[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 109 (Tuesday, June 8, 1999)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 30415-30417]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-13802]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 85
[FRL-6352-1]
Retrofit/Rebuild Requirements for 1993 and Earlier Model Year
Urban Buses; Status of Equipment Certified and Emissions Levels to be
Used by Operators Using Compliance Option 2
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice of availability.
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SUMMARY: In an amendment (63 FR 14626, March 26, 1998) to the rule
regarding retrofit/rebuild requirements for 1993 and earlier model year
urban buses, EPA stated that it would review retrofit/rebuild equipment
that was certified by July 1, 1998 and publish the post-rebuild
particulate matter (PM) emission levels for urban bus engines affected
by the program. Post-rebuild levels are used by operators for
calculating target emission levels of their fleets under compliance
Option 2. Today's Federal Register document fulfills EPA's obligation
to review equipment certified by July 1, 1998, and to publish the post-
rebuild PM levels.
DATES: This document is effective as of June 8, 1999.
ADDRESSES: This document, as well as other materials relevant to the
final rule, is contained in Public Docket A-91-28. This docket is
located in room M-1500, Waterside Mall (ground floor), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 ``M'' Street, SW, Washington, DC
20460.
Dockets may be inspected from 8:00 am until 5:30 p.m., Monday
through Friday. As provided in 40 CFR Part 2, a reasonable fee may be
charged by the Agency for copying docket materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: William Rutledge, Engine Programs and
Compliance Division (6403J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401
M Street SW, Washington, D.C. 20460. Telephone: (202) 564-9297. Email:
[email protected]
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
Section 219(d) of the Clean Air Act requires EPA to promulgate
regulations that require certain 1993 and earlier model year urban
buses having engines replaced or rebuilt after January 1, 1995, to
comply with an emission standard or control technology reflecting the
best retrofit technology and maintenance practices reasonably
achievable. On April 21, 1993, EPA published the final Retrofit/Rebuild
Requirements for 1993 and Earlier Model Year Urban Buses (58 FR 21359).
The Urban Bus Retrofit/Rebuild Program requires affected operators
of urban buses to choose between two compliance options. Option 1
establishes particulate matter (PM) emissions requirements for each
urban bus in an operator's fleet whose engine is rebuilt or replaced.
These requirements are to be met by the use of certified PM-reducing
equipment. Option 2 is a fleet averaging program that specifies annual
target levels for average PM emissions from all the pre-1994 model year
urban buses in an operator's fleet. The April 1993 final rule states
that EPA will determine post-rebuild levels to be used by operators for
calculating their target fleet emission levels under the Option 2
averaging program. These emission levels are to be linked to equipment
that is certified for use under compliance Option 1 and that meets an
appropriate maximum life cycle cost requirement. The linkage of Option
2's post-rebuild levels to equipment certified under Option 1 assures
that the two compliance options will produce equivalent emissions
reductions.
The final rule divided Option 2 into two phases, the first
applicable to the calculations of target fleet emission levels for
calendar years 1996 and 1997, and the second applicable to the
calculations for 1998 and thereafter. In the preamble to the final
rule, EPA stated that it would review the retrofit/rebuild equipment
that was certified by July 1, 1994 and again by July 1, 1996, and
publish the respective post-rebuild emission levels for urban bus
engines affected by the program. These reviews and updates of post-
rebuild levels were necessary because EPA expected increasing numbers
of kits to be certified as the program progressed, but as stated in the
preamble to the final rule, EPA believed that all equipment likely to
be available under the program would be certified by July 1, 1996. EPA
first published post-rebuild levels based on equipment certified by
July 1, 1994 in a Federal Register document dated September 2, 1994 (59
FR 45626). EPA subsequently updated the post-rebuild levels, based on
equipment certified by July 1, 1996, in a Federal Register document
dated August 16, 1996 (61 FR 42764).
In an amendment to the rule (63 FR 14626; March 26, 1998), EPA
provided for the review of equipment certified by July 1, 1998, and the
corresponding revision of the post-rebuild levels as necessary. This
amendment was necessary because certification of equipment was not
proceeding at the pace originally expected, and EPA had certified
several kits to the 0.10 g/bhp-hr standard after July 1996 that could
not influence the post-rebuild levels revised in the August 16, 1996
Federal Register document. Today's corresponding post-rebuild level
revision is necessary to assure that the two program compliance options
remain equivalent in terms of emissions reductions. No further updates
of the post-rebuild levels are contemplated, because most of the
affected buses are expected to be retired from the fleet roughly by
year 2008.
Today's Federal Register document fulfills EPA's obligation to
review equipment certified by July 1, 1998, and to update the post-
rebuild PM levels accordingly. The emission levels contained in today's
document must be used by transit operators using Option 2 for
determining their Target Level for the Fleet (TLF) for calendar years
2000 and thereafter, in accordance with 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(1)(iv).
Operators using Option 2 are expected to take fleet actions no later
than calendar year 1999 to ensure compliance with their TLF beginning
in calendar year 2000.
Publication of today's document was delayed pending outcome of an
Agency investigation concerning electronically-controlled engines
equipped by the original manufacturers with strategies designed to
decrease fuel consumption during certain driving modes that are not
substantially included in the federal test procedure. The effect of
such strategies is to substantially increase NOx emissions during these
modes. Such electronic control strategies are considered by the Agency
to be ``defeat devices'' as defined at 40 CFR 86.094-22, and thus would
violate 40 CFR 85.1406 and 85.1408 if included in an urban bus retrofit
application.
As a result of our concern about the harmful effect of these defeat
devices, certification of kits designed to meet the 0.10 g/bhp-hr
standard which happened to include these defeat devices, was made
conditional. The conditions have been removed following the
implementation of revisions to the fuel injection timing strategy of
the kits to deal with the NOx emissions issue.
II. Review of Certified Equipment and Program Requirements
As of July 1, 1998, several equipment kits have been certified for
6V92TA engine models (both MUI and DDEC II) to meet the 0.10 g/bhp-hr
standard for less than the applicable life cycle cost
[[Page 30416]]
requirement ($7,940 in 1992 dollars). Other equipment has been
certified for one engine model to meet the 25 percent reduction
standard for less than the applicable life cycle cost requirement
($2,000 in 1992 dollars). The following briefly describes these
equipment kits. The reader is directed to the referenced Federal
Register cites for more information regarding the individual kits. In
general, the following describes equipment certified between July 1,
1996 and July 1, 1998 to comply with either the 25 percent reduction or
0.10 g/bhp-hr standard, and to meet the appropriate life cycle cost
requirements. A list of other equipment certified for the urban bus
rebuild program is available from the contact listed above.
A. Engelhard Corporation's ETX TM Rebuild Kit for MUI
Engines
Engelhard Corporation's ETX TM rebuild kit is the first
kit certified to comply with both the 0.10 g/bhp-hr PM standard and the
life cycle cost requirements. It applies to 1979 through 1989 model
year Detroit Diesel Corporations 6V92TA MUI (mechanical unit injector)
engines. Certification of the kit is described in a Federal Register
document dated March 14, 1997 (62 FR 12166). The technology consists of
an engine rebuild ``upgrade'' kit, a catalytic converter-muffler, and a
proprietary coating (referred to as the GPX-5m) applied to piston
crowns and cylinder head combustion chambers. The engine upgrade
portion of the kit includes cylinder kits, cylinder heads, camshafts,
turbocharger, blower and drive gear, fuel injectors, and gasket kit.
This equipment triggered program requirements for the applicable
engines under compliance Option 1.
Since certification of the ETX kit, competing kits, provided by
both Johnson Matthey, Incorporated (JMI) and Detroit Diesel Corporation
(DDC), have been certified to the 0.10 g/bhp-hr standard for these
engines. The Johnson Matthey kit is described in a Federal Register
document dated November 6, 1997 (62 FR 60079) and the Detroit Diesel
kit is described in a document dated May 14, 1998 (63 FR 26798). An
application submitted by Turbo-Dyne Incorporated has been summarized in
the Federal Register (64 FR 19151; April 19, 1999) and is available for
a 45-day public review period.
B. Engelhard Corporation's ETX Rebuild Kit for DDEC Engines
The Engelhard ETX rebuild kit for DDEC engines has similarities to
the above-noted ETX kit for MUI engines, and is applicable to 1988
through 1993 model year, federal and California 6V92TA engines equipped
with Detroit Diesel Electronic Control (DDEC). The kit is designed to
update all DDEC engines to either 253 or 277 horsepower. The ETX kit
uses many of the components of the DDC 6V92TA DDECII engine upgrade
kit, along with an exhaust catalytic muffler, proprietary engine
coatings on the cylinder head fire deck and piston crown, and an
improved turbocharger. The kit is certified to comply with the 0.10 g/
bhp-hr PM standard and is available for less than the life cycle cost
limit of $7,940 (in 1992 dollars).
Certification of the DDEC ETX kit is described in a Federal
Register document published on September 21, 1998 (63 FR 50225). This
equipment triggered program requirements for operators using Option 1
to use equipment certified to the 0.10 g/bhp-hr standard when
rebuilding or replacing the applicable engines on or after March 21,
1999.
EPA has also certified other kits to the 0.10 g/bhp-hr standard for
the 6V92TA DDECII engines. Certification of a JMI CCT upgrade kit was
announced in the Federal Register on December 3, 1998 (63 FR 66798),
and certification of a DDC kit was announced on February 26, 1999 (64
FR 9500).
C. Engelhard Corporation's CMX Catalytic Muffler for Cummins' L10 EC
EPA certified the Engelhard CMX catalytic muffler to reduce PM
emissions by 25 percent for 1992--1993 model year Cummins L10 EC
(electronically controlled) engines. This certification was announced
in a Federal Register document dated March 20, 1998 (63 FR 13660). This
equipment triggers the 25 percent reduction standard for these engines
under option 1 when rebuilt or replaced on or after September 21, 1998.
Currently, no other equipment has been certified under the urban
bus program for these Cummins engines.
EPA has reviewed all equipment certified as of July 1, 1998. Table
1 lists the post-rebuild PM emission level for engine models affected
by program regulations. In accordance with section 85.1403(c)(1)(iii),
EPA selected 0.10 g/bhp-hr for the post-rebuild level if those engine
models had equipment certified by July 1, 1998 to meet both the 0.10 g/
bhp-hr standard and life cycle cost requirements. For those engine
models for which no equipment was certified to the 0.10 g/bhp-hr
standard as having complied with the applicable life cycle cost
requirements by July 1, 1998, but for which equipment was certified by
July 1, 1998 to meet the 25 percent reduction standard and to meet
those applicable life cycle cost requirements, EPA selected as the
lowest post-rebuild emission level (greater than 0.10 g/bhp-hr)
certified for such equipment. For those engine models for which no
equipment was certified by July 1, 1998, as meeting either the 25
percent or 0.10 g/bhp-hr emissions standards and life cycle cost
requirements, the post-rebuild level has been selected to be equal to
the pre-rebuild level as listed in 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(1)(iii). For
engine models with a pre-rebuild level below 0.10 g/bhp-hr, the post-
rebuild level has been selected to be equal to the pre-rebuild level
listed in 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(1)(iii)(A).
Transit operators complying with Option 2 must use the applicable
post-rebuild PM levels shown in Table 1 to calculate their TLF for
calendar year 2000 and thereafter. The determination of which emission
level (pre-rebuild or post-rebuild level) to use in the calculations
must be made in accordance with 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(1)(iv), as amended on
March 26, 1998. EPA will revise the instructions for the spreadsheet to
reflect the new post-rebuild levels discussed in today's document. The
instructions are available upon request from the contact listed above.
Table 1.--PM Post-Rebuild Levels (g/bhp-hr) for Calculating TLFs for Calendar Year 2000 and ThereafterK \1\
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Engine model Model year Pre-rebuild level Post-rebuild level Engine code Engine family
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\2\-------------------------------------------------------
DDC 6V92TA MUI..................... 1979-87............... 0.50.................. 0.10................. All 293 All.
Hp.
1988-1989............. 0.30.................. 0.10................. All 293 All.
Hp.
DDC 6V92TA DDEC I 1986-89............... 0.30.................. 0.23................. All.................. All.
DDC 6V92TA DDEC II 1988-91 (w/out trap).. 0.31.................. 0.10................. 253 & 277 Hp......... All.
1992-93 (w/out trap).. 0.25.................. 0.10................. 253 & 277 Hp......... All.
1993 (w/ PM trap)..... 0.07.................. 0.07................. All.................. All.
DDC Series 50...................... 1993.................. 0.16.................. 0.16................. All.................. All.
[[Page 30417]]
DDC 6V71N...................... 1973-87............... 0.50.................. 0.38................. All.................. All.
DDC 6V71N...................... 1988-89............... 0.50.................. 0.38................. All.................. All.
DDC 6V71T...................... 1985-86............... 0.50.................. 0.38................. All.................. All.
DDC 8V71N...................... 1973-84............... 0.50.................. 0.38................. All.................. All.
DDC 6L71TA..................... 1990.................. 0.59.................. 0.59................. All.................. All.
DDC 6L71TA..................... 1988-89............... 0.31.................. 0.23................. All.................. All.
DDC 6V71TA DDEC.................... 1990-91............... 0.30.................. 0.23................. All.................. All.
DDC 8V92TA..................... 1979-87............... 0.50.................. 0.38................. All.................. 8V92TA.
1988.................. 0.39.................. 0.29................. All.................. 8V92TA.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1988.................. 0.41.................. 0.31................. All.................. 8V92TA-DDEC II.
DDC 8V92TA..................... 1989.................. 0.47.................. 0.35................. 9E70................. KDD0736FW89.
DDC 8V92TA..................... 1989.................. 0.39.................. 0.29................. 9A90................. KDD0736FW89.
DDC 8V92TA..................... 1989.................. 0.34.................. 0.26................. 9G85................. KDD0736FW89.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1989.................. 0.41.................. 0.31................. 1A................... KDD0736FZH4.
DDC 8V92TA..................... 1990.................. 0.47.................. 0.35................. 9E70................. LDD0736FAH9.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1990.................. 0.49.................. 0.37................. 1A................... LDD0736FZH3.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1991.................. 0.25.................. 0.19................. 1A or 5A............. MDD0736FZH2.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1992-93............... 0.21.................. 0.16................. 1D................... NDD0736FZH1 &
PDD0736FZH X.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1992-93............... 0.29.................. 0.22................. 6A................... NDD0736FZH 1 &
PDD0736FZH X.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1992-93............... 0.20.................. 0.15................. 5A................... NDD0736FZH 1 &
PDD0736FZHX.
DDC 8V92TA DDEC.................... 1992-93............... 0.25.................. 0.19................. 1A................... NDD0736FZH 1 &
PDD0736FZHX.
CUMMINS L-10....................... 1985-1987............. 0.65.................. 0.34................. All.................. All.
1988-1989............. 0.55.................. 0.34................. All.................. All.
1990-1992............. 0.46.................. 0.34................. All.................. All.
L-10EC....................... 1992.................. 0.25.................. 0.19................. All.................. All.
Cummins L-10 EC w/trap........... 1993.................. 0.05.................. 0.05................. All.................. All.
Alternatively-Fueled Engines..... pre-1994.............. 0.10.................. 0.10................. All.................. All.
Other Engines...................... pre-1988.............. 0.50.................. 0.50................. All.................. All.
1988-1993............. Cert'n Level \3\...... Cert'n Level \3\..... All.................. All.
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\1\ In accordance with 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(1)(iv).
\2\ The instructions for the spreadsheet list these levels as post-rebuild-3 levels. The instructions are available upon request from the contact listed
above.
\3\ Use the certification level determined under EPA's new engine certification program.
An urban bus operator choosing to comply with Option 2 must be able
to demonstrate at all times in a specified year that its fleet level
attained (FLA) is equal to or less than its TLF for that year. Using
the formulas in 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(1) and the PM emissions levels
(including the above post-rebuild levels) in accordance with section
85.1403(a)(1)(iv), operators choosing Option 2 must calculate their TLF
for calendar year 2000 and thereafter. The FLA is calculated using the
formula of 40 CFR 85.1403(c)(2) and the certification level of the
specific equipment installed on each bus. In order to ensure it is in
compliance with its TLF at the start of calendar year 2000 and
thereafter, transit operators choosing to comply with Option 2 are
expected to begin taking appropriate actions (such as installing
certified equipment and/or retiring buses) no later than calendar year
1999.
Dated: May 21, 1999.
Robert Perciasepe,
Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation.
[FR Doc. 99-13802 Filed 6-7-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
