[Federal Register Volume 62, Number 87 (Tuesday, May 6, 1997)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 24776-24795]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 97-11629]
[[Page 24775]]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part V
Environmental Protection Agency
_______________________________________________________________________
40 CFR Part 80
Regulation on Fuels and Fuel Additives; Baseline Requirements for
Gasoline Produced by Foreign Refiners; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 87 / Tuesday, May 6, 1997 / Proposed
Rules
[[Page 24776]]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 80
[FRL-5821-5]
RIN 2060-AH48
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Baseline Requirements for
Gasoline Produced by Foreign Refiners
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
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SUMMARY: This proposed rule would revise the requirements for imported
gasoline. The Agency is proposing that a foreign refiner could choose
to petition EPA to establish an individual baseline reflecting the
quality and quantity of gasoline produced at a foreign refinery in 1990
that was shipped to the United States. The foreign refiner would be
required to meet the same requirements relating to the establishment
and use of individual refinery baselines as are met by domestic
refiners. Additional requirements are also being proposed to address
issues that are unique to refiners and refineries located outside the
United States, related to tracking the movement of gasoline from the
refinery to the United States border, monitoring compliance with the
requirements that apply to parties outside the United States, and
imposition of appropriate sanctions for violations. EPA is also
proposing that it would monitor the quality of imported gasoline, and
if it exceeded a specified benchmark, EPA would apply appropriate
remedial action. EPA is proposing that the baseline for gasoline
imported from refiners without an individual baseline would be adjusted
to remedy the exceedance.
EPA believes the proposed rulemaking would be consistent with the
Agency's commitment to fully protect public health and the environment,
and with the U.S. commitment to ensure that the regulation is
consistent with the obligations of the United States under the World
Trade Organization.
DATES: The Agency will hold a public hearing on today's proposal if one
is requested by May 13, 1997. If a public hearing is held, it will take
place on May 20, 1997. If a public hearing is held on today's proposal,
comments must be received by June 19, 1997. If a hearing is not held,
comments must be received by June 5, 1997.
ADDRESSES: To request a hearing or to find out if and where a hearing
is being held, please call Karen Smith at (202) 233-9674. Send comments
to Public Docket A-97-26 at the address below. It is also requested
that two duplicate copies of comments be sent to the person listed in
the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this document. Materials
relevant to this NPRM are contained in Public Dockets A-91-02 and A-92-
12, A-94-25 and A-96-33 located at Room M-1500, Waterside Mall (ground
floor), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street S.W.,
Washington, DC 20460. The docket may be inspected from 8 a.m. until
5:30 p.m. Monday through Friday. A reasonable fee may be charged by EPA
for copying docket materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Karen Smith, Fuels and Energy
Division, U.S. EPA (6406J), 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460,
Telephone: (202) 233-9674.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulated entities. Entities potentially
regulated by this action are those foreign refiners and importers which
produce, import or distribute gasoline for sale in the United States.
Regulated categories and entities include:
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Examples of regulated
Category entities
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Industry.................................. Foreign Refiners, Importers.
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This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a
guide for readers regarding entities potentially regulated by this
action. This table lists the types of entities that EPA is now aware
could potentially be regulated by this action. Other types of entities
not listed in the table could also be regulated. To determine whether
your company or facility may potentially be regulated by this action,
you should carefully examine the applicability criteria of Part 80,
Subpart D, of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations. If you have
questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular
entity, consult the person listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT section.
Copies of this proposed rule are available on the Internet at
www.epa.gov., and also on the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network
Bulletin Board System (TTNBBS). The TTNBBS can be accessed with a dial-
in phone line and a high-speed modem (PH# 919-541-5742). The parity of
your modem should be set to none, the data bits to 8, and the stop bits
to 1. Either a 1200, 2400, 9600, or 14400 baud modem should be used.
When first signing on, the user will be required to answer some basic
informational questions for registration purposes. After completing the
registration process, proceed through the following series of menus:
(T) GATEWAY TO TTN TECHNICAL AREAS (Bulletin Boards)
(M) OMS
(K) Rulemaking and Reporting
(3) Fuels
(9) Reformulated gasoline
A list of ZIP files will be shown, all of which are related to the
reformulated gasoline rulemaking process. The individual foreign
refinery baseline proposed rule is identified by the title:
``FORBASE.ZIP.'' To download this file, type the instructions below and
transfer according to the appropriate software on your computer:
ownload, rotocol, xamine, ew, ist, or elp Selection
or to exit: D FORBASE.ZIP
You will be given a list of transfer protocols from which you must
choose one that matches with the terminal software on your own
computer. Then go into your own software and tell it to receive the
file using the same protocol. Programs and instructions for de-
archiving compressed files can be found via ystems Utilities from
the top menu, under rchivers/de-archivers.
I. Background
A. Current Requirements for Imported Gasoline
On December 15, 1993, EPA issued the final regulations that
establish requirements for reformulated gasoline (RFG) and conventional
gasoline (CG) (together the Gasoline Rule), as prescribed by section
211(k) of the Clean Air Act (the Act). See 59 FR 7716 (February 16,
1994). Under the Gasoline Rule, compliance by refiners and importers
with the CG requirements and certain RFG requirements is measured
against baselines that are intended to reflect a refinery or importer's
1990 gasoline quality. Domestic refiners are required to establish
individual refinery baselines of the quality and quantity of the
gasoline produced at each refinery in 1990. Domestic refinery baselines
are calculated using, in hierarchical order based on the availability
of data, 1990 gasoline test data (Method 1), 1990 blendstock test data
(Method 2), or post-1990 blendstock and/or gasoline test data (Method
3). Under the Gasoline Rule domestic blenders of gasoline and importers
of foreign-produced gasoline are treated differently than domestic
refiners in that they are required to establish baselines of the
quality and quantity of gasoline they produced or imported in 1990
using Method 1 data,
[[Page 24777]]
if available. However, almost all blenders and importers lack the
actual 1990 test data necessary to establish a baseline using Method 1
data. As a result, blenders and importers are assigned the statutory
baseline, a baseline established by EPA in 1993 to approximate average
gasoline quality in the United States in 1990,1 with the
consequence that almost all gasoline produced at foreign refineries is
evaluated using the statutory baseline.2 The baseline-
setting scheme is specified in 40 CFR 80.91 through 80.93, and is
discussed in the Preamble to the final rule at 59 FR 7791 (February 16,
1994).
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\1\ The statutory baseline is calculated pursuant to section
211(k)(10)(B) of the Act which specifies the properties of
summertime statutory baseline gasoline, and instructs the EPA to
establish the average properties of 1990 wintertime gasoline. The
Gasoline Rule specifies the properties of 1990 wintertime gasoline
in Sec. 80.45(b)(2), and the combined summer and winter, or annual,
statutory baseline gasoline properties in Sec. 80.91(c)(5).
Importers are required to meet various conventional gasoline
requirements by comparing the annual average quality of the gasoline
they import against the statutory baseline. An individual batch of
imported conventional gasoline is not subject to any requirements,
only the annual average of gasoline imported by the importer.
Foreign refiners are not subject to the requirements of the current
Gasoline Rule.
\2\ Only one importer had the Method 1 data necessary to
establish an individual baseline.
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In preparing the Gasoline Rule, EPA focused on three major issues
regarding the use of individual baselines for foreign refiners in the
RFG and CG programs. EPA's overriding consideration was the ultimate
environmental consequences of the baseline-setting scheme. The three
issues that EPA focused on were: (1) The technical difficulty of using
baseline-setting Methods 2 and 3 to accurately predict the quality of
the subset of a foreign refinery's gasoline that was exported to the
U.S. in 1990; (2) the ability of the Agency to adequately verify and
enforce the use of individual foreign refinery baselines, including
problems identifying the refinery of origin of imported gasoline and
enforcing gasoline content requirements against a foreign refiner; and
(3) the risk of adverse environmental effects from providing refiners
or importers with options in establishing baselines.
In developing the Gasoline Rule, EPA considered but did not go
forward with allowing foreign refiners the option of petitioning EPA to
establish individual baselines using Methods 1, 2, and 3, or defaulting
to the statutory baseline. EPA's reasons for not adopting the option at
that time are discussed at 59 FR 7785-88 (February 16, 1994). When EPA
issued the final rule on December 15, 1993, however, it was not fully
satisfied that the baseline-setting scheme applicable to importers and
foreign refiners was the optimum solution and continued to consider the
issue.
B. May 1994 Proposal
In May 1994, EPA proposed to amend the Gasoline Rule to define
criteria and procedures by which foreign refiners would be allowed to
establish individual refinery baselines that reflected the properties
and volume of the gasoline that was produced at a foreign refinery in
1990 and exported for use within the United States. Under this
proposal, if a foreign refiner made the requisite showing through a
petition process EPA would establish an individual foreign refinery
baseline. U.S. importers of RFG produced at the foreign refinery would
have used the individual foreign refinery baseline values to
demonstrate compliance with the limited number of RFG requirements that
are based on individual baselines. Importers would not have been
allowed to use individual foreign refinery baselines for the CG
requirements. Foreign refinery baselines would have been used only
during the period 1995 through 1997 3 and only up to a
volume of gasoline each year that equaled the foreign refinery's 1990
baseline volume. The proposal also included detailed enforcement and
verification procedures.
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\3\ Individual refinery baselines are used to set certain
content requirements for RFG only through 1997. See 40 CFR 80.41.
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Subsequent to the May 1994 proposal, Congress included limitations
on EPA's appropriations related to the May 1994 proposal. Based on this
EPA did not conclude the rulemaking process.
C. The WTO Dispute Settlement Proceeding
In 1995, the governments of Venezuela and Brazil initiated dispute
settlement proceedings before the World Trade Organization (WTO),
challenging as discriminatory the different treatment applied by the
Gasoline Rule to imported gasoline and that produced by U.S. refiners.
Among other defenses, the United States argued that the rule was
justified by the difficulties associated with implementing and
enforcing individual baseline requirements with respect to foreign
refiners and by the environmental risk resulting from providing foreign
refiners the choice of employing individual baselines. The initial
dispute settlement panel reviewing the matter found the regulation
discriminatory under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994
(GATT) and that the United States had not shown that the GATT's health,
environment, or conservation exceptions applied. The WTO Appellate
Body, reviewing the U.S. arguments regarding the GATT conservation
exception, recognized that the United States had legitimate concerns,
but concluded the rule did not satisfy all the requirements for this
exception. The Appellate Body based this conclusion on its views that
(1) the United States had not adequately explored options available to
deal with its concerns, in particular international cooperative
arrangements and (2) the United States had been concerned about the
costs of the various regulatory options to domestic refiners but not to
foreign refiners. The Appellate Body recommended that the United States
bring EPA's regulations into conformity with WTO obligations, leaving
the United States to determine how it would comply.
On June 19, 1996 after the Administration had consulted with
Congress, the United States advised the WTO that the United States
intended to meet U.S. obligations with respect to the results of the
WTO dispute settlement proceedings, that the EPA had initiated an open
process to examine any and all options for compliance, and that a key
criterion in evaluating options would be fully protecting public health
and the environment. On June 28, 1996, EPA issued an invitation for
public comment in the Federal Register (61 FR 33703), seeking input and
suggestions from all interested parties. The comment period closed on
September 26, 1996.
D. Invitation for Public Comment
The invitation for public comment was an attempt to identify any
and all options available to the Agency to meet U.S. international
obligations in response to the WTO decision. EPA's goal was to identify
all feasible options that are consistent with EPA's commitment to fully
protect public health and the environment, and at the same time are
consistent with the obligations of the United States under the WTO.
Specifically, EPA invited comment on: (1) How to accurately
establish a reliable and verifiable individual baseline for a foreign
refinery; (2) how EPA could adequately monitor compliance with and
enforce any baseline requirements; (3) how EPA could effectively
determine the refinery of origin of imported gasoline, so as to
determine the appropriate baseline to apply to the imported gasoline;
(4) the potential environmental impacts from
[[Page 24778]]
implementing any suggested options; and (5) a method by which EPA could
better quantify or characterize potential environmental impacts of any
options proposed. EPA also requested that commenters provide
information and analysis on the public health, environmental and
economic impact associated with any option presented.
EPA received sixteen comments from various interested parties
during the comment period.
Many comments stated that EPA's action on the WTO dispute could
impact the requirements only for CG and not for RFG, because beginning
in January 1998, individual baselines cease having any relevance for
RFG requirements, and it would be difficult to implement any rule
change before January 1998.
Comments by domestic refiners and certain domestic refiner
associations highlighted four major concerns:
(1) The necessity for adequate compliance, audit, and
enforcement requirements. The comments questioned EPA's ability to
establish reliable and verifiable baselines, and to effectively
monitor compliance by foreign refiners with requirements and enforce
violations that are documented.
(2) The technical difficulties associated with establishing a
foreign refinery's baseline that would reflect the quality only of
the subset of the refinery's gasoline that was exported to the U.S.
in 1990, because the quality of this subset may differ from the
refinery's overall average gasoline quality.
(3) The possibility that the quality of imported gasoline would
decline if foreign refiners are given the option of establishing
individual refinery baselines because foreign refiners whose 1990
gasoline was dirtier than the statutory baseline would have an
incentive to seek an individual baseline, whereas refineries whose
1990 gasoline was cleaner than the statutory baseline would not have
such an incentive. This concern, according to some commenters,
should be avoided by requiring all foreign refiners to establish
individual refinery baselines. This scenario is often called
``gaming''.
(4) The U.S. does not impose requirements on gasoline produced
at a foreign refinery that is not exported to the U.S. Domestic
refiners must produce clean gasoline for RFG areas without degrading
the CG sold elsewhere in the United States, essentially controlling
all gasoline produced at a domestic refinery. Foreign refiners have
the flexibility to produce clean gasoline for the U.S. market by
disposing of dirty components in gasoline sold into markets outside
the U.S., according to the comments.
One domestic refiner proposed that a single national baseline
replace individual baselines for conventional gasoline.
Venezuelan and Brazilian refiners affirmed their ability to
accurately establish reliable and verifiable individual baselines in
the same manner as domestic refiners, and commented that EPA's gaming
concern has no merit particularly if all foreign refiners establish
individual refinery baselines.
A European refiner urged EPA to allow foreign refineries to
establish individual baselines if they have the necessary supporting
data.
Independent gasoline marketers in the U.S. strongly urged quick
compliance with the WTO decision to increase competition in the
gasoline market. State and local air management districts asked EPA to
commit to adopt measures that would protect public health and the
environment.
EPA received additional comments from representatives of
independent refiners and representatives of independent importers and
blenders following the close of the comment period. The independent
refiners suggested that foreign refiners should be required to
establish individual baselines and should not be allowed to default to
the statutory baseline. Foreign refiners that do not establish an
individual baseline should be excluded from the U.S. market. Foreign
refiners should be subject to the full range of compliance and
enforcement measures necessary to secure compliance by foreign parties.
Importers should no longer be allowed to use the statutory baseline,
but would have to use the individual baseline applicable to the
gasoline they imported, to avoid gaming by foreign refiners with clean
individual baselines.
Independent importers and blenders suggested that all market
participants that are similarly situated should be treated in the same
manner, that it is important to preserve the ability of independent
importers to reblend and reclassify imported CG as RFG, that the use of
individual baselines should not restrict the ability to import other
gasoline under the importer's statutory baselines, that liability for
the use of an individual baseline should fall on the foreign refiner
not the importer, and that mandatory use of individual baselines by
foreign refiners should not be imposed as it would limit gasoline
supplies coming to the United States.
E. Requiring Individual Baselines for Foreign Refiners
In preparing this proposal EPA attempted to identify any and all
options available to the Agency to meet U.S. international obligations
in response to the WTO decision. EPA's goal was to identify all
feasible options that are consistent with EPA's commitment to fully
protect public health and the environment, and at the same time are
consistent with the obligations of the United States under the WTO.
Comments submitted to EPA during and after the public comment period,
and EPA's prior investigations on this issue, identified two broad
approaches for consideration involving individual baselines for foreign
refineries.4
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\4\ The discussion in the preamble will focus on imports of CG,
as compared to imports of RFG. After January 1, 1998, individual
baselines have no application in the RFG program. For CG, however,
individual baselines will continue to be used in setting the
compliance requirement for all CG. The application of the proposal
to RFG prior to January 1, 1998 is discussed separately in this
notice at section II.F.
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One approach would require the use of individual baselines (IB) by
foreign refiners. It would be mandatory, not optional. Under this
approach, EPA would apply basically the same requirements that apply to
domestic refiners to foreign refiners.
This approach would require foreign refiners who market gasoline to
the U.S. to submit petitions to establish an individual refinery
baseline, using the same methods and procedures currently in the
regulations. Once an IB was assigned for a refinery, that IB would be
used in developing a volume weighted compliance baseline. Under one
approach, the foreign refiner would meet the exhaust toxics and
NOx requirements for CG exported to the U.S. by that foreign
refinery, in the same manner as domestic refiners. Under an alternative
approach the domestic importer would establish a volume weighted
compliance baseline reflecting the quantity and IBs of gasoline
imported from various foreign refineries, and the domestic importer
would meet the applicable CG requirements. In either case, the use of a
foreign refinery IB would be subject to a volume cap, as for domestic
refiners. Foreign refiners would be subject to audits and inspections
to verify the IB and to verify the quantity and quality of gasoline
sent to the U.S. from that foreign refinery.
Significant additional requirements would also need to be imposed
on gasoline imported under a foreign refiner's IB. For domestic
refiners, almost all gasoline is produced for the U.S. market and the
very small volume that is exported can be readily tracked and
subtracted from the domestic refiner's compliance calculations. The
domestic refiner then bases its CG compliance calculations on the
quality and quantity of finished gasoline when it leaves the refinery.
At that point it has entered the U.S. gasoline market, and there is no
need to track the gasoline or
[[Page 24779]]
to segregate it from gasoline produced by another refinery.
For a foreign refiner, only a portion of the refinery's total
production is likely to be sent to the U.S., ranging from a very small
percentage to a significant minority of production. The gasoline also
may travel through a long and complicated distribution system from the
point it leaves the refinery gate to the point it enters the U.S.
market. However the IB for a specific foreign refinery would properly
apply only to gasoline produced at that foreign refinery, and would not
apply to gasoline produced at a different foreign refinery.
Several facts would therefore need to be clearly established to
properly apply a foreign refinery's IB to a batch of imported gasoline.
First, the refinery that produced the specific batch of imported
gasoline must be identified. Second, it must be demonstrated that this
batch of gasoline has not been mixed with gasoline produced by a
different foreign refinery with a different IB, from the point it left
the refinery-of-origin to the point it entered the U.S. market. Third,
the total amount of CG and RFG produced by the foreign refinery and
sent to the U.S. market must be determined, to establish when the
volume cap is exceeded. As with domestic refiners, it would also be
important to track blendstocks produced and sent to the U.S. from a
foreign refinery, so a foreign refiner could not avoid a stringent IB
by shipping blendstocks instead of finished gasoline. Tracking and
segregation requirements would need to be adopted to implement this.
A certain amount of gasoline is imported from fungible gasoline
supplies, where the refinery of origin is not known. This occurred in
1990, and would be expected to continue to occur in the future. It
would be reasonable to allow the practice to continue, and gasoline
imported from such sources would continue to be subject to the
statutory baseline (SB). However a mechanism would need to be imposed
so that this supply of fungible gasoline could not be used as a way to
avoid a more stringent IB.
Under this approach, EPA would need to establish IBs for all
foreign refineries, most of which sent only a small volume of gasoline
to the U.S. in 1990. The methods used to set IBs for domestic refiners
could still be used to establish the quality and quantity of gasoline
sent to the U.S. by a foreign refiner in 1990. Given the large number
of foreign refineries involved and the potential for widely varying
technical and other ability to establish IBs, it is not clear that all
foreign refiners would have the information necessary to establish an
accurate IB for gasoline sent to the U.S. in 1990.
The Department of Energy (DOE) has advised EPA that this approach
could seriously affect the supply and price of gasoline in the U.S.
market. Currently gasoline is imported into the U.S. market from a free
moving and fungible distribution system for imported gasoline. The
volume of imported gasoline, while small compared to the total U.S.
gasoline supply, can have a significant impact on gasoline prices.
Imported gasoline tends to moderate price increases by increasing the
sources of gasoline to meet U.S. demand, whether in response to a trend
of increasing demand over time, or a short term supply problem based on
local or temporary changes in domestic supply or demand.
The approach outlined above would significantly change the way
gasoline is imported to the U.S. market, greatly increasing the
complexity and making it more likely that gasoline could not be quickly
and readily diverted to the U.S. market to meet demand. This would make
it more likely that imported gasoline would not play the same role that
it currently does in moderating price increases. The long term supply
implications are harder to predict.
The increase in complexity from this approach is based on the need
to ensure that the right IB is applied to a batch of imported gasoline,
that an IB is only used up to the applicable volume cap, and that
parties do not circumvent the appropriate IB by shifting gasoline or
blendstocks through other parties. Modifying the tracking and
monitoring restrictions described above to try and resolve the supply
concerns would increase the risk of adverse environmental effect from
this approach.
EPA is also concerned that this approach might produce incentives
that would tend to reduce the average quality of imported CG. For
example, gasoline from refiners with cleaner IBs would be measured
against a more stringent baseline than under the current rules, while
gasoline from refiners with dirtier IBs would be measured against a
less stringent baseline than under the current rules. Additional costs
would be associated with segregation, tracking, and other requirements
described above. To the extent these changes put refiners with clean
IBs at an economic disadvantage compared to refiners with either the SB
or an IB dirtier than the SB, it could potentially push the supply of
gasoline away from refiners with clean IBs.
After evaluating this approach, EPA has decided to not propose it.
While it appears generally neutral in requiring individual baselines
for both domestic and foreign refiners, upon full consideration this
approach presents too great a risk of adverse effects on gasoline
supply and prices. EPA also has questions as to its environmental
neutrality. The Agency is instead proposing the optional use of
individual baselines, with specific provisions for monitoring gasoline
quality and remedying any adverse environmental effects.
II. Description of Proposal
A. Introduction
Today's proposed approach involves the use of optional IBs for
foreign refiners. Specific regulatory provisions would be implemented
to ensure that the optional use of an IB would not lead to adverse
environmental impacts. This would involve monitoring the average
quality of imported gasoline, and if a specified benchmark is exceeded,
remedial action would be taken. The remedial action proposed is that
the requirements for imported gasoline would be made more stringent.
This would ensure the environmental neutrality of this approach.
Under this approach, the procedures and methods for setting an IB,
as well as the tracking, segregation and other compliance related
provisions described below would all apply. However, they would only
apply where a foreign refiner chose to apply for an IB.
Under this approach, the volume of gasoline that could be imported
under the IB for a foreign refinery would be limited in the same manner
as for domestic refiners, relative to a refinery's 1990 baseline
volume. Since the foreign refiner sought an IB in order to specifically
produce gasoline for the U.S. market, the tracking and segregation
requirements noted above should not have a significant impact on the
ready availability of gasoline for import. The current requirements for
imported gasoline would continue to apply for all of the other gasoline
imported into the U.S. DOE does not believe this approach has the
potential to adversely impact gasoline supply and prices.
There is however some concern about the possible environmental
impact of such an approach. A foreign refiner may seek an IB only if it
would be less stringent than the SB. Gasoline produced by this foreign
refiner would then be measured against this less stringent IB. Other
imported gasoline would be measured against the SB. As
[[Page 24780]]
compared to the situation in 1990, there would be the potential for the
quality of imported gasoline to degrade from an emissions perspective.
The size and amount of this impact, however, is difficult to
quantify. It would depend on the number of foreign refiners that
received an IB, the specific emissions levels of the IBs assigned, and
the volume of gasoline included in the IB.5 It would also
depend on the source and amount of CG and RFG imported into the U.S. in
a specific year. It is also hard to quantify to what extent, if any,
foreign refiners who produced gasoline in 1990 that was cleaner that
the SB would ship gasoline that is dirtier than what they shipped in
1990. These circumstances, as well as the existence of a volume cap on
the use of IB's, and the large variation in the total levels of CG and
RFG imports each year make it difficult to assess in advance the risk
of an adverse environmental impact.
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\5\ To date, only a limited number of foreign refineries have
indicated an interest in establishing an IB. However, under the
proposal any foreign refiner could apply for an IB.
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EPA is proposing to address the potential environmental concerns
with this approach by (1) establishing a benchmark for the quality of
imported gasoline that would reasonably identify when the factors
identified above have led to an adverse environmental impact, (2)
monitoring imported gasoline to determine whether the benchmark has
been exceeded, and (3) if an exceedance of the benchmark occurs,
imposing a remedy that compensates for the adverse environmental
impact.6
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\6\ EPA has adopted an analogous approach in the RFG program.
Domestic refiners may chose to meet certain RFG requirements on
average, instead of meeting the RFG per-gallon requirements. However
a refiner who chooses the averaging requirements must implement a
compliance survey for the covered areas involved. In a compliance
survey the emissions quality of the retail gasoline in a covered
area is tested, and the average gasoline quality is compared to a
preestablished benchmark. If the average quality falls short of the
benchmark, the compliance requirements for RFG used in that covered
area are increased in stringency by a specified amount. Surveys are
conducted each year, and the requirements are increased in
stringency each time the area fails an annual compliance survey. The
stringency of the requirements can be reduced if the area does not
fail a compliance survey for a specified number of years. See 40 CFR
80.41, 80.68.
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As discussed below, the proposed benchmark for imported gasoline
quality would be the volume-weighted average of the IBs for domestic
refiners. As discussed below, EPA is proposing a benchmark for exhaust
NOX set at the volume weighted average for domestic
baselines. No benchmark would be set at this time for toxics, as there
does not appear to be the same potential for environmental degradation
that there could be for NOx.
EPA would monitor the quality of imported gasoline based on the
annual compliance reports filed by importers and foreign refiners
producing gasoline that is exported to the U.S. Each year EPA would
evaluate the volume weighted annual average quality of the three prior
years and compare it to the benchmark. If the average quality of
imported gasoline exceeded the benchmark, NOx requirements for gasoline
imported from refiners without an IB (currently set at the SB) would
increase in stringency the following year by an amount equivalent to
the exceedance. This would occur each time the annual monitoring
indicated that the benchmark was exceeded. If the amount of an
exceedance either increased or decreased, the amount of the remedy
would be correspondingly adjusted. If the annual monitoring showed that
imported gasoline did not exceed the benchmark, the compliance
requirements would be reduced to the SB for the following year. The
more stringent requirement would apply to all imported gasoline except
for gasoline produced by foreign refiners with an IB.
EPA's proposed approach meets the goals announced in the Invitation
for Public Comment, and avoids the potential supply, price and
environmental consequences of the alternative approaches considered by
EPA.
B. Requirements for Foreign Refiners with Individual Refinery Baselines
1. Establish Refinery Baselines
Under this proposal, a foreign refiner would have the option of
submitting an individual refinery baseline petition to EPA. The
refinery baseline would reflect the quality and quantity of gasoline
produced at the foreign refinery in 1990 that was exported to the U.S.
The procedures for establishing individual refinery baselines are
listed in Secs. 80.90 through 80.93. These procedures were used by
domestic refiners to predict their overall gasoline quantity and
quality for 1990. The procedures require the use of data from 1990
gasoline or gasoline blendstocks where available. If this data is not
available, post-1990 gasoline must be sampled and tested. The refiner
must then compare its 1990 and post-1990 refinery operations, and
identify all changes in operations that could cause the 1990 and post
1990 fuel parameters to differ in quality or volume. The refiner must
then adjust the post-1990 data to account for these differences,
thereby deriving the quality and volume of the gasoline produced in
1990.
EPA is proposing that foreign refiners that elect to develop
individual refinery baselines would also follow these procedures.
Additionally, EPA is proposing that foreign refiners would use these
procedures to determine the quality and quantity of gasoline they
produced in 1990 that was exported to the U.S. Specifically, in today's
proposed regulations, EPA has included requirements that baseline
submittals for foreign refineries would have to include information
that would estimate the refinery's overall 1990 gasoline quantity and
quality, and the quantity and quality of the subset of the refinery's
gasoline that was exported to the United States in 1990. Under
Sec. 80.92 baseline petitions would have to be supported by the report
of an EPA-approved baseline auditor.
i. Required Information. The requirements for establishing
individual foreign refinery baselines would be basically the same as
the baseline establishment requirements for domestic refineries. EPA is
proposing additional requirements for foreign refineries that address
the unique circumstances associated with establishing the quality and
quantity only of gasoline sent to the U.S. in 1990.
The procedures for developing individual refinery baselines, set
forth in Secs. 80.90 through 80.93, are highlighted below and discussed
with respect to foreign refineries. Comments are requested on EPA's
extension of the baseline development procedures to foreign refineries,
especially where modifications have been proposed to account for the
unique circumstances associated with foreign refinery baselines.
A foreign refinery's individual baseline (i.e., quality
and quantity information) would be calculated using, in hierarchical
order based on the availability of data, 1990 gasoline test data
(Method 1), 1990 blendstock test data (Method 2), or post-1990
blendstock and/or gasoline test data (Method 3) for its total 1990
gasoline production in the same manner required of domestic refiners.
Foreign refineries have the additional requirement of using these
methods to determine the quality and quantity of the subset of gasoline
exported to the United States in 1990.
All data collected beginning in 1990 and through the last
date of any data collection under Sec. 80.91(d)(1)(I)(B) must be used
in the development of both the overall refinery baseline and the
baseline of the gasoline exported to the U.S. in 1990.
Baseline petitions would have to be submitted in the same
manner as is
[[Page 24781]]
required of domestic refiners under Sec. 80.93, except that EPA is
proposing that baseline petitions would have to be submitted before
January 1, 2002. This would allow for the collection of both summer and
winter data and the preparation of a baseline petition subsequent to
June 1, 2000, the scheduled date EPA would announce the average quality
of imported gasoline for the first monitoring period of 1998 and 1999.
EPA would require the same type and quality of information and level of
accuracy in establishing a baseline no matter when a foreign refiner
applies for a baseline. Comments are requested on the appropriateness
of this deadline.
EPA is also proposing that in order for a refinery to
receive an approved baseline, the refinery would have to commit to give
EPA's auditors full access to the foreign refinery to conduct announced
and unannounced inspections and audits related to the baseline
development and submission. EPA baseline audits could occur at any time
after a baseline petition has been submitted, either before or after
EPA approves a refinery baseline.
Under Sec. 80.93(b)(1)(I) foreign refiners would have to
provide any additional information requested by EPA to support a
baseline submittal or petition, as is true for domestic refiners.
Under Sec. 80.93(c) a separate baseline would be
established for each foreign refinery. However, as is the case of U.S.
refiners a foreign refiner could petition EPA for a single refinery
baseline for two closely integrated facilities under Sec. 80.91(e)(1).
In addition, as is the case for U.S. refiners a foreign refiner who
operates more than one refinery with individual baselines would be able
to aggregate the baselines of some or all of its refineries under
Sec. 80.101(h).
EPA is proposing that all documentation included in a
baseline submission or petition would have to be in the English
language or include an English language translation.
EPA requests comments on any aspects of the baseline development
regulations, Secs. 80.90 through 80.93, relative to the development of
foreign refinery baselines, particularly concerning any unique aspects
of developing or verifying foreign refinery baselines for a refinery's
total 1990 gasoline production and for the subset of gasoline exported
to the U.S. in 1990.
ii. EPA Action on Baseline Submissions. As for the domestic refiner
baseline approval process, EPA would subject foreign refinery baseline
submissions to an in-depth analysis and review. EPA would also reserve
the right to inspect, audit and review all records or facilities used
to generate data submitted to the Agency prior to acting on a baseline
submission or petition.
After conducting its review of the data and analysis in a baseline
submission, EPA would assign an individual baseline that represents the
quality and quantity of gasoline exported to the U.S. in 1990. EPA will
consider all information submitted and the analysis performed by the
refiner and the baseline auditor in assigning a foreign refinery
baseline. EPA expects the refiner's submission to consider all relevant
factors in determining the quality and quantity of the subset of
gasoline sent to the U.S. in 1990. This would include consideration of
the grades of gasoline sent to the U.S., the season for which the
gasoline was produced, the types of crude oil and blendstocks used, the
effect of fuel requirements in the U.S. in 1990, and any other factors
that would affect how the quality and quantity of a refinery's U.S.
market gasoline might vary from other gasoline produced at that
refinery.
EPA believes individual refinery baselines can be established for
foreign refineries for which individual baselines are sought to the
same degree of confidence as the baselines established for domestic
refineries, through use of all available data, and the ability to use
current data and operating conditions to estimate 1990 gasoline quality
and quantity.
The baseline approval process is an iterative one, beginning with
the submission of the baseline or a baseline petition. EPA, any EPA
contractors, representatives of the foreign refinery knowledgeable of
the refinery's baseline development, and the refinery's baseline
auditor will all be closely involved throughout. EPA expects that its
questions regarding the baseline submission or petition will receive
quick and adequate response from the refinery's representatives. To
this end, EPA believes it would be useful to have an English-speaking
foreign refinery representative knowledgeable about the baseline
development of the refinery as the main contact.
EPA would not assign an individual refinery baseline where an
individual refinery baseline submission is significantly incomplete, or
inadequate to establish an accurate baseline, and the refiner fails to
cure the defect after a request for more information. In such a case
the refinery would not receive an individual baseline.
2. Compliance with CG Exhaust Toxics and NOX Requirements
EPA is proposing that foreign refiners who obtain individual
foreign refinery baselines would have to meet the exhaust toxics and
NOX emissions performance requirements for CG produced at
the foreign refinery that is exported to the United States. In
addition, foreign refiners with an individual refinery baseline would
be required to meet all requirements used to demonstrate compliance
with the CG performance requirements. These are the same requirements
that apply to domestic refiners, and include the following:
To register with EPA, Sec. 80.103.
To designate each batch of CG or RFG, Sec. 80.65(d).
To determine the volume and properties of each CG batch
through sampling and testing, Sec. 80.101(I).
To determine the volume of each RFG batch in order to
complete the CG compliance baseline calculation in Sec. 80.101(f).
To prepare product transfer documents for RFG and CG,
Secs. 80.77 and 80.106.
To keep certain records for five years, Secs. 80.74 and
80.104.
To submit reports to EPA on each batch of RFG and CG, on
the volume of RFG, and on the annual average quality of CG, Secs. 80.75
and 80.105.
To comply with an annual cap on the volume of specified
blendstocks that are transferred to others and used to produce gasoline
for the U.S., Sec. 80.102.
To have an independent audit performed of refinery
operations each year to review certain activities related to the RFG
and CG requirements, Secs. 80.125 through 80.130. However, the audit
procedures for RFG would be limited to the procedures that evaluate the
quantity of RFG, and audits would not be required to include procedures
intended to verify information about RFG that is unrelated to the
compliance baseline calculation, such as RFG quality or VOC-control
designations.
To not combine CG with RFG and classify the mixture as
RFG, Sec. 80.78(a)(10).
Certain adjustments to these provisions are specified in the
proposed regulations to apply them to foreign refiners.
EPA believes that foreign refiners with individual baselines should
be able to meet these requirements as do domestic refiners, and EPA
would intend to monitor compliance with, and enforce violations of
these requirements with regard to foreign refiners just as for domestic
refiners.
[[Page 24782]]
Under Sec. 80.101(f) a compliance baseline for exhaust toxics and
NOX compliance is calculated for each calendar year
averaging period based on a refinery's 1990 baseline volume and
baseline exhaust toxics and NOX values, and the total
gasoline volume (CG and RFG \7\) produced at the refinery during the
averaging period.\8\ As a result, a foreign refiner with an individual
refinery baseline would be required to establish the volume of U.S.
market gasoline that is RFG in order to calculate the refinery's
compliance baseline for the exhaust toxics and NOX CG
requirements.\9\
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\7\ The compliance baseline equation at Sec. 80.101(f) requires
a refiner to include the volumes of all gasoline used in the U.S.,
including CG, RFG, RFG blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB), and
California gasoline under Sec. 80.81. Thus, a foreign refiner would
be required to include each of these products in the compliance
baseline calculations, and to meet the refinery of origin tracking
requirements that are described below. However, for ease of
discussion this preamble will collectively refer to all non-CG
products as RFG.
\8\ Under Sec. 80.101(f) compliance baselines are calculated for
a refinery each calendar year using an equation that caps use of
individual refinery baselines based on the refinery's total gasoline
production (RFG and CG) during an averaging period, as compared to
the refinery's 1990 baseline volume. Thus, where a foreign
refinery's volume of gasoline for the U.S. (CG and RFG) during an
averaging period is equal to or less than the refinery's 1990
baseline volume, the refinery's compliance baseline emission values
for CG for the averaging period would be the refinery's 1990
baseline emission values. However, where a refinery's gasoline
volume during an averaging period exceeds the refinery's 1990
baseline volume, the refinery's compliance baseline emission values
for the averaging period would move in the direction of the
statutory baseline emission values. In the case of foreign refiners,
these calculations would use only the volumes of gasoline that were
exported to the U.S. in 1990 and during the averaging period.
Section 80.101(b) requires use of compliance baselines only for
the simple model requirements that apply before 1998. However, in
another rulemaking EPA will be proposing to require use of
compliance baselines for the complex model requirements that apply
beginning in 1998, and EPA believes any change to the compliance
baseline provision will be final before 1998. As a result, this
foreign refiner proposal assumes that compliance baselines will be
required for exhaust toxics and NOX compliance. In any
case, the same provision would apply to both domestic and foreign
refiners.
\9\ EPA is proposing that if a foreign refiner begins using an
individual refinery baseline on a date other than on January 1, the
compliance baseline calculation for the initial year would use a
reduced baseline volume to reflect the portion of the year the
individual refinery baseline is in use.
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Therefore, a foreign refiner with an individual refinery baseline
would be required to designate each batch of U.S. market gasoline as CG
or RFG, to establish the volume and properties of U.S. market batches
that are designated as CG, and to establish the volume of U.S. market
batches that are designated as RFG. The CG and RFG produced at a
foreign refinery with an individual baseline is called ``Foreign
Refiner Gasoline,'' or ``FRGAS,'' in this proposal.
All foreign refiners with individual refinery baselines would be
required to submit annual reports to EPA that demonstrate the average
exhaust toxics and NOX emissions for CG FRGAS meets the
refinery's compliance baseline for the averaging period.
Additional requirements, described below, would allow EPA to
monitor that the specific barrels of gasoline identified by the foreign
refiner as U.S. market gasoline actually is delivered for use in the
United States, and to conduct enforcement audits and inspections of
foreign refinery operations.
Under today's proposal, CG FRGAS would be treated basically under
the same rules as gasoline produced for the U.S. market at a domestic
refinery. The CG FRGAS would be subject to the same CG requirements as
the CG produced by domestic refiners. Starting in 1998 a refinery's
annual average CG exhaust toxics and NOX emissions could not
exceed its individual baseline for these fuel characteristics. In order
to evaluate compliance, however, CG FRGAS would need to be designated
as such at the point of production, and would need to be tracked to
determine that it in fact is exported to the U.S.
In order to determine compliance with the CG requirements for
FRGAS, the quality and quantity of each batch of CG must be determined.
The volume of RFG FRGAS also would have to be determined, because the
compliance baseline applicable to a refinery depends on the total
volume of gasoline produced at a refinery for the U.S. market,
including both CG and RFG. To determine the quality and/or quantity of
this gasoline, a foreign refiner would have to designate FRGAS when it
is produced. It also is important that gasoline used in a foreign
refinery's compliance calculation all be designated as FRGAS and
actually imported into the U.S.
EPA expects foreign refiners would be able to determine how much
FRGAS they intend to produce, and would be able to institute reasonable
distribution and marketing changes to implement the proposed
requirements. A foreign refiner of FRGAS would need to monitor the
gasoline quality to ensure it meets the CG requirements, and this
gasoline normally would be subject to emissions requirements that are
different from those in other markets. The additional requirements
proposed today all flow from this and could be implemented in a
reasonable fashion.
However, a major change could occur in a foreign refiner's ability
to change the destination of FRGAS after the gasoline has left the
foreign refinery and has entered the distribution system. Under the
current regulations, such gasoline could at any time be sent to the
U.S. market, including after it has left the foreign refinery. Gasoline
currently may be taken from a fungible distribution system and sent to
the U.S., as long as the importer's annual average meets their
compliance baseline. This would not be possible for FRGAS under the
requirements discussed above. Unless a foreign refiner designates FRGAS
at the point of production, it would not meet the requirements
described above for export of FRGAS to the U.S.
EPA requests comment on whether foreign refiners with individual
baselines should be allowed to divert to non-U.S. markets gasoline
shipments that originally were intended for the U.S. market where the
foreign refiner can demonstrate the gasoline in fact was not imported
into the U.S., and if so, the type of showing that should be required.
EPA also requests comment on whether a foreign refiner with an
individual refinery baseline should be given the option of classifying
CG as FRGAS or as non-FRGAS. If this option were allowed a foreign
refiner could have two categories of CG: CG that is classified as
FRGAS, and CG that is not classified as FRGAS.
In the case of CG that is classified as FRGAS the foreign refiner
would include the gasoline in the refinery CG compliance calculations,
and would meet the refinery tracking requirements, described below. CG
that is not classified as FRGAS would be excluded from the refinery CG
compliance calculations, and the refiner would not be required to meet
the refinery tracking requirements.
However, the foreign refiner would continue to be required to
include all RFG produced in compliance baseline calculations and to
meet the refinery tracking requirements for all RFG, i.e., all RFG
would have to be classified as FRGAS. This distinction between RFG and
CG is necessary in order to prevent adverse environmental effects. As
in the case of domestic refiners, all RFG must be included in a
refinery's compliance baseline calculation because a larger RFG volume
results in a larger volume of CG that is subject to the statutory
baseline. In contrast, there is no adverse environmental effect if a
refiner classifies CG as non-FRGAS, because the non-FRGAS CG would be
subject to the statutory baseline by default.
Under the option of allowing foreign refiners to elect to classify
CG as FRGAS, the U.S. importer would meet
[[Page 24783]]
the tracking requirements, described below, only for the CG batches
that are identified as FRGAS. EPA would be able to monitor foreign
refinery compliance by comparing the volume of each refinery's gasoline
identified as FRGAS as reported by U.S. importers, with the volume
reported by the foreign refiner.
Requirements for Tracking Refinery of Origin
The proposed requirements concerning CG FRGAS are premised on
foreign refiners accurately identifying the gasoline (both CG and RFG)
that is exported to the U.S. There is the potential for adverse
environmental results if a foreign refiner includes in CG compliance
calculations gasoline that is not exported to the U.S. In addition,
there is environmental risk if a foreign refiner fails to include in CG
compliance calculations gasoline that is exported to the U.S.
For this reason EPA is proposing requirements to ensure that
gasoline is properly identified as FRGAS at the U.S. port of entry, and
that all gasoline designated as FRGAS by a foreign refiner is in fact
delivered to the U.S. These proposed requirements also would give U.S.
importers the information necessary to demonstrate that imported CG is
in fact FRGAS in order to exclude the gasoline from the importer's CG
compliance calculations. EPA would be provided the information
necessary to monitor compliance by foreign producers of FRGAS.
Test results at the U.S. port of entry, in the absence of
additional information, are inadequate to distinguish between gasoline
that is FRGAS, and other gasoline. In addition, without additional
requirements EPA would have scant ability to know if all the gasoline
included in a foreign refiner's CG compliance calculations in fact was
delivered to the U.S.
The requirements proposed today to address this issue involve
segregation of FRGAS produced at each foreign refinery; documentation
prepared by the foreign refiner certifying that FRGAS is being included
in the foreign refinery's compliance calculations; sampling and testing
at the load port and the port of entry; independent attest engagements
by the foreign refiner to verify the volumes claimed by the foreign
refiner; and determinations by an independent party of the volume,
quality and refinery of origin of FRGAS loaded onto a ship.
i. Segregation of FRGAS. In the absence of restrictions, FRGAS from
multiple foreign refineries could be stored, transported, combined and
recombined, and sold and resold, by parties other than the foreign
refiner in locations other than those controlled by the foreign
refiner, and in countries other than those where the foreign refinery
is located. EPA would have to rely on assertions and records of third
party owners or custodians that gasoline imported into the U.S. as
FRGAS contains only FRGAS. EPA is concerned that it would be unable to
routinely conduct the types of inspections and audits of these third
parties that would be necessary to ensure that non-FRGAS is not mixed
with FRGAS, and that FRGAS is not diverted to non-U.S. markets.
The factors giving rise to these concerns are not present in the
case of gasoline produced at domestic U.S. refineries, because there is
little question of which gasoline produced at domestic refineries is
used in the U.S. Gasoline produced at U.S. refineries is sampled and
tested before leaving the refinery, and almost all then immediately
enters U.S. commerce. Gasoline to be exported from the U.S. normally is
identified at the time of production, and always is identified when
actually leaving the U.S. As a result, and in contrast to the situation
for foreign refineries, EPA can enforce the requirements for CG
produced at domestic refineries based on refinery gate testing and
reporting, with no need to track the gasoline after leaving the
refinery.
EPA is proposing that the FRGAS produced at each foreign refinery
must remain physically segregated from the FRGAS produced at other
foreign refineries, from the foreign refinery to the U.S. port of
entry. As a result of this requirement, when a foreign refiner loads
FRGAS onto a ship for transport to the U.S. the foreign refiner must
know the gasoline is exclusively FRGAS that is being included in the
refinery compliance calculations, or compliance baseline calculations
in the case of RFG.
This segregation requirement would not prohibit a foreign refiner
from combining batches of CG FRGAS, or combining batches of RFG FRGAS,
that are produced at a single refinery into larger volumes for
shipment. In addition, EPA is proposing that the FRGAS produced at
multiple refineries that have been aggregated under Sec. 80.101(h)
could be combined, because aggregated refineries must be operated by
the same refiner.
EPA requests comment on whether a foreign refiner with more than
one refinery should be allowed to mix FRGAS produced at its different
refineries prior to shipment to the U.S.
Under today's proposal there is no need to track gasoline produced
at foreign refineries after the gasoline leaves the U.S. port of entry,
and foreign-produced gasoline then could be fungibly mixed in the same
manner as gasoline produced at domestic refineries.
ii. Foreign Refiner Certification of FRGAS. EPA is proposing that
foreign refiners of FRGAS would be required to prepare a certification,
signed by an appropriate foreign refiner official, for FRGAS when it is
loaded onto a ship for transport to the U.S. This certification would
identify the gasoline as being FRGAS, the foreign refinery where the
FRGAS was produced, the volume and properties of the FRGAS being
transported, and a declaration that CG FRGAS is being included in the
CG exhaust toxics and NOx compliance calculations for the foreign
refinery. The volume and properties of CG, and the volume of RFG,
contained in each ship compartment would have to be separately
identified.
The foreign refiner certification would have to be supported by an
inspection by an independent, EPA-approved third party such as an
independent laboratory. The independent party would review documents
that reflect the transportation and storage of the FRGAS in question
from the point of production at the foreign refinery to the point of
ship loading. The inspector thus would confirm the refinery of origin
and that there was no fungible mixing of the FRGAS with any gasoline
produced at any other refinery. The independent party also would be
required to confirm the volume and properties of the CG FRGAS, and the
volume of RFG FRGAS, loaded onto the ship, through inspection of the
ship prior to loading, and measurement and sampling of the gasoline
contained in each ship compartment subsequent to loading.
The independent party would prepare a report on these inspections
that would become a part of the foreign refiner's certification. EPA is
proposing that the independent party also would submit an inspection
report to EPA.
iii. U.S. Importer Receipt of FRGAS. A U.S. importer would classify
imported CG as FRGAS if the gasoline is accompanied by a foreign
refiner certification that is properly supported by an independent
party's report. In addition, the volume and properties of the CG
measured by the U.S. importer at the U.S. port of entry would be
compared with the load port volume and property measurements, and this
comparison would have to indicate that the FRGAS loaded onto the ship
was not mixed with other gasoline or otherwise changed en route to the
U.S. The same
[[Page 24784]]
would apply for RFG FRGAS, but only the volume would be reviewed.
10
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\10\ However, an importer of RFG is required under Sec. 80.65
to determine the volume and properties of imported RFG.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The proposed regulations include criteria for comparing the load
port and port of entry testing. The test results would have to agree,
for each relevant Complex Model parameter, within the limits used for
comparing domestic refiner and independent laboratory test results in
Sec. 80.65(e). EPA also is proposing that the two volume
determinations, corrected for temperature and density, would have to
agree within one percent. EPA believes this level of volume correlation
is appropriate because it is well within the level of correlation
normally expected in commercial transactions. EPA understands that
protests normally are initiated if ship volume determinations in
commercial dealings differ by 0.5%.
EPA requests comment on the proposed requirements for comparing
load port and port of entry testing, and on any other approach for
these comparisons that would be preferable to those proposed. In
particular, EPA requests comment on whether load port and port of entry
testing could rely on a subset of the properties listed in Sec. 80.65,
and whether the test-to-test differences allowed in Sec. 80.65 are more
or less stringent than necessary.
Importers would be required to include in their CG compliance
calculations any imported CG for which the importer does not obtain a
certificate by the foreign refiner supported by a report prepared by an
independent third party.
In the case of CG for which the importer obtains a properly
supported foreign refiner certificate, but where the volume and/or
parameter results from the load port and port of entry do not meet the
correlation requirements, the gasoline nevertheless would be imported
as FRGAS. However, the foreign refiner would have to adjust its CG
compliance calculations to reflect the exhaust toxics and
NOX emissions of the FRGAS as tested at the U.S. port of
entry if these emissions results, in grams per mile, are higher than at
the load port, and based on the larger of the two volume measurements
if the volumes do not properly correlate. If the parameter results
correlate but the volumes do not, the foreign refiner would have to
adjust its CG compliance calculations to reflect the volume measured at
the U.S. port of entry.
EPA is proposing that U.S. importers would report to EPA on each
batch of FRGAS imported, that would identify the foreign refinery,
whether the FRGAS is CG or RFG, the volume and properties of CG FRGAS,
and the volume of RFG FRGAS.
iv. Attest Engagement Requirements. Under today's proposal foreign
refiners of FRGAS would be required to meet the independent attest
engagement requirements in Secs. 80.125 through 80.130, the same as
domestic refiners, although the attest requirements for RFG are limited
to those related to the volume of RFG produced at a foreign
refinery.11 EPA is proposing additional attest requirements
that relate to the FRGAS requirements. These attest requirements would
supplement the requirements regarding an independent party
determination of the refinery that produced FRGAS loaded onto a ship.
The focus of the attest requirements would be on the foreign refinery
operations while the independent party's primary focus would be on the
transportation and storage of gasoline from the refinery to the point
of ship loading.
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\11\ ``Attest engagement'' is a term of art used by auditors to
describe the conduct of specified audit procedures--the auditor
attests to the conduct and results of the specified audit, or
attest, procedures completed during the attest engagement. The
requirements in Secs. 80.125 through 80.130 consist of specified
attest procedures dealing with the Gasoline Rule and instructions
for the conduct of these procedures.
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Under the proposed procedures, the auditor would be required to
confirm the overall production for the refinery in question, and that
the gasoline claimed to be RFG and CG FRGAS was part of that overall
production. The attester would confirm the transfer of FRGAS from the
refinery to ships and would identify the ships. In addition, the
auditor would use commercial publications that list vessel sailings to
confirm that ships used to transport FRGAS traveled to the U.S.
EPA is proposing that the attest requirements would be fulfilled
either by auditors who are independent under Sec. 80.65(f)(2)(ii), and
who either are U.S. certified public accountants (CPA's) or who are
approved by EPA. EPA approval would be based on the ability to perform
the required work as demonstrated through a petition process.
Independent auditors would have to agree to allow EPA inspections
and audits relative to their work under the Gasoline Rule for the
foreign refiner in a manner similar to the commitments required by
foreign refiners, described below.
v. Requirements for Third Parties. EPA is proposing that FRGAS
sampling, testing, volume determinations and determinations of refinery
of origin at the loading port would have to be performed by an
independent party. The proposed criteria for independence would be the
same criteria that apply for the independent sampling and testing
requirement for domestic refiners and importers, and that are specified
at Sec. 80.65(f)(2)(ii). In addition, EPA is proposing that persons
performing this work would have to be EPA approved. EPA approval would
be based on the ability to perform the required work as demonstrated
through a petition process.
EPA also is proposing that independent parties would have to agree
to allow EPA inspections and audits relative to their work under the
Gasoline Rule for the foreign refiner that are similar to the
commitments required by foreign refiners, described below.
4. Measures Related to Monitoring Compliance and Enforcement
i. Introduction. EPA believes the proposed requirements for foreign
refiners with individual refinery baselines must be subject to strong
measures for monitoring compliance and enforcing violations. However,
there are a number of unique problems associated with monitoring
compliance and enforcing requirements for parties and transactions that
occur overseas. EPA is proposing a range of provisions designed to
address these concerns in a comprehensive manner. These provisions are
intended to promote EPA's ability to monitor compliance with the
requirements related to foreign refinery baselines, to conduct
enforcement actions when violations of these requirements are found,
and to impose sanctions that would constitute a deterrent to future
violations.
The purpose of the proposed provisions is to assure EPA's
compliance and enforcement activities with regard to foreign refiners
will be on the same footing as domestic refiners, in order to assure
achievement of the environmental objectives of the gasoline programs.
ii. Inspections and audits. EPA would intend to inspect and audit
foreign refineries with individual baselines and other facilities
located overseas to determine compliance with requirements related to
establishing a baseline, identifying refineries or origin, and other
requirements proposed today. Foreign refiner inspections and audits
would be like domestic refiner inspections and audits with regard to
types of facilities visited, types of information reviewed, and types
of persons who conduct the inspections and audits. In addition, the
inspections
[[Page 24785]]
and audits would be both announced and unannounced, as with domestic
inspections and audits.
Inspections and audits would be conducted at foreign refineries
with individual baselines, at laboratories where the foreign
refineries' gasoline is tested, at offices of pipelines, terminals and
other third parties who had title or custody to gasoline between its
production and arrival in the U.S., and at offices of independent third
parties and independent auditors who have tested the refineries'
gasoline or audited the refineries' operations under EPA requirements.
The inspections and audits would be conducted by EPA employees and by
contractors to EPA.
Refinery baseline audits would include reviews of records that were
used to prepare baseline petitions, including refinery production,
testing and shipment records that are relevant to baseline
establishment, reviews of independent baseline auditor work papers, and
interviews with refinery employees and others with knowledge about
these records.
Inspections and audits for compliance with requirements such as
those related to identifying the source refinery for gasoline exported
to the U.S. would focus on the sampling and testing requirement, and on
gasoline movements from the foreign refinery to the foreign load port.
Sampling and testing would be evaluated by reviewing sampling and
testing records, observing samples being collected and analyzed, by
interviewing persons involved in sampling and testing, and by
collecting gasoline samples for analysis by EPA. Source refinery
assertions would be audited by reviewing records related to gasoline
production, storage and transport at all locations from the foreign
refinery to the foreign load port, and by interviewing persons at these
locations. In addition, EPA would review the work papers of the
independent third party, and the independent auditor, who verify the
source refinery identification, and would interview these individuals.
EPA is proposing that foreign refiners would have to agree to allow
full and complete access to EPA employees and contractors to conduct
inspections and audits as a condition to establishment of a baseline,
and would have to use independent third parties and independent
auditors who agree to give EPA full and complete access as well.
The agreements would have to specify that EPA inspections and
audits may be either announced or unannounced, and may be conducted by
any authorized representative of EPA, including EPA employees and
contractors. The foreign refiner, third parties, and auditors would
have to agree to supply documents requested by an EPA inspector or
auditor, and to make available for interview, within a reasonable time,
any employee identified by EPA. The foreign refiner would have to agree
to supply English language translations of documents requested during
an audit, and to supply English language translators and/or
interpreters to assist the EPA employees and contractors. The cost of
supplying the English language translations, translators and
interpreters would have to be borne by the foreign refiner.
The foreign refiner agreement would have to be signed by the
president or owner of the foreign refiner, and in the case of
independent third parties and auditors by the president or owner of
these companies.
The foreign refiner would have to agree that authorized
representatives of EPA would be allowed to enter the relevant
facilities for the purpose of inspecting and auditing foreign
refineries that export gasoline to the U.S., and facilities where
gasoline exported to the U.S. are analyzed. These inspections could be
for the following purposes:
The inspection of gasoline production facilities;
The collection of gasoline samples;
The inspection of records related to gasoline production,
sale, transfers, transport, storage, and sampling and testing; and
The taking of testimony or statements of persons.
The foreign refiner and third party commitments also would specify
that EPA representatives would not be subject to civil liability that
would result from any actions by the EPA representatives within the
scope of their audit and inspection work, including any findings or
conclusions regarding compliance or noncompliance by the foreign
refiner with requirements that are the subject of the audits and
inspections.
The refiner agreement also would include a limited waiver of
sovereign immunity with regard to refineries that are state owned, and
with regard to any employees of state owned refineries. This waiver of
sovereign immunity would include both civil and criminal liability, and
would be limited to violations of Clean Air Act section 211(k) and the
regulations promulgated thereunder at 40 CFR Part 80, subparts D, E and
F, and other relevant laws and regulations including but not limited to
Clean Air Act sections 113, 114, 211 (c) and (d), and Title 18 United
States Code. This waiver of sovereign immunity also will apply to any
employee or agent of a refinery owned or operated by the foreign
government.
Where a foreign refiner failed to abide by the terms of the foreign
refiner agreement, or a foreign government failed to allow entry for
the purpose of EPA inspections and audits, EPA could withdraw or
suspend the refiner's individual refinery baseline.
iii. Civil and criminal enforcement actions. A foreign refiner with
an individual refinery baseline who submits false documents to EPA or
who fails to meet other requirements would be subject to civil, and in
certain cases criminal, enforcement, and EPA is proposing requirements
that would facilitate prosecution of such violations. These
requirements would consist of certain waivers and agreements by the
foreign refiner that would be included in the agreement submitted to
EPA, discussed above.
EPA is proposing that each foreign refiner seeking an individual
refinery baseline would be required to identify an agent for service in
the U.S. and agree that service on this agent constitutes service on
the foreign refiner and its employees. EPA also is proposing that the
agent for service must be located in the District of Columbia.
EPA is proposing that foreign refiners would have to agree that the
forum for civil enforcement actions would be governed by Clean Air Act
(CAA) section 205. CAA section 205(b) specifies that the venue for
district court actions is either the district where the violation
occurred or where the defendant resides or in the Administrator's
principal place of business. However, EPA believes that the U.S.
district court for the District of Columbia would be the appropriate
court for violations related to the requirements proposed today that
are committed by defendants who reside outside the U.S. Administrative
assessment of civil penalties is allowed under CAA section 205(c) where
the penalty amount does not exceed $200,000, or where the EPA
Administrator and the Attorney General jointly determine that a case
involving a larger penalty is appropriate for administrative penalty
assessment.
EPA is proposing that foreign refiners of FRGAS would have to agree
that civil and criminal enforcement actions would use the same U.S.
civil and criminal substantive and procedural laws that apply in
enforcement actions against domestic refiners.
iv. Sanctions for civil and criminal violations. The sanctions for
civil and
[[Page 24786]]
criminal violations committed by foreign refiners with individual
refinery baselines or employees of such foreign refiners would include
the sanctions specified in the Clean Air Act. Under CAA section 211(d)
the penalty for civil violations of the RFG and conventional gasoline
requirements is up to $25,000 per day of violation plus the amount of
economic benefit or savings resulting from the violation. Injunctive
authority is included under section 211(d)(2) as well. CAA section
113(c) specifies that the criminal penalty for first violations of
knowingly making false statements or reports is a fine pursuant to
title 18 of the U.S. Code, or imprisonment for up to 5 years, or both.
The period of maximum imprisonment and the maximum fine are doubled for
repeat convictions.
EPA is proposing that foreign refiners seeking an individual
refinery baseline would be required to post a bond with the U.S.
Treasury that would be available to satisfy any civil penalty or
criminal fine that is imposed against the refiner or its employees. The
amount of this bond would be $0.01 per gallon of conventional gasoline
exported by the refiner to the U.S. per year, based on the maximum
annual volume of conventional gasoline exports during the most recent
five year period during which the foreign refiner exported conventional
gasoline to the U.S. using an individual refinery baseline. However,
the initial bond amount would be based on the volume of conventional
gasoline produced at a foreign refinery that was exported to the U.S.
during the year immediately preceding the year the baseline petition is
submitted.\12\ The foreign refiner would be required to submit with its
baseline petition a bond to reflect this volume, and to include with
its baseline petition information necessary to accurately establish the
conventional gasoline volume for the preceding year. The foreign
refiner then each year would take into account in its bond amount
calculation the conventional gasoline volume for an additional year
until there is a five year history, at which time the conventional
gasoline volume review would include only the most recent five years.
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\12\ A foreign refinery's 1990 baseline volume would not be
appropriate for setting the bond amount, because in 1990 the
Gasoline Rule was not in effect, so there was no gasoline identified
as conventional or RFG.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
As an alternative to posting the bond with the U.S. Treasury, a
foreign refiner could meet the bond requirement by obtaining a bond in
the proper amount from a third party surety agent that would be payable
to satisfy U.S. administrative or judicial judgments against the
foreign refiner, provided EPA agrees in advance as to the third party
and the nature of the surety agreement.
As with domestic refiners, any violation of a regulatory
requirement by a foreign refiner could result in the imposition of
penalties. For foreign refiners with individual refinery baselines the
assessment of a penalty also could result in the forfeiture of a bond
to satisfy the penalty. This would, for example, include a failure to
allow EPA inspections and audits; failure to submit required audit
reports prepared by an independent auditor; or failure to properly
identify the source refinery for FRGAS.
EPA is proposing that if a foreign refiner with an individual
refinery baseline fails to meet the requirements proposed today,
including those that apply to all refiners under the current
regulations, and/or the additional requirements that would apply only
to foreign refiners, then EPA could administratively withdraw or
suspend its individual refinery baseline.
EPA is proposing that withdrawal or suspension of an individual
refinery baseline could be imposed for all of the refineries operated
by a foreign refiner, or for a subset of a foreign refiner's refineries
where appropriate. EPA would impose this sanction in a particular case
only after evaluating the circumstances and exercising its discretion
based on factors such as egregiousness, willfulness and prior
violations. The withdrawal or suspension could be imposed for a limited
time.
C. Baseline Adjustment for Imported Gasoline that is Not FRGAS
1. Introduction
Allowing foreign refiners to choose whether to establish an IB
creates a potential for adverse environmental impact. This would be
addressed by monitoring the quality of imported gasoline, comparing it
to a benchmark, and taking remedial action if the benchmark is
exceeded. The details of this proposal are described below.
2. Monitoring
Under the current regulations, importers submit an annual report
concerning the quality of the CG they import. See 40 CFR 80.105.
Importers submit an annual report after the end of the calendar year,
comparing the quality of the gasoline they imported against the
applicable annual average requirements. Starting in 1998, these
requirements are for exhaust toxics and NOX emission
performance, determined under the Complex Model.
Under the current rules, the annual report is due by the last day
of February following the end of the annual averaging period. An attest
engagement report is due by May 30th. The importer's report must
include the total gallons of CG imported, the annual average compliance
baseline, and the annual average for the gasoline imported that
calendar year. The importer must also include the volume, grade and
qualities for each batch of imported gasoline.
Under today's proposal, importers would continue to submit the
reports described above for CG produced by foreign refiners without an
IB. For gasoline produced by a foreign refiner with an IB, both the
importer and the foreign refiner would submit reports to EPA. In
combination these reports would contain all of the information
submitted for gasoline produced by refiners without an IB.
These annual reports submitted by importers and foreign refiners
would provide EPA with batch by batch information for all CG imported
during that year. From these, EPA could determine the volume weighted
average quality for all imported CG. This would be a simple and
straightforward way to monitor imported gasoline quality. Additional
sampling and testing by EPA would be duplicative, as the importer must
sample and test each batch of imported gasoline. 40 CFR 80.101(I).
3. An Appropriate Benchmark
The purpose of the benchmark is to reasonably determine when
allowing foreign refiners the option to use an IB or to not use an IB
has caused degradation of the quality of imported gasoline from 1990
quality of imported gasoline.
Ideally, EPA would use the volume weighted average of the quality
of gasoline sent to the U.S. by foreign refineries in 1990. EPA does
not have this information, but does have information on the volume
weighted average baselines for domestic refineries. This average
accounts for approximately 95% of the U.S. gasoline market in 1990, and
reflects a wide diversity in types and kinds of refineries. There is no
available data indicating that gasoline imported from foreign
refineries was not consistent with this average, and absent evidence to
the contrary it is not unreasonable to assume that average foreign
gasoline quality in 1990 was generally equivalent to domestic gasoline
quality. Also it would not be reasonable to measure overall quality for
gasoline produced by
[[Page 24787]]
foreign refiners using stricter criteria than that applied to domestic
refiners, in the absence of evidence indicating otherwise.
The benchmark should be set at a point such that an exceedance of
the benchmark reasonably indicates that the average quality of imported
gasoline has degraded from 1990 levels because of the option provided
to foreign refiners in using or not using an IB. Many additional
factors also affect the average quality of imported gasoline. For
example, there is a wide variety in the level of imports from year to
year. The source and volume of imports from specific countries and
refineries also varies significantly from year to year. Despite general
trends in amount and source of imported gasoline, there remains a lot
of year to year variability. A change in average gasoline quality
during any particular year therefore might indicate the effects of
allowing the option for IBs, or it might reflect the unique
circumstances of that year, which may well change the next year.
Since the existence of an exceedance of the benchmark is designed
to detect a multi-year trend, EPA is proposing that a three year
average be compared against the benchmark. This would be a rolling
average; e.g. the average for years 1 through 3 would be compared to
the benchmark one year, the next year the average for years 2 through 4
would be compared, and so on.
EPA is proposing to set a benchmark for exhaust NOX at
the volume weighted baseline average for domestic refiners. This would
be 1465 mg/mile for NOX.13
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\13\ This value applies under the Phase 2 Complex Model.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
For toxics, the evidence to date tends to show there would not
likely be an adverse impact from allowing the option to use IBs. In
1995, the volume weighted annual average of imported gasoline for
exhaust toxics was 86.64 mg/mile. This was cleaner than both the
statutory baseline (104.5 mg/mile) and the volume weighted average for
domestic baselines (97.34 mg/mile).14 In addition, one
foreign refiner that is a major supplier to the U.S. market has
submitted detailed information to EPA on their expected IB, and the
information submitted by the foreign refiner to date indicates that
their IB for exhaust toxics would be cleaner than the SB.15
EPA believes the present circumstances may not lead to a risk of
adverse environmental impact, and a benchmark and provisions for
remedial action may not be needed for exhaust toxics. Instead, EPA
would monitor the average quality of imported gasoline for exhaust
toxics as it would for NOX, and if an adverse trend were to
occur EPA would develop a benchmark and remedial provisions analogous
to that proposed for NOX.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\14\ In 1995 the volume weighted average for NOX for
imported gasoline was 1415.9 mg/mile, while the SB was 1461 mg/mile,
and the volume weighted average for domestic baselines was 1465 mg/
mile.
\15\ See 59 FR 22809 (May 3, 1994).
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At the start of the program, EPA is proposing that the volume
weighted average for 1998 and 1999 be compared to the benchmark, and
then the average for 1998, 1999 and 2000, to start the three year
rolling average. A one year average for 1998 alone would not by itself
appear adequate to detect a multi-year trend, while a two year average
would be more effective in this regard. The effects of imports in 1998
would be still be fully accounted for, in the two year average
including 1999. Since an IB might start to be used in 1997, EPA also is
proposing to include with the 1998 imports all gasoline imported in
1997 after the date any gasoline subject to an IB is imported in 1997.
EPA invites comment on an alternative involving comparing the 1998
average to the benchmark, then the 1998 and 1999 combined average, and
then the three year average starting with 1998, 1999 and 2000.
4. Remedial Action Upon an Exceedance
If a volume weighted three year annual average for imported CG
exceeds the benchmark for NOX then EPA would take remedial
action. Under the proposal, the remedial action would be an adjustment
applied to the compliance baseline for CG not included in the CG
compliance calculations of a foreign refiner with an IB. EPA is
proposing an adjustment to the baseline that would equal the amount of
the exceedance of the benchmark.
This would be reevaluated each year by comparing the average for
the three prior years to the benchmark. If there were no exceedance,
then a prior adjustment would be terminated. If there were an
exceedance, then a new adjustment would be imposed that equals the
amount of the current exceedance. For example, if the three year annual
average exceeded the NOX benchmark by 5 mg/mile, then the
compliance baseline for NOX would be adjusted by 5 mg/mile.
If there were no exceedance in the next years comparison, then the
adjustment would be dropped.16
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\16\ For the initial years of the program, EPA is proposing that
an exceedance for 1998 and 1999 lead to a remedial adjustment that
equals the exceedance, but no more than 1% of the SB for
NOX. This would also apply if EPA were to compare 1998
separately to the benchmark. The 1% cap is designed to avoid
imposing an unnecessarily stringent adjustment that could result
from the absence of data from a complete three year cycle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
EPA also invites comment on whether there should be some minimum
level of an exceedance above the benchmark before remedial action is
taken. Such a level would need to be set at a point where the benefits
from taking a remedial action are de minimis, given the likelihood that
the next year's comparison to the benchmark would in all likelihood
show whether or not there is a clear exceedance of the benchmark, and
any appropriate action would be taken at that point.
5. Imported Gasoline Subject to the Remedial Action
A foreign refiner using an IB would follow the same procedures as a
domestic refiner--the quality of its CG would be measured against the
IB of the refiner that produced it. Foreign refiners without an IB
would have chosen to have their gasoline measured against the SB
instead of an IB, and reasonably could be expected to include refiners
whose IB would have been more stringent than the SB. It is the use of
IBs by some refiners, and the degradation below 1990 quality in CG
produced by foreign refiners without an IB, that causes the average CG
quality to be adversely affected when other refiners are at their IB.
Since the foreign refiner with an IB would be acting no differently
than domestic refiners with an IB, it is appropriate to only apply the
remedial action to CG imported from refiners without an IB.
D. Requirements for U.S. Importers
Under today's proposal U.S. importers would be required to meet
exhaust toxics and NOX requirements for all imported CG that
is not designated as FRGAS, and would exclude from importer CG
compliance calculations all CG that is designated as FRGAS. A mechanism
is proposed by which U.S. importers would demonstrate that imported CG
is FRGAS. The baseline that would apply to U.S. importers would be the
statutory baseline or any adjusted baseline as discussed in section
II.C above. EPA is not proposing to change the current requirement that
U.S. importers meet all requirements for imported RFG.
EPA also is requesting comment on an option where U.S. importers
would meet the exhaust toxics and NOX requirements for CG
produced at a foreign refinery with an individual refinery baseline
using the foreign refinery's baseline, taking into account
[[Page 24788]]
the volume cap on use of the foreign refinery's individual baseline.
1. Imported CG FRGAS
Imported CG FRGAS would be excluded from the U.S. importer's CG
compliance calculations. This would prevent the double counting that
would result if FRGAS were included in the CG compliance calculations
of both the foreign refiner and the U.S. importer. However, the U.S.
importer would determine the quality and quantity of CG FRGAS at the
U.S. port of entry, which the importer would report to the foreign
refiner and to EPA in order to be compared with the foreign load port
testing.
A U.S. importer would classify an imported CG batch as FRGAS if the
gasoline is accompanied by a certification prepared by the foreign
refiner that identifies the gasoline as FRGAS to be included in the
foreign refinery CG compliance calculations, and a report on the FRGAS
batch prepared by an independent third party. These procedures are
described in greater detail in section II.B.3 of this preamble. In this
way the U.S. importer would act like a domestic distributor and would
not be responsible for meeting the exhaust toxics and NOX
requirements for CG. The U.S. importer would not be responsible for
whether the foreign refiner meets the annual exhaust toxics and
NOX requirements for CG, including whether the foreign
refiner properly calculates the refinery's compliance baseline each
year.
However, the U.S. importer would be responsible for ensuring the
foreign refiner certification was in fact prepared by the foreign
refiner named on the certificate, and that the foreign refinery has
been assigned an individual refinery baseline by EPA. If a CG FRGAS
certification was not prepared by the named foreign refiner, for
example if it is a forgery, the U.S. importer would be required to
include the CG in the importer's CG compliance calculations. Similarly,
if the certificate accompanying a batch of CG FRGAS names a foreign
refinery that has not been assigned an individual baseline, the U.S.
importer would be required to include the CG in the importer's CG
compliance calculations. It is necessary to make U.S. importers
responsible for accounting for imported CG in these situations, because
otherwise EPA would be unable to enforce the CG requirements. EPA would
have great difficulty enforcing requirements with regard to a foreign
party who may have created fraudulent FRGAS certification documents, or
a foreign refiner who does not have an individual refinery baseline.
EPA believes U.S. importers can easily protect themselves against
this type of liability. EPA would publish on the RFG computer bulletin
board the identity of foreign refineries that have been assigned
individual baselines, that could be used by importers to identify
legitimate foreign refiners of FRGAS. Importers can avoid relying on
false certificates by selecting reliable business partners, or by
contacting the foreign refiner to ensure the authenticity of the
certificate for any particular FRGAS batch.
The U.S. importer would use an independent laboratory to determine
information about each CG FRGAS batch. The batch quality and quantity
would be determined through sampling and testing prior to off loading
the ship, that could be compared with the quality and quantity
determined at the load port after the ship was loaded. The independent
lab also would use the product transfer documents to determine the
identity of the foreign refinery where the FRGAS was produced. The
importer would submit a report to the foreign refiner and to EPA
containing the batch information.
U.S. importers would not be able to classify CG FRGAS as ``gasoline
treated as blendstock,'' (GTAB), because to do so would result in the
same CG being included in two compliance calculations.17 In
addition, U.S. importers could not use GTAB procedures to convert FRGAS
that is CG into RFG, for the same reason that domestic regulated
parties are not allowed to convert CG into RFG. Conversion of CG into
RFG is prohibited because of concern such conversions could result in
degradation of the CG gasoline pool. For example, in the absence of
this constraint a refiner could produce very clean CG that in fact
meets the RFG requirements, include this gasoline the refiner's CG
compliance calculations to offset other dirty CG, and then convert this
gasoline into RFG. The effect of this form of gaming would be
degradation in the average quality of the refiner's CG. This same
effect would be possible if importers could convert CG FRGAS into RFG.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\17\ EPA has issued guidance under the current regulations that
allows importers to classify imported gasoline as blendstock, called
GTAB, that the importer must use to produce gasoline at a refinery
operated by the importer-company. The purpose of the GTAB procedures
is to enable importers to conduct remedial blending of imported
gasoline, or to reclassify gasoline with regard to RFG or CG, before
imported gasoline is introduced into U.S. commerce. This puts
importers on a more equal footing with refiners, who are able to
reblend or reclassify gasoline prior to shipping gasoline from the
refinery.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Imported CG That Is Not FRGAS
U.S. importers would meet all current requirements for imported CG
that is not FRGAS, including requirements for annual average exhaust
toxics and NOX. However, the baseline used by importers
would be the baseline described in section II.C of this preamble. In
the case of CG that is not FRGAS, importers would have no requirements
related to tracking the refinery of origin. In addition, importers
would be able to use the current GTAB procedures to reblend or
reclassify imported CG that is not FRGAS.
3. Imported RFG
U.S. importers would include all imported RFG in the importers' RFG
compliance calculations as is currently required, including imported
RFG FRGAS and imported RFG that is not FRGAS. However, in the case of
imported RFG FRGAS the importer would have to meet additional
requirements related to tracking the refinery of origin. The importer
would have an independent laboratory determine the volume of each RFG
FRGAS batch, and report this volume to the foreign refiner and to EPA
to be compared with the load port volume. The volume of RFG produced at
a foreign refinery with an individual baseline is used to calculate the
refinery's CG compliance baseline, which constitutes a volume cap on
use of an individual refinery baseline.
U.S. importers would be able to use GTAB procedures for imported
RFG that is both FRGAS and non-FRGAS, because foreign refiners would
not have included the RFG in RFG compliance calculations. As a result,
an importer could use GTAB procedures to blend additional blendstocks
with RFG or to reclassify RFG as CG.
4. Alternative Option of U.S. Importer Accounting for FRGAS
EPA requests comment on an alternative option where U.S. importers,
and not foreign refiners, would meet the exhaust toxics and
NOx requirements for CG produced at foreign refineries with
an individual baseline. The importer would use the baseline that
applies to the foreign refiner for this gasoline. This alternative
would require the foreign refiner to specify the baseline values that
apply to each CG batch, based on the volume of CG and RFG produced at
the foreign refinery for the U.S. market each year as compared to the
refinery's
[[Page 24789]]
baseline volume.18 In addition, the U.S. importer and
foreign refiner would be required to track the refinery of origin for
the CG produced at foreign refineries with individual baselines using
procedures similar to those described in section II.B.3 of this
preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\18\ For example, foreign refiners could be required to assign
the individual refinery baseline to CG batches that are produced at
a foreign refinery each year before the refinery's total volume of
U.S. market gasoline (RFG plus CG) equals the refinery's baseline
volume, and to assign the adjusted statutory baseline to subsequent
CG batches.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under this alternative U.S. importers would calculate an annual
compliance baseline for exhaust toxics and NOx, based on the
volume-weighted baselines of all CG imported during the year--the
assigned baseline values for CG produced at foreign refineries with
individual baselines, and the statutory baseline for other CG.
Under this alternative foreign refiners with individual refinery
baselines, and U.S. importers, would be required to track movements of
blendstock produced at foreign refineries with individual baselines, to
ensure the foreign refiner abides by the blendstock transfer
requirements specified in Sec. 80.102. However, under Sec. 80.102
blendstock tracking is required only of refiners with a baseline
parameter that is more stringent than the statutory baseline for that
parameter. As a result, blendstock tracking would be required for any
foreign refinery with an individual baseline value for either exhaust
toxics or NOx that is more stringent than the statutory
baseline values for exhaust toxics or NOx.
U.S. importers would be allowed to use the GTAB procedures for CG
produced at a foreign refinery with an individual baseline under this
alternative, because the foreign refiner would not have included the
gasoline in refinery CG compliance calculations. In this way, imported
CG could be reblended or reclassified as RFG. Like under current GTAB
procedures the baseline applicable to each imported CG batch, i.e., the
baseline assigned by the foreign refiner, would be carried over to the
importer-company's refinery for that batch.
Under this alternative, the U.S. importer would be responsible for
using the proper baseline for each imported CG batch. If a foreign
refiner assigns an improper baseline to a batch and the U.S. importer
uses the improper baseline values, the U.S. importer would be required
to recalculate its CG compliance using the proper baseline. This
recalculation would be necessary regardless of when the improper
baseline values are discovered, and if the recalculation results in a
violation of the exhaust toxics and NOx requirements the
importer would be liable for the violation. Similarly, if the foreign
refinery for imported CG is improperly identified and the U.S. importer
uses the improper baseline values, the U.S. importer would be required
to recalculate its compliance baseline using the proper baseline
values, and would be liable for any resulting penalties.
E. Early Use of Individual Foreign Refinery Baselines
EPA is proposing that a foreign refiner who submits a petition for
an individual refinery baseline could begin using the individual
baseline prior to EPA approval of the baseline petition, provided EPA
makes a preliminary finding the baseline petition is complete, and the
foreign refiner also has completed certain requirements proposed today.
However, any gasoline imported under a requested IB would be subject to
the actual IB assigned by EPA.
EPA would conduct a completeness evaluation as the first step in
baseline review process, and would notify a foreign refiner of the
results of the completeness review on request. However, the initial
completeness review would not bar EPA from requiring a foreign refiner
to submit additional information later in the baseline review process.
The additional requirements a foreign refiner would have to
complete in order to use an individual baseline early are related to
ensuring EPA's ability to monitor and enforce compliance by the foreign
refiner with all applicable requirements during the early use period.
The particular requirements that would have to be met are: (1) The
commitments regarding EPA inspections and the forum for enforcement
actions, and (2) the requirements related to bond posting.
If these conditions are met, the foreign refiner could begin
classifying CG and RFG as FRGAS, and could use the individual refinery
baseline to demonstrate compliance with the CG parameter and emissions
requirements.19 However, EPA is proposing that a foreign
refiner would be required to meet the CG requirements for FRGAS using
the refinery baseline values that ultimately are approved by EPA. Thus,
if a foreign refiner elects to use an individual refinery baseline
early, and uses baseline values that are less stringent than the
baseline values ultimately approved by EPA, the refiner's compliance
with the CG exhaust toxics and NOx requirements will
nevertheless be measured relative to the approved baseline values. If
this evaluation results in a violation of the CG requirements, the
foreign refiner will be held liable.
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\19\ During 1997, under Sec. 80.101(b)(1) the CG requirements
are for sulfur, T-90, olefins and exhaust benzene emissions.
Beginning in 1998 the CG requirements are for exhaust toxics and
NOx emissions.
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F. Requirements for RFG Before 1998
The focus of this proposal is on the requirements for CG, because
the CG requirements rely on refinery baselines both now and in the
future. The RFG requirements for sulfur, T-90 and olefin content also
rely on individual refinery baselines, but only until the Complex Model
applies beginning in January, 1998. EPA believes an approach similar to
that proposed for CG could be used to allow foreign refiners to use
individual refinery baselines for these RFG requirements until January,
1998. However, the comments received during the comment period
indicated that there is little if any interest in this matter given
that the complex model will apply in the very near future.
EPA requests comment on whether the provisions for this rule should
include the provisions necessary to allow use of foreign refinery
baselines for the RFG requirements, and whether any foreign refiner
believes it would be able to take advantage of these requirements if
they were promulgated.
III. Public Participation
EPA believes these proposed requirements would be consistent with
the Agency's commitment to fully protect public health and the
environment, and with the U.S. commitment to ensure that the Gasoline
Rule is consistent with the obligations of the U.S. under the WTO. EPA
invites comment on all aspects of today's notice and also seeks comment
on whether or not the proposal meets the goal stated above. EPA invites
comment on the need for the proposed provisions, the environmental
impact of the provisions, and the costs for all parties, foreign and
domestic, who would be affected by the proposed changes to the Gasoline
Rule. The Agency invites any alternative approaches to regulating
imported gasoline that would achieve the same goal.
IV. Administrative Designation and Regulatory Analysis
A. Executive Order 12866
Under Executive Order 12866, (58 FR 51735 (October 4, 1993)) the
Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant''
and therefore
[[Page 24790]]
subject to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) review and the
requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines ``significant
regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a rule that may:
(1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more or
adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the
economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities;
(2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an
action taken or planned by another Agency;
(3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlement, grants,
user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients
thereof; or
(4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in
the Executive Order.
Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, it has been
determined that this rule is a ``significant regulatory action,'' as
such, this action was submitted to OMB for review. Changes made in
response to OMB suggestions or recommendations will be documented in
the public record.
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) general requires an agency to
conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to notice
and comment rulemaking requirements unless the agency certifies that
the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial
number of small entities. Small entities include small businesses,
small not-for-profit enterprises, and small governmental jurisdictions.
This proposed rule would not have a significant impact on a substantial
number of small entities because only a limited number of domestic
entities would be affected by this proposal and would be small
entities. In addition, today's proposal would not significantly change
the requirements applicable to importers of gasoline produced by
foreign refineries.
Of the entire population of importers currently reporting to the
EPA, somewhat less than 100 importers that would be subject to today's
proposed rule are small entities. Under 40 CFR. 80.65 and 80.101 the
requirements for imported CG must currently be met by the importer. The
current requirements are based on the statutory baseline while today's
proposed rule would require either foreign refiners or importers to
meet the CG requirements using the baselines of the various foreign
refineries. Other importers would continue to meet the CG requirements
using the statutory baseline or an adjusted baseline. This would not,
however, have a significant impact on the importer, as the importer
would continue to only import gasoline that allows it to meet the
annual average requirements, and such gasoline would continue to be
available from the foreign refineries. The provision generally
corresponds with existing requirements. This proposal would continue
the requirement that importers be responsible for sampling and testing
for foreign gasoline imported into the U.S. Importers will be
responsible for this activity at the port of entry in the U.S.
Importers would rely on the foreign refiners and the independent
party's to establish refinery of origin. Importers can accomplish this
by making private arrangements with the importing foreign refiner and
the independent party. The Agency believes that, in general, exercising
good business practices with reputable foreign refiners would tend to
eliminate any impact on the importer. The impact of today's proposal
would therefore either not increase an importers cost, or would do so
only marginally.
The issue of baselines for imported gasoline is discussed generally
in section VII-C of the Regulatory Impact Analysis that was prepared to
support the Final Rule for gasoline. A copy of this document may be
found in the RFG docket, number A-92-12, at the location identified in
the ADDRESSES section of this document.
Therefore, I certify that this action will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
C. The Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection requirements in this proposed rule has
been submitted for approval to the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. An
Information Collection Request (ICR) document has been prepared by EPA
(ICR No. 1591.08) and a copy may be obtained from Sandy Farmer,
Regulatory Information Division; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(2136); 401 M St., S.W.; Washington, DC 20460 or by calling (202) 260-
2740.
This proposal would allow foreign refiners to establish individual
baselines to demonstrate compliance with the Agency's gasoline rule.
The information collected would enable EPA to evaluate imported
gasoline in a manner similar to gasoline produced at domestic
refineries. Section 211(k) specifically recognizes the need for
recordkeeping, reporting and sampling/testing requirements for
enforcement of this program. Because of the complex nature of the
gasoline rule, EPA cannot determine compliance merely by taking samples
of gasoline at various facilities.
For purposes of this document, EPA expects that at most
approximately three foreign refiners will petition the agency
annually.20 The EPA estimates that approximately 66 batches
of CG would be imported into the United States annually subject to an
individual baseline. These batches of CG must be sampled and tested by
an independent laboratory making the total cost burden shared by the
independent importers approximately $24,000 a year. The collection of
information has an estimated recordkeeping and reporting burden
averaging 4.1 hours per respondent, or a total estimated burden of 812
hours shared by all respondents annually. This estimate includes time
for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering
and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the
collection of information.
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\20\ To date, only a limited number of foreign refiners have
indicated an interest in establishing an IB. However, under the
proposal any foreign refiner could apply for an IB.
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Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources
expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or
provide information to or for a Federal agency. This includes the time
needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize
technology and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and
verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and
disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to
comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements;
train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information;
search data sources; complete and review the collection of information,
and transmit or otherwise disclose the information.
An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's
regulations are listed in 40 CFR Part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15.
The Agency requests comments on the need for this information, the
accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods
for minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of
automated
[[Page 24791]]
collection techniques. Send comments on the ICR to the Director,
Regulatory Information Division; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(2136); 401 M St., S.W.; Washington, DC 20460; and to the Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget,
725 17th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20503, marked ``Attention: Desk
Officer for EPA.'' Include the ICR number in any correspondence. Since
OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR between 30 and 60
days after May 6, 1997, a comment to OMB is best assured of having its
full effect if OMB receives it by June 5, 1997. The final rule will
respond to any OMB or public comments on the information collection
request.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public
Law 104-4, establishes requirements for Federal agencies to assess the
effects of their regulatory actions on State, local, and tribal
governments and the private sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, EPA
generally must prepare a written statement, including a cost-benefit
analysis, for proposed and final rules with ``Federal mandates'' that
may result in expenditures to State, local, and tribal governments, in
the aggregate, or to the private sector, of $100 million or more in any
one year. Before promulgating an EPA rule for which a written statement
is needed, section 205 of the UMRA generally requires EPA to identify
and consider a reasonable number of regulatory alternatives and adopt
the least costly, most cost-effective or least burdensome alternative
that achieves the objectives of the rule. The provisions of section 205
do not apply when they are inconsistent with applicable law. Moreover,
section 205 allows EPA to adopt an alternative other than the least
costly, most cost-effective or least burdensome alternative if the
Administrator publishes with the final rule an explanation why that
alternative was not adopted. Before EPA establishes any regulatory
requirements that may significantly or uniquely affect small
governments, including tribal governments, it must have developed under
section 203 of the UMRA a small government agency plan. The plan must
provide for notifying potentially affected small governments, enabling
officials of affected small governments to have meaningful and timely
input in the development of EPA regulatory proposals with significant
Federal intergovernmental mandates, and informing, educating, and
advising small governments on compliance with the regulatory
requirements.
Today's rule contains no Federal mandates (under the regulatory
provisions of Title II of the UMRA) for State, local, or tribal
governments or the private sector.
V. Statutory Authority
The statutory authority for the rules proposed today is granted to
EPA by sections 114, 211 (c) and (k), and 301 of the Clean Air Act, as
amended, 42 U.S.C. 7414, 7545 (c) and (k), and 7601.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 80
Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Fuel additives,
Gasoline, Motor vehicle pollution, Penalties, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: April 29, 1997.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
40 CFR Part 80 is proposed to be amended as follows:
PART 80--REGULATIONS OF FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES
1. The authority citation for part 80 continues to read as follows:
Authority: Sections 114, 211 and 301(a) of the Clean Air Act, as
amended (42 U.S.C. 7414, 7545 and 7601(a)).
2. Section 80.94 is proposed to be added to subpart E to read as
follows:
Sec. 80.94 Requirements for gasoline produced at foreign refineries.
(a) Definitions. (1) A foreign refinery means a refinery that is
located outside the United States, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands (collectively referred to in this section as
``the United States'').
(2) A foreign refiner means a refiner of a foreign refinery.
(3) FRGAS means gasoline produced at a foreign refinery that has
been assigned an individual refinery baseline, and that is included in
the foreign refinery's conventional gasoline compliance calculations,
or compliance baseline calculations.
(b) Baseline establishment. Any foreign refiner may submit to EPA a
petition for an individual refinery baseline, under Secs. 80.90 through
80.93, for any foreign refinery that produced gasoline in 1990 that was
exported to the United States.
(1) The provisions for baselines as specified in Secs. 80.90
through 80.93 shall apply to a foreign refinery, except where provided
otherwise in this section.
(2) The baseline for a foreign refinery shall reflect only the
volume and properties of gasoline produced in 1990 that was imported
into the United States.
(3) A baseline petition shall establish the volume of conventional
gasoline produced at a foreign refinery and exported to the United
States during the calendar year immediately preceding the year the
baseline petition is submitted.
(4) In making determinations for foreign refinery baselines EPA
will consider all information supplied by a foreign refiner, and in
addition may rely on any and all appropriate assumptions necessary to
make such a determination.
(5) Where a foreign refiner submits a petition that is incomplete
or inadequate to establish an accurate baseline, and the refiner fails
to cure this defect after a request for more information, then EPA
shall not assign an individual refinery baseline.
(6) Baseline petitions under this paragraph (b) must be submitted
before January 1, 2002.
(c) General requirements for foreign refiners with individual
refinery baselines. Any foreign refiner of a refinery that has been
assigned an individual baseline under paragraph (b) of this section
shall designate all gasoline produced at the foreign refinery that is
exported to the United States as FRGAS.
(1)(i) In the case of conventional gasoline FRGAS the foreign
refiner shall meet all requirements that apply to refiners under
subparts D, E and F of this part.
(ii) If the foreign refinery baseline is assigned, or a foreign
refiner begins early use of a refinery baseline under paragraph (q) of
this section, on a date other than January 1, the compliance baseline
for the initial year shall be calculated under Sec. 80.101(f) using an
adjusted baseline volume, as follows:
AV1990=(D/365)xV1990
where:
AV1990=Adjusted 1990 baseline volume;
D=Number of days remaining in the year beginning with the day the
foreign refinery baseline is approved or the day the foreign refiner
begins early use of a refinery baseline;
V1990 = Foreign refinery's 1990 baseline volume.
(2) In the case of reformulated gasoline and RBOB FRGAS, the
foreign refiner shall meet the following requirements:
(i) The designation requirements in Sec. 80.65(d)(1);
(ii) The recordkeeping requirements in Secs. 80.74(a), (b)(1) and
(b)(3);
(iii) The reporting requirements in Secs. 80.75(a), (m), and (n);
(iv) The registration requirements in Sec. 80.76;
[[Page 24792]]
(v) The product transfer document requirements in Secs. 80.77 (a)
through (f), and (j);
(vi) The prohibition in Secs. 80.78(a)(10), (b) and (c); and
(vii) The independent audit requirements in Secs. 80.125 through
80.127, 80.128 (a) through (c), and (g) through (i), and Sec. 80.130.
(d) Designation, product transfer documents, and foreign refiner
certification. (1) Any foreign refiner of a foreign refinery that has
been assigned an individual baseline shall designate each batch of
FRGAS as such at the time the gasoline is produced, in addition to the
designations required in Sec. 80.65(d).
(2) On each occasion when any person transfers custody or title to
any FRGAS prior to its being imported into the United States, the
following information shall be included as part of the product transfer
document information in Secs. 80.77 and 106:
(i) Identification of the gasoline as FRGAS; and
(ii) The name and EPA refinery registration number of the refinery
where the FRGAS was produced.
(3) On each occasion when FRGAS is loaded onto a vessel or other
transportation mode for transport to the United States, the foreign
refiner shall prepare a certification for each batch of the FRGAS that
meet the following requirements:
(i) The certification shall include the following information:
(A) The identification of the gasoline as FRGAS;
(B) The volume of FRGAS being transported, in gallons;
(C) In the case of conventional gasoline FRGAS, the exhaust toxics
and NOx emissions performance in mg/mile;
(D) A declaration that the FRGAS is being included in the
compliance calculations under Sec. 80.101(g) for the refinery that
produced the FRGAS; and
(E) The name and EPA registration number of the refinery that
produced the FRGAS;
(ii) The certification shall be signed by the president or owner of
the foreign refiner company, or by that person's immediate designee,
with a declaration as to the truth and accuracy of the certification;
and
(iii) The certification shall be made part of the product transfer
documents for the FRGAS.
(e) Contracts for sale or transfer. Any foreign refiner shall
include as part of each contract for sale or transfer of any FRGAS:
(1) The following requirements:
(i) Delivery of the FRGAS is restricted to the United States;
(ii) The FRGAS may not be combined with any other gasoline, except
that, subject to the segregation restrictions in Sec. 80.78(a), FRGAS
may be combined with other FRGAS produced at the same refinery or at
other refineries that are aggregated under Sec. 80.101(h); and
(iii) Any subsequent transfers of custody or title to FRGAS must
include these restrictions; and
(2) Commercial penalties for any violations of the FRGAS
requirements that are sufficiently large to ensure compliance with the
requirements.
(f) Load port independent sampling, testing and refinery
identification. (1) On each occasion FRGAS is loaded onto a vessel for
transport to the United States a foreign refiner shall have an
independent third party:
(i) Inspect the vessel prior to loading;
(ii) Collect a representative sample of the FRGAS subsequent to
loading on the vessel and prior to departure of the vessel from the
port serving the foreign refinery;
(iii) Analyze the sample for each property specified in
Sec. 80.65(e)(1) using the methodologies specified in Sec. 80.46;
(iv) Determine the volume of FRGAS loaded onto the vessel;
(v) Review original documents that reflect movement and storage of
the FRGAS from the refinery to the load port, and from this review
determine:
(A) The refinery at which the FRGAS was produced; and
(B) That the FRGAS remained segregated from:
(1) Non-FRGAS; or
(2) Other FRGAS produced at a different refinery, except that FRGAS
may be combined with other FRGAS produced at refineries that are
aggregated under Sec. 80.101(h);
(vi) Obtain the EPA-assigned registration number of the foreign
refinery;
(vii) Determine the name and country of registration of the ship
used to transport the FRGAS to the United States; and
(viii) Determine the date and time the ship departs the port
serving the foreign refinery.
(2) The requirements of paragraph (f)(1) of this section must be
met separately for each quantity of FRGAS that is not homogenous with
regards to properties specified in Sec. 80.65(e)(1).
(3) The independent third party shall submit a report to the
Administrator containing the information required under paragraph
(f)(1) of this section, within thirty days following the date of the
independent laboratory's inspection. This report shall include a
description of the method used to determine the identity of the
refinery at which the gasoline was produced, that the gasoline was not
mixed with gasoline produced at any other refinery, and a description
of the gasoline's movement and storage between production at the source
refinery and ship loading.
(4) A third person my be used to meet the requirements in this
paragraph (f) only if:
(i) The person is approved in advance by EPA, based on a
demonstration of ability to perform the procedures required in this
paragraph (f);
(ii) The person is independent under the criteria specified in
Sec. 80.65(f)(2)(iii); and
(iii) The person signs a commitment that contains the provisions
specified in paragraph (i) of this section with regard to activities,
facilities and documents relevant to compliance with the requirements
of this paragraph (f).
(g) Comparison of load port and port of entry testing. (1) Any
foreign refiner of CG FRGAS shall compare the results from the load
port testing under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, with the port of
entry testing as reported under paragraph (n)(4) of this section, and
if the port of entry results differ by more than the amounts allowed
under Sec. 80.65(e)(1) the foreign refiner shall adjust the foreign
refinery's compliance calculations under Sec. 80.101(g) to reflect the
port of entry results.
(2) The foreign refiner shall compare the volume from the load port
testing with the volume from the port of entry testing, and if these
results, corrected for temperature and density, differ by 1% or more
the foreign refiner shall:
(i) In the case of reformulated gasoline or RBOB FRGAS, adjust the
foreign refinery's compliance baseline calculations under
Sec. 80.101(f) to reflect the port of entry volume; and
(ii) In the case of conventional gasoline FRGAS adjust the foreign
refinery's compliance calculations under Sec. 80.101(g) to reflect the
port of entry volume, using the properties as determined at the foreign
refinery.
(h) Attest requirements. The following additional procedures shall
be carried out by any foreign refiner of FRGAS as part of the attest
engagement for each foreign refinery under subpart F of this part:
(1) Obtain separate listings of all tenders of reformulated and
conventional gasoline FRGAS that is loaded onto ships for transport to
the United States. Agree the total volume of tenders from the listings
to the gasoline inventory reconciliation analysis in Sec. 80.128(b),
and to the volumes determined by the independent laboratory under
paragraph (f)(1)(iv) of this section.
(2) Report as a finding the name and country of registration of
each ship, and
[[Page 24793]]
the volumes of FRGAS loaded onto each ship, identified in paragraph
(h)(1) of this section.
(3) Select a sample from the list of ships identified in paragraph
(h)(1) of this section, in accordance with the guidelines in
Sec. 80.127, and for each ship selected perform the following:
(i) Obtain the report of the independent laboratory, under
paragraph (f)(3) of this section, and of the United States importer
under paragraph (n)(4) of this section.
(A) Agree the information in these reports with regard to ship
identification, gasoline volumes and test results.
(B) Identify, and report as a finding, each occasion the load port
and port of entry emissions and/or volume results differ by more than
the amounts allowed in paragraph (g) of this section, and determine
whether the foreign refiner adjusted its refinery calculations as
required in paragraph (g) of this section.
(ii) Obtain copies of the contracts for sale and transfer of the
FRGAS, and determine whether the contract provisions required in
paragraph (e) of this section are included.
(iii) Obtain a commercial document of general circulation that
lists vessel arrivals and departures, and that includes the port and
date of departure of the ship, and the port of entry and date of
arrival of the ship. Agree the ship's departure and arrival locations
and dates from the independent laboratory and United States importer
reports to the information contained in the commercial document.
(iv) Obtain the documents used by the independent laboratory to
determine transportation and storage of the FRGAS from the refinery to
the load port, under paragraph (f)(1)(v) of this section. Obtain tank
activity records for any storage tank where the FRGAS is stored, and
pipeline activity records for any pipeline used to transport the FRGAS,
prior to being loaded onto the ship. Use these records to determine
whether the FRGAS was produced at the refinery that is the subject of
the attest engagement, and whether the FRGAS was mixed with any non-
FRGAS gasoline or any FRGAS produced at a different refinery.
(4) In order to complete the requirements of this paragraph (h) an
auditor shall:
(i) Be independent under the criteria specified in
Sec. 80.65(f)(2)(iii);
(ii) Be licensed as a Certified Public Accountant in the United
States and a citizen of the United States, or be approved in advance by
EPA based on a demonstration of ability to perform the procedures
required in Secs. 80.125 through 80.130 and this paragraph (h); and
(iii) Sign a commitment that contains the provisions specified in
paragraph (i) of this section with regard to activities and documents
relevant to compliance with the requirements of Secs. 80.125 through
80.130 and this paragraph (h).
(i) Foreign refiner commitments. Any foreign refiner shall commit
to and comply with the provisions contained in this paragraph (i) as a
condition to being assigned an individual refinery baseline.
(1) Any United States Environmental Protection Agency inspector or
auditor will be given full, complete and immediate access to conduct
inspections and audits of the foreign refinery.
(i) Inspections and audits may be either announced in advance by
EPA, or unannounced.
(ii) Access will be provided to any location where:
(A) Gasoline is produced;
(B) Documents related to refinery operations are kept;
(C) Gasoline or blendstock samples are tested or stored; and
(D) FRGAS is stored or transported between the foreign refinery and
the United States, including storage tanks, ships and pipelines.
(iii) Inspections and audits may be by EPA employees or contractors
to EPA.
(iv) Any documents requested that are related to matters covered by
inspections and audits will be provided to an EPA inspector or auditor
on request.
(v) Inspections and audits by EPA may include review and copying of
any documents related to:
(A) Refinery baseline establishment, including the quantity and
quality, and transfers of title or custody, of any gasoline or
blendstocks, whether FRGAS or non-FRGAS, produced at the foreign
refinery during the period January 1, 1990 through the date of the
refinery baseline petition or through the date of the inspection or
audit if no baseline petition has been submitted, and any work papers
related to refinery baseline establishment;
(B) The quality and quantity of FRGAS;
(C) Transfers of title or custody to FRGAS;
(D) Sampling and testing of FRGAS;
(E) Worked performed or reports prepared by independent
laboratories or by independent auditors under the requirements of this
section, including work papers; and
(F) Reports prepared for submission to EPA, and any work papers
related to such reports.
(vi) Inspections and audits by EPA may include taking samples of
gasoline or blendstock, and interviewing employees.
(vii) Any employee of the foreign refiner will be made available
for interview by the EPA inspector or auditor, on request, within a
reasonable time period.
(viii) English language translations of any documents will be
provided to an EPA inspector or auditor, on request, within 10 working
days.
(ix) English language interpreters will be provided to accompany
EPA inspectors and auditors, on request.
(2) An agent for service of process located in the District of
Columbia will be named, and service on this agent constitutes service
on the foreign refiner or any employee of the foreign refiner.
(3) The forum for any civil or criminal enforcement action related
to the provisions of this section for violations of the Clean Air Act
or regulations promulgated thereunder shall be governed by the Clean
Air Act, including the EPA administrative forum where allowed under the
Clean Air Act.
(4) United States substantive and procedural laws apply to any
civil or criminal enforcement action against the foreign refiner or any
employee of the foreign refiner related to the provisions of this
section.
(5) The foreign refiner, or its agents or employees, will not seek
to detain or to impose civil or criminal remedies against EPA
inspectors or auditors, whether EPA employees or EPA contractors, for
actions performed within the scope of EPA employment related to the
provisions of this section.
(6) In the case of foreign refineries that are owned or operated by
a foreign government, the foreign refiner will waive sovereign immunity
with regard to prosecution by the United States of civil and criminal
violations of Clean Air Act section 211(k) and the regulations
promulgated thereunder at subparts D, E and F of this part and other
relevant laws and regulations including but not limited to Clean Air
Act sections 113, 114, 211(c) and (d), and Title 18 United States Code.
This waiver of sovereign immunity also will apply to any employee or
agent of a refinery owned or operated by the foreign government.
(7) The commitment required by this paragraph (i) shall be signed
by the owner or president of the foreign refiner business. In the case
of foreign refineries that are state owned or operated, the commitment
shall be signed by an official of the government at the cabinet
secretary level or higher who has responsibility for the foreign
refinery.
[[Page 24794]]
(8) In any case where FRGAS produced at a foreign refinery is
stored or transported by another company between the refinery and the
ship that transports the FRGAS to the United States, the foreign
refiner shall obtain from each such other company a commitment that
meets the requirements specified in paragraphs (i)(1) through (7) of
this section, and these commitments shall be included in the foreign
refiner's baseline petition.
(j) Bond posting. Any foreign refiner shall meet the requirements
of this paragraph (j) as a condition to being assigned an individual
refinery baseline.
(1) The foreign refiner shall post a bond of the amount calculated
using the following equation:
Bond = G x $ 0.01
where:
Bond = amount of the bond in U.S. dollars;
G = the largest volume of conventional gasoline produced at the
foreign refinery and exported to the United States, in gallons,
during the most recent of the following calendar years up to a
maximum of five calendar years: the calendar year immediately
preceding the date the baseline petition is submitted, the calendar
year the baseline petition is submitted, and each succeeding
calendar year.
(2) Bonds shall be posted by:
(i) Paying the amount of the bond to the Treasurer of the United
States; or
(ii) Obtaining a bond in the proper amount from a third party
surety agent that would be payable to satisfy U.S. administrative or
judicial judgments against the foreign refiner, provided EPA agrees in
advance as to the third party and the nature of the surety agreement.
(3) If the bond amount for a foreign refinery increases the foreign
refiner shall increase the bond to cover the shortfall within 90 days
of the date the bond amount changes. If the bond amount decreases, the
foreign refiner may reduce the amount of the bond beginning 90 days
after the date the bond amount changes.
(4) Bonds posted under this paragraph (j) shall be used to satisfy:
(i) Any judgment against the foreign refiner or against any
employee or agent of the foreign refiner for violation of the Clean Air
Act or regulations promulgated thereunder;
(ii) Any judgment against any other party for a violation that is
caused by the foreign refiner.
(5) On any occasion a foreign refiner bond is used to satisfy any
judgment, the foreign refiner shall increase the bond to cover the
amount used within 90 days of the date the bond is used.
(k) Blendstock tracking. For purposes of blendstock tracking by any
foreign refiner under Sec. 80.102 by a foreign refiner with an
individual refinery baseline, the foreign refiner may exclude from the
calculations required in Sec. 80.102(d) the volume of applicable
blendstocks for which the foreign refiner has sufficient evidence in
the form of documentation that the blendstocks were used to produce
gasoline used outside the United States.
(l) English language reports. Any report or other document
submitted to EPA by any foreign refiner shall be in English language,
or shall include an English language translation.
(m) Prohibitions. No person may combine FRGAS produced at a foreign
refinery with any non-FRGAS produced at that foreign refinery, or with
any gasoline or blendstock produced at any other refinery, prior to the
FRGAS being imported into the United States.
(n) United States importer requirements. Any United States importer
shall meet the following requirements:
(1) Each batch of imported gasoline shall be classified by the
importer as being FRGAS, or as not being FRGAS.
(2) Gasoline shall be classified as FRGAS where the product
transfer documents include a foreign refiner FRGAS certification for
the gasoline, as required in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, that was
prepared by the foreign refiner of the FRGAS and that is supported by a
report of an inspection of the gasoline at the foreign load port
prepared by an independent third party as required in paragraph (f) of
this section.
(3) For each gasoline batch classified as FRGAS, any United States
importer shall perform the following procedures:
(i) In the case of both reformulated and conventional gasoline
FRGAS, have an independent laboratory:
(A) Determine the batch volume;
(B) Use the foreign refiner's FRGAS certification to determine the
name and EPA-assigned registration number of the foreign refinery that
produced the FRGAS;
(C) Determine the name and country of registration of the ship used
to transport the FRGAS to the United States; and
(D) Determine the date and time the ship arrives at the United
States port of entry.
(ii) In the case of conventional gasoline FRGAS, have an
independent laboratory:
(A) Collect a representative sample of the gasoline subsequent to
the ship's arrival at the United States port of entry and prior to off
loading any gasoline from the ship; and
(B) Analyze the sample for each property specified in
Sec. 80.65(e)(1) using the methodologies specified in Sec. 80.46.
(4) Any importer shall submit a report to the Administrator, and to
the foreign refiner, containing the information determined under
paragraph (n)(3) of this section, within thirty days following the date
any ship transporting FRGAS arrives at the United States port of entry.
(5)(i) Any United States importer shall meet the requirements
specified for conventional gasoline in Sec. 80.101 for any imported
conventional gasoline that is not classified as FRGAS under paragraph
(n)(2) of this section.
(ii) The baseline applicable to a United States importer who has
not been assigned an individual importer baseline under
Sec. 80.91(b)(4) shall be the baseline specified in paragraph (o) of
this section.
(o) Importer baseline. (1) Each calendar year starting in 2000, the
Administrator shall calculate the volume-weighted average for exhaust
NOx under the Phase II Complex Model for conventional gasoline imported
into the United States during the prior three calendar years, except as
provided otherwise in this paragraph (o). The calculation shall be
based on the reports submitted under this section and Sec. 80.105. The
calculation shall consider:
(i) Imported conventional gasoline that is not classified as FRGAS,
and included in the conventional gasoline compliance calculations of
U.S. importers for each year; and
(ii) Imported conventional gasoline that is classified as FRGAS,
and included in the conventional gasoline compliance calculations of a
foreign refiner for each year.
(2) In 2000 the calculation shall be for the 1998 and 1999
averaging periods. The calculation in 2000 shall also include all
conventional gasoline classified as FRGAS and included in the
conventional gasoline compliance calculations of a foreign refiner for
1997, and all conventional gasoline batches that are imported during
1997 beginning on the date the first batch of FRGAS arrives at a United
States port of entry.
(3)(i) The Administrator shall determine whether the volume-
weighted average calculated in paragraph (o)(1) and (2) of this section
is greater than the following value: Exhaust NOX-1465 mg/
mile.
(ii) If the volume-weighted average for exhaust NOX is
greater than 1465 mg/mile, the Administrator shall calculate an
adjusted baseline for the exhaust
[[Page 24795]]
NOX according to the following equation:
ABi = Bi--(MYAi--Bi)
where:
ABi = Adjusted baseline;
I = Exhaust NOX;
Bi = Value in paragraph (o)(3)(i) of this section;
MYAi = Multi-year average.
(4)(i) Notwithstanding the provisions of Sec. 80.91(b)(4)(iii), the
baseline exhaust NOX emissions values applicable to any
United States importer who has not been assigned an individual importer
baseline under Sec. 80.91(b)(4) shall be the more stringent of the
statutory baseline value for exhaust NOX under
Sec. 80.91(c)(5), or the adjusted baseline value for exhaust NOx
calculated under paragraph (o)(3) of this section.
(ii) On or before June 1 of each calendar year, the Administrator
shall publish a notice in the Federal Register providing the baseline
that applies to importers under this paragraph (o). If the baseline is
an adjusted baseline, it shall be effective for any conventional
gasoline imported beginning 60 days following the publication of the
notice. If the baseline is the statutory baseline, it shall be
effective upon publication of the notice. A baseline shall remain in
effect until the effective date of a subsequent change to the baseline
pursuant to this paragraph (o).
(p) Withdrawal or suspension of a foreign refinery's baseline EPA
may withdraw or suspend a baseline that has been assigned to a foreign
refinery where:
(1) A foreign refiner fails to meet any requirement of this
section;
(2) A foreign government fails to allow EPA inspections as provided
in paragraph (i)(1) of this section; or
(3) A foreign refiner fails to pay a civil or criminal penalty that
is not satisfied using the foreign refiner bond specified in paragraph
(j) of this section.
(q) Early use of a foreign refinery baseline. (1) A foreign refiner
may begin using an individual refinery baseline before EPA has approved
the baseline, provided that:
(i) A baseline petition has been submitted as required in paragraph
(b) of this section;
(ii) EPA has made a provisional finding that the baseline petition
is complete;
(iii) The foreign refiner has made the commitments required in
paragraph (i) of this section;
(iv) The persons who will meet the independent third party and
independent attest requirements for the foreign refinery have made the
commitments required in paragraphs (f)(4)(iii) and (h)(4)(iii) of this
section; and
(v) The foreign refiner has met the bond requirements of paragraph
(j) of this section.
(2) In any case where a foreign refiner uses an individual refinery
baseline before final approval under paragraph (q)(1) of this section,
and the foreign refinery baseline values that ultimately are approved
by EPA are more stringent than the early baseline values used by the
foreign refiner, the foreign refiner shall recalculate its compliance,
ab initio, using the baseline values approved by EPA, and the foreign
refiner shall be liable for any resulting violation of the conventional
gasoline requirements.
[FR Doc. 97-11629 Filed 5-5-97; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
