[Federal Register Volume 64, Number 109 (Tuesday, June 8, 1999)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 30410-30415]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 99-14356]
[[Page 30410]]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 82
[FRL-6355-8]
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency.
ACTION: Notice of acceptability.
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SUMMARY: This document expands the list of acceptable substitutes for
ozone-depleting substances (ODS) under the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
program.
EFFECTIVE DATE: June 8, 1999.
ADDRESSES: Information relevant to this document is contained in Air
Docket A-91-42, Central Docket Section, South Conference Room 4, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C.
20460, telephone: (202) 260-7548. The docket may be inspected between
8:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. weekdays. As provided in 40 CFR part 2, a
reasonable fee may be charged for photocopying.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kelly Davis at (202) 564-2303 or fax
(202) 565-2096, U.S. EPA, Stratospheric Protection Division, 401 M
Street, S.W., Mail Code 6205J, Washington, D.C. 20460; EPA
Stratospheric Ozone Protection Hotline at (800) 296-1996; EPA World
Wide Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/snap).
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements
B. Regulatory History
II. Listing of Acceptable Substitutes
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
B. Foam Blowing
C. Solvents Cleaning
D. Aerosols
E. Adhesives, Coatings, and Inks
III. Additional Information
Appendix A--Summary of Acceptable Decisions
I. Section 612 Program
A. Statutory Requirements
Section 612 of the Clean Air Act authorizes EPA to develop a
program for evaluating alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. EPA
refers to this program as the Significant New Alternatives Policy
(SNAP) program. The major provisions of section 612 are:
Rulemaking--Section 612(c) requires EPA to promulgate
rules making it unlawful to replace any class I (chlorofluorocarbon,
halon, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide, and
hydrobromofluorocarbon) or class II (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) substance
with any substitute that the Administrator determines may present
adverse effects to human health or the environment where the
Administrator has identified an alternative that (1) reduces the
overall risk to human health and the environment, and (2) is currently
or potentially available.
Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable Substitutes--Section
612(c) also requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes
unacceptable for specific uses. EPA must publish a corresponding list
of acceptable alternatives for specific uses.
Petition Process--Section 612(d) grants the right to any
person to petition EPA to add a substance to or delete a substance from
the lists published in accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has
90 days to grant or deny a petition. Where the Agency grants the
petition, EPA must publish the revised lists within an additional 6
months.
90-day Notification--Section 612(e) requires EPA to
require any person who produces a chemical substitute for a class I
substance to notify the Agency not less than 90 days before new or
existing chemicals are introduced into interstate commerce for
significant new uses as substitutes for a class I substance. The
producer must also provide the Agency with the producer's unpublished
health and safety studies on such substitutes.
Outreach--Section 612(b)(1) states that the Administrator
shall seek to maximize the use of federal research facilities and
resources to assist users of class I and II substances in identifying
and developing alternatives to the use of such substances in key
commercial applications.
Clearinghouse--Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency to
set up a public clearinghouse of alternative chemicals, product
substitutes, and alternative manufacturing processes that are available
for products and manufacturing processes which use class I and II
substances.
B. Regulatory History
On March 18, 1994, EPA published the Final Rulemaking (FRM) (59 FR
13044) which described the process for administering the SNAP program
and issued EPA's first acceptability lists for substitutes in the major
industrial use sectors. These sectors include: refrigeration and air
conditioning; foam blowing; solvents cleaning; fire suppression and
explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives, coatings and
inks; and tobacco expansion. These sectors compose the principal
industrial sectors that historically consumed the largest volumes of
ozone-depleting compounds.
As described in the original rule for the SNAP program (59 FR
13044; March 18, 1994), EPA does not believe that rulemaking procedures
are required to list alternatives as acceptable with no limitations.
Such listings do not impose any sanction, nor do they remove any prior
license to use a substance. Consequently, by this document EPA is
adding substances to the list of acceptable alternatives without first
requesting comment on new listings.
EPA does, however, believe that Notice-and-Comment rulemaking is
required to place any substance on the list of prohibited substitutes,
to list a substance as acceptable only under certain conditions, to
list substances as acceptable only for certain uses, or to remove a
substance from either the list of prohibited or acceptable substitutes.
Updates to these lists are published as separate notices of rulemaking
in the Federal Register.
The Agency defines a ``substitute'' as any chemical, product
substitute, or alternative manufacturing process, whether existing or
new, that could replace a class I or class II substance. Anyone who
produces a substitute must provide the Agency with health and safety
studies on the substitute at least 90 days before introducing it into
interstate commerce for significant new use as an alternative. This
requirement applies to substitute manufacturers, but may include
importers, formulators or end-users, when they are responsible for
introducing a substitute into commerce.
EPA published documents listing acceptable alternatives on August
26, 1994 (59 FR 44240), January 13, 1995 (60 FR 3318), July 28, 1995
(60 FR 38729), February 8, 1996 (61 FR 4736), September 5, 1996 (61 FR
47012), March 10, 1997 (62 FR 10700), June 3, 1997 (62 FR 30275),
February 24, 1998 (63 FR 9151), and May 22, 1998 (63 FR 28251), and
published Final Rulemakings restricting or prohibiting the use of
certain substitutes on March 18, 1994 (59 FR 13044), June 13, 1995 (60
FR 31092), May 22, 1996 (61 FR 25585), October 16, 1996 (61 FR 54029),
January 26, 1999 (64 FR 3861), January 26, 1999 (64 FR 3865), and March
3, 1999 (64 FR 10374), April 28, 1999 (64 FR 22981).
II. Listing of Acceptable Substitutes
This section presents EPA's most recent acceptable listing
decisions for substitutes for class I and class II substances in the
refrigeration and air conditioning; foam blowing; solvents cleaning;
aerosols; and adhesives, coatings, and inks sectors. For copies of
[[Page 30411]]
the full list of SNAP decisions in all industrial sectors, contact the
EPA Stratospheric Protection Hotline at (800) 296-1996.
Parts A through E below present a detailed discussion of the
substitute listing determinations by major use sector. The table
summarizing today's listing decisions is in Appendix A. The comments
contained in Appendix A provide additional information on a substitute,
but for listings of acceptable substitutes, they are not legally
binding under section 612 of the Clean Air Act. Thus, adherence to
recommendations in the comments is not mandatory for use of a
substitute. In addition, the comments should not be considered
comprehensive with respect to other legal obligations pertaining to the
use of the substitute. However, EPA encourages users of acceptable
substitutes to apply all comments to their use of these substitutes. In
many instances, the comments simply allude to sound operating practices
that have already been identified in existing industry and/or building
code standards. Thus, many of the comments, if adopted, would not
require significant changes in existing operating practices for the
affected industry.
A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1. Acceptable Substitutes
Under section 612 of the Clean Air Act, EPA is authorized to review
substitutes for class I (CFC) and class II (HCFC) chemicals. The
decisions set forth in this section A expand the acceptable listing for
refrigerants.
In listing these refrigerants as acceptable, EPA anticipates that
these refrigerants will be used in such a manner so that any
recommendations specified in the manufacturers' Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDSs) are followed. EPA also anticipates that manufacturers,
installers, servicers, building owners and other parties responsible
for construction and maintenance of refrigeration and air-conditioning
systems will follow all applicable standard industry practices and
technical standards established by voluntary consensus standards
organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
The Agency also expects that refrigerating systems will conform to all
relevant provisions of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards, including Standard
15, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, which provides guidelines
for the safety of persons and property on or near premises where
refrigeration facilities are located. Finally, the Agency anticipates
that any exposures by installers or servicers to refrigerants will
conform to all applicable standards set by the U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) and will not exceed any acceptable
exposure limits set by any voluntary consensus standards organization,
including the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists' (ACGIH) threshhold limit values (TLVs) or the American
Industrial Hygiene Association's (AIHA) workplace environmental
exposure limits (WEELs).
(a) THR-04. The chemical blend submitted to EPA with the
unregistered tradename THR-04 is acceptable as a substitute for R-502
in all end-uses. Tsinghua University of Beijing and the Beijing Inoue
Qinghua Refrigeration Technology Company, the joint submitters of THR-
04, claim that its composition is confidential business information.
Fractionation and flammability testing have determined that although
one constituent of the blend is flammable, THR-04 as blended is not,
and further testing has shown that it does not become flammable after
leakage. This blend contains an HCFC and for this reason is an ozone
depleter. However, the HCFC is a class II ozone depleter and is an
acceptable substitute for the class I ozone depleter, R-502. THR-04
contains a constituent with a high global warming potential (GWP).
However, the potential of this constituent for contributing to global
warming will be mitigated in each end-use through the implementation of
the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the Clean Air Act.
(b) HFC-236fa. HFC-236fa, when manufactured using any process that
does not convert perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) directly to HFC-236fa in a
single step, is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-114 in non-
mechanical heat transfer. HFC-236fa does not harm the ozone layer
because it does not contain chlorine. Although HFC-236fa has an
extremely high 100-year GWP of 6,300,1 its lifetime is at
least an order of magnitude shorter than that of perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), which have comparable 100-year GWPs. For some specialized non-
mechanical heat transfer end-uses, HFC-236fa is the only CFC-114
alternative that is safe for the ozone layer and is low in toxicity.
HFC-236fa may not be vented when used as a refrigerant, in accordance
with section 608(c)(2) of the Act. EPA has proposed new recycling
regulations for non-ozone-depleting refrigerants (63 FR 32044; June 11,
1998). This proposal would extend to HFC and PFC refrigerants the
requirements currently in place for class I (CFC) and class II (HCFC)
refrigerants, including required service practices, certification
programs for recovery/recycling equipment, reclaimers, and technicians,
a prohibition on the sale of refrigerant to anyone but certified
technicians, leak repair requirements, and safe disposal requirements.
A fact sheet on the proposal is available from the EPA Ozone Hotline at
(800) 296-1996 or on the world wide web at http://www.epa.gov/ozone/
title6/608/subrecsm.html.
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\1\ GWPs and atmospheric lifetimes cited in this document are
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report
entitled Climate Change 1995--The Science of Climate Change, IPCC
Second Assessment Report. More recent values for GWPs and
atmospheric lifetimes published in the Scientific Assessment of
Ozone Depletion: 1998, World Meteorological Organization Global
Ozone Research and Monitoring Project--Report No. 44, may be
somewhat different than the values cited here but do not alter any
of the technical or policy determinations by EPA in this rule.
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(c) HFE-7100. Hydrofluoroether (HFE-7100)
(C4F9OCH3; methoxynonafluorobutane,
iso and normal) is an acceptable substitute for CFC-113 in non-
mechanical heat transfer. HFE-7100 does not deplete the ozone layer
since it does not contain chlorine or bromine. It has a 4.1 year
atmospheric lifetime and a GWP of 500 over a 100-year time horizon. The
GWP and lifetime for this HFE are lower than the GWP and lifetime for
CFC-113, and this HFE exhibits low toxicity, with a WEEL of 750 ppm.
(d) HFC-23. HFC-23 is acceptable as a substitute for CFC-12 in very
low-temperature refrigeration. (Readers of this section should also
note the clarification of the definition of very-low-temperature
refrigeration set forth in section 2 below.) HFC-23 has already been
listed as an acceptable substitute for CFC-13, R-13B1, and R-503 in
very-low-temperature refrigeration and industrial process
refrigeration. It is non-flammable and does not deplete stratospheric
ozone. However, HFC-23 has an extremely high 100-year GWP of 11,700
relative to CO2 and an atmospheric lifetime of 264 years.
Its GWP is the highest among the HFCs, and its lifetime is exceeded
only by the PFCs. Consequently, EPA believes HFC-23 could contribute
significantly to global warming. In addition, the long lifetime of HFC-
23 means any global warming or other effects would be essentially
irreversible. It is illegal to vent HFC-23 at any time when used as a
refrigerant. The current regulations issued under section 608 of the
CAA (58 FR 28660; May 14, 1993) do not require recycling and recovery
of HFC-23, or
[[Page 30412]]
leak repair for systems using HFC-23. In particular, EPA urges users to
reduce leakage and recover and recycle HFC-23 during equipment
servicing and upon the retirement of equipment and adhere to the
amended leak repair provisions established in 60 FR 40419; August 8,
1995. EPA has proposed new recycling regulations for non-ozone-
depleting refrigerants (63 FR 32044; June 11, 1998). This proposal
would extend to HFC and PFC refrigerants the requirements currently in
place for class I (CFC) and class II (HCFC) refrigerants, including
required service practices, certification programs for recovery/
recycling equipment, reclaimers, and technicians, a prohibition on the
sale of refrigerant to anyone but certified technicians, leak repair
requirements, and safe disposal requirements. A fact sheet on the
proposal is available from the EPA Ozone Hotline at (800) 296-1996 or
on the world wide web at http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/608/
subrecsm.html.
(e) Motor Vehicle Air-Conditioning: thermal storage systems used in
tractor trailers in conjunction with passenger compartment climate
control systems that use a SNAP-accepted refrigerant. Thermal storage
systems used in a tractor trailer in conjunction with a conventional
motor vehicle air-conditioning system that already uses an acceptable
substitute refrigerant, are acceptable as substitutes for CFC-12 in
motor vehicle air conditioners. These systems have been developed for
use in heavy duty trucks that contain sleeper compartments. Currently
these trucks must continually idle while the vehicle is parked and the
driver is resting in the sleeper compartment, to power a conventional
air-conditioner or heater when cooling or heating comfort is needed.
These thermal storage systems will allow the provision of cooling/
heating comfort while the engine is off.
The thermal storage system uses water blended with small amounts of
one or more of the SNAP acceptable HFC-based refrigerants such as HFC-
134a. The blend is contained in a sealed storage device. The system
consists of a packaged cool storage reservoir and a fuel-fired heater
that generates cooling or heating capacity during the normal operation
of the vehicle. This cooling or heating capacity becomes available for
use in the passenger compartment at a desired time. The cooling
capacity is generated by chilling a circulating coolant with air from
the air conditioner, while the heating capacity is achieved by heating
this same coolant with a fuel-fired heater. The coolant functions as a
secondary fluid in a secondary-loop refrigeration system similar to
chilled water in building chillers.
After reviewing the technology of the thermal storage system
submitted in the SNAP application, EPA found no safety or environmental
concerns associated with its use in trucks. EPA acknowledges the
existence of such a system and recognizes the potential merits. This
type of technology promises to significantly lower fuel consumption and
reduce pollutant emissions, including nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, sulfuric oxides, and particulate emissions.
2. Clarification
(a) Very-low-temperature refrigeration. In a previous rule (60 FR
31092; June 13, 1995), EPA stated in its definition of very-low-
temperature refrigeration that ``[m]edical freezers, freeze-dryers, and
other small appliances require extremely reliable refrigeration cycles.
These systems must meet stringent technical standards that do not
normally apply to refrigeration systems.'' EPA does not intend to limit
the very-low-temperature refrigeration application to medical freezers,
freeze-dryers and other small appliances. Larger systems may also fall
within the definition of very-low-temperature refrigeration, as long as
the systems or portions of the systems require very low temperatures in
the vicinity of -80 degrees F or lower. Submitters to the SNAP program
who believe that particular systems may qualify as very-low-temperature
refrigeration and/or industrial process refrigeration should contact
EPA for a determination prior to submitting substitute refrigerants for
review under the SNAP program.
B. Foam Blowing
1. Acceptable Substitutes
(a) HFC-134a. HFC-134a is an acceptable substitute for HCFCs in all
foam blowing end-uses. For end-uses other than rigid polyurethane and
polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock, polystyrene extruded boardstock
and billet foams, phenolic foams, and polyolefin foams, blends of HFC-
134a with other acceptable substitutes are also acceptable substitutes
for HCFCs. See the original SNAP rule (53 FR 13044) for a detailed
explanation of the distinction among end-uses for which blends are
acceptable without further review. HFC-134a has zero ODP, has a 100-
year GWP of 1300, and is nonflammable. HFC-134a has low toxicity, with
a WEEL of 1000 ppm.
(b) HFC-152a. HFC-152a is an acceptable substitute for HCFCs in all
foam blowing end-uses. For end-uses other than rigid polyurethane and
polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock, polystyrene extruded boardstock
and billet foams, phenolic foams, and polyolefin foams, blends of HFC-
152a with other acceptable substitutes are also acceptable substitutes
for HCFCs. See the original SNAP rule (53 FR 13044) for a detailed
explanation of the distinction among end-uses for which blends are
acceptable without further review. HFC-152a is flammable; foams blown
with HFC-152a will need to conform to building code requirements that
relate to flammable materials. HFC-152a has zero ODP, a 100-year GWP of
140, and low toxicity. The WEEL for HFC-152a is 1000 ppm.
(c) Carbon Dioxide. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an
acceptable substitute for HCFCs in all foam blowing end-uses. For end-
uses other than rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminated
boardstock, polystyrene extruded boardstock and billet foams, phenolic
foams, and polyolefin foams, blends of CO2 with other
acceptable substitutes are also acceptable substitutes for HCFCs. See
the original SNAP rule (53 FR 13044) for a detailed explanation of the
distinction among end-uses for which blends are acceptable without
further review. CO2 has zero ODP, a GWP of 1, low toxicity,
and is nonflammable.
(d) Water. Water is an acceptable substitute for HCFCs in all foam
blowing end-uses. For end-uses other than rigid polyurethane and
polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock, polystyrene extruded boardstock
and billet foams, phenolic foams, and polyolefin foams, blends of water
with other acceptable substitutes are also acceptable substitutes for
HCFCs. See the original SNAP rule (53 FR 13044) for a detailed
explanation of the distinction among end-uses for which blends are
acceptable without further review. Water has zero ODP and GWP, is not
toxic, and is nonflammable.
2. Clarification
On September 5, 1996 (61 FR 47012), EPA listed proprietary blend 1
(PBA 1) as an acceptable substitute for CFCs and HCFCs in rigid
polyurethane and polyisocyanurate laminated boardstock foam; rigid
polyurethane appliance; rigid polyurethane slabstock and other; and
rigid polyurethane spray and commercial refrigeration, and sandwich
panels. At the time PBA 1 was submitted, the submitter's identification
and the composition of PBA 1 were claimed as confidential business
information. The confidentiality of the composition has been withdrawn,
and
[[Page 30413]]
EPA now discloses that PBA 1 is formic acid. On February 28, 1998 (63
FR 9151), EPA listed formic acid as an acceptable substitute for CFC
and HCFCs in polyurethane integral skin foam. In future lists of
acceptable substitutes, EPA will combine these listings.
C. Solvents Cleaning
1. Acceptable Substitutes
(a) HFC-4310mee. HFC-4310mee is acceptable as a substitute for
HCFC-141b in all solvents cleaning end-uses. HFC-4310mee is listed as
acceptable subject to use conditions in the metals cleaning and aerosol
solvent sectors (64 FR 22981, April 28, 1999) as a substitute for CFC-
113 and methyl chloroform. It is already acceptable in electronics and
precision cleaning subject to a 200 ppm time-weighted average workplace
exposure standard and a 400 ppm workplace exposure ceiling (61 FR
54029; October 16, 1996).
This document clarifies that HFC-4310mee is also acceptable as a
substitute for HCFC-141b. HCFC-141b is scheduled for complete phaseout
in 2003 and is currently unacceptable for use in all sectors except for
very specific aerosol uses. The exemptions to the ban under Clean Air
Act section 610 include use for specific medical devices, aircraft
maintenance, mold release agents, spinnerettes, document preservation
sprays, photographic equipment, and wasp and hornet sprays used near
high-tension wires (58 FR 69638; December 30, 1993). Note that the ban
under section 610 is for all class II substances.
2. Clarification
(a) All Solvents Cleaning End-uses. (1) Benzotrifluoride (CAS# 98-
08-8). This notice of clarification serves to list benzotrifluoride
(C7H5F3) as acceptable with an
acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 100 ppm. Monochlorotoluenes/
benzotrifluorides are acceptable subject to use conditions as
substitutes for CFC-113 and MCF in all solvent end-uses. The category
of monochlorotoluenes/benzotrifluoride has been listed with a company-
established acceptable exposure limit of 50 ppm workplace standard for
monochlorotoluenes and a 25 ppm standard for benzotrifluoride (61 FR
25585; May 22, 1996). Of all the structures of commercial interest, the
only chemical with an Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) standard is orthochlorotoluene, one of the monochlorotoluenes.
This substance has an OSHA Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) of 50 ppm.
Using this standard as a proxy, the Agency set a workplace standard of
50 ppm for monochlorotoluenes as a group. Benzotrifluoride does not
have a PEL. Further testing has demonstrated that benzotrifluoride is
one of the least toxic chemicals in the category of monochlorotoluenes/
benzotrifluoride. As such, the company-set acceptable exposure limit
for benzotrifluoride is 100 ppm.
D. Aerosols
1. Acceptable Substitutes
(a) Aerosol solvents. (1) HFC-4310mee. HFC-4310mee is acceptable as
a substitute for HCFC-141b in all aerosol solvent end-uses. For a
complete discussion, please refer to the solvents cleaning section
above.
2. Clarification
(a) Aerosol Solvents. (1) Benzotrifluoride (CAS# 98-08-8). This
notice of clarification serves to list benzotrifluoride
(C7H5F3) as acceptable with an
acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 100 ppm. For a complete discussion,
please refer to the solvent section above.
E. Adhesives, Coatings, and Inks
1. Clarification
(a) Benzotrifluoride (CAS# 98-08-8). This notice of clarification
serves to list benzotrifluoride
(C7H5F3) as acceptable with an
acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 100 ppm. For a complete discussion,
please refer to the solvent section above.
III. Additional Information
Contact the Stratospheric Protection Hotline at 1-800-296-1996,
Monday-Friday, between the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. (Eastern
Standard Time). For more information on the Agency's process for
administering the SNAP program or criteria for evaluation of
substitutes, refer to the SNAP final rulemaking published in the
Federal Register on March 18, 1994 (59 FR 13044). Notices and
rulemakings under the SNAP program, as well as all EPA publications on
protection of stratospheric ozone, are available from EPA's Ozone
Depletion World Wide Web site at ``http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/
snap/'' and from the Stratospheric Protection Hotline whose number is
listed above.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: May 27, 1999.
Paul Stolpman,
Director, Office of Atmospheric Programs, Office of Air and Radiation.
Appendix A--Summary of Acceptable Decisions
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End-Use Substitute Decision Comments
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REFRIGERATION and AIR CONDITIONING SECTOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All R-502 end-uses................... THR-04................. Acceptable............. EPA anticipates that
manufacturers,
installers and
servicers of
refrigeration and air-
conditioning systems
will follow all
applicable standard
industry practices and
technical standards.
Non-mechanical heat transfer......... HFC-236fa.............. Acceptable as a EPA anticipates that
substitute for CFC-114 manufacturers,
in non-mechanical heat installers and
transfer when servicers of
manufactured using any refrigeration and air-
process that does not conditioning systems
convert will follow all
perfluoroisobutylene applicable standard
(PFIB) directly to HFC- industry practices and
236fa in a single step. technical standards.
[[Page 30414]]
Non-mechanical heat transfer......... HFE-7100............... Acceptable............. EPA anticipates that
manufacturers,
installers and
servicers of
refrigeration and air-
conditioning systems
will follow all
applicable standard
industry practices and
technical standards.
Very-low-temperature refrigeration... HFC-23................. Acceptable............. This determination
applies where the
ozone-depleting
substance being
replaced is CFC-12.
EPA anticipates that
manufacturers,
installers and
servicers of
refrigeration and air-
conditioning systems
will follow all
applicable standard
industry practices and
technical standards.
Motor vehicle air conditioning....... Thermal storage systems Acceptable............. EPA anticipates that
used in tractor installers and
trailers in servicers of
conjunction with refrigeration and air-
passenger compartment conditioning systems
climate control will follow all
systems that use SNAP- applicable standard
accepted refrigerants. industry practices and
technical standards.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOAMS SECTOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HCFCs used in all end-uses but rigid HFC-134a, HFC-152a, Acceptable.............
polyurethane and polyisocyanurate CO2, water (and blends
laminated boardstock, polystyrene of any of these with
extruded boardstock and billet other fully acceptable
foams, phenolic foams, and substitutes).
polyolefin foams.
HCFCs used in rigid polyurethane and HFC-134a, HFC-152a, Acceptable.............
polyisocyanurate laminated CO2, water.
boardstock, polystyrene extruded
boardstock and billet foams,
phenolic foams, and polyolefin foams.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOLVENTS SECTOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All end-uses......................... HFC-4310mee............ Acceptable subject to a
200 ppm time-weighted
average workplace
exposure standard and
400 ppm workplace
exposure ceiling.
All end-uses......................... Benzotrifluoride....... Acceptable with an
acceptable exposure
limit (AEL) of 100 ppm.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AEROSOLS SECTOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aerosol Solvents..................... HFC-4310mee............ Acceptable subject to a
200 ppm time-weighted
average workplace
exposure standard and
400 ppm workplace
exposure ceiling.
Aerosol Solvents..................... Benzotrifluoride....... Acceptable with an
acceptable exposure
limit (AEL) of 100 ppm.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADHESIVES, COATINGS, and INKS SECTOR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All end-uses......................... Benzotrifluoride....... Acceptable with an
acceptable exposure
limit (AEL) of 100 ppm.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 30415]]
[FR Doc. 99-14356 Filed 6-7-99; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-U
