[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 88 (Friday, May 7, 1999)]
[Notices]
[Pages 24856-24860]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-11433]
[[Page 24855]]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part III
Department of Justice
_______________________________________________________________________
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
_______________________________________________________________________
Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force Program; Notice
Federal Register / Vol. 64, No. 88 / Friday, May 7, 1999 / Notices
[[Page 24856]]
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
[OJP (OJJDP)-1222]
RIN 1121-ZB55
Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force Program
AGENCY: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office
of Justice Programs, Justice.
ACTION: Announcement of Discretionary Competitive Assistance Grant.
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SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given that the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), pursuant to Public Law 105-277, October
19, 1998, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Commerce,
Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies for the Fiscal
Year Ending September 30, 1999, is requesting applications from State
and local law enforcement agencies interested in participating in the
Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force (ICAC Task Force) Program.
The ICAC Task Force Program encourages communities to develop regional
multidisciplinary, multijurisdictional task forces to prevent,
interdict, and investigate sexual exploitation offenses against
children by offenders using online technology.
DATES: Applications must be received by June 21, 1999.
ADDRESSES: Interested applicants must obtain an application kit from
the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse at 800-638-8736. The application kit
is also available at OJJDP's Web site at www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael Medaris, ICAC Task Force
Program Manager, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,
202-616-8937. [This is not a toll-free number.]
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION:
Purpose
The purpose of this program is to assist State and local law
enforcement agencies to enhance their investigative response to sexual
exploitation of children by offenders using the Internet, online
communication systems, or other computer technology. For purposes of
this program announcement, ``Internet crimes against children (ICAC)''
refers to sexual exploitation of children that is facilitated by
computers and includes crimes of child pornography and online
solicitation for sexual purposes.
Background
In his 1984 novel, Neuromancer, William Gibson created a world he
named ``Cyberspace.'' Gibson theorized that online human interaction
with computers would create a virtual universe where electronic actions
could entail physical repercussions. Fifteen years later, cyberspace is
a reality. Started by the Internet, accelerated by the World Wide Web,
and fueled by the data demands of the Information Age, today's
cyberspace covers the entire world through instantaneous information
exchange.
Industry experts estimate that more than 10 million children
currently go online and, by the year 2002, 45 million children will use
cyberspace to talk with friends, explore the universe, or complete
homework assignments. In cyberspace, children are a mouse click away
from exploring our greatest museums, libraries, and universities.
Unfortunately, they are also a mouse click away from sexual
exploitation and victimization.
While providing almost limitless opportunities to learn, the
Internet has also become the new schoolyard for predators seeking
children to victimize. Yesterday's enticements of puppy dogs and candy
bars are augmented in today's chat rooms with anonymity and
pornography. Cloaked in the anonymity of cyberspace, sex offenders can
capitalize on the natural curiosity of children, seeking victims with
little risk of detection. Preferential sex offenders 1 no
longer need to lurk in parks and malls. Instead, they can roam from
chat room to chat room trolling for children susceptible to
victimization. This alarming trend has grave implications for parents,
teachers, and law enforcement officers because it circumvents
conventional safeguards in place for the physical world and provides
sex offenders virtually unlimited opportunities for unsupervised
contact with children.
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\1\ For the purposes of this program, ``preferential sex
offenders'' are defined as individuals whose primary sexual focus is
children.
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In 1982, New York v. Ferber (458 U.S. 747), the Supreme Court
stated: ``The distribution of photographs and films depicting sexual
activity by juveniles is intrinsically related to the sexual abuse of
children * * * the materials produced are a permanent record of the
children's participation and the harm to the child is exacerbated by
their circulation.'' There are much more insidious implications to
child pornography than the mere depiction of a child's molestation. It
not only depicts the sexual assault of a child, but is also used by
child molesters to recruit, seduce, and control future victims. While
not all molesters collect pornography and not all child pornography
collectors molest children, there is a significant consensus among law
enforcement officers about the role pornography plays in recruiting and
controlling additional victims. Child pornography is used to break down
inhibitions, validate sex between children and adults as normal, and
control the victim throughout the molestation. When the offender loses
interest, it is often used as blackmail to ensure the child's silence
and in these most egregious cases, child pornography allows the
molester to go unpunished--and what is most important and indeed
tragic--the victim untreated. It is clear to OJJDP that this inexorable
confluence of the increasing online presence of children, the
proliferation of child pornography, and predators ceaselessly searching
for unsupervised contact with underage victims presents a significant
threat to the health and safety of children and a formidable challenge
for law enforcement today and into the foreseeable future.
Many factors complicate law enforcement's response to these
challenges. Because the Internet transcends State and local boundaries,
very few investigations begin and end within the same jurisdiction.
Most investigations involve multiple jurisdictions, which then require
close coordination and cooperation between Federal, State, and local
law enforcement agencies.
Evidence collection in cases of Internet crimes against children
invariably requires specialized knowledge. Many preferential sex
offenders tend to be avid recordkeepers, and their computers, magnetic
media, and related equipment can be rich sources of evidence. However,
routine forensic examination procedures are insufficient for seizing,
preserving, and analyzing this information. In addition, specific legal
issues regarding property and privacy rights may be triggered with the
seizure of computers and related technology.
When appropriate, medical and psychological evaluation of child
victims should also be a part of the law enforcement response. While
ensuring that injuries or diseases related to the exploitation are
treated, forensic medical examinations can also provide crucial
corroborative evidence.
Routine interviewing practices are inadequate for collecting
evidence from child victims of Internet crimes. Some children deny they
are victims because of embarrassment or fear of ridicule
[[Page 24857]]
from their peers or discipline from their parents. Others bond with the
offender, remain susceptible to further manipulation, and resent what
they perceive as interference from law enforcement. Investigators who
lack understanding of the dynamics of juvenile sexual exploitation risk
losing information critical for conviction of the perpetrator or
identification of additional victims.
The factors cited above almost routinely complicate the
investigative process, and while no two cases will raise identical
issues of jurisdiction, evidence collection, and victim services, it is
logical to presume that investigations characterized by a
multijurisdictional, multidisciplinary approach are more likely to
result in successful prosecutions.
A variety of Federal activities are assisting and can further
assist law enforcement in responding to these offenses. The Innocent
Images program, located in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
(FBI's) Baltimore Field Division, works specifically on computer-
facilitated child sexual exploitation cases and has developed
substantial technical and investigative expertise. Each FBI Field
Division has two designated Crimes Against Children coordinators who
work with State and local law enforcement agencies to investigate and
prosecute child abduction and exploitation cases that transcend
jurisdictional boundaries.
The U.S. Customs Service (USCS) and the U.S. Postal Inspection
Service (USPIS) have successfully investigated hundreds of child
pornography cases and have developed specialized expertise in
undercover operations targeting preferential sex offenders and child
pornography.
With OJJDP and private sector funding, the National Center for
Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) serves as the national resource
center and clearinghouse for missing and exploited children issues.
NCMEC's Exploited Child Unit coordinates a comprehensive training and
technical assistance program that includes prevention and awareness
activities, and the CyberTipline (www.missingkids.com). The Tipline
collects online reports from citizens regarding computer-facilitated
sexual exploitation of children and rapidly forwards the information to
law enforcement agencies with investigative jurisdiction. Brought
online in March 1998, the CyberTipline has provided information that
has enabled law enforcement officers to arrest individuals seeking sex
with underage victims and safely recover and return children enticed
from home by sex offenders.
NCMEC's law enforcement training and technical assistance program
was developed in partnership with the FBI, OJJDP, USCS, USPIS, and the
Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) of the Criminal
Division, U.S. Department of Justice. NCMEC has also developed a broad-
based education and awareness campaign that features the Kids and
Company curriculum, Know the Rules teen awareness program, and two
pamphlets, Child Safety on the Information Highway and Teen Safety on
the Information Highway, that provide information about safe Internet
practices for children and youth. These programs and materials are
offered free of charge, and OJJDP encourages communities working on
child victimization issues to use them. Additional information
regarding NCMEC's broad array of services for children, parents,
educators, and law enforcement officers can be obtained by calling 800-
843-5678 or by accessing NCMEC's Web site at www.missingkids.com.
In fiscal year (FY) 1998, OJJDP awarded funds to 10 State or local
law enforcement agencies to develop regional multijurisdictional and
multiagency task forces to prevent, interdict, and investigate ICAC
offenses. Under the Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force (ICAC
Task Force) Program, the following jurisdictions received FY 1998
funding: Bedford County, Virginia, Sheriff's Department; Broward
County, Florida, Sheriff's Department; Colorado Springs, Colorado,
Police Department; Dallas, Texas, Police Department; Illinois State
Police; New York State Division of Criminal Justices Services;
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Police Department; Sacramento County,
California, Sheriff's Office; South Carolina Office of the Attorney
General; and Wisconsin Department of Justice. These agencies have
become regional clusters of ICAC technical and investigative expertise
and offer prevention and investigative services to children, parents,
educators, law enforcement officers, and other individuals working on
child sexual exploitation issues.
In the 21st century, law enforcement will be increasingly
challenged by sex offenders using computer technology to victimize
children. To help meet this challenge, at the direction of Congress,
OJJDP is continuing a competitive grant program, the ICAC Task Force
Program, which will award cooperative agreements to State and local law
enforcement agencies seeking to improve their investigative response to
the computer-facilitated sexual exploitation of children.
Program Strategy
The OJJDP ICAC Task Force Program seeks to enhance the national
response by developing a State and local law enforcement network
composed of regional task forces. The program encourages communities to
develop multijurisdictional and multiagency responses and provides
funding to enable State and local law enforcement agencies to acquire
the knowledge, personnel resources, and specialized equipment to
prevent, interdict, or investigate ICAC offenses. Although the ICAC
Task Force Program emphasizes law enforcement investigations, OJJDP
encourages jurisdictions to include intervention, prevention, and
victim services activities as part of their comprehensive approach.
A total of $2.4 million is available to fund new ICAC Task Force
Program grants in FY 1999. OJJDP intends to award 8 to 10 new
cooperative agreement awards of up to $300,000 each to State or local
law enforcement agencies or combinations of State or local law
enforcement agencies. Successful applicants will be expected to serve
as regional clusters of ICAC technical and investigative expertise,
collaborate with existing OJJDP ICAC Task Forces, and become part of a
national law enforcement network designed to protect children on the
information highway.
Cooperative agreements will be competitively awarded as follows:
At least two cooperative agreements will be reserved for
rural States or rural jurisdictions.2
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\2\ For the purposes of the ICAC Program, a ``rural State''
means a State that has a population density of 52 or fewer persons
per square mile or a State in which the largest county has fewer
than 150,000 population based on the decennial census of 1990
through FY 1997. ``A rural area or jurisdiction'' means one that
lies outside a Metropolitan Area (MA) as determined by the Office of
Management and Budget as of June 30, 1996, and that has a total
population of no more than 100,000, based on the most recent census
data. Tribal governments and small towns and cites may be included
in this definition, provided they meet the above criteria. In small
jurisdictions where the larger surrounding jurisdiction is
responsible for providing any of the necessary human services
(probation, law enforcement, social services, etc.), a joint
application is recommended. To determine if a jurisdiction is within
an MA and therefore not considered a rural jurisdiction under the
ICAC Task Force Program, visit the Census Web site at
www.census.gov/population/www/metroarea.html.
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No more than two cooperative agreements will be awarded to
jurisdictions proposing to expand existing ICAC law enforcement
programs.
[[Page 24858]]
Applicants from States where there are existing OJJDP ICAC
Task Forces, i.e., California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New
Hampshire, New York, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin,
must clearly indicate protocols or procedures to coordinate their
investigations and other activities with existing Task Forces within
their States.
Successful applicants will develop or enhance an investigative ICAC
response that includes prevention, education, and victim services
activities and investigators working in a multiagency,
interdisciplinary task force environment.
Eligibility Requirements
Applicants must be State and/or local law enforcement agencies.
Joint applications from two or more eligible applicants are welcome;
however, one applicant must be clearly indicated as the primary
applicant (for correspondence, award, and management purposes) and the
other(s) indicated as coapplicant(s).
Applications should include evidence of multidisciplinary,
multijurisdictional partnerships among public agencies, private
organizations, community-based groups, and prosecutors' offices.
Applications should also include prevention activities.
Goal
To enhance State and local law enforcement ICAC investigative
response.
Objectives
Projects must accomplish the following objectives:
Develop or expand multiagency, multijurisdictional task
forces that include, but are not limited to, representatives from law
enforcement, prosecution, victim services, and child protective
services agencies. Relevant nongovernment organizations may also be
included, and OJJDP encourages applicants to invite task force
participation by Federal law enforcement.
Institute policies and procedures that comply with the
OJJDP ICAC Task Force Program Operational and Investigative Standards
(see ``OJJDP Program Management'' below). Requests from eligible law
enforcement agencies for copies of this document must be faxed on
official letterhead to the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse at 301-519-
5600 (Attention: Corey Mackison).
Ensure investigative capacity by properly equipping and
training ICAC Task Force investigators. Task Force investigators should
be computer literate, knowledgeable regarding child exploitation
issues, and familiar with Federal and State statutes and caselaw
pertaining to ICAC investigations.
Develop and maintain case management systems to document
reported offenses and investigative results and to make or receive
outside agency referrals of ICAC cases.
Develop response protocols or memorandums of
understandings that foster collaboration, information sharing, and
service integration among public and private organizations to provide
services to sexually exploited children.
OJJDP Program Management
On the information highway, conventional law enforcement boundaries
are virtually meaningless and the governing factors of time, place, and
distance lose their sway. Offenders eagerly adapted the jurisdictional
murkiness and metaphysical aspects of the Internet to further their
criminal activities. These factors, which are conducive to criminal
activity, present unique coordination and communication challenges for
State and local law enforcement.
Few ICAC cases start and end within same the jurisdiction, and
investigations usually cross town, State, or even international
borders. Accordingly, nearly all ICAC investigations involve multiple
jurisdictions and require interagency coordination and communication.
Absent meaningful case coordination, it is likely that law enforcement
will simultaneously investigate identical suspects and organizations or
target undercover operatives of other law enforcement agencies. Lack of
communication and coordination can also contribute to law enforcement
officers inadvertently disrupting clandestine investigations of other
agencies.
The obvious need for interagency cooperation and coordination also
galvanizes interest in establishing standards for ICAC undercover
investigations. Representatives from Federal, State, and local law
enforcement agencies have repeatedly expressed concern about initiating
investigations that are based on referrals from outside agencies that
may be predicated on information acquired through inappropriate officer
conduct or investigative techniques.
The clandestine nature of undercover operations along with the
Internet's metaphysical aspect significantly exacerbates these
concerns. Undercover operations, when executed and documented properly,
collect virtually unassailable evidence regarding a suspect's
predilection to sexually exploit children. These operations allow law
enforcement to go on the offensive and--what is most important--
children do not have to be victimized to bring a case. While there is
substantial consensus that carefully managed undercover operations by
well-trained officers are very effective, they also generate
significant concerns regarding legal, coordination, communication, and
resource management issues.
To address these concerns, OJJDP's overall ICAC Task Force program
management involves:
Ensuring that ICAC Task Force personnel are adequately
trained and equipped.
Establishing and/or maintaining ICAC Task Force
investigative standards to facilitate interagency case referrals.
Advocating coordination and collaboration among Federal,
State, and local law enforcement agencies investigating ICAC offenses.
Fostering meaningful information sharing to avoid
redundant investigations or activities that could disrupt ongoing
investigations of other agencies.
Maintaining a national oversight board composed of local
prosecutors and law enforcement executives to review undercover
operations proposals and to formulate policy for the operation of the
ICAC Task Force Program.
OJJDP has established ICAC Task Force operational and investigative
standards through a collaborative process with the 10 original ICAC
Task Force agencies and the FBI, NCMEC, USCS, USPIS, CEOS, and the
Executive Office for United States Attorneys. The standards were
designed by the Task Force agencies to foster information sharing,
coordinate investigations, ensure the probative quality of undercover
operations, and facilitate interagency case referrals through
standardization of investigative practices.
OJJDP has also established an ICAC Task Force Review Board (Board)
to assist in the administration of the ICAC Task Force Program. As a
condition of award, each grantee designates a policy-level law
enforcement official or prosecutor to be a Board member. Although the
Board's primary responsibility is to review proposed undercover
operations for compliance with the standards, a major focus of the
Board is to encourage case coordination and facilitate information
sharing on trends, innovative investigative techniques, and prosecution
strategies. Technical advice is provided to the
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Board by CEOS, the FBI, and other Federal law enforcement agencies.
In addition, each ICAC Task Force member sends at least one
investigator and one policy-level official to the ICAC Task Force
orientation seminar. The next seminar, scheduled for September 26-30,
1999, at NCMEC's Jimmy Ryce Law Enforcement Training Center, was
developed by OJJDP and NCMEC in consultation with Federal law
enforcement agencies. The seminar will provide information regarding
legal issues, specific investigative techniques, undercover operation
documentation requirements, behavioral characteristics of preferential
sex offenders, and other topics relevant to child exploitation cases.
Expenses associated with attendance at the orientation seminar will
be reimbursed by OJJDP and NCMEC. Expenses associated with Board
responsibilities will be covered by grant funds.
Selection Criteria
The OJJDP Administrator is committed to the concept of a national
network of State and local law enforcement to respond to online
enticement and child pornography offenses. Under this concept, the ICAC
Task Forces will be positioned throughout the country to serve as
regional sources of technical, educational, and investigative expertise
to provide assistance to parents, teachers, law enforcement, and other
professionals working on child sexual exploitation issues. Therefore,
in selecting applicants, consideration will be given to achieving an
equitable geographic distribution.
OJJDP will convene a peer review panel to evaluate and rank
applications and to make funding recommendations to the OJJDP
Administrator. Although peer review recommendations are given weight,
they are advisory only and final award decisions will be made by the
OJJDP Administrator. OJJDP will negotiate specific terms of the award
with applicants being considered for the award. Applicants will be
evaluated and rated according to the criteria outlined below.
Problem(s) To Be Addressed (10 points)
The applicant should clearly identify the need for this project and
demonstrate an understanding of the program concept. While OJJDP
recognizes that Internet crimes against children are an emerging
problem, applicants should include data that illustrate the size and
scope of the problem in the State and local jurisdiction, where
available. If statistics or other research findings are used to support
a statement or position, applicants must include the relevant source
information.
Goals and Objectives (10 points)
Applicants must establish clearly defined, measurable, and
attainable goals and objectives for this program.
Project Design (35 points)
The applicant must present a clear workplan that contains program
elements directly linked to the achievement of the project objectives.
The workplan must indicate significant project milestones, product due
dates, and the nature of the products to be delivered. The applicant
must explain in clear terms how the State or local task force will be
developed and implemented. In those States currently participating in
the OJJDP ICAC Task Force Program, an explanation of how activities
will be coordinated with the existing OJJDP ICAC Task Force must be
included. In addition, letters of support from State and local
prosecution offices and the cognizant United States Attorney should be
provided.
Management and Organizational Capability (30 points)
Applicant's management structure and staffing must be adequate and
appropriate for the successful implementation of the project.
Applicants must present a workplan that identifies responsible
individuals, their time commitment, major tasks, and milestones.
Applicants must describe how Internet crimes against children
activities will be continued following Federal funding support. In
addition, direct letters of support from State and local prosecution
offices and the local district United States Attorney should be
provided.
Budget (15 points)
Applicants must provide a proposed budget that is complete,
detailed, reasonable, allowable, and cost effective in relation to the
activities to be undertaken. Budgets must allow for required travel,
including four trips for one individual to the quarterly ICAC Task
Force Board meetings.
Format
The narrative must not exceed 35 pages in length (excluding forms,
assurances, and appendixes) and must be submitted on 8\1/2\- by 11-inch
paper, double-spaced on one side of the paper in a standard 12-point
font. These requirements are necessary to maintain fair and uniform
standards among all applicants. If the narrative does not conform to
these standards, OJJDP will deem the application ineligible for
consideration.
Award Period
The project will be for up to an 18-month budget and project
period. Funding of the project beyond the initial project period will
be contingent upon performance of the grantee, and availability of
funds.
Award Amount
The total amount available for this program is $2.4 million. OJJDP
intends to award 8 to 10 cooperative agreements of up to $300,000 each
for the 18-month project period.
Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number
For this program, the CFDA number, which is required on Standard
Form 424, Application for Federal Assistance, is 16.543. This form is
included in OJJDP's Application Kit, which can be obtained by calling
the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse at 800-638-8736 or sending an e-mail
request to askncjrs@ncjrs.org. The kit is also available online at
www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org.
Coordination of Federal Efforts
To encourage better coordination among Federal agencies in
addressing State and local needs, the U.S. Department of Justice is
requesting applicants to provide information on the following: (1)
active Federal grant award(s) supporting this or related efforts,
including awards from the U.S. Department of Justice; (2) any pending
application(s) for Federal funds for this or related efforts; and (3)
plans for coordinating any funds described in items (1) or (2) with the
funding sought by this application. For each Federal award, applicants
must include the program or project title, the Federal grantor agency,
the amount of the award, and a brief description of its purpose.
``Related efforts'' is defined for these purposes as one of the
following:
Efforts for the same purpose (i.e., the proposed award
would supplement, expand, complement, or continue activities funded
with other Federal grants).
Another phase or component of the same program or project
(e.g., to implement a planning effort funded by other Federal funds or
to provide a substance abuse treatment or education component within a
criminal justice project).
Services of some kind (e.g., technical assistance,
research, or
[[Page 24860]]
evaluation) to the program or project described in the application.
Delivery Instructions
All application packages should be mailed or delivered to the
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, c/o Juvenile
Justice Resource Center, 2277 Research Boulevard, Mail Stop 2K,
Rockville, MD 20850; 301-519-5535. Note: In the lower left-hand corner
of the envelope, the applicant must clearly write ``Internet Crimes
Against Children Task Force Program.''
Due Date
Applicants are responsible for ensuring that the original and five
copies of the application package are received by 5 p.m. EDT on June
21, 1999.
Contact
For further information, call Michael Medaris, ICAC Task Force
Program Manager, Missing and Exploited Children's Program, 202-616-
3637, or send an e-mail inquiry to medarism@ojp.usdoj.gov.
References
Burgess, A., and Grant, C. 1988. Children Traumatized in Sex
Rings. Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited
Children.
Cage, R., and Pence, D. 1997. Criminal Investigation of Child
Sexual Abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of
Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Dressler, K. 1997. Multijurisdictional Task Forces: Ten Years of
Research and Evaluation: A Report to the Attorney General
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice
Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance.
Farley, R., and Lanning, K. 1997. Understanding and
Investigating Child Sexual Exploitation. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Fuller, K., and Saywitz, K. 1997. Interviewing Child Witnesses and
Victims of Sexual Abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Hammerschlag, M. 1997. Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Child
Sexual Abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of
Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Lanning, K. 1992. Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis for Law
Enforcement Officers Investigating Cases of Child Sexual Exploitation.
Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Lanning, K. 1992. Child Sex Rings: A Behavioral Analysis for
Criminal Justice Professionals Handling Cases of Child Sexual
Exploitation. Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited
Children.
Magid, L. 1994. Child Safety on the Information Highway (pamphlet).
Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
Magid, L. 1998. Teen Safety on the Information Highway (pamphlet).
Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.
National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. 1998. Know the
Rules (pamphlet). Arlington, VA: National Center for Missing and
Exploited Children.
Quarantiello, L. 1997. Cyber Crime: How to Protect Yourself from
Computer Criminals. Lake Geneva, WI: Tiare Publications.
Rosenblatt, K. 1995. High-Technology Crime: Investigating Cases
Involving Computers. San Jose, CA: KSK Publications.
Whitcomb, D. 1995. Child Sexual Exploitation: Improving
Investigations and Protecting Victims: A Blueprint for Action.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
Office for Victims of Crime.G4
Dated: May 3, 1999.
Shay Bilchik,
Administrator, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
[FR Doc. 99-11433 Filed 5-6-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-18-P
