certificate containing data to
indicate compliance with the material specification is obtained.
(2) The inspector shall verify ultrasonic inspection of all
material by inspection or by obtaining the material producer's
certificate of ultrasonic inspection. Ultrasonic inspection must be
performed or verified as having been performed in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section.
(3) The inspector must also determine that each cylinder complies
with this specification by:
(i) Selecting the samples for check analyses performed by other
than the material producer;
(ii) Verifying that the prescribed minimum thickness was met by
measuring or witnessing the measurement of the wall thickness; and
(iii) Verifying that the identification of material is proper.
(4) Prior to initial production of any design or design change,
verify that the design qualification tests prescribed in paragraph
(c)(6) of this section have been performed with acceptable results.
(l) Definitions. (1) In this specification, a ``lot'' means a group
of cylinders successively produced having the same:
(i) Size and configuration;
(ii) Specified material of construction;
(iii) Process of manufacture and heat treatment;
(iv) Equipment of manufacture and heat treatment; and
(v) Conditions of time, temperature and atmosphere during heat
treatment.
(2) In no case may the lot size exceed 200 cylinders, but any
cylinder processed for use in the required destructive physical testing
need not be counted as being one of the 200.
(m) Inspector's report. In addition to the information required by
Sec. 178.35, the record of chemical analyses must also include the
alloy designation, and applicable information on iron, titanium, zinc,
magnesium and any other applicable element used in the construction of
the cylinder.
Sec. 178.47 Specification 4DS welded stainless steel cylinders for
aircraft use.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 4DS cylinder is either
a welded stainless steel sphere (two seamless hemispheres) or
circumferreentially welded cylinder both with a water capacity of not
over 100 pounds and a service pressure of at least 500 but not over 900
pounds per square inch.
(b) Steel. Types 304, 321 and 347 stainless steel are authorized
with proper welding procedure. A heat of steel made under the
specifications in Table 1 in this paragraph (b), check chemical
analysis of which is slightly out of the specified range, is
acceptable, if satisfactory in all other respects, provided the
tolerances shown in Table 2 in this paragraph (b) are not exceeded,
except as approved by Associate Administrator. The following chemical
analyses are authorized:
Table 1.--Authorized Materials
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stainless steels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
304 (percent) 321 (percent) 347 (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon (max)....................... 0.08 0.08 0.08
Manganese (max).................... 2.00 2.00 2.00
Phosphorus (max)................... .030 .030 .030
Sulphur (max)...................... .030 .030 .030
Silicon (max)...................... .75 .75 .75
Nickel............................. 8.0/11.0 9.0/13.0 9.0/13.0
Chromium........................... 18.0/20.0 17.0/20.0 17.0/20.0
Molybdenum
Titanium........................... .......................... (\1\)
Columbium.......................... .......................... .......................... (\2\)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Titanium may not be more than 5C and not more than 0.60%.
\2\ Columbium may not be less than 10C and not more than 1.0%.
Table 2.--Check Analysis Tolerances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tolerance (percent) over
the maximum limit or
under the minimum limit
Element Limit or maximum specified (percent) -------------------------
Under Over
minimum maximum
limit limit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon......................... To 0.15 incl......................................... 0.01 0.01
Manganese...................... Over 1.15 to 2.50 incl............................... 0.05 0.05
Phosphorus\1\.................. All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Sulphur........................ All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Silicon........................ Over 0.30 to 1.00 incl............................... .05 .05
Nickel......................... Over 5.30 to 10.00 incl.............................. .10 .10
Over 10.00 to 14.00 incl............................. .15 .15
[[Page 25959]]
Chromium....................... Over 15.00 to 20.00 incl............................. .20 .20
Titanium....................... All ranges........................................... .05 .05
Columbium...................... All ranges........................................... .05 .05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus.
(c) Identification of material. Materials must be identified by any
suitable method.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably, a reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. No abrupt change in wall thickness
is permitted. Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3. All seams of the sphere or cylinder
must be fusion welded. Seams must be of the butt type and means must be
provided for accomplishing complete penetration of the joint.
(e) Attachments. Attachments to the container are authorized by
fusion welding provided that such attachments are made of weldable
stainless steel in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section.
(f) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness must be such that
the wall stress at the minimum specified test pressure may not be over
60,000 psi. A minimum wall thickness of 0.040 inch is required for any
diameter container. Calculations must be made by the following
formulas:
(1) Calculation for sphere must be made by the formula:
S=PD/4tE
Where:
S=Wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=Test pressure prescribed for water jacket test, i.e., at least two
times service pressure, in pounds per square inch;
D=Outside diameter in inches;
t=Minimum wall thickness in inches;
E=0.85 (provides 85 percent weld efficiency factor which must be
applied in the girth weld area and heat zones which zone must extend a
distance of 6 times wall thickness from center of weld); E=1.0 (for all
other areas).
(2) Calculation for a cylinder must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=Wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=Test pressure prescribed for water jacket test, i.e., at least two
times service pressure, in pounds per square inch;
D=Outside diameter in inches;
d=Inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. The seamless hemispheres and cylinders may be
stress relieved or annealed for forming. Welded container must be
stress relieved at a temperature of 775 deg. F +/- 25 deg. after
process treatment and before hydrostatic test.
(h) Openings in container. Openings must comply with the following:
(1) Each opening in the container must be provided with a fitting,
boss or pad of weldable stainless steel securely attached to the
container by fusion welding.
(2) Attachments to a fitting, boss, or pad must be adequate to
prevent leakage. Threads must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and tapped to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads having at least 4 engaged threads, to have
tight fit and calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test
pressure of the container; gaskets required, adequate to prevent
leakage.
(i) Process treatment. Each container must be hydraulically
pressurized in a water jacket to at least 100 percent, but not more
than 110 percent, of the test pressure and maintained at this pressure
for a minimum of 3 minutes. Total and permanent expansion must be
recorded and included in the inspector's report.
(j) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, operated so as to obtain
accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit reading to an accuracy of
1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit reading of total expansion
to an accuracy either of 1 percent or 0.1 cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. If, due to failure of
the test apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test
may be repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per
square inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Each container must be tested to at least 2 times service
pressure.
(5) Container must then be inspected. Any wall thickness lower than
that required by paragraph (f) of this section must be cause for
rejection. Bulges and cracks must be cause for rejection. Welded joint
defects exceeding requirements of paragraph (k) of this section must be
cause for rejection.
(k) Radiographic inspection. Radiographic inspection is required on
all welded joints which are subjected to internal pressure, except that
at the discretion of the disinterested inspector, openings less than 25
percent of the container diameter need not be subjected to radiographic
inspection. Evidence of any defects likely to seriously weaken the
container is cause for rejection. Radiographic inspection must be
performed subsequent to the hydrostatic test.
(l) Burst test. One container taken at random out of 200 or less
must be hydrostatically tested to destruction. Rupture pressure must be
included as part of the inspector's report.
(m) Flattening test. A flattening test must be performed as
follows:
(1) For spheres the test must be at the weld between parallel steel
plates on a press with welded seam at right angles to the plates. Test
one sphere taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less after the
hydrostatic test. Any projecting appurtenances may be cut off (by
mechanical means only) prior to crushing.
[[Page 25960]]
(2) For cylinders the test must be between knife edges, wedge
shaped, 60 deg. angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. Test one cylinder
taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less, after the hydrostatic
test.
(n) Acceptable results for flattening and burst tests. Acceptable
results for flattening and burst tests are as follows:
(1) Flattening required to 50 percent of the original outside
diameter without cracking.
(2) Burst pressure must be at least 3 times the service pressure.
(o) Rejected containers. Repair of welded seams by welding prior to
process treatment is authorized. Subsequent thereto, containers must be
heat treated and pass all prescribed tests.
(p) Duties of inspector. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 178.35, the inspector must verify that all tests are conducted at
temperatures between 60 deg.F and 90 deg.F.
(q) Marking. Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently on a
permanent attachment or on a metal nameplate permanently secured to the
container by means other than soft solder.
Sec. 178.50 Specification 4B welded or brazed steel cylinders.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 4B is a welded or
brazed steel cylinder with longitudinal seams that are forged lap-
welded or brazed and with water capacity (nominal) not over 1,000
pounds and a service pressure of at least 150 but not over 500 pounds
per square inch. Cylinders closed in by spinning process are not
authorized.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth, electric or basic oxygen process steel of
uniform quality must be used. Content percent may not exceed the
following: Carbon, 0.25; phosphorus, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hotdrawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Exposed bottom welds on cylinders
over 18 inch long must be protected by footrings. Welding procedures
and operators must be qualified in accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
Seams must be made as follows:
(1) Welded or brazed circumferential seams. Heads attached by
brazing must have a driving fit with the shell, unless the shell is
crimped, swedged, or curled over the skirt or flange of the head, and
be thoroughly brazed until complete penetration by the brazing material
of the brazed joint is secured. Depth of brazing from end of shell must
be at least four times the thickness of shell metal.
(2) Longitudinal seams in shells. Longitudinal seams must be forged
lap welded, by copper brazing, by copper alloy brazing, or by silver
alloy brazing. Copper alloy composition must be: Copper, 95 percent
minimum; Silicon, 1.5 percent to 3.85 percent; Manganese, 0.25 percent
to 1.10 percent. The melting point of the silver alloy brazing material
must be in excess of 1000 deg. F. When brazed, the plate edge must be
lapped at least eight times the thickness of plate, laps being held in
position, substantially metal to metal, by riveting or electric spot-
welding; brazing must be done by using a suitable flux and by placing
brazing material on one side of seam and applying heat until this
material shows uniformly along the seam of the other side.
(e) Welding or brazing. Only the attachment of neckrings,
footrings, handles, bosses, pads, and valve protection rings to the
tops and bottoms of cylinders by welding or brazing is authorized. Such
attachments and the portion of the container to which they are attached
must be made of weldable steel, the carbon content of which may not
exceed 0.25 percent except in the case of 4130X steel which may be used
with proper welding procedure.
(f) Wall thickness. The wall thickness of the cylinder must comply
with the following requirements:
(1) For cylinders with outside diameters over 6 inches the minimum
wall thickness must be 0.090 inch. In any case, the minimum wall
thickness must be such that calculated wall stress at minimum test
pressure (paragraph (i)(4) of this section) may not exceed the
following values:
(i) 24,000 pounds per square inch for cylinders without
longitudinal seam.
(ii) 22,800 pounds per square inch for cylinders having copper
brazed or silver alloy brazed longitudinal seam.
(iii) 18,000 pounds per square inch for cylinders having forged
lapped welded longitudinal seam.
(2) Calculation must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test or 450 pounds
per square inch whichever is the greater;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. Cylinder body and heads, formed by drawing or
pressing, must be uniformly and properly heat treated prior to tests.
(h) Opening in cylinders. Openings in cylinders must conform to the
following:
(1) Each opening in cylinders, except those for safety devices,
must be provided with a fitting, boss, or pad, securely attached to
cylinder by brazing or by welding or by threads. Fitting, boss, or pad
must be of steel suitable for the method of attachment employed, and
which need not be identified or verified as to analysis except that if
attachment is by welding, carbon content may not exceed 0.25 percent.
If threads are used, they must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean cut, even without checks, and tapped to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, to have
tight fit and calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test
pressure of the cylinder; gaskets required, adequate to prevent
leakage.
(iv) A brass fitting may be brazed to the steel boss or flange on
cylinders used as component parts of hand fire extinguishers.
(2) The closure of a fitting, boss, or pad must be adequate to
prevent leakage.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must withstand a hydrostatic
test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy either of 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
[[Page 25961]]
(4) Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(i) At least one cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 200
or less must be tested as outlined in paragraphs (i)(1), (i)(2), and
(i)(3) of this section to at least two times service pressure.
(ii) All cylinders not tested as outlined in paragraph (i)(4)(i) of
this section must be examined under pressure of at least two times
service pressure and show no defect.
(j) Flattening test. After the hydrostatic test, a flattening test
must be performed on one cylinder taken at random out or each lot of
200 or less, by placing the cylinder between wedge shaped knife edges
having a 60 deg. included angle, rounded to \1/2\-inch radius. The
longitudinal axis of the cylinder must be at a 90-degree angle to knife
edges during the test. For lots of 30 or less, flattening tests are
authorized to be made on a ring at least 8 inches long cut from each
cylinder and subjected to same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(k) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder, or
part thereof heat-treated as required, taken at random out of each lot
of 200 or less. For lots of 30 or less, physical tests are authorized
to be made on a ring at least 8 inches long cut from each cylinder and
subjected to same heat treatment as the finished cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, a gauge length of 2 inches with a width of not over 1\1/2\
inches, or a gauge length at least 24 times the thickness with a width
not over 6 times the thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is
not over \3/16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch, and strain indicator reading must be set at the calculated
corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(l) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests. Either of
the following is an acceptable result:
(1) An elongation of at least 40 percent for a 2-inch gauge length
or at least 20 percent in other cases and yield strength not over 73
percent of tensile strength. In this instance, a flattening test is not
required.
(2) When cylinders are constructed of lap welded pipe, flattening
test is required, without cracking, to 6 times the wall thickness. In
such case, the rings (crop ends) cut from each end of pipe, must be
tested with the weld 45 deg. or less from the point of greatest stress.
If a ring fails, another from the same end of pipe may be tested.
(m) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinder. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair of brazed seams by brazing and welded seams by
welding is authorized.
(n) Markings. Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently in
any of the following locations on the cylinder:
(1) On shoulders and top heads when they are not less than 0.087-
inch thick.
(2) On side wall adjacent to top head for side walls which are not
less than 0.090 inch thick.
(3) On a cylindrical portion of the shell which extends beyond the
recessed bottom of the cylinder, constituting an integral and non-
pressure part of the cylinder.
(4) On a metal plate attached to the top of the cylinder or
permanent part thereof; sufficient space must be left on the plate to
provide for stamping at least six retest dates; the plate must be at
least \1/16\-inch thick and must be attached by welding, or by brazing.
The brazing rod must melt at a temperature of 1100 deg.F. Welding or
brazing must be along all the edges of the plate.
(5) On the neck, neckring, valve boss, valve protection sleeve, or
similar part permanently attached to the top of the cylinder.
(6) On the footring permanently attached to the cylinder, provided
the water capacity of the cylinder does not exceed 25 pounds.
Sec. 178.51 Specification 4BA welded or brazed steel cylinders.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 4BA cylinder is a
cylinder, either spherical or cylindrical in shape, with a water
capacity of 1,000 pounds or less and a service pressure of at least 225
and not over 500 pounds per square inch. Closures made by the spinning
process are not authorized.
(1) Spherical type cylinders must be made from two seamless
hemispheres joined by the welding of one circumferential seam.
(2) Cylindrical type cylinders must be of circumferentially welded
or brazed construction.
(b) Steel. The steel used in the construction of the cylinder must
be as specified in Table 1 of Appendix A to this part.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hotdrawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Exposed bottom welds on cylinders
over 18 inches long must be protected by footrings.
(1) Seams must be made as follows:
(i) Minimum thickness of heads and bottoms must be not less than 90
percent of the required thickness of the side wall.
(ii) Circumferential seams must be made by welding or by brazing.
Heads must be attached by brazing and must have a driving fit with the
shell, unless the shell is crimped, swedged or curled
[[Page 25962]]
over the skirt or flange of the head and must be thoroughly brazed
until complete penetration by the brazing material of the brazed joint
is secured. Depth of brazing from end of the shell must be at least
four times the thickness of shell metal.
(iii) Longitudinal seams in shells must be made by copper brazing,
copper alloy brazing, or by silver alloy brazing. Copper alloy
composition must be: Copper 95 percent minimum, Silicon 1.5 percent to
3.85 percent, Manganese 0.25 percent to 1.10 percent. The melting point
of the silver alloy brazing material must be in excess of 1,000 deg.F.
The plate edge must be lapped at least eight times the thickness of
plate, laps being held in position, substantially metal to metal, by
riveting or by electric spot-welding. Brazing must be done by using a
suitable flux and by placing brazing material on one side of seam and
applying heat until this material shows uniformly along the seam of the
other side. Strength of longitudinal seam: Copper brazed longitudinal
seam must have strength at least \3/2\ times the strength of the steel
wall.
(2) Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Welding and brazing. Only the welding or brazing of neckrings,
footrings, handles, bosses, pads, and valve protection rings to the
tops and bottoms of cylinders is authorized. Provided that such
attachments and the portion of the container to which they are attached
are made of weldable steel, the carbon content of which may not exceed
0.25 percent except in the case of 4130 x steel which may be used with
proper welding procedure.
(f) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness of the cylinder must
meet the following conditions:
(1) For any cylinder with an outside diameter of greater than 6
inches, the minimum wall thickness is 0.078 inch. In any case the
minimum wall thickness must be such that the calculated wall stress at
the minimum test pressure may not exceed the lesser value of any of the
following:
(i) The value shown in Table I of Appendix A to this part, for the
particular material under consideration;
(ii) One-half of the minimum tensile strength of the material
determined as required in paragraph (j) of this section;
(iii) 35,000 pounds per square inch; or
(iv) Further provided that wall stress for cylinders having copper
brazed longitudinal seams may not exceed 95 percent of any of the above
values. Measured wall thickness may not include galvanizing or other
protective coating.
(2) Cylinders that are cylindrical in shape must have the wall
stress calculated by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(3) Cylinders that are spherical in shape must have the wall stress
calculated by the formula:
S=PD/4tE
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test;
D=outside diameter in inches;
t=minimum wall thickness in inches;
E=0.85 (provides 85 percent weld efficiency factor which must be
applied in the girth weld area and heat affected zones which zone must
extend a distance of 6 times wall thickness from center line of weld);
E=1.0 (for all other areas).
(4) For a cylinder with a wall thickness less than 0.100 inch, the
ratio of tangential length to outside diameter may not exceed 4.1.
(g) Heat treatment. Cylinders must be heat treated in accordance
with the following requirements:
(1) Each cylinder must be uniformly and properly heat treated prior
to test by the applicable method shown in Table I of Appendix A to this
Part. Heat treatment must be accomplished after all forming and welding
operations, except that when brazed joints are used, heat treatment
must follow any forming and welding operations, but may be done before,
during or after the brazing operations.
(2) Heat treatment is not required after the welding or brazing of
weldable low carbon parts to attachments of similar material which have
been previously welded or brazed to the top or bottom of cylinders and
properly heat treated, provided such subsequent welding or brazing does
not produce a temperature in excess of 400 deg. F in any part of the
top or bottom material.
(h) Openings in cylinders. Openings in cylinders must comply with
the following requirements:
(1) Any opening must be placed on other than a cylindrical surface.
(2) Each opening in a spherical type cylinder must be provided with
a fitting, boss, or pad of weldable steel securely attached to the
container by fusion welding.
(3) Each opening in a cylindrical type cylinder must be provided
with a fitting, boss, or pad, securely attached to container by brazing
or by welding.
(4) If threads are used, they must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean-cut, even, without checks and tapped to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads must be of a length not less than that specified
for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, must
have a tight fit and a calculated shear strength of at least 10 times
the test pressure of the cylinder. Gaskets, adequate to prevent
leakage, are required.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. A pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. An expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of the
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(i) At least one cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 200
or less must be tested as outlined in paragraphs (i)(1), (i)(2), and
(i)(3) of this section to at least two times service pressure.
(ii) All cylinders not tested as outlined in paragraph (i)(4)(i) of
this section must be examined under pressure of at least two times
service pressure and show no defect.
(j) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material, as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from one cylinder or
part thereof having passed the hydrostatic test and heat-treated as
required, taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less. Physical
tests for spheres are required on 2 specimens cut from flat
representative sample plates of the same heat taken at random from the
steel used to produce the spheres. This flat steel from which 2
specimens are to be cut must receive the same heat treatment as the
spheres themselves. Sample plates must be taken from each lot of 200 or
less spheres.
[[Page 25963]]
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
or a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a
gauge length at least 24 times the thickness with a width not over 6
times the thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not over \3/
16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
(iii) When size of the cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load''), corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
reference must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000
pounds per square inch, and the strain indicator reading must be set at
the calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(k) Elongation. Physical test specimens must show at least a 40
percent elongation for a 2-inch gauge length or at least 20 percent in
other cases. Except that these elongation percentages may be reduced
numerically by 2 for 2-inch specimens, and by 1 in other cases, for
each 7,500 pounds per square inch increment of tensile strength above
50,000 pounds per square inch to a maximum of four such increments.
(l) Tests of welds. Except for brazed seams, welds must be tested
as follows:
(1) Tensile test. A specimen must be cut from one cylinder of each
lot of 200 or less, or welded test plate. The welded test plate must be
of one of the heats in the lot of 200 or less which it represents, in
the same condition and approximately the same thickness as the cylinder
wall except that in no case must it be of a lesser thickness than that
required for a quarter size Charpy impact specimen. The weld must be
made by the same procedures and subjected to the same heat treatment as
the major weld on the cylinder. The specimen must be taken from across
the major seam and must be prepared and tested in accordance with and
must meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3. Should this specimen
fail to meet the requirements, specimens may be taken from two
additional cylinders or welded test plates from the same lot and
tested. If either of the latter specimens fail to meet the
requirements, the entire lot represented must be rejected.
(2) Guided bend test. A root bend test specimen must be cut from
the cylinder or welded test plate, used for the tensile test specified
in paragraph (l)(1) of this section. Specimens must be taken from
across the major seam and must be prepared and tested in accordance
with and must meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(3) Alternate guided-bend test. This test may be used and must be
as required by CGA Pamphlet C-3. The specimen must be bent until the
elongation at the outer surface, adjacent to the root of the weld,
between the lightly scribed gage lines a to b, must be at least 20
percent, except that this percentage may be reduced for steels having a
tensile strength in excess of 50,000 pounds per square inch, as
provided in paragraph (k) of this section.
(m) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests
to be acceptable. Repair of brazed seams by brazing and welded seams by
welding is authorized.
(n) Markings. Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently in
one of the following locations on the cylinder:
(1) On shoulders and top heads not less than 0.087 inch thick.
(2) On side wall adjacent to top head for side walls not less than
0.090 inch thick.
(3) On a cylindrical portion of the shell which extends beyond the
recessed bottom of the cylinder constituting an integral and non-
pressure part of the cylinder.
(4) On a plate attached to the top of the cylinder or permanent
part thereof; sufficient space must be left on the plate to provide for
stamping at least six retest dates; the plate must be at least \1/16\
inch thick and must be attached by welding, or by brazing at a
temperature of at least 1100 deg.F., throughout all edges of the
plate.
(5) On the neck, neckring, valve boss, valve protection sleeve, or
similar part permanently attached to the top of the cylinder.
(6) On the footring permanently attached to the cylinder, provided
the water capacity of the cylinder does not exceed 25 pounds.
Sec. 178.53 Specification 4D welded steel cylinders for aircraft use.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 4D cylinder is a welded
steel sphere (two seamless hemispheres) or circumferentially welded
cylinder (two seamless drawn shells) with a water capacity not over 100
pounds and a service pressure of at least 300 but not over 500 pounds
per square inch. Cylinders closed in by spinning process are not
authorized.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth or electric steel of uniform and weldable
quality must be used. Content may not exceed the following: Carbon,
0.25; phosphorus, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050, except that the following
steels commercially known as 4130X and Type 304, 316, 321, and 347
stainless steels may be used with proper welding procedure. A heat of
steel made under Table 1 in this paragraph (b), check chemical analysis
of which is slightly out of the specified range, is acceptable, if
satisfactory in all other respects, provided the tolerances shown in
Table 2 in this paragraph (b) are not exceeded, except as approved by
the Associate Administrator. The following chemical analyses are
authorized:
Table 1.--4130X Steel
------------------------------------------------------------------------
4130X Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon..................................... 0.25/0.35.
Manganese.................................. 0.40/0.60.
Phosphorus................................. 0.04 max.
Sulphur.................................... 0.05 max
Silicon.................................... 0.15/0.35.
Chromium................................... 0.80/1.10.
Molybdenum................................. 0.15/0.25.
Zirconium.................................. None.
Nickel..................................... None.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 25964]]
Table 2.--Authorized Stainless Steels
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stainless steels
---------------------------------------------------------------
304 (percent) 316 (percent) 321 (percent) 347 (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon (max).................................... 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Manganese (max)................................. 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Phosphorus (max)................................ .030 .045 .030 .030
Sulphur (max)................................... .030 .030 .030 .030
Silicon (max)................................... .75 1.00 .75 .75
Nickel.......................................... 8.0/11.0 10.0/14.0 9.0/13.0 9.0/13.0
Chromium........................................ 18.0/20.0 16.0/18.0 17.0/20.0 17.0/20.0
Molybdenum...................................... .............. 2.0/3.0 .............. ..............
Titanium........................................ .............. .............. (\1\) ..............
Columbium....................................... .............. .............. .............. (\2\)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Titanium may not be less than 5C and not more than 0.60%.
\2\ Columbium may not be less than 10C and not more than 1.0%.
Table 3.--Check Analysis Tolerances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tolerance (percent) over
the maximum limit or
under the minimum limit
Element Limit or maximum specified (percent) -------------------------
Under Over
minimum maximum
limit limit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon......................... To 0.15 incl......................................... 0.01 0.01
Over 0.15 to 0.40 incl............................... .03 .04
Manganese...................... To 0.60 incl......................................... .03 .03
Over 1.15 to 2.50 incl............................... .05 .05
Phosphorus \1\................. All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Sulphur........................ All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Silicon........................ To 0.30 incl......................................... .02 .03
Over 0.30 to 1.00 incl............................... .05 .05
Nickel......................... Over 5.30 to 10.00 incl.............................. .10 .10
Over 10.00 to 14.00 incl............................. .15 .15
Chromium....................... To 0.90 incl......................................... .03 .03
Over 0.90 to 2.10 incl............................... .05 .05
Over 15.00 to 20.00 incl............................. .20 .20
Molybdenum..................... To 0.20 incl......................................... .01 .01
Over 0.20 to 0.40 incl............................... .02 .02
Over 1.75 to 3.0 incl................................ .10 .10
Titanium....................... All ranges........................................... .05 .05
Columbium...................... All ranges........................................... .05 .05
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hotdrawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished container appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Welding procedures and operators
must be qualified in accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Wall thickness. The wall stress at the minimum test pressure
may not exceed 24,000 pounds per square inch, except where steels
commercially known as 4130X, types 304, 316, 321, and 347 stainless
steels are used, stress at the test pressures may not exceed 37,000
pounds per square inch. The minimum wall thickness for any container
having a capacity of 1,100 cubic inches or less is 0.04 inch. The
minimum wall thickness for any container having a capacity in excess of
1,100 cubic inches is 0.095 inch. Calculations must be done by the
following:
(1) Calculation for a ``sphere'' must be made by the formula:
S=PD/4tE
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=test pressure prescribed for water jacket test, i.e., at least two
times service pressure, in pounds per square inch;
D=outside diameter in inches;
t=minimum wall thickness in inches;
E=0.85 (provides 85 percent weld efficiency factor which must be
applied in the girth weld area and heat affected zones which zone must
extend a distance of 6 times wall thickness from center line of weld);
E=1.0 (for all other areas).
(2) Calculation for a cylinder must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-dT12)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=test pressure prescribed for water jacket test, i.e., at least two
times service pressure, in pounds per square inch;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(f) Heat treatment. The completed cylinders must be uniformly and
properly heat-treated prior to tests.
[[Page 25965]]
(g) Openings in container. Openings in cylinders must comply with
the following:
(1) Each opening in the container, except those for safety devices,
must be provided with a fitting, boss, or pad, securely attached to the
container by brazing or by welding or by threads. If threads are used,
they must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and tapped to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads must be of a length not less than that specified
for American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, must
have a tight fit and calculated shear strength of at least 10 times the
test pressure of the container. Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage,
are required.
(2) Closure of a fitting, boss, or pad must be adequate to prevent
leakage.
(h) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. A pressure gauge must permit a
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. An expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of the
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Containers must be tested as follows:
(i) Each container to at least 2 times service pressure; or
(ii) One container out of each lot of 200 or less to at least 3
times service pressure. Others must be examined under pressure of 2
times service pressure and show no defects.
(i) Flattening test for spheres and cylinders. Spheres and
cylinders must be subjected to a flattening test as follows:
(1) One sphere taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less must
be subjected to a flattening test as follows:
(i) The test must be performed after the hydrostatic test.
(ii) The test must be between parallel steel plates on a press with
a welded seam at right angles to the plates. Any projecting
appurtenances may be cut off (by mechanical means only) prior to
crushing.
(2) One cylinder taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less
must be subjected to a flattening test, as follows:
(i) The test must be performed after the hydrostatic test.
(ii) The test must be between knife edges, wedge shaped, 60 deg.
angle, rounded to \1/2\ inch radius. For lots of 30 or less, physical
tests are authorized to be made on a ring at least 8 inches long cut
from each cylinder and subjected to the same heat treatment as the
finished cylinder.
(j) Physical test and specimens for spheres and cylinders. Spheres
and cylinders must be subjected to a physical test as follows:
(1) Physical test for spheres are required on 2 specimens cut from
a flat representative sample plate of the same heat taken at random
from the steel used to produce the sphere. This flat steel from which
the 2 specimens are to be cut must receive the same heat-treatment as
the spheres themselves. Sample plates must be taken for each lot of 200
or less spheres.
(2) Specimens for spheres must have a gauge length 2 inches with a
width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a gauge length at least 24 times the
thickness with a width not over 6 times the thickness is authorized
when a wall is not over \3/16\ inch thick.
(3) Physical test for cylinders is required on 2 specimens cut from
1 cylinder taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less. For lots of
30 or less, physical tests are authorized to be made on a ring at least
8 inches long cut from each cylinder and subjected to the same heat
treatment as the finished cylinder.
(4) Specimens for cylinders must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
or a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a
gauge length at least 24 times the thickness with a width not over 6
times the thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not over \3/
16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within 1 inch of each end of the reduced
section. Heating of the specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(5) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(k) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests. Either of
the following is an acceptable result:
(1) An elongation of at least 40 percent for a 2 inch gauge length
or at least 20 percent in other cases and yield strength not over 73
percent of tensile strength. In this instance, the flattening test is
not required.
(2) An elongation of at least 20 percent for a 2 inch gauge length
or 10 percent in other cases. Flattening is required to 50 percent of
the original outside diameter without cracking.
(l) Rejected cylinders. Reheat-treatment is authorized for rejected
cylinders. Subsequent thereto, containers must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Repair of welded seams by welding prior to
reheat-treatment is authorized.
(m) Marking. Marking on each container by stamping plainly and
permanently are only authorized where the metal is at least 0.09 inch
thick, or on a metal nameplate permanently secured to the container by
means other than soft solder, or by means that would not reduce the
wall thickness.
Sec. 178.55 Specification 4B240ET welded or brazed cylinders.
(a) Type, spinning process, size and service pressure. A DOT
4B240ET cylinder is a brazed type cylinder made from electric
resistance welded tubing. The maximum water capacity of this cylinder
is 12 pounds or 333 cubic inches and the service must be 240 pounds per
square inch. The maximum outside diameter of the shell must be
[[Page 25966]]
five inches and maximum length of the shell is 21 inches. Cylinders
closed in by a spinning process are authorized.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform
quality must be used. Plain carbon steel content may not exceed the
following: Carbon, 0.25; phosphorus, 0.045; sulfur, 0.050. The addition
of other elements for alloying effect is prohibited.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Heads may be attached to shells by
lap brazing or may be formed integrally. The thickness of the bottom of
cylinders welded or formed by spinning is, under no condition, to be
less than two times the minimum wall thickness of the cylindrical
shell. Such bottom thicknesses must be measured within an area bounded
by a line representing the points of contact between the cylinder and
the floor when the cylinder is in a vertical position. Seams must
conform to the following:
(1) Circumferential seams must be by brazing only. Heads must be
attached to shells by the lap brazing method and must overlap not less
than four times the wall thickness. Brazing material must have a
melting point of not less than 1000 deg. F. Heads must have a driving
fit with the shell unless the shell is crimped, swedged, or curled over
the skirt or flange of the head and be thoroughly brazed until complete
penetration of the joint by the brazing material is secured. Brazed
joints may be repaired by brazing.
(2) Longitudinal seams in shell must be by electric resistance
welded joints only. No repairs to longitudinal joints is permitted.
(3) Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Welding or brazing. Only the attachment, by welding or brazing,
to the tops and bottoms of cylinders of neckrings, footrings, handles,
bosses, pads, and valve protection rings is authorized. Provided that
such attachments and the portion of the container to which they are
attached are made of weldable steel, the carbon content of which may
not exceed 0.25 percent.
(f) Wall thickness. The wall stress must be at least two times the
service pressure and may not exceed 18,000 pounds per square inch. The
minimum wall thickness is 0.044 inch. Calculation must be made by the
following formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=2 times service pressure;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. Heads formed by drawing or pressing must be
uniformly and properly heat treated prior to tests. Cylinders with
integral formed heads or bases must be subjected to a normalizing
operation. Normalizing and brazing operations may be combined, provided
the operation is carried out at a temperature in excess of the upper
critical temperature of the steel.
(h) Openings in cylinders. Openings in cylinders must comply with
the following:
(1) Each opening in cylinders, except those for safety devices,
must be provided with a fitting, boss, or pad, securely attached to the
cylinder by brazing or by welding or by threads. A fitting, boss, or
pad must be of steel suitable for the method of attachment employed,
and which need not be identified or verified as to analysis, except
that if attachment is by welding, carbon content may not exceed 0.25
percent. If threads are used, they must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean cut, even without checks, and tapped to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, to have
tight fit and calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test
pressure of the cylinder; gaskets required, adequate to prevent
leakage.
(2) Closure of a fitting, boss, or pad must be adequate to prevent
leakage.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(i) At least one cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 200
or less must be tested as outlined in paragraphs (i)(1), (i)(2), and
(i)(3) of this section to at least two times service pressure.
(ii) All cylinders not tested as outlined in paragraph (i)(4)(i) of
this section must be examined under pressure of at least two times
service pressure and show no defect.
(5) Each 1000 cylinders or less successively produced each day must
constitute a lot. One cylinder must be selected from each lot and
hydrostatically tested to destruction. If this cylinder bursts below
five times the service pressure, then two additional cylinders must be
selected and subjected to this test. If either of these cylinders fails
by bursting below five times the service pressure then the entire lot
must be rejected. All cylinders constituting a lot must be of identical
size, construction heat-treatment, finish, and quality.
(j) Flattening test. Following the hydrostatic test, one cylinder
taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less, must be subjected to a
flattening test that is between knife edges, wedge shaped, 60 deg.
angle, rounded to \1/2\ inch radius.
(k) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material, as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from 1 cylinder, or
part thereof heat-treated as required, taken at random out of each lot
of 200 or less in the case of cylinders of capacity greater than 86
cubic inches and out of each lot of 500 or less for cylinders having a
capacity of 86 cubic inches or less.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a
gauge length at least 24 times the thickness with a width not over 6
times the thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not over \3/
16\ inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
[[Page 25967]]
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(l) Acceptable results for physical and flattening tests.
Acceptable results for the physical and flattening tests are an
elongation of at least 40 percent for a 2 inch gauge length or at least
20 percent in other cases and a yield strength not over 73 percent of
tensile strength. In this instance the flattening test is required,
without cracking, to six times the wall thickness with a weld 90 deg.
from the direction of the applied load. Two rings cut from the ends of
length of pipe used in production of a lot may be used for the
flattening test provided the rings accompany the lot which they
represent in all thermal processing operations. At least one of the
rings must pass the flattening test.
(m) Leakage test. All spun cylinders and plugged cylinders must be
tested for leakage by gas or air pressure after the bottom has been
cleaned and is free from all moisture, subject to the following
conditions:
(1) Pressure, approximately the same as but no less than service
pressure, must be applied to one side of the finished bottom over an
area of at least \1/16\ of the total area of the bottom but not less
than \3/4\ inch in diameter, including the closure, for at least 1
minute, during which time the other side of the bottom exposed to
pressure must be covered with water and closely examined for
indications of leakage. Except as provided in paragraph (n) of this
section, cylinders which are leaking must be rejected.
(2) A spun cylinder is one in which an end closure in the finished
cylinder has been welded by the spinning process.
(3) A plugged cylinder is one in which a permanent closure in the
bottom of a finished cylinder has been effected by a plug.
(4) As a safety precaution, if the manufacturer elects to make
this test before the hydrostatic test, he should design his apparatus
so that the pressure is applied to the smallest area practicable,
around the point of closure, and so as to use the smallest possible
volume of air or gas.
(n) Rejected cylinders. Repairs of rejected cylinders is
authorized. Cylinders that are leaking must be rejected, except that:
(1) Spun cylinders rejected under the provisions of paragraph (m)
of this section may be removed from the spun cylinder category by
drilling to remove defective material, tapping, and plugging.
(2) Brazed joints may be rebrazed.
(3) Subsequent to the operations noted in paragraphs (n)(1) and
(n)(2) of this section, acceptable cylinders must pass all prescribed
tests.
(o) Marking. Markings on each cylinder must be by stamping plainly
and permanently on shoulder, top head, neck or valve protection collar
which is permanently attached to the cylinders and forming an integral
part thereof, provided that cylinders not less than 0.090 inch thick
may be stamped on the side wall adjacent to top head.
Sec. 178.56 Specification 4AA480 welded steel cylinders.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 4AA480 cylinder is a
welded steel cylinder having a water capacity (nominal) not over 1,000
pounds water capacity and a service pressure of 480 pounds per square
inch. Closures welded by spinning process not permitted.
(b) Steel. The limiting chemical composition of steel authorized by
this specification must be as shown in Table I of Appendix A to this
part.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hotdrawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Exposed bottom welds on cylinders
over 18 inches long must be protected by footrings. Minimum thickness
of heads and bottoms may not be less than 90 percent of the required
thickness of the side wall. Seams must be made as follows:
(1) Circumferential seams must be welded. Brazing is not
authorized.
(2) Longitudinal seams are not permitted.
(3) Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Welding. Only the welding of neckrings, footrings, bosses,
pads, and valve protection rings to the tops and bottoms of cylinders
is authorized. Provided that such attachments are made of weldable
steel, the carbon content of which does not exceed 0.25 percent.
(f) Wall thickness. The wall thickness of the cylinder must conform
to the following:
(1) For cylinders with an outside diameter over 5 inches, the
minimum wall thickness is 0.078 inch. In any case, the minimum wall
thickness must be such that the calculated wall stress at the minimum
test pressure (in paragraph (i) of this section) may not exceed the
lesser value of either of the following:
(i) One-half of the minimum tensile strength of the material
determined as required in paragraph (j) of this section; or
(ii) 35,000 pounds per square inch.
(2) Calculation must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(3) The ratio of tangential length to outside diameter may not
exceed 4.0 for cylinders with a wall thickness less than 0.100 inch.
(g) Heat treatment. Each cylinder must be uniformly and properly
heat
[[Page 25968]]
treated prior to tests. Any suitable heat treatment in excess of
1100 deg. F is authorized except that liquid quenching is not
permitted. Heat treatment must be accomplished after all forming and
welding operations. Heat treatment is not required after welding
weldable low carbon parts to attachments of similar material which have
been previously welded to the top or bottom of cylinders and properly
heat treated, provided such subsequent welding does not produce a
temperature in excess of 400 deg.F., in any part of the top or bottom
material.
(h) Openings in cylinders. Openings in cylinders must conform to
the following:
(1) All openings must be in the heads or bases.
(2) Each opening in the cylinder, except those for safety devices,
must be provided with a fitting boss, or pad, securely attached to the
cylinder by welding or by threads. If threads are used they must comply
with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean-cut, even without checks and cut to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads having at least 6 engaged threads, must have
a tight fit and a calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test
pressure of the cylinder. Gaskets, adequate to prevent leakage, are
required.
(3) Closure of a fitting, boss or pad must be adequate to prevent
leakage.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds or
sufficiently longer to assure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and before the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of the
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(i) At least one cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 200
or less must be tested as described in paragraphs (i)(1), (i)(2), and
(i)(3) of this section, to at least two times service pressure. If a
selected cylinder fails, then two additional specimens must be selected
at random from the same lot and subjected to the prescribed test. If
either of these fails the test, then each cylinder in that lot must be
so tested; and
(ii) Each cylinder not tested as prescribed in paragraph (i)(4)(i)
of this section must be examined under pressure of at least two times
service pressure and must show no defect. A cylinder showing a defect
must be rejected unless it may be requalified under paragraph (m) of
this section.
(j) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material, as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from one cylinder
having passed the hydrostatic test, or part thereof heat-treated as
required, taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a
gauge length at least 24 times the thickness with a width not over 6
times thickness is authorized when the cylinder wall is not over \3/16\
inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load''), corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
reference must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000
pounds per square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at
the calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(k) Elongation. Physical test specimens must show at least a 40
percent elongation for 2-inch gauge lengths or at least a 20 percent
elongation in other cases. Except that these elongation percentages may
be reduced numerically by 2 for 2-inch specimens and by 1 in other
cases for each 7,500 pounds per square inch increment of tensile
strength above 50,000 pounds per square inch to a maximum of four such
increments.
(l) Tests of welds. Welds must be tested as follows:
(1) Tensile test. A specimen must be cut from one cylinder of each
lot of 200 or less, or a welded test plate. The welded test plate must
be of one of the heats in the lot of 200 or less which it represents,
in the same condition and approximately the same thickness as the
cylinder wall except that it may not be of a lesser thickness than that
required for a quarter size Charpy impact specimen. The weld must be
made by the same procedures and subjected to the same heat treatment as
the major weld on the cylinder. The specimens must be taken across the
major seam and must be prepared and tested in accordance with and must
meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3. Should this specimen fail to
meet the requirements, specimens may be taken from two additional
cylinders or welded test plates from the same lot and tested. If either
of the latter specimens fail to meet the requirements, the entire lot
represented must be rejected.
(2) Guided bend test. A root bend test specimen must be cut from
the cylinder or a welded test plate, used for the tensile test
specified in paragraph (l)(1) of this section. Specimens must be taken
from across the major seam and must be prepared and tested in
accordance with
[[Page 25969]]
and must meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(3) Alternate guided-bend test. This test may be used and must be
as required by CGA Pamphlet C-3. The specimen must be bent until the
elongation at the outer surface, adjacent to the root of the weld,
between the lightly scribed gage lines-a to b, is at least 20 percent,
except that this percentage may be reduced for steels having a tensile
strength in excess of 50,000 pounds per square inch, as provided in
paragraph (k) of this section.
(m) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment of rejected cylinders is
authorized. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Repair of welded seams by welding is
authorized.
(n) Markings. Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently in
one of the following locations on the cylinder:
(1) On shoulders and top heads not less than 0.087 inch thick.
(2) On neck, valve boss, valve protection sleeve, or similar part
permanently attached to top end of cylinder.
(3) On a plate attached to the top of the cylinder or permanent
part thereof: sufficient space must be left on the plate to provide for
stamping at least six retest dates: the plate must be at least \1/16\
inch thick and must be attached by welding or by brazing at a
temperature of at least 1100 deg. F, throughout all edges of the plate.
(4) Variations in location of markings authorized only when
necessitated by lack of space.
Sec. 178.57 Specification 4L welded insulated cylinders.
(a) Type, size, service pressure, and design service temperature. A
DOT 4L cylinder is a fusion welded insulated cylinder with a water
capacity (nominal) not over 1,000 pounds water capacity and a service
pressure of at least 40 but not greater than 500 pounds per square inch
conforming to the following requirements:
(1) For liquefied hydrogen service, the cylinders must be designed
to stand on end, with the axis of the cylindrical portion vertical.
(2) The design service temperature is the coldest temperature for
which a cylinder is suitable. The required design service temperatures
for each cryogenic liquid is as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cryogenic liquid Design service temperature
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Argon..................................... Minus 320 deg.F or colder.
Helium.................................... Minus 452 deg.F or colder.
Hydrogen.................................. Minus 42 3 deg.F or colder.
Neon...................................... Minus 411 deg.F or colder.
Nitrogen.................................. Minus 320 deg.F or colder.
Oxygen.................................... Minus 320 deg.F or colder.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Material. Material use in the construction of this
specification must conform to the following:
(1) Inner containment vessel (cylinder). Designations and limiting
chemical compositions of steel authorized by this specification must be
as shown in Table 1 in paragraph (o) of this section.
(2) Outer jacket. Steel or aluminum may be used subject to the
requirements of paragraph (o)(2) of this section.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart and to the following requirements:
(1) No defect is permitted that is likely to weaken the finished
cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and uniform surface finish is
required. The shell portion must be a reasonably true cylinder.
(2) The heads must be seamless, concave side to the pressure,
hemispherical or ellipsoidal in shape with the major diameter not more
than twice the minor diameter. Minimum thickness of heads may not be
less than 90 percent of the required thickness of the sidewall. The
heads must be reasonably true to shape, have no abrupt shape changes,
and the skirts must be reasonably true to round.
(3) The surface of the cylinder must be insulated. The insulating
material must be fire resistant. The insulation on non-evacuated
jackets must be covered with a steel jacket not less than 0.060-inch
thick or an aluminum jacket not less than 0.070 inch thick, so
constructed that moisture cannot come in contact with the insulating
material. If a vacuum is maintained in the insulation space, the
evacuated jacket must be designed for a minimum collapsing pressure of
30 psi differential whether made of steel or aluminum. The construction
must be such that the total heat transfer, from the atmosphere at
ambient temperature to the contents of the cylinder, will not exceed
0.0005 Btu per hour, per Fahrenheit degree differential in temperature,
per pound of water capacity of the cylinder. For hydrogen, cryogenic
liquid service, the total heat transfer, with a temperature
differential of 520 Fahrenheit degrees, may not exceed that required to
vent 30 SCF of hydrogen gas per hour.
(4) For a cylinder having a design service temperature colder than
minus 320 deg.F, a calculation of the maximum weight of contents must
be made and that weight must be marked on the cylinder as prescribed in
Sec. 178.35.
(5) Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3. In addition, an impact test of the
weld must be performed in accordance with paragraph (l) of this section
as part of the qualification of each welding procedure and operator.
(e) Welding. Welding of the cylinder must be as follows:
(1) All seams of the cylinder must be fusion welded. A means must
be provided for accomplishing complete penetration of the joint. Only
butt or joggle butt joints for the cylinder seams are authorized. All
joints in the cylinder must have reasonably true alignment.
(2) All attachments to the sidewalls and heads of the cylinder must
be by fusion welding and must be of a weldable material complying with
the impact requirements of paragraph (l) of this section.
(3) For welding the cylinder, each procedure and operator must be
qualified in accordance with the sections of CGA Pamphlet C-3 that
apply. In addition, impact tests of the weld must be performed in
accordance with paragraph (l) of this section as part of the
qualification of each welding procedure and operator.
(4) Brazing, soldering and threading are permitted only for joints
not made directly to the cylinder body. Threads must comply with the
requirements of paragraph (h) of this section.
(f) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness of the cylinder must
be such that the calculated wall stress at the minimum required test
pressure may not exceed the least value of the following:
(1) 45,000 pounds per square inch.
(2) One-half of the minimum tensile strength across the welded seam
determined in paragraph (l) of this section.
(3) One-half of the minimum tensile strength of the base metal
determined as required in paragraph (j) of this section.
(4) The yield strength of the base metal determined as required in
paragraph (l) of this section.
(5) Further provided that wall stress for cylinders having
longitudinal seams may not exceed 85 percent of the above value,
whichever applies.
(6) Calculation must be made by the following formula:
[[Page 25970]]
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for pressure test in pounds per
square inch;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. Heat treatment is not permitted.
(h) Openings in cylinder. Openings in cylinders must conform to the
following:
(1) Openings are permitted in heads only. They must be circular and
may not exceed 3 inches in diameter or one third of the cylinder
diameter, whichever is less. Each opening in the cylinder must be
provided with a fitting, boss or pad, either integral with, or securely
attached to, the cylinder body by fusion welding. Attachments to a
fitting, boss or pad may be made by welding, brazing, mechanical
attachment, or threading.
(2) Threads must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean-cut, even, without checks and cut to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of a length not less than that specified
for NPT.
(iii) Straight threads must have at least 4 engaged threads, tight
fit and calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test pressure
of the cylinder. Gaskets, which prevent leakage and are inert to the
hazardous material, are required.
(i) Pressure test. Each cylinder, before insulating and jacketing,
must be examined under a pressure of at least 2 times the service
pressure maintained for at least 30 seconds without evidence of
leakage, visible distortion or other defect. The pressure gauge must
permit reading to an accuracy of 1 percent.
(j) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens selected from material of
each heat and in the same condition as that in the completed cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
a gauge length of 2 inches with width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a
gauge length at least 24 times thickness with a width not over 6 times
thickness (authorized when cylinder wall is not over \1/16\ inch
thick).
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within one inch of each end of the
reduced section.
(iii) When size of the cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold by pressure only, not by blows.
When specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load''), corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic expansion of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on the elastic modulus of
the material used. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-
strain diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from
the 0.2 percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
reference must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000
pounds per square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at
the calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(k) Acceptable results for physical tests. Physical properties must
meet the limits specified in paragraph (o)(1), Table 1, of this
section, for the particular steel in the annealed condition. The
specimens must show at least a 20 percent elongation for a 2-inch gage
length. Except that the percentage may be reduced numerically by 2 for
each 7,500 pounds per square inch increment of tensile strength above
100,000 pounds per square inch to a maximum of 5 such increments. Yield
strength and tensile strength must meet the requirements of paragraph
(o)(1), Table 1, of this section.
(l) Tests of welds. Welds must be tested as follows:
(1) Tensile test. A specimen must be cut from one cylinder of each
lot of 200 or less, or welded test plate. The welded test plate must be
of one of the heats in the lot of 200 or less which it represents, in
the same condition and approximately the same thickness as the cylinder
wall except that it may not be of a lesser thickness than that required
for a quarter size Charpy impact specimen. The weld must be made by the
same procedures and subjected to the same heat treatment as the major
weld on the cylinder. The specimen must be taken across the major seam
and must be prepared and tested in accordance with and must meet the
requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3. Should this specimen fail to meet the
requirements, specimens may be taken from two additional cylinders or
welded test plates from the same lot and tested. If either of the
latter specimens fails to meet the requirements, the entire lot
represented must be rejected.
(2) Guided bend test. A ``root'' bend test specimen must be cut
from the cylinder or welded test plate, used for the tensile test
specified in paragraph (l)(1) of this section and from any other seam
or equivalent welded test plate if the seam is welded by a procedure
different from that used for the major seam. Specimens must be taken
across the particular seam being tested and must be prepared and tested
in accordance with and must meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(3) Alternate guided-bend test. This test may be used and must be
as specified in CGA Pamphlet C-3. The specimen must be bent until the
elongation at the outer surface, adjacent to the root of the weld,
between the lightly scribed gage lines a to b, is at least 20 percent,
except that this percentage may be reduced for steels having a tensile
strength in excess of 100,000 pounds per square inch, as provided in
paragraph (c) of this section.
(4) Impact tests. One set of three impact test specimens (for each
test) must be prepared and tested for determining the impact properties
of the deposited weld metal--
(i) As part of the qualification of the welding procedure.
(ii) As part of the qualification of the operators.
(iii) For each ``heat'' of welding rodor wire used.
(iv) For each 1,000 feet of weld made with the same heat of welding
rod or wire.
(v) All impact test specimens must be of the Charpy type, keyhole
or milled U-notch, and must conform in all respects to Figure 3 of ASTM
E-23-60. Each set of impact specimens must be taken across the weld and
have the notch located in the weld metal. When the
[[Page 25971]]
cylinder material thickness is 2.5 mm or thicker, impact specimens must
be cut from a cylinder or welded test plate used for the tensile or
bend test specimens. The dimension along the axis of the notch must be
reduced to the largest possible of 10 mm, 7.5 mm, 5 mm or 2.5 mm,
depending upon cylinder thickness. When the material in the cylinder or
welded test plate is not of sufficient thickness to prepare 2.5 mm
impact test specimens, 2.5 mm specimens must be prepared from a welded
test plate made from \1/8\ inch thick material meeting the requirements
specified in paragraph (o)(1), Table 1, of this section and having a
carbon analysis of .05 minimum, but not necessarily from one of the
heats used in the lot of cylinders. The test piece must be welded by
the same welding procedure as used on the particular cylinder seam
being qualified and must be subjected to the same heat treatment.
(vi) Impact test specimens must be cooled to the design service
temperature. The apparatus for testing the specimens must conform to
the requirements of ASTM Standard E-23-60. The test piece, as well as
the handling tongs, must be cooled for a length of time sufficient to
reach the service temperature. The temperature of the cooling device
must be maintained within a range of plus or minus 3 deg. F. The
specimen must be quickly transferred from the cooling device to the
anvil of the testing machine and broken within a time lapse of not more
than six seconds.
(vii) The impact properties of each set of impact specimens may not
be less than the values in the following table:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum
impact Minimum
value impact
required value
for avg. permitted
Size of specimen of each on one
set of only of a
three set of
specimens three
(ft.-lb.) (ft.-lb.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 mm x 10 mm..................................... 15 10
10 mm x 7.5 mm.................................... 12.5 8.5
10 mm x 5 mm...................................... 10 7.0
10 mm x 2.5 mm.................................... 5 3.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(viii) When the average value of the three specimens equals or
exceeds the minimum value permitted for a single specimen and the value
for more than one specimen is below the required average value, or when
the value for one specimen is below the minimum value permitted for a
single specimen, a retest of three additional specimens must be made.
The value of each of these retest specimens must equal or exceed the
required average value. When an erratic result is caused by a defective
specimen, or there is uncertainty in test procedure, a retest is
authorized.
(m) Radiographic examination. Cylinders must be subject to a
radiographic examination as follows:
(1) The techniques and acceptability of radiographic inspection
must conform to the standards set forth in CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(2) One finished longitudinal seam must be selected at random from
each lot of 100 or less successively produced and be radiographed
throughout its entire length. Should the radiographic examination fail
to meet the requirements of paragraph (m)(1) of this section, two
additional seams of the same lot must be examined, and if either of
these fail to meet the requirements of (m)(1) of this section, only
those passing are acceptable.
(n) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment of rejected cylinders is
authorized. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Welds may be repaired by suitable methods of
fusion welding.
(o) Authorized materials of construction. Authorized materials of
construction are as follows:
(1) Inner containment vessel (cylinder). Electric furnace steel of
uniform quality must be used. Chemical analysis must conform to ASTM
A240, Type 304 Stainless Steel. A heat of steel made under Table 1 and
Table 2 in this paragraph (o)(1) is acceptable, even though its check
chemical analysis is slightly out of the specified range, if it is
satisfactory in all other respects, provided the tolerances shown in
Table 3 in this paragraph (o)(1) are not exceeded. The following
chemical analyses and physical properties are authorized:
Table 1.--Authorized Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical analysis, limits in
Designation percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon \1\............................... 0.08 max.
Manganese................................ 2.00 max.
Phosphorus............................... 0.045 max.
Sulphur.................................. 0.030 max.
Silicon.................................. 1.00 max.
Nickel................................... 8.00-10.50.
Chromium................................. 18.00-20.00.
Molybdenum............................... None.
Titanium................................. None.
Columbium................................ None.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The carbon analysis must be reported to the nearest hundredth of one
percent.
Table 2.--Physical Properties
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Physical
properties
(annealed)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tensile strength, p.s.i. (minimum).......................... 75,000
Yield strength, p.s.i. (minimum)............................ 30,000
Elongation in 2 inches (minimum) percent.................... 30.0
Elongation other permissible gauge lengths (minimum) percent 15.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.--Check Analysis Tolerances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tolerance
over the
maximum
Elements Limit or specified range (percent) limit or
under the
minimum
limit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon............................... To 0.030, incl............................................. 0.005
Over 0.30 to 0.20, incl.................................... 0.01
Manganese............................ To 1.00 incl............................................... .03
Over 1.00 to 3.00, incl.................................... 0.04
Phosphorus \1\....................... To 0.040, incl............................................. 0.005
Over 0.040 to 0.020 incl................................... 0.010
Sulphur.............................. To .40 incl................................................ 0.005
[[Page 25972]]
Silicon.............................. To 1.00, incl.............................................. 0.05
Nickel............................... Over 5.00 to 10.00, incl................................... 0.10
Over 10.00 to 20.00, incl.................................. 0.15
Chromium............................. Over 15.00 to 20.00, incl.................................. 0.20
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus.
(2) Outer jacket. (i) Nonflammable cryogenic liquids. Cylinders
intended for use in the transportation of nonflammable cryogenic liquid
must have an outer jacket made of steel or aluminum.
(ii) Flammable cryogenic liquids. Cylinders intended for use in the
transportation of flammable cryogenic liquid must have an outer jacket
made of steel.
(p) Markings. (1) Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently
on shoulder or top head of jacket or on a permanently attached plate or
head protective ring.
(2) The letters ``ST'', followed by the design service temperature
(for example, ST-423F), must be marked on cylinders having a design
service temperature of colder than minus 320 deg. F only. Location to
be just below the DOT mark.
(3) The maximum weight of contents, in pounds (for example, ``Max.
Content 51 #''), must be marked on cylinders having a design service
temperature colder than minus 320 deg. F only. Location to be near
symbol.
(4) Special orientation instructions must be marked on the cylinder
(for example, THIS END UP), if the cylinder is used in an orientation
other than vertical with openings at the top of the cylinder.
(5) If the jacket of the cylinder is constructed of aluminum, the
letters ``AL'' must be marked after the service pressure marking.
Example: DOT-4L150 AL.
(6) Except for serial number and jacket material designation, each
marking prescribed in this paragraph (p) must be duplicated on each
cylinder by any suitable means.
(q) Inspector's report. In addition to the information required by
Sec. 178.35, the inspector's reports must contain information on:
(1) The jacket material and insulation type;
(2) The design service temperature
( deg.F); and
(3) The impact test results, on a lot basis.
Sec. 178.58 Specification 4DA welded steel cylinders for aircraft use.
(a) Type, size, and service pressure. A DOT 4DA is a welded steel
sphere (two seamless hemispheres) or a circumferentially welded
cylinder (two seamless drawn shells) with a water capacity not over 100
pounds and a service pressure of at least 500 but not over 900 pounds
per square inch.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth or electric steel of uniform quality must be
used. A heat of steel made under Table 1 in this paragraph (b), check
chemical analysis of which is slightly out of the specified range, is
acceptable, if satisfactory in all other respects, provided the
tolerances shown in Table 2 in this paragraph (b) are not exceeded
except as approved by the Associate Administrator. The following
chemical analyses are authorized:
Table 1.--Authorized Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
4130 Percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon......................................... 0.28/0.33.
Manganese...................................... 0.40/0.60.
Phosphorus..................................... 0.040 max.
Sulfur......................................... 0.040 max.
Silicon........................................ 0.15/0.35.
Chromium....................................... 0.80/1.10.
Molybdenum..................................... 0.15/0.25.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.--Check Analysis Tolerances
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tolerance (percent) over
the maximum limit or
under the minimum limit
Element Limit or maximum specified (percent) -------------------------
Under Over
minimum maximum
limit limit
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon......................... Over 0.15 to 0.40 incl............................... .03 .04
Manganese...................... To 0.60 incl......................................... .03 .03
Phosphorus\1\.................. All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Sulphur........................ All ranges........................................... ........... .01
Silicon........................ To 0.30 incl......................................... .02 .03
Over 0.30 to 1.00 incl............................... .05 .05
Chromium....................... To 0.90 incl......................................... .03 .03
Over 0.90 to 2.10 incl............................... .05 .05
Molybdenum..................... To 0.20 incl......................................... .01 .01
[[Page 25973]]
Over 0.20 to 0.40, incl.............................. .02 .02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Rephosphorized steels not subject to check analysis for phosphorus.
(c) Identification of material. Materials must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hot-drawn containers
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured in accordance with
the following requirements:
(1) By best appliances and methods. No defect is acceptable that is
likely to weaken the finished container appreciably. A reasonably
smooth and uniform surface finish is required. No abrupt change in wall
thickness is permitted. Welding procedures and operators must be
qualified in accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(2) All seams of the sphere or cylinders must be fusion welded.
Seams must be of the butt or joggle butt type and means must be
provided for accomplishing complete penetration of the joint.
(e) Welding. Attachments to the container are authorized by fusion
welding provided that such attachments are made of weldable steel, the
carbon content of which may not exceed 0.25 percent except in the case
of 4130 steel.
(f) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness must be such that
the wall stress at the minimum specified test pressure may not exceed
67 percent of the minimum tensile strength of the steel as determined
from the physical and burst tests required and may not be over 70,000
p.s.i. For any diameter container, the minimum wall thickness is 0.040
inch. Calculations must be made by the formulas in (f)(1) or (f)(2) of
this section:
(1) Calculation for a sphere must be made by the following formula:
S=PD/4tE
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=test pressure prescribed for water jacket test, i.e., at least 2
times service pressure, in pounds per square inch;
D=outside diameter in inches;
t=minimum wall thickness in inches;
E=0.85 (provides 85 percent weld efficiency factor which must be
applied in the girth weld area and heat affected zones which zone must
extend a distance of 6 times wall thickness from center line of weld);
E=1.0 (for all other areas).
(2) Calculation for a cylinder must be made by the following
formula:
S=[P(1.3D 2+0.4d 2)]/(D 2-d 2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=test pressure prescribed for water jacket test, i.e., at least 2
times service pressure, in pounds per square inch;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(g) Heat treatment. The completed containers must be uniformly and
properly heat-treated prior to tests. Heat-treatment of containers of
the authorized analysis must be as follows:
(1) All containers must be quenched by oil, or other suitable
medium except as provided in paragraph (g)(4) of this section.
(2) The steel temperature on quenching must be that recommended for
the steel analysis, but may not exceed 1,750 deg. F.
(3) The steel must be tempered at the temperature most suitable for
the analysis except that in no case shall the tempering temperature be
less than 1,000 deg. F.
(4) The steel may be normalized at a temperature of 1,650 deg. F
instead of being quenched, and containers so normalized need not be
tempered.
(5) All cylinders, if water quenched or quenched with a liquid
producing a cooling rate in excess of 80 percent of the cooling rate of
water, must be inspected by the magnetic particle or dye penetrant
method to detect the presence of quenching cracks. Any cylinder found
to have a quench crack must be rejected and may not be requalified.
(h) Openings in container. Openings in the container must comply
with the following requirements:
(1) Each opening in the container must be provided with a fitting,
boss, or pad of weldable steel securely attached to the container by
fusion welding.
(2) Attachments to a fitting, boss, or pad must be adequate to
prevent leakage. Threads must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean cut, even, without checks, and tapped to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, to have
tight fit and calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test
pressure of the container; gaskets required, adequate to prevent
leakage.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to accuracy either of 1 percent or 0.1 cubic
centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent or 100 pounds per square
inch, whichever is the lower.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Each container must be tested to at least 2 times service
pressure.
(j) Burst test. One container taken at random out of 200 or less
must be hydrostatically tested to destruction. The rupture pressure
must be included as part of the inspector's report.
(k) Flattening test. Spheres and cylinders must be subjected to a
flattening test as follows:
(1) Flattening test for spheres. One sphere taken at random out of
each lot of 200 or less must be subjected to a flattening test as
follows:
(i) The test must be performed after the hydrostatic test.
(ii) The test must be at the weld between the parallel steel plates
on a
[[Page 25974]]
press with a welded seam, at right angles to the plates. Any projecting
appurtenances may be cut off (by mechanical means only) prior to
crushing.
(2) Flattening test for cylinders. One cylinder taken at random out
of each lot of 200 or less, must be subjected to a flattening test as
follows:
(i) The test must be performed after the hydrostatic test.
(ii) The test must between knife edges, wedge shaped, 60 deg.
angle, rounded to \1/2\ inch radius; test
(l) Radiographic inspection. Radiographic examinations is required
on all welded joints which are subjected to internal pressure, except
that at the discretion of the disinterested inspector, openings less
than 25 percent of the sphere diameter need not be subjected to
radiographic inspection. Evidence of any defects likely to seriously
weaken the container must be cause for rejection.
(m) Physical test and specimens for spheres and cylinders. Spheres
and cylinders must be subjected to a physical test as follows:
(1) A physical test for a sphere is required on 2 specimens cut
from a flat representative sample plate of the same heat taken at
random from the steel used to produce the sphere. This flat steel from
which the 2 specimens are to be cut must receive the same heat-
treatment as the spheres themselves. Sample plates to be taken for each
lot of 200 or less spheres.
(2) Specimens for spheres have a gauge length of 2 inches with a
width not over 1\1/2\ inches, or a gauge length at least 24 times
thickness with a width not over 6 times thickness is authorized when
wall of sphere is not over \3/16\ inch thick.
(3) A physical test for cylinders is required on 2 specimens cut
from 1 cylinder taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less.
(4) Specimens for cylinder must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches, a gauge
length at least 24 times thickness with a width not over 6 times
thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not over \3/16\ inch
thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within 1 inch of each end of the reduced
section.
(iii) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(5) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(n) Acceptable results for physical, flattening, and burst tests.
The following are acceptable results of the physical, flattening and
burst test:
(1) Elongation must be at least 20 percent for a 2-inch gauge
length or 10 percent in other cases.
(2) Flattening is required to 50 percent of the original outside
diameter without cracking.
(3) Burst pressure must be at least 3 times service pressure.
(o) Rejected containers. Reheat-treatment of rejected cylinders is
authorized. Subsequent thereto, containers must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Repair of welded seams by welding prior to
reheat-treatment is authorized.
(p) Marking. Markings on each container must be stamped plainly and
permanently on a permanent attachment or on a metal nameplate
permanently secured to the container by means other than soft solder.
Sec. 178.59 Specification 8 steel cylinders with porous fillings for
acetylene.
(a) Type and service pressure. A DOT 8 cylinder is a seamless
cylinder with a service pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. The
following steel is authorized:
(1) A longitudinal seam if forge lap welded;
(2) Attachment of heads by welding or by brazing by dipping
process; or
(3) A welded circumferential body seam if the cylinder has no
longitudinal seam.
(b) Steel. Open-hearth, electric or basic oxygen process steel of
uniform quality must be used. Content percent may not exceed the
following: Carbon, 0.25; phosphorus, 0.045; sulphur, 0.050.
(c) Identification of steel. Materials must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hot-drawn cylinders
must be marked with the heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is acceptable that is
likely to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth
and uniform surface finish is required. Welding procedures and
operators must be qualified in accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Exposed bottom welds. Exposed bottom welds on cylinders over 18
inches long must be protected by footrings.
(f) Heat treatment. Body and heads formed by drawing or pressing
must be uniformly and properly heat treated prior to tests.
(g) Openings. Openings in the cylinders must comply with the
following:
(1) Standard taper pipe threads are required;
(2) Length may not be less than as specified for American Standard
pipe threads; tapped to gauge; clean cut, even, and without checks.
(h) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) One cylinder out of each lot of 200 or less must be
hydrostatically tested to at least 750 pounds per square inch.
Cylinders not so tested must be examined under pressure of between 500
and 600 pounds per square inch and show no defect. If hydrostatically
[[Page 25975]]
tested cylinder fails, each cylinder in the lot may be hydrostatically
tested and those passing are acceptable.
(i) Leakage test. Cylinders with bottoms closed in by spinning must
be subjected to a leakage test by setting the interior air or gas
pressure to not less than the service pressure. Cylinders which leak
must be rejected.
(j) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut longitudinally from 1
cylinder or part thereof taken at random out of each lot of 200 or
less, after heat treatment.
(2) Specimens must conform to a gauge length of 8 inches with a
width not over 1\1/2\ inches, a gauge length of 2 inches with width not
over 1\1/2\, or a gauge length at least 24 times thickness with a width
not over 6 times thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not
over \3/16\ inch thick.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at the
calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per-minute during yield strength determination.
(4) Yield strength may not exceed 73 percent of tensile strength.
Elongation must be at least 40 percent in 2 inch or 20 percent in other
cases.
(k) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment of rejected cylinder is
authorized. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Repair by welding is authorized.
(l) Porous filling. (1) Cylinders must be filled with a porous
material in accordance with the following:
(i) The porous material may not disintegrate or sag when wet with
solvent or when subjected to normal service;
(ii) The porous filling material must be uniform in quality and
free of voids, except that a well drilled into the filling material
beneath the valve is authorized if the well is filled with a material
of such type that the functions of the filling material are not
impaired;
(iii) Overall shrinkage of the filling material is authorized if
the total clearance between the cylinder shell and filling material,
after solvent has been added, does not exceed \1/2\ of 1 percent of the
respective diameter or length, but not to exceed \1/8\ inch, measured
diametrically and longitudinally;
(iv) The clearance may not impair the functions of the filling
material;
(v) The installed filling material must meet the requirements of
CGA Pamphlet C-12; and
(vi) Porosity of filling material may not exceed 80 percent except
that filling material with a porosity of up to 92 percent may be used
when tested with satisfactory results in accordance with CGA Pamphlet
C-12.
(2) When the porosity of each cylinder is not known, a cylinder
taken at random from a lot of 200 or less must be tested for porosity.
If the test cylinder fails, each cylinder in the lot may be tested
individually and those cylinders that pass the test are acceptable.
(3) For filling that is molded and dried before insertion in
cylinders, porosity test may be made on a sample block taken at random
from material to be used.
(4) The porosity of the filling material must be determined. The
amount of solvent at 70 deg. F for a cylinder:
(i) Having shell volumetric capacity above 20 pounds water capacity
(nominal) may not exceed the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum
acetone
solvent
Percent porosity of filler percent
shell
capacity by
volume
------------------------------------------------------------------------
90 to 92................................................... 43.4
87 to 90................................................... 42.0
83 to 87................................................... 40.0
80 to 83................................................... 38.6
75 to 80................................................... 36.2
70 to 75................................................... 33.8
65 to 70................................................... 31.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Having volumetric capacity of 20 pounds or less water capacity
(nominal), may not exceed the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum
acetone
solvent
Percent porosity of filler percent
shell
capacity by
volume
------------------------------------------------------------------------
90 to 92................................................... 41.8
83 to 90................................................... 38.5
80 to 83................................................... 37.1
75 to 80................................................... 34.8
70 to 75................................................... 32.5
65 to 70................................................... 30.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(m) Tare weight. The tare weight is the combined weight of the
cylinder proper, porous filling, valve, and solvent, without removable
cap.
(n) Duties of inspector. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 178.35, the inspector is required to--
(1) Certify chemical analyses of steel used, signed by manufacturer
thereof; also verify by, check analyses of samples taken from each heat
or from 1 out of each lot of 200 or less, plates, shells, or tubes
used.
(2) Verify compliance of cylinder shells with all shell
requirements; inspect inside before closing in both ends; verify heat
treatment as proper; obtain all samples for all tests and for check
analyses; witness all tests; verify threads by gauge; report volumetric
capacity and minimum thickness of wall noted.
(3) Prepare report on manufacture of steel shells in form
prescribed in Sec. 178.35. Furnish one copy to manufacturer and three
copies to the company that is to complete the cylinders.
(4) Determine porosity of filling and tare weights; verify
compliance of marking with prescribed requirements; obtain necessary
copies of steel shell reports; and furnish complete reports required by
this specification to the person who has completed the manufacture of
the cylinders and, upon request, to the purchaser. The test reports
must be retained by the inspector for fifteen years from the original
test date of the cylinder.
(o) Marking. (1) Marking on each cylinder must be stamped plainly
and permanently on or near the shoulder, top head, neck or valve
protection collar which is permanently attached to the cylinder and
forming integral part thereof.
(2) Tare weight of cylinder, in pounds and ounces, must be marked
on the cylinder.
(3) Cylinders, not completed, when delivered must each be marked
for identification of each lot of 200 or less.
[[Page 25976]]
Sec. 178.60 Specification 8AL steel cylinders with porous fillings for
acetylene.
(a) Type and service pressure. A DOT 8AL cylinder is a seamless
steel cylinder with a service pressure of 250 pounds per square inch.
However, the attachment of heads by welding or by brazing by dipping
process and a welded circumferential body seam is authorized.
Longitudinal seams are not authorized.
(b) Authorized steel. The authorized steel is as specified in Table
I of Appendix A to this part.
(c) Identification of steel. Material must be identified by any
suitable method except that plates and billets for hot-drawn cylinders
must be marked with heat number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. Welding procedures and operators
must be qualified in accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Footrings. Exposed bottom welds on cylinders over 18 inches
long must be protected by footrings.
(f) Welding or brazing. Welding or brazing for any purpose
whatsoever is prohibited except as follows:
(1) The attachment to the tops or bottoms of cylinders of
neckrings, footrings, handlers, bosses, pads, and valve protecting
rings is authorized provided that such attachments and the portion of
the container to which they are attached are made of weldable steel,
the carbon content of which may not exceed 0.25 percent.
(2) Heat treatment is not required after welding or brazing
weldable low carbon parts to attachments, specified in paragraph (f)(1)
of this section, of similar material which have been previously welded
or brazed to the top or bottom of cylinders and properly heat treated,
provided such subsequent welding or brazing does not produce a
temperature in excess of 400 deg. F in any part of the top or bottom
material.
(g) Wall thickness; wall stress. The wall thickness/wall stress of
the cylinder must conform to the following:
(1) The calculated wall stress at 750 pounds per square inch may
not exceed 35,000 pounds per square inch, or one-half of the minimum
ultimate strength of the steel as determined in paragraph (l) of this
section, whichever value is the smaller. The measured wall thickness
may not include galvanizing or other protective coating.
(i) Calculation of wall stress must be made by the formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=750 pounds per square inch (minimum test pressure);
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(ii) Either D or d must be calculated from the relation D = d + 2t,
where t = minimum wall thickness.
(2) Cylinders with a wall thickness less than 0.100 inch, the ratio
of straight side wall length to outside diameter may not exceed 3.5.
(3) For cylinders having outside diameter over 5 inches, the
minimum wall thickness must be 0.087 inch.
(h) Heat treatment. Each cylinder must be uniformly and properly
heat treated, prior to tests, by any suitable method in excess of
1100 deg. F. Heat treatment must be accomplished after all forming and
welding operations, except that when brazed joints are used, heat
treatment must follow any forming and welding operations but may be
done before, during, or after the brazing operations. Liquid quenching
is not authorized.
(i) Openings. Standard taper pipe threads required in all openings.
The length of the opening may not be less than as specified for
American Standard pipe threads; tapped to gauge; clean cut, even, and
without checks.
(j) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
reading of total expansion to an accuracy of either 1 percent or 0.1
cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat-treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) One cylinder out of each lot of 200 or less must be
hydrostatically tested to at least 750 pounds per square inch.
Cylinders not so tested must be examined under pressure of between 500
and 600 pounds per square inch and show no defect. If a hydrostatically
tested cylinder fails, each cylinder in the lot may be hydrostatically
tested and those passing are acceptable.
(k) Leakage test. Cylinders with bottoms closed in by spinning must
be leakage tested by setting the interior air or gas pressure at not
less than the service pressure. Any cylinder that leaks must be
rejected.
(l) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted as follows;
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut longitudinally from 1
cylinder or part thereof taken at random out of each lot of 200 or
less, after heat treatment.
(2) Specimens must conform to a gauge length of 8 inches with a
width not over 1\1/2\ inches, a gauge length 2 inches with a width not
over 1 \1/2\ inches, or a gauge length at least 24 times thickness with
a width not over 6 times thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall
is not over \3/16\ inch thick.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``offset''
method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in ASTM
Standard E 8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load'') corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2 percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2
offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000 pounds per
square inch, the strain indicator reading being set at the calculated
corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(m) Elongation. Physical test specimens must show at least a 40
percent elongation for a 2 inch gauge length or at least a 20 percent
elongation in other cases. Except that these elongation percentages may
be reduced numerically by 2 for 2 inch specimens and 1 in other cases
for each 7,500 pounds per square inch increment of tensile strength
above 50,000 pounds per square inch to a maximum of four such
increments.
[[Page 25977]]
(n) Weld tests. Specimens taken across the circumferentially welded
seam must be cut from one cylinder taken at random from each lot of 200
or less cylinders after heat treatment and must pass satisfactorily the
following tests:
(1) Tensile test. A specimen must be cut from one cylinder of each
lot of 200 or less, or welded test plate. The specimen must be taken
from across the major seam and must be prepared and tested in
accordance with and must meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3.
Should this specimen fail to meet the requirements, specimens may be
taken from two additional cylinders or welded test plates from the same
lot and tested. If either of the latter specimens fail to meet the
requirements, the entire lot represented must be rejected.
(2) Guided bend test. A root bend test specimen must be cut from
the cylinder or welded test plate, used for the tensile test specified
in paragraph (n)(1) of this section. Specimens must be prepared and
tested in accordance with and must meet the requirements of CGA
Pamphlet C-3.
(3) Alternate guided-bend test. This test may be used and must be
as required by CGA Pamphlet C-3. The specimen must be bent until the
elongation at the outer surface, adjacent to the root of the weld,
between the lightly scribed gage lines-a to b, must be at least 20
percent, except that this percentage may be reduced for steels having a
tensile strength in excess of 50,000 pounds per square inch, as
provided in paragraph (m) of this section.
(o) Rejected cylinders. Reheat treatment of rejected cylinders is
authorized. Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed
tests to be acceptable. Repair by welding is authorized.
(p) Porous filling. (1) Cylinders must be filled with a porous
material in accordance with the following:
(i) The porous material may not disintegrate or sag when wet with
solvent or when subjected to normal service;
(ii) The filling material must be uniform in quality and free of
voids, except that a well drilled into the filling material beneath the
valve is authorized if the well is filled with a material of such type
that the functions of the filling material are not impaired;
(iii) Overall shrinkage of the filling material is authorized if
the total clearance between the cylinder shell and filling material,
after solvent has been added, does not exceed \1/2\ of 1 percent of the
respective diameter or length but not to exceed \1/8\ inch, measured
diametrically and longitudinally;
(iv) The clearance may not impair the functions of the filling
material;
(v) The installed filling material must meet the requirements of
CGA Pamphlet C-12; and
(vi) Porosity of filling material may not exceed 80 percent except
that filling material with a porosity of up to 92 percent may be used
when tested with satisfactory results in accordance with CGA Pamphlet
C-12.
(2) When the porosity of each cylinder is not known, a cylinder
taken at random from a lot of 200 or less must be tested for porosity.
If the test cylinder fails, each cylinder in the lot may be tested
individually and those cylinders that pass the test are acceptable.
(3) For filling that is molded and dried before insertion in
cylinders, porosity test may be made on sample block taken at random
from material to be used.
(4) The porosity of the filling material must be determined; the
amount of solvent at 70 deg. F for a cylinder:
(i) Having shell volumetric capacity above 20 pounds water capacity
(nominal) may not exceed the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum
acetone
solvent
percent
Percent porosity of filler shell
capacity
by
volume
------------------------------------------------------------------------
90 to 92...................................................... 43.4
87 to 90...................................................... 42.0
83 to 87...................................................... 40.0
80 to 83...................................................... 38.6
75 to 80...................................................... 36.2
70 to 75...................................................... 33.8
65 to 70...................................................... 31.4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Having volumetric capacity of 20 pounds or less water capacity
(nominal), may not exceed the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum
acetone
solvent
percent
Percent porosity of filler shell
capacity
by
volume
------------------------------------------------------------------------
90 to 92...................................................... 41.8
83 to 90...................................................... 38.5
80 to 83...................................................... 37.1
75 to 80...................................................... 34.8
70 to 75...................................................... 32.5
65 to 70...................................................... 30.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(q) Tare weight. The tare weight is the combined weight of the
cylinder proper, porous filling, valve, and solvent, but without
removable cap.
(r) Duties of inspector. In addition to the requirements of
Sec. 178.35, the inspector shall--
(1) Certify chemical analyses of steel used, signed by manufacturer
thereof; also verify by check analyses, of samples taken from each heat
or from 1 out of each lot of 200 or less plates, shells, or tubes used.
(2) Verify compliance of cylinder shells with all shell
requirements, inspect inside before closing in both ends, verify heat
treatment as proper; obtain all samples for all tests and for check
analyses, witness all tests; verify threads by gauge, report volumetric
capacity and minimum thickness of wall noted.
(3) Report percentage of each specified alloying element in the
steel. Prepare report on manufacture of steel shells in form prescribed
in Sec. 178.35. Furnish one copy to manufacturer and three copies to
the company that is to complete the cylinders.
(4) Determine porosity of filling and tare weights; verify
compliance of marking with prescribed requirements; obtain necessary
copies of steel shell reports prescribed in paragraph (b) of this
section; and furnish complete test reports required by this
specification to the person who has completed the manufacturer of the
cylinders and, upon request, to the purchaser. The test reports must be
retained by the inspector for fifteen years from the original test date
of the cylinder.
(s) Marking. (1) Tare weight of cylinder, in pounds and ounces,
must be marked on the cylinder.
(2) Cylinders, not completed, when delivered must each be marked
for identification of each lot of 200 or less.
(3) Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently in locations
in accordance with the following:
(i) On shoulders and top heads not less than 0.087 inch thick; or
(ii) On neck, valve boss, valve protection sleeve, or similar part
permanently attached to the top end of cylinder; or
(iii) On a plate of ferrous material attached to the top of the
cylinder or permanent part thereof; the plate must be at least \1/16\
inch thick, and must be attached by welding, or by brazing at a
temperature of at least 1,100 deg.F throughout all edges of the plate.
Sufficient space must be left on the plate to provide for stamping at
least four (4) retest dates. Sec. 178.61 Specification 4BW welded steel
cylinders with electric-arc welded longitudinal seam.
[[Page 25978]]
(a) Type, size and service pressure. A DOT 4BW cylinder is a welded
type steel cylinder with a longitudinal electric-arc welded seam, a
water capacity (nominal) not over 1,000 pounds and a service pressure
at least 225 and not over 500 pounds per square inch gauge. Cylinders
closed in by spinning process are not authorized.
(b) Authorized steel. Steel used in the construction of the
cylinder must conform to the following:
(1) The body of the cylinder must be constructed of steel
conforming to the limits specified in Table I of Appendix A to this
part.
(2) Material for heads must meet the requirements of paragraph (a)
of this section or be open hearth, electric or basic oxygen carbon
steel of uniform quality. Content percent may not exceed the following:
Carbon 0.25, Manganese 0.60, Phosphorus 0.045, Sulfur 0.050. Heads must
be hemispherical or ellipsoidal in shape with a maximum ratio of 2.1.
If low carbon steel is used, the thickness of such heads must be
determined by using a maximum wall stress of 24,000 p.s.i. in the
formula described in paragraph (f)(1) of this section.
(c) Identification of material. Material must be identified by any
suitable method.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart and the following:
(1) No defect is permitted that is likely to weaken the finished
cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and uniform surface is
required. Exposed bottom welds on cylinders over 18 inches long must be
protected by footrings. Minimum thickness of heads may not be less than
90 percent of the required thickness of the sidewall. Heads must be
concave to pressure.
(2) Circumferential seams must be by electric-arc welding. Joints
must be butt with one member offset (joggle butt) or lap with minimum
overlap of at least four times nominal sheet thickness.
(3) Longitudinal seams in shells must conform to the following:
(i) Longitudinal electric-arc welded seams must be of the butt
welded type. Welds must be made by a machine process including
automatic feed and welding guidance mechanisms. Longitudinal seams must
have complete joint penetration, and must be free from undercuts,
overlaps or abrupt ridges or valleys. Misalignment of mating butt edges
may not exceed \1/6\ of nominal sheet thickness or \1/32\ inch
whichever is less. All joints with nominal sheet thickness up to and
including \1/8\ inch must be tightly butted. When nominal sheet
thickness is greater than \1/8\ inch, the joint must be gapped with
maximum distance equal to one-half the nominal sheet thickness or \1/
32\ inch whichever is less. Joint design, preparation and fit-up must
be such that requirements of this paragraph (d) are satisfied.
(ii) Maximum joint efficiency must be 1.0 when each seam is
radiographed completely. Maximum joint efficiency must be 0.90 when one
cylinder from each lot of 50 consecutively welded cylinders is spot
radiographed. In addition, one out of the first five cylinders welded
following a shut down of welding operations exceeding four hours must
be spot radiographed. Spot radiographs, when required, must be made of
a finished welded cylinder and must include the girth weld for 2 inches
in both directions from the intersection of the longitudinal and girth
welds and include at least 6 inches of the longitudinal weld. Maximum
joint efficacy of 0.75 must be permissible without radiography.
(4) Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(e) Welding of attachments. The attachment to the tops and bottoms
only of cylinders by welding of neckrings, footrings, handles, bosses,
pads and valve protection rings is authorized provided that such
attachments and the portion of the container to which they are attached
are made of weldable steel, the carbon content of which may not exceed
0.25 percent.
(f) Wall thickness. For outside diameters over 6 inches the minimum
wall thickness must be 0.078 inch. For a cylinder with a wall thickness
less than 0.100 inch, the ratio of tangential length to outside
diameter may not exceed 4 to1 (4:1). In any case the minimum wall
thickness must be such that the wall stress calculated by the formula
listed in paragraph (f)(4) of this section may not exceed the lesser
value of any of the following:
(1) The value referenced in paragraph (b) of this section for the
particular material under consideration.
(2) One-half of the minimum tensile strength of the material
determined as required in paragraph (m) of this section.
(3) 35,000 pounds per square inch.
(4) Stress must be calculated by the following formula:
S=[2P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/[E(D2-d2)]
where:
S=wall stress, p.s.i.;
P=service pressure, p.s.i.;
D=outside diameter, inches;
d=inside diameter, inches;
E=joint efficiency of the longitudinal seam (from paragraph (d) of this
section).
(g) Heat treatment. Each cylinder must be uniformly and properly
heat treated prior to test by the applicable method referenced in
paragraph (b) of this section. Heat treatment must be accomplished
after all forming and welding operations. Heat treatment is not
required after welding or brazing of weldable low carbon parts to
attachments of similar material which have been previously welded to
the top or bottom of cylinders and properly heat treated, provided such
subsequent welding or brazing does not produce a temperature in excess
of 400 deg. F in any part of the top or bottom material.
(h) Openings in cylinders. Openings in the cylinder must conform to
the following:
(1) All openings must be in the heads or bases.
(2) Openings in cylinders must be provided with adequate fittings,
bosses, or pads, integral with or securely attached to the cylinder by
welding.
(3) Threads must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean cut and to gauge.
(ii) Taper threads must be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard Taper Pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, to have
tight fit and calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test
pressure of the cylinder; gaskets required, adequate to prevent
leakage.
(4) Closure of fittings, boss or pads must be adequate to prevent
leakage.
(i) Hydrostatic test. Cylinders must withstand a hydrostatic test,
as follows:
(1) The test must be by water-jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
readings to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit
readings of total volumetric expansion to an accuracy either of 1
percent or 0.1 cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure must be maintained for at least 30 seconds and
sufficiently longer to ensure complete expansion. Any internal pressure
applied after heat treatment and previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 10 percent of the
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Cylinders must be tested as follows:
(i) At least 1 cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 200
or less
[[Page 25979]]
must be tested as outlined in paragraphs (i)(1), (i)(2), and (i)(3) of
this section to at least two times service pressure.
(ii) All cylinders not tested as outlined in paragraph (i)(4)(i) of
this section must be examined under pressure of at least two times
service pressure and show no defect.
(5) One finished cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 500
or less successively produced must be hydrostatically tested to 4 times
service pressure without bursting.
(j) Physical tests. Cylinders must be subjected to a physical test
as follows:
(1) Specimens must be taken from one cylinder after heat treatment
and chosen at random from each lot of 200 or less, as follows:
(i) Body specimen. One specimen must be taken longitudinally from
the body section at least 90 degrees away from the weld.
(ii) Head specimen. One specimen must be taken from either head on
a cylinder when both heads are made of the same material. However, if
the two heads are made of differing materials, a specimen must be taken
from each head.
(iii) If due to welded attachments on the top head there is
insufficient surface from which to take a specimen, it may be taken
from a representative head of the same heat treatment as the test
cylinder.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\
inches, a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
or a gauge length at least 24 times thickness with a width not over 6
times thickness is authorized when a cylinder wall is not over \3/16\
inch thick.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within 1 inch of each end of the reduced
section.
(iii) When size of the cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows
when specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical tests detailed information
in regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by either the ``off-
set'' method or the ``extension under load'' method as prescribed in
ASTM Standard E8.
(ii) In using the ``extension under load'' method, the total strain
(or ``extension under load''), corresponding to the stress at which the
0.2-percent permanent strain occurs may be determined with sufficient
accuracy by calculating the elastic extension of the gauge length under
appropriate load and adding thereto 0.2 percent of the gauge length.
Elastic extension calculations must be based on an elastic modulus of
30,000,000. In the event of controversy, the entire stress-strain
diagram must be plotted and the yield strength determined from the 0.2-
percent offset.
(iii) For the purpose of strain measurement, the initial strain
reference must be set while the specimen is under a stress of 12,000
pounds per square inch and the strain indicator reading being set at
the calculated corresponding strain.
(iv) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(k) Elongation. Physical test specimens must show at least a 40
percent elongation for a 2-inch gauge length or at least a 20 percent
elongation in other cases. Except that these elongation percentages may
be reduced numerically by 2 for 2-inch specimens and by 1 in other
cases for each 7,500 pounds per square inch increment of tensile
strength above 50,000 pounds per square inch to a maximum of four
increments.
(l) Tests of welds. Welds must be subjected to the following tests:
(1) Tensile test. A specimen must be cut from one cylinder of each
lot of 200 or less. The specimen must be taken from across the
longitudinal seam and must be prepared and tested in accordance with
and must meet the requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(2) Guided bend test. A root test specimen must be cut from the
cylinder used for the tensile test specified in paragraph (l)(1) of
this section. Specimens must be taken from across the longitudinal seam
and must be prepared and tested in accordance with and must meet the
requirements of CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(3) Alternate guided bend test. This test may be used and must be
as required by CGA Pamphlet C-3. The specimen must be bent until the
elongation at the outer surface, adjacent to the root of the weld,
between the lightly scribed gauge lines a to b, must be at least 20
percent, except that this percentage may be reduced for steels having a
tensile strength in excess of 50,000 pounds per square inch, as
provided in paragraph (k) of this section.
(m) Radiographic examination. Welds of the cylinders must be
subjected to a radiographic examination as follows:
(1) Radiographic inspection must conform to the techniques and
acceptability criteria set forth in CGA Pamphlet C-3. When fluoroscopic
inspection is used, permanent film records need not be retained.
(2) Should spot radiographic examination fail to meet the
requirements of paragraph (m)(1) of this section, two additional welds
from the same lot of 50 cylinders or less must be examined, and if
either of these fail to meet the requirements, each cylinder must be
examined as previously outlined; only those passing are acceptable.
(n) Rejected cylinders. (1) Unless otherwise stated, if a sample
cylinder or specimen taken from a lot of cylinders fails the prescribed
test, then two additional specimens must be selected from the same lot
and subjected to the prescribed test. If either of these fails the
test, then the entire lot must be rejected.
(2) Reheat treatment of rejected cylinders is authorized.
Subsequent thereto, cylinders must pass all prescribed tests to be
acceptable. Repair of welded seams by welding is authorized provided
that all defective metal is cut away and the joint is rewelded as
prescribed for original welded joints.
(o) Markings. Markings must be stamped plainly and permanently in
any of the following locations on the cylinder:
(1) On shoulders and top heads when they are not less than 0.087-
inch thick.
(2) On a metal plate attached to the top of the cylinder or
permanent part thereof; sufficient space must be left on the plate to
provide for stamping at least six retest dates; the plate must be at
least \1/16\-inch thick and must be attached by welding, or by brazing.
The brazing rod is to melt at a temperature of 1100 deg.F Welding or
brazing must be along all the edges of the plate.
(3) On the neck, valve boss, valve protection sleeve, or similar
part permanently attached to the top of the cylinder.
(4) On the footring permanently attached to the cylinder, provided
the water capacity of the cylinder does not exceed 25 pounds.
(p) Inspector's report. In addition to the information required by
Sec. 178.35, the inspector's report must indicate the type and amount
of radiography.
[[Page 25980]]
Sec. 178.65 Specification 39 non-reusable (non-refillable) cylinders.
(a) Type, size, service pressure, and test pressure. A DOT 39
cylinder is a seamless, welded, or brazed cylinder with a service
pressure not to exceed 80 percent of the test pressure. Spherical
pressure vessels are authorized and covered by references to cylinders
in this specification.
(1) Size limitation. Maximum water capacity may not exceed: (i) 55
pounds (1,526 cubic inches) for a service pressure of 500 p.s.i.g. or
less, and (ii) 10 pounds (277 cubic inches) for a service pressure in
excess of 500 p.s.i.g.
(2) Test pressure. The minimum test pressure is the maximum
pressure of contents at 130 deg. F or 180 p.s.i.g. whichever is
greater.
(3) Pressure of contents. The term ``pressure of contents'' as used
in this specification means the total pressure of all the materials to
be shipped in the cylinder.
(b) Material; steel or aluminum. The cylinder must be constructed
of either steel or aluminum conforming to the following requirements:
(1) Steel. (i) The steel analysis must conform to the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ladle Check
analysis analysis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Carbon, maximum percent............................. 0.12 0.15
Phosphorus, maximum percent......................... .04 .05
Sulfur, maximum percent............................. .05 .06
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) For a cylinder made of seamless steel tubing with integrally
formed ends, hot drawn, and finished, content percent for the following
may not exceed: Carbon, 0.55; phosphorous, 0.045; sulfur, 0.050.
(iii) For non-heat treated welded steel cylinders, adequately
killed deep drawing quality steel is required.
(iv) Longitudinal or helical welded cylinders are not authorized
for service pressures in excess of 500 p.s.i.g.
(2) Aluminum. Aluminum is not authorized for service pressures in
excess of 500 p.s.i.g. The analysis of the aluminum must conform to the
Aluminum Association standard for alloys 1060, 1100, 1170, 3003, 5052,
5086, 5154, 6061, and 6063 as specified in its publication entitled
``Aluminum Standards and Data''.
(3) Material with seams, cracks, laminations, or other injurious
defects not permitted.
(4) Material used must be identified by any suitable method.
(c) Manufacture. (1) General manufacturing requirements are as
follows:
(i) The surface finish must be uniform and reasonably smooth.
(ii) Inside surfaces must be clean, dry, and free of loose
particles.
(iii) No defect of any kind is permitted if it is likely to weaken
a finished cylinder.
(2) Requirements for seams:
(i) Brazing is not authorized on aluminum cylinders.
(ii) Brazing material must have a melting point of not lower than
1,000 deg.F.
(iii) Brazed seams must be assembled with proper fit to ensure
complete penetration of the brazing material throughout the brazed
joint.
(iv) Minimum width of brazed joints must be at least four times the
thickness of the shell wall.
(v) Brazed seams must have design strength equal to or greater than
1.5 times the minimum strength of the shell wall.
(vi) Welded seams must be properly aligned and welded by a method
that provides clean, uniform joints with adequate penetration.
(vii) Welded joints must have a strength equal to or greater than
the minimum strength of the shell material in the finished cylinder.
(3) Attachments to the cylinder are permitted by any means which
will not be detrimental to the integrity of the cylinder. Welding or
brazing of attachments to the cylinder must be completed prior to all
pressure tests.
(4) Welding procedures and operators must be qualified in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet C-3.
(d) Wall thickness. The minimum wall thickness must be such that
the wall stress at test pressure does not exceed the yield strength of
the material of the finished cylinder wall. Calculations must be made
by the following formulas:
(1) Calculation of the stress for cylinders must be made by the
following formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=Wall stress, in p.s.i.;
P=Test pressure;
D=Outside diameter, in inches;
d=Inside diameter, in inches.
(2) Calculation of the stress for spheres must be made by the
following formula:
S=PD/4t
Where:
S=Wall stress, in p.s.i.;
P=Test pressure;
D=Outside diameter, in inches;
t=Minimum wall thickness, in inches.
(e) Openings and attachments. Openings and attachments must conform
to the following:
(1) Openings and attachments are permitted on heads only.
(2) All openings and their reinforcements must be within an
imaginary circle, concentric to the axis of the cylinder. The diameter
of the circle may not exceed 80 percent of the outside diameter of the
cylinder. The plane of the circle must be parallel to the plane of a
circumferential weld and normal to the long axis of the cylinder.
(3) Unless a head has adequate thickness, each opening must be
reinforced by a securely attached fitting, boss, pad, collar, or other
suitable means.
(4) Material used for welded openings and attachments must be of
weldable quality and compatible with the material of the cylinder.
(f) Pressure tests. (1) Each cylinder must be tested at an internal
pressure of at least the test pressure and must be held at that
pressure for at least 30 seconds.
(i) The leakage test must be conducted by submersion under water or
by some other method that will be equally sensitive.
(ii) If the cylinder leaks, evidences visible distortion, or any
other defect, while under test, it must be rejected (see paragraph (h)
of this section).
(2) One cylinder taken from the beginning of each lot, and one from
each 1,000 or less successively produced within the lot thereafter,
must be hydrostatically tested to destruction. The entire lot must be
rejected (see paragraph (h) of this section) if:
(i) A failure occurs at a gage pressure less than 2.0 times the
test pressure;
(ii) A failure initiates in a braze or a weld or the heat affected
zone thereof;
(iii) A failure is other than in the sidewall of a cylinder
longitudinal with its long axis; or
(iv) In a sphere, a failure occurs in any opening, reinforcement,
or at a point of attachment.
(3) A ``lot'' is defined as the quantity of cylinders successively
produced per production shift (not exceeding 10 hours) having identical
size, design, construction, material, heat treatment, finish, and
quality.
(g) Flattening test. One cylinder must be taken from the beginning
of production of each lot (as defined in paragraph (f)(3) of this
section) and subjected to a flattening test as follows:
(1) The flattening test must be made on a cylinder that has been
tested at test pressure.
[[Page 25981]]
(2) A ring taken from a cylinder may be flattened as an alternative
to a test on a complete cylinder. The test ring may not include the
heat affected zone or any weld. However, for a sphere, the test ring
may include the circumferential weld if it is located at a 45 degree
angle to the ring, +/-5 degrees.
(3) The flattening must be between 60 degrees included-angle, wedge
shaped knife edges, rounded to a 0.5 inch radius.
(4) Cylinders and test rings may not crack when flattened so that
their outer surfaces are not more than six times wall thickness apart
when made of steel or not more than ten times wall thickness apart when
made of aluminum.
(5) If any cylinder or ring cracks when subjected to the specified
flattening test, the lot of cylinders represented by the test must be
rejected (see paragraph (h) of this section).
(h) Rejected cylinders. Rejected cylinders must conform to the
following requirements:
(1) If the cause for rejection of a lot is determinable, and if by
test or inspection defective cylinders are eliminated from the lot, the
remaining cylinders must be qualified as a new lot under paragraphs (f)
and (g) of this section.
(2) Repairs to welds are permitted. Following repair, a cylinder
must pass the pressure test specified in paragraph (f) of this section.
(3) If a cylinder made from seamless steel tubing fails the
flattening test described in paragraph (g) of this section, suitable
uniform heat treatment must be used on each cylinder in the lot. All
prescribed tests must be performed subsequent to this heat treatment.
(i) Markings. (1) The markings required by this section must be
durable and waterproof. The requirements of Sec. 173.24(c)(1) (ii) and
(iv) of this subchapter and Sec. 178.35(h) do not apply to this
section.
(2) Required markings are as follows:
(i) DOT-39.
(ii) NRC.
(iii) The service pressure.
(iv) The test pressure.
(v) The registration number (M****) of the manufacturer.
(vi) The lot number.
(vii) The date of manufacture if the lot number does not establish
the date of manufacture.
(viii) With one of the following statements:
(A) For cylinders manufactured prior to October 1, 1996: ``Federal
law forbids transportation if refilled-penalty up to $25,000 fine and 5
years imprisonment (49 U.S.C. 1809)'' or ``Federal law forbids
transportation if refilled-penalty up to $500,000 fine and 5 years
imprisonment (49 U.S.C. 5124).''
(B) For cylinders manufactured on or after October 1, 1996:
``Federal law forbids transportation if refilled-penalty up to $500,000
fine and 5 years imprisonment (49 U.S.C. 5124).''
(3) The markings required by paragraphs (i)(2)(i) through (i)(2)(v)
of this section must be in numbers and letters at least \1/8\ inch high
and displayed sequentially. For example:
DOT-39 NRC 250/500 M1001.
(4) No person may mark any cylinder with the specification
identification ``DOT-39'' unless it was manufactured in compliance with
the requirements of this section and its manufacturer has a
registration number (M****) from the Associate Administrator.
Sec. 178.68 Specification 4E welded aluminum cylinders.
(a) Type, size and service pressure. A DOT 4E cylinder is a welded
aluminum cylinder with a water capacity (nominal) of not over 1,000
pounds and a service pressure of at least 225 to not over 500 pounds
per square inch. The cylinder must be constructed of not more than two
seamless drawn shells with no more than one circumferential weld. The
circumferential weld may not be closer to the point of tangency of the
cylindrical portion with the shoulder than 20 times the cylinder wall
thickness. Cylinders or shells closed in by spinning process and
cylinders with longitudinal seams are not authorized.
(b) Authorized material. The cylinder must be constructed of
aluminum of uniform quality. The following chemical analyses are
authorized:
Table 1.--Authorized Materials
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical analysis--limits in
Designation percent 5154 \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iron plus silicon........................ 0.45 maximum.
Copper................................... 0.10 maximum.
Manganese................................ 0.10 maximum.
Magnesium................................ 3.10/3.90.
Chromium................................. 0.15/0.35.
Zinc..................................... 0.20 maximum.
Titanium................................. 0.20 maximum.
Others, each............................. 0.05 maximum.
Others, total............................ 0.15 maximum.
Aluminum................................. remainder.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Analysis must regularly be made only for the elements specifically
mentioned in this table. If, however, the presence of other elements
is indicated in the course of routine analysis, further analysis
should be made to determine conformance with the limits specified for
other elements.
(c) Identification. Material must be identified by any suitable
method that will identify the alloy and manufacturer's lot number.
(d) Manufacture. Cylinders must be manufactured using equipment and
processes adequate to ensure that each cylinder produced conforms to
the requirements of this subpart. No defect is permitted that is likely
to weaken the finished cylinder appreciably. A reasonably smooth and
uniform surface finish is required. All welding must be by the gas
shielded arc process.
(e) Welding. The attachment to the tops and bottoms only of
cylinders by welding of neckrings or flanges, footrings, handles,
bosses and pads and valve protection rings is authorized. However, such
attachments and the portion of the cylinder to which it is attached
must be made of weldable aluminum alloys.
(f) Wall thickness. The wall thickness of the cylinder must conform
to the following:
(1) The minimum wall thickness of the cylinder must be 0.140 inch.
In any case, the minimum wall thickness must be such that calculated
wall stress at twice service pressure may not exceed the lesser value
of either of the following:
(i) 20,000 pounds per square inch.
(ii) One-half of the minimum tensile strength of the material as
required in paragraph (m) of this section.
(2) Calculation must be made by the following formula:
S=[P(1.3D2+0.4d2)]/(D2-d2)
Where:
S=wall stress in pounds per square inch;
P=minimum test pressure prescribed for water jacket test;
D=outside diameter in inches;
d=inside diameter in inches.
(3) Minimum thickness of heads and bottoms may not be less than the
minimum required thickness of the side wall.
(g) Opening in cylinder. Openings in cylinders must conform to the
following:
(1) All openings must be in the heads or bases.
(2) Each opening in cylinders, except those for safety devices,
must be provided with a fitting, boss, or pad, securely attached to
cylinder by welding by inert gas shielded arc process or by threads. If
threads are used, they must comply with the following:
(i) Threads must be clean-cut, even, without checks and cut to
gauge.
(ii) Taper threads to be of length not less than as specified for
American Standard taper pipe threads.
(iii) Straight threads, having at least 4 engaged threads, to have
tight fit and
[[Page 25982]]
calculated shear strength at least 10 times the test pressure of the
cylinder; gaskets required, adequate to prevent leakage.
(3) Closure of a fitting, boss, or pad must be adequate to prevent
leakage.
(h) Hydrostatic test. Each cylinder must successfully withstand a
hydrostatic test, as follows:
(1) The test must be by water jacket, or other suitable method,
operated so as to obtain accurate data. The pressure gauge must permit
reading to an accuracy of 1 percent. The expansion gauge must permit a
reading of the total expansion to an accuracy either of 1 percent or
0.1 cubic centimeter.
(2) Pressure of 2 times service pressure must be maintained for at
least 30 seconds and sufficiently longer to insure complete expansion.
Any internal pressure applied previous to the official test may not
exceed 90 percent of the test pressure. If, due to failure of the test
apparatus, the test pressure cannot be maintained, the test may be
repeated at a pressure increased by 10 percent over the pressure
otherwise specified.
(3) Permanent volumetric expansion may not exceed 12 percent of
total volumetric expansion at test pressure.
(4) Cylinders having a calculated wall stress of 18,000 pounds per
square inch or less at test pressure may be tested as follows:
(i) At least one cylinder selected at random out of each lot of 200
or less must be tested in accordance with paragraphs (h)(1), (h)(2),
and (h)(3) of this section.
(ii) All cylinders not tested as provided in paragraph (h)(4)(i) of
this section must be examined under pressure of at least 2 times
service pressure and show no defect.
(5) One finished cylinder selected at random out of each lot of
1,000 or less must be hydrostatically tested to 4 times the service
pressure without bursting. Inability to meet this requirement must
result in rejection of the lot.
(i) Flattening test. After hydrostatic testing, a flattening test
is required on one section of a cylinder, taken at random out of each
lot of 200 or less as follows:
(1) If the weld is not at midlength of the cylinder, the test
section must be no less in width than 30 times the cylinder wall
thickness. The weld must be in the center of the section. Weld
reinforcement must be removed by machining or grinding so that the weld
is flush with the exterior of the parent metal. There must be no
evidence of cracking in the sample when it is flattened between flat
plates to no more than 6 times the wall thickness.
(2) If the weld is at midlength of the cylinder, the test may be
made as specified in paragraph (i)(1)(i) of this section or must be
made between wedge shaped knife edges (60 deg. angle) rounded to a \1/
2\ inch radius. There must be no evidence of cracking in the sample
when it is flattened to no more than 6 times the wall thickness.
(j) Physical test. A physical test must be conducted to determine
yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area of
material as follows:
(1) The test is required on 2 specimens cut from one cylinder or
part thereof taken at random out of each lot of 200 or less.
(2) Specimens must conform to the following:
(i) A gauge length of 8 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches,
a gauge length of 2 inches with a width not over 1\1/2\ inches.
(ii) The specimen, exclusive of grip ends, may not be flattened.
Grip ends may be flattened to within 1 inch of each end of the reduced
section.
(iii) When size of cylinder does not permit securing straight
specimens, the specimens may be taken in any location or direction and
may be straightened or flattened cold, by pressure only, not by blows;
when specimens are so taken and prepared, the inspector's report must
show in connection with record of physical test detailed information in
regard to such specimens.
(iv) Heating of a specimen for any purpose is not authorized.
(3) The yield strength in tension must be the stress corresponding
to a permanent strain of 0.2 percent of the gauge length. The following
conditions apply:
(i) The yield strength must be determined by the ``offset'' method
as prescribed in ASTM Standard E8.
(ii) Cross-head speed of the testing machine may not exceed \1/8\
inch per minute during yield strength determination.
(k) Acceptable results for physical tests. An acceptable result of
the physical test requires an elongation to at least 7 percent and
yield strength not over 80 percent of tensile strength.
(l) Weld tests. Welds of the cylinder are required to successfully
pass the following tests:
(1) Reduced section tensile test. A specimen must be cut from the
cylinder used for the physical tests specified in paragraph (j) of this
section. The specimen must be taken from across the seam, edges must be
parallel for a distance of approximately 2 inches on either side of the
weld. The specimen must be fractured in tension. The apparent breaking
stress calculated on the minimum wall thickness must be at least equal
to 2 times the stress calculated under paragraph (f)(2) of this
section, and in addition must have an actual breaking stress of at
least 30,000 pounds per square inch. Should this specimen fail to meet
the requirements, specimens may be taken from 2 additional cylinders
from the same lot and tested. If either of the latter specimens fails
to meet requirements, the entire lot represented must be rejected.
(2) Guided bend test. A bend test specimen must be cut from the
cylinder used for the physical tests specified in paragraph (j) of this
section. Specimen must be taken across the seam, must be 1\1/2\ inches
wide, edges must be parallel and rounded with a file, and back-up
strip, if used, must be removed by machining. The specimen must be bent
to refusal in the guided bend test jig illustrated in paragraph 6.10 of
CGA Pamphlet C-3. The root of the weld (inside surface of the cylinder)
must be located away from the ram of the jig. No specimen must show a
crack or other open defect exceeding \1/8\ inch in any direction upon
completion of the test. Should this specimen fail to meet the
requirements, specimens may be taken from each of 2 additional
cylinders from the same lot and tested. If either of the latter
specimens fail to meet requirements, the entire lot represented must be
rejected.
(m) Rejected cylinders. Repair of welded seams is authorized.
Acceptable cylinders must pass all prescribed tests.
(n) Inspector's report. In addition to the information required by
Sec. 178.35, the record of chemical analyses must also include
applicable information on iron, titanium, zinc, and magnesium used in
the construction of the cylinder.
Issued in Washington, DC on May 8, 1996, under authority
delegated in 49 CFR Part 1.
Rose McMurray,
Acting Deputy Administrator, Research and Special Programs
Administration.
[FR Doc. 96-12029 Filed 5-22-96; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-60-P
