2015-16324. Accessible Emergency Information, and Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description

AGENCY:

Federal Communications Commission.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

In this document, the Commission adopts additional rules under the authority of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (CVAA) to make emergency information in video programming accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. First, the document requires multichannel video programming distributors to pass through a secondary audio stream containing audible emergency information when they permit consumers to access linear programming on second screen devices, such as tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices. Second, the document requires manufacturers of apparatus that receive or play back video programming to provide a mechanism that is simple and easy to use for activating the secondary audio stream to access audible emergency information.

DATES:

Effective August 10, 2015.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Evan Baranoff, [e-mail], of the Media Bureau, Policy Division, [phone].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

This is a summary of the Commission's Second Report and Order (Order), FCC 15-56, adopted on May 21, 2015, and released on May 28, 2015. The full text of this document is available electronically via the FCC's Electronic Document Management System (EDOCS) Web site at http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/​edocs_​public/​ or via the FCC's Electronic Comment Filing System (ECFS) Web site at http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/​ecfs2/​. (Documents will be available electronically in ASCII, Microsoft Word, and/or Adobe Acrobat.) This document is also available for public inspection and copying during regular business hours in the FCC Reference Information Center, Federal Communications Commission, 445 12th Street SW., CY-A257, Washington, DC 20554. The complete text may be purchased from the Commission's copy contractor, 445 12th Street SW., Room CY-B402, Washington, DC 20554. Alternative formats are available for people with disabilities (Braille, large print, electronic files, audio format), by sending an email to [e-mail] or calling the Commission's Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau at [phone] (voice), [phone] (TTY).

I. Introduction

1. In this Second Report and Order, we take additional steps under the authority of sections 202 and 203 of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (“CVAA”) ^[1] to make emergency information in video programming accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. The Commission adopted rules in 2013 to require that visual emergency information shown during non-newscast television programming, such as in an on-screen crawl, is also available to individuals who are blind or visually impaired through an aural presentation on a secondary audio stream.^[2] In adopting these rules pursuant to sections 202 and 203 of the CVAA, the Commission recognized the importance of making sure that individuals who are blind or visually impaired are able to hear critical information about emergencies affecting their locality, which can enable them promptly to respond to such emergency situations and to protect their lives and property.

2. First, this Second Report and Order concludes that multichannel video programming distributors (“MVPDs”) must pass through a secondary audio stream containing audible emergency information in accordance with section 79.2 of the Commission's rules ^[3] when they permit consumers to access linear programming ^[4] on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services. Increasingly, Americans are utilizing a wide range of devices in addition to the television to view video programming,^[5] and a number of MVPDs now allow customers to view linear programming on “second screen” devices using applications or other technologies.^[6] Our rule ensures that individuals who are blind or visually impaired will be provided with accessible emergency information when they are watching linear programming over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services, regardless of whether they are viewing the programming on their television or on their tablet, smartphone, or similar device.

3. Second, this Second Report and Order requires manufacturers of apparatus subject to section 79.105 of the Commission's rules ^[7] to provide a mechanism that is simple and easy to use for activating the secondary audio stream to access audible emergency information. Individuals who are blind or visually impaired should not have to navigate through multiple levels of menus or take other time-consuming actions to activate the secondary audio stream when they hear the aural tone signaling that emergency information is being provided visually on the screen. In emergency situations, every second counts. Thus, we believe that in order for emergency information to be made fully accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired in accordance with section 203 of the CVAA, manufacturers of covered apparatus must ensure that such individuals have a simple, easy to use mechanism to activate the secondary audio stream in order to hear emergency information.

4. In the Second Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“Second Further Notice”) accompanying the Second Report and Order (and published in this issue of the Federal Register), we seek comment on three issues: (i) Whether we should adopt rules regarding how covered entities should prioritize emergency information conveyed aurally on the secondary audio stream when more than one source of visual emergency information is presented on-screen at the same time; (ii) whether we should reconsider the Commission's requirement for “school closings and changes in school bus schedules” resulting from emergency situations to be conveyed aurally on the secondary audio stream, considering the length of such information and the limits of the secondary audio stream; and (iii) whether we should require MVPDs to ensure that the navigation devices that they provide to subscribers include a simple and easy to use activation mechanism for accessing audible emergency information on the secondary audio stream, and to provide a simple and easy to use mechanism to activate the secondary audio stream for emergency information when they permit subscribers to view linear programming on mobile and other devices as part of their MVPD services.

II. Background

5. The CVAA was enacted on October 8, 2010 with the purpose of ensuring that individuals with disabilities are able to fully utilize modern communications services and equipment and to better access video programming.^[8] Sections 202 and 203 of the CVAA address, in part, the accessibility of emergency information for individuals who are blind or visually impaired.^[9] Specifically, section 202 of the CVAA directs the Commission to (i) “identify methods to convey emergency information (as that term is defined in section 79.2 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations ^[10] ) in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired,” ^[11] and (ii) “promulgate regulations that require video programming providers and video programming distributors (as those terms are defined in section 79.1 of title 47, Code of Federal Regulations ^[12] ) and program owners to convey such emergency information in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired.” ^[13] Section 203 of the CVAA directs the Commission to prescribe rules requiring certain apparatus on which consumers receive or play back video programming, such as televisions, set-top boxes, DVD and Blu-ray players, to have the capability to decode and make available emergency information and video description services in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, and requiring certain apparatus designed to record video programming to enable the rendering or pass through of emergency information and video description.^[14]

6. The Commission adopted the First Report and Order on April 9, 2013.^[15] The record compiled in the proceeding reflected consensus among industry and consumer groups supporting use of a secondary audio stream to provide emergency information in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, which was recommended by the VPAAC.^[16] Thus, to implement the emergency information requirements in Section 202, the First Report and Order adopted rules requiring that video programming providers (including program owners) and video programming distributors use a secondary audio stream to convey televised emergency information aurally, when such information is conveyed visually during programming other than newscasts.^[17] Pursuant to section 203, the First Report and Order also adopted rules applicable to manufacturers that require apparatus designed to receive, play back, or record video programming transmitted simultaneously with sound to make available the secondary audio stream.^[18]

7. In the Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“Further Notice”) that accompanied the First Report and Order, the Commission sought comment on whether MVPDs are covered by the emergency information rules when they permit their subscribers to access linear programming via mobile or other devices.^[19] In a separate Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking issued in conjunction with the Commission's User Interfaces Order ^[20] (“User Interfaces Further Notice”), also under MB Docket No. 12-107, the Commission sought comment on whether to require manufacturers of apparatus covered by section 203 of the CVAA to provide access to the secondary audio stream used for audible emergency information by a simple and straightforward mechanism, such as a mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon.^[21] In particular, the Commission sought comment on whether section 303(u)(1)(C) of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the “Act”), as added by section 203 of the CVAA, which requires that covered apparatus have the capability to make available emergency information in a manner that is accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, gives the Commission authority to adopt such a requirement.^[22] Consumer and academic commenters, including the American Foundation for the Blind (“AFB”), the American Council of the Blind (“ACB”), and the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Wireless Technologies (“Wireless RERC”), support such a requirement, while industry commenters oppose it.

8. To further implement sections 202 and 203 of the CVAA, we adopt the rules discussed below. Consistent with the intent of the CVAA, we must ensure that individuals with disabilities are not left behind as new technologies and platforms for viewing video programming are developed, and we are mindful of this as we revise our rules promoting the accessibility of emergency information.

III. Discussion

A. Accessible Emergency Information Requirements for Linear Programming on Mobile and Other Devices

9. Given the increasing number of ways in which consumers are accessing linear video programming from MVPDs, we believe that it is important to further define MVPD responsibilities with regard to the secondary audio stream for emergency information on mobile and other devices. Specifically, we conclude that MVPDs must pass through a secondary audio stream containing audible emergency information when they permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices ^[23] over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services.^[24] For our purposes here, linear video programming is accessed “over the MVPD's network” ^[25] if it can only be received via a connection provided by the MVPD ^[26] using an MVPD-provided application or plug-in.^[27]

1. Legal and Policy Analysis

10. In the Further Notice, we inquired whether an MVPD is acting as a “video programming distributor” that provides “video programming” covered by the emergency information rules adopted in the First Report and Order when it permits its subscribers to access linear programming that contains emergency information via tablets, laptops, personal computers, smartphones, or similar devices.^[28] We also sought comment on whether, under this approach, an MVPD should be required to ensure that any application or plug-in that it provides to the consumer to access such programming is capable of making emergency information audible on a secondary audio stream.

11. We conclude that the accessible emergency information requirements adopted in the First Report and Order should apply to linear video programming distributed by MVPDs to their subscribers over the MVPD's network, regardless of the device on which such programming is viewed. In the First Report and Order, the Commission determined that the accessible emergency information requirements adopted therein apply to video programming subject to section 79.2 that is provided by a covered entity, i.e., video programming provided by television broadcast stations licensed by the Commission, MVPDs, and any other distributor of video programming for residential reception that delivers such programming directly to the home and is subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.^[29] As the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (“NCTA”) observes, MVPDs are expressly included within the regulatory definition of a “video programming distributor.” ^[30] Further, linear programming distributed by an MVPD to a subscriber over the MVPD's network is “video programming” subject to section 79.2 of the rules. In other words, it is “[p]rogramming provided by, or generally considered comparable to programming provided by, a television broadcast station that is distributed and exhibited for residential use.” ^[31] Accordingly, MVPDs must comply with the accessible emergency information requirements when they permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services.^[32] Further, section 202 of the CVAA gives the Commission discretion in how it implements the requirement that video programming distributors, including MVPDs, “convey [ ] emergency information in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired.” ^[33] Thus, applying the emergency information rules when MVPDs permit subscribers to access linear programming on mobile and other devices over the MVPD's network adheres to the statutory directive to ensure that emergency information is conveyed in an accessible manner to individuals with visual disabilities.

12. NCTA, AT&T Services, Inc. (“AT&T”), and the Wireless RERC argue that MVPDs should be covered by the emergency information rules in section 79.2 when they provide linear programming that contains emergency information for viewing on mobile and other devices within the home. NCTA contends that “a cable operator delivering linear broadcast stations containing emergency information (or any other linear video programming service that might provide an aural version of emergency information covered by the rules) within a subscriber's home would be a `video programming distributor' for . . . purposes [of the rules], even if the linear service is received through use of an operator-supplied app on a device owned by a consumer.” ^[34] According to NCTA, “cable operators would not object to applying the emergency information rules in these circumstances.” ^[35] Likewise, AT&T states that “when an MVPD is allowing its subscribers to access video programming that is distributed to the home via the MVPD's network, the MVPD is subject to the Commission's emergency information rules, regardless of the devices that are accessing the video programming.” ^[36] The Wireless RERC agrees with AT&T's position.^[37]

13. We believe that requiring MVPDs to pass through a secondary audio stream with audible emergency information in these circumstances will further the goals of the CVAA by helping to ensure that emergency information is made accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired when they watch linear video programming provided by their MVPD over the MVPD's network, regardless of the device on which they are viewing the programming. The number of ways in which consumers are able to access linear programming from their MVPDs is growing. As NCTA points out, “[c]able operators, as part of their existing services, increasingly are providing applications (`apps') or other technologies that enable their subscribers to view linear programming within the home over the cable operator's network.” ^[38] Consumer advocates emphasize the importance of making sure that the emergency information rules keep pace with such trends and urge the Commission to apply the emergency information rules to mobile and other devices.^[39] In addition, the Wireless RERC explains that individuals who are blind or visually impaired may not draw a distinction between regular television broadcasts and linear programming on mobile and other devices offered as part of an MVPD's services and, therefore, they argue that the emergency information rules should apply equally to the latter.^[40] We concur. Consumers who choose to watch linear programming offered by an MVPD on a mobile device over the MVPD's network should not be deprived of timely and potentially life-saving accessible emergency information that they otherwise would have received had they watched the same programming on a television.

14. Although we inquired in the Further Notice as to whether the emergency information rules should apply to an MVPD's linear programming accessed outside the home, we find it more appropriate to apply the rules when MVPDs permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services. In the Further Notice, we noted that some MVPDs currently enable subscribers to access linear programming inside the home as well as outside the home (i.e., TV Everywhere ^[41] ), and we sought comment on whether our emergency information rules should apply in both situations, irrespective of where the subscriber is physically located when accessing the programming.^[42] Instead of applying our rules based on where the consumer is located when viewing the programming, we look instead to whether the programming is provided over the MVPD's network, as opposed to over the Internet, given that Internet-based video services are currently at issue in a separate proceeding. NCTA argues that the rules should apply only within an MVPD subscriber's home, and not outside of the home, “both because of the limited scope of the statutory and regulatory definitions, and because of the nature of emergency information.” ^[43] We conclude that focusing on whether the services are provided over the MVPD's network more clearly delineates the services subject to the rule and avoids confusion as to whether the rule applies with respect to OTT services that consumers may be able to access in their homes.^[44] Further, to the extent NCTA's “in the home” construction is intended to ensure that the emergency information rules do not apply to video programming accessed over the Internet, our approach to cover linear programming accessed over the MVPD's network as part of an MVPD's services accomplishes this objective. Our emergency information rules do not apply, at this time, to an MVPD's linear programming that is accessed via the Internet, such as TV Everywhere offerings.

15. As mentioned above, we do not apply these rules to over-the-top services provided by MVPDs at this time. In December 2014, we adopted a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking proposing to include within the definition of MVPD certain Internet-based video services.^[45] Specifically, we proposed “to modernize our interpretation of the term `multichannel video programming distributor' (`MVPD') by including within its scope services that make available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple linear streams of video programming, regardless of the technology used to distribute the programming.” ^[46] In that NPRM, we specifically sought comment on the application of our rules pertaining to accessibility of emergency information by persons with disabilities to Internet-based distributors of video programming that qualify as MVPDs under the proposed definition.^[47] We conclude, therefore, that application of the emergency information rules to such services is better addressed in that proceeding.

2. MVPD Obligations

16. We conclude that MVPDs must ensure that any application or plug-in that they provide to consumers to access linear programming over the MVPD's network on mobile and other devices is capable of passing through the aural representation of emergency information (including the accompanying aural tone) on a secondary audio stream. In so concluding, we do not change the underlying obligations applicable to video programming distributors and video programming providers as set forth in the First Report and Order. In the First Report and Order, the Commission concluded that the video programming distributor or video programming provider that creates visual emergency information content and adds it to the programming stream is responsible for providing an aural representation of the information on a secondary audio stream, accompanied by an aural tone.^[48] The Commission also found that video programming distributors are responsible for ensuring that the aural representation of the emergency information and the accompanying aural tone get passed through to consumers.^[49] NCTA asserts that “the Further Notice appears to contemplate an additional requirement that operators ‘mak[e] the emergency information audible on a secondary audio stream’ on devices that they do not control,” which, they argue, goes beyond the requirement to ensure that aural emergency information gets passed through to consumers.^[50] We agree that, consistent with the responsibilities set forth in the current rule, to the extent MVPDs do not originate visual emergency information that is added to the programming stream, they are not responsible for providing an aural representation of the information on a secondary audio stream.^[51] MVPDs are responsible for ensuring that the aural representation of emergency information on the secondary audio stream gets passed through to consumers, and we find that this obligation applies if the MVPD permits the consumer to view linear programming on mobile and other devices over the MVPD's network as part of its MVPD services.

3. Apparatus Manufacturer Obligations

17. We also sought comment in the Further Notice as to whether apparatus manufacturers covered by section 203 of the CVAA should be required to ensure that tablets, laptops, personal computers, smartphones, and similar devices are capable of receiving the secondary audio stream.^[52] As part of this inquiry, we asked whether apparatus manufacturers should be solely responsible for making emergency information accessible on these types of devices, or whether both the MVPD and the manufacturer have a role in facilitating the provision of the secondary audio stream on such devices.^[53] Consumer electronics industry commenters argue that manufacturers should not be subject to compliance obligations because apparatus have no control over the audio functionality of MVPD applications and technologies used to distribute linear programming on mobile and other devices.^[54] For example, CTIA-The Wireless Association (“CTIA”) explains that mobile device manufacturers have no control over the development or installation of MVPD applications, and once an MVPD application is installed on a mobile device, the application controls the audio capabilities, i.e., whether there are multiple audio streams and which audio stream is heard by the user.^[55] According to CTIA, “the mobile device simply supports the general audio functionality of the device, so that it will play whatever audio stream the app itself provides.” ^[56] Likewise, CEA contends that if an MVPD application is capable of delivering and switching between more than one audio stream for linear programming, the device generally will play the audio stream delivered by the application.^[57]

18. Based on the record, we do not impose compliance obligations on the manufacturers of apparatus covered by section 203 of the CVAA with regard to ensuring that any application or plug-in that MVPDs provide to consumers to access linear programming on mobile and other devices is capable of passing through audible emergency information on a secondary audio stream. The record demonstrates that such entities typically do not control either the applications or technologies in question or the ability of consumers to select and receive the secondary audio stream for MVPD-provided linear programming on mobile and other devices. We believe that the responsibility for passing through the aural representation of emergency information in the secondary audio stream properly lies with MVPDs. However, to the extent MVPD applications or other technologies have been designed and developed to work on a specific type of device or platform, we expect that users will be able to hear the secondary audio stream in an MVPD application through the native audio functionality of the device, as professed by industry commenters. We may impose obligations on manufacturers in the future if we find that the apparatus itself does not make a secondary audio stream with audible emergency information from an MVPD application available to the apparatus user or otherwise impedes the ability of a user to hear the secondary audio stream.^[58]

4. Compliance Deadline

19. We adopt a compliance deadline of two years after publication of the Second Report and Order in the Federal Register. NCTA requests that the Commission provide MVPDs at least two years after adoption of new requirements to come into compliance because of the technical challenges involved.^[59] NCTA explains that passing through a secondary audio stream to mobile and other devices in the home is “a different, more complex, and more costly matter” than passing a secondary audio stream through to a television set.^[60] According to NCTA, “cable operators generally just pass through the primary audio stream to operator-provided apps,” and thus, “operators would have to acquire additional equipment and encoding to support the pass through of an additional audio stream in IP,” and “operators may need to provide audio enhancements to many different apps created to serve a multiplicity of devices in the home.” ^[61] Given these challenges, NCTA asks for sufficient time to allow operators to support the capability for a secondary audio stream on these devices going forward.^[62] DIRECTV states that developing the technological ecosystem to support a secondary audio stream for emergency information in the IP context “would be a massive undertaking” because linear programming delivered via IP does not currently include this capability, the equipment used to view such programming does not currently support it, and adding additional data to the video stream would further congest strained broadband capabilities.^[63]

20. Although we acknowledge that today MVPDs typically pass through a single audio stream in the IP context,^[64] the record also demonstrates that at least some MVPDs are already able to use a secondary audio stream to deliver emergency information when they provide linear programming on mobile and other devices. Notably, Comcast has made investments in infrastructure to enable the secondary audio stream when it offers its cable services through its Xfinity applications, and, currently, “Comcast customers can access the secondary audio stream via the Xfinity user interface on a number of third-party devices.” ^[65] Further, Cablevision customers currently can access the secondary audio stream when using Cablevision's Optimum application on a laptop or personal computer, though not when using this application on other mobile devices.^[66] Cablevision has already initiated efforts to transmit the secondary audio stream over the Optimum application on mobile and other devices, and explains that the process of implementing this functionality involves further development of the application, software upgrades, and testing.^[67]

21. Based on our review of the record, we conclude that a compliance deadline of two years after publication of the Second Report and Order in the Federal Register is reasonable, though we encourage covered MVPDs to offer this functionality as soon as it is technically feasible for them to do so. The record shows that MVPDs may need to take a number of steps to achieve compliance, such as acquiring additional equipment to support the pass through of the secondary audio stream for IP and developing or modifying applications to support this type of audio functionality for a number of devices. We believe that a two-year period will provide sufficient time for MVPDs to achieve these steps, along with the requisite testing and implementation, and is consistent with other timeframes adopted by the Commission for CVAA-related compliance.^[68]

B. Activation Mechanism for Audible Emergency Information on the Secondary Audio Stream

22. We require manufacturers of apparatus subject to section 79.105 of the Commission's rules ^[69] to provide a mechanism that is simple and easy to use, such as one that is reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon, for activating the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information. We conclude that such a requirement is necessary to ensure that covered apparatus are capable of making available emergency information in a manner that is accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, as mandated by section 203 of the CVAA.^[70]

1. Legal and Policy Analysis

23. In the User Interfaces Further Notice, the Commission sought comment on whether to require manufacturers of apparatus covered by section 203 of the CVAA to provide access to the secondary audio stream used for audible emergency information in a simple, straightforward, and timely manner, such as through a mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon.^[71] Section 303(u)(1)(C) of the Act, as added by Section 203 of the CVAA, requires that apparatus designed to receive and play back video programming transmitted simultaneously with sound “have the capability to decode and make available emergency information (as that term is defined in section 79.2 of the Commission's regulations (47 CFR 79.2)) in a manner that is accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired.” ^[72] Further, section 203 also provides the Commission with authority to “prescribe such regulations as are necessary to implement the requirements of section[] 303(u) . . . of the Communications Act.” ^[73] Pursuant to these statutory provisions, we find that the Commission has authority to require that the secondary audio stream—which is used to make emergency information audible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired—be made available on covered apparatus in a manner that is accessible to such individuals.^[74]

24. As noted above, in the First Report and Order, we required video programming providers and distributors to use the secondary audio stream as the means to provide accessible emergency information for individuals who are blind or visually impaired in accordance with section 202 of the CVAA. Thus, to implement section 203 of the CVAA, we required apparatus designed to receive and play back video programming transmitted simultaneously with sound to decode and make available the secondary audio stream in a manner that enables consumers to select the stream used for transmission and delivery of emergency information.^[75] Notably, the Commission was given authority and discretion to promulgate regulations requiring covered entities to convey emergency information in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Use of the secondary audio stream to provide audible emergency information was not mandated by Congress.^[76] For example, the Commission could have required that visual emergency information be made audible on the main program audio.^[77] Given broad-based support from consumers and industry, as well as the recommendation of the VPAAC, however, the Commission decided that the secondary audio stream would be the best method to make visual information presented during non-newscast programming audibly accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Yet, emergency information presented aurally on the secondary audio stream is not, as a practical matter, fully accessible to such individuals unless they are able to promptly switch to the secondary audio stream to hear the critical details of an emergency in a timely manner. As the VPAAC concluded, unless blind or visually impaired consumers are able to more easily control the means of accessing the secondary audio stream on devices, “emergency information present on the secondary audio channel may not be readily accessible.” ^[78]

25. Although the requirements related to the provision of accessible emergency information on a secondary audio stream have not yet gone into effect,^[79] the experiences of consumers who use the secondary audio stream for video description are illustrative in showing how difficult it is for consumers to access any kind of programming on the secondary audio stream. Currently, the process for activating the secondary audio stream is often arduous and time-consuming.^[80] In the User Interfaces Further Notice, the Commission observed that individuals who are blind or visually impaired have experienced difficulty with accessing the secondary audio stream because the mechanism for switching to the secondary audio stream from the main program audio is buried in several layers of on-screen menus.^[81] Likewise, in a CVAA-required report to Congress on video description, the Commission noted that numerous individual commenters who are blind or visually impaired contend that activating the secondary audio stream on televisions and set-top boxes is challenging, and sometimes impossible for individuals who are blind or visually impaired, due to the complexities of navigating through multiple on-screen menus to select this feature.^[82] While it is important that consumers who are blind or visually impaired are able to access the secondary audio stream for video description services, it is even more critical that consumers who are blind or visually impaired are able to access the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information, and that they are able to do so in a timely manner.^[83] In an emergency situation, every second counts. Thus, to ensure that emergency information is made readily accessible, we conclude that individuals who are blind or visually impaired must be able to activate the secondary audio stream in a simple and easy to use manner.

26. Requiring a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream for emergency information will provide a substantial benefit for consumers who are blind or visually impaired by providing an easy and quick method to switch to the secondary audio stream to hear critical emergency information. According to AFB and ACB, “the importance of a streamlined and obvious means for accessing emergency information is indispensable,” given that the information being accessed “may very well save lives.” ^[84] Indeed, as the Commission has consistently recognized, “providing all viewers with accurate information regarding emergencies is of great importance.” ^[85] Emergency information is of unique significance given its potential impact on public safety, and it is essential that persons with disabilities have access to the same time-sensitive emergency information to which other viewers have access. Our emergency information requirements, including the activation mechanism requirement we adopt here, will ensure that critical information that is conveyed on television to further the protection of life, health, safety, and property in an emergency is available to every viewer in a timely manner, including persons with visual disabilities.

27. We find that requiring the provision of a simple and easy to use activation mechanism for audible emergency information on the secondary audio stream is necessary to fulfill the statute's mandate that emergency information be made accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. This is particularly true given the time-sensitive nature of emergency information. At the same time, however, we believe it is important that the industry has flexibility in choosing the precise means for activating the secondary audio stream.^[86] Accordingly, we do not mandate a particular means of compliance. For example, we note that the VPAAC stated that covered entities could provide a dedicated button on a remote control to activate the secondary audio stream, a mechanism it singled out as useful.^[87] However, we believe the better path is to give industry the flexibility to develop simple and easy to use activation methods, similar to the approach we adopted to implement the requirements of sections 204 and 205 of the CVAA.^[88] Some industry commenters have indicated that they have already begun developing innovative approaches to comply with the activation mechanism rules adopted in the User Interfaces Order. For example, NCTA states that activation methods now in development include programmable buttons on remote controls and that voice and gesture controls will likely be offered in addition to these methods.^[89]

28. Industry commenters raise a number of legal arguments as to why they believe the Commission should not require an activation mechanism for audible emergency information on section 203 apparatus, but we find each of them to be unpersuasive. As we explain below, we require covered entities to provide a simple and easy to use activation mechanism and find that a mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon would satisfy this standard. We disagree with commenters who contend that the Commission should not require covered entities to provide a simple means for accessing the secondary audio stream for emergency information because section 203 does not contain such a mandate.^[90] As explained above, section 303(u)(1)(C) of the Act requires generally that covered apparatus have the capability to make available emergency information in an accessible manner, and section 203 of the CVAA grants the Commission authority to adopt regulations that are necessary to implement this requirement.^[91] Thus, the Commission has latitude to adopt requirements that will ensure that emergency information is made available in an accessible manner.

29. For similar reasons, we reject industry commenters' argument that the Commission has no authority to require an activation mechanism for audible emergency information because Congress specifically required an activation mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon in sections 204 and 205 of the CVAA, but not in section 203 of the CVAA.^[92] CEA opines that “[i]f Congress had meant for such a specific requirement to apply to emergency information, it surely would have said so in section 203.” ^[93] However, this argument also fails to recognize that Congress gave the Commission authority to identify methods to convey emergency information in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, and to promulgate regulations (i) requiring covered video programming providers and distributors to convey emergency information in an accessible manner, and (ii) requiring covered apparatus to have the capability to make emergency information available in an accessible manner.^[94] In other words, as discussed above, when Congress enacted the CVAA, it did not specify the particular requirements for making emergency information available in a manner accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Rather, it gave the Commission authority and discretion to adopt implementing regulations. Moreover, as Congress did not specify in the statute that covered entities must use a secondary audio stream to convey audible emergency information to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, there was no reason for Congress to mandate a simple and easy to use mechanism to access that stream. Indeed, had the Commission chosen instead to implement section 203 by requiring all emergency information to be audible on the primary audio stream, there would have been no need for an activation mechanism for the secondary audio stream that is reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon. Thus, even though the “reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon” language is included in other sections of the CVAA, we do not believe its omission from section 203 is indicative of Congress' intent to bar the Commission from requiring an activation mechanism in the emergency information context. We find this argument fails to recognize the rulemaking authority Congress granted the Commission in section 203 to ensure that covered apparatus have the capability to make available emergency information in an accessible manner. As explained above, the record demonstrates that such a mechanism is necessary to carry out the statutory directive.^[95]

30. NCTA and CEA point out that the Commission adopted rules pursuant to sections 204 and 205 of the CVAA requiring the accessibility of appropriate built-in apparatus functions on digital apparatus and the audible accessibility of on-screen text menus and guides used for the display or selection of multichannel video programming on navigation devices for individuals who are blind or visually impaired.^[96] According to NCTA and CEA, because individuals who are blind or visually impaired will have audible access to the on-screen menus used to locate the secondary audio stream, “no additional dedicated `mechanism' will be needed for blind or visually impaired customers to be able to readily locate” the secondary audio stream for emergency information.^[97] Although we believe that these new regulations will make it easier for individuals who are blind or visually impaired to access the secondary audio stream for video description, they will not fully alleviate accessibility issues with regard to audible emergency information. In particular, if the activation mechanism for the secondary audio stream is buried in multiple levels of menus, it will still be a time-consuming process for individuals who are blind or visually impaired to navigate through those menus, even if the menus are made audible, and such individuals will not have ready and immediate access to time-sensitive emergency information. As AFB and ACB emphasize, “it is imperative that the Commission . . . ensure ease of use so that consumers are not confounded by avoidable technological barriers at the very time when time is of the essence.” ^[98] We find that, as part of their obligation to make emergency information available in a manner that is accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, manufacturers of covered apparatus must ensure that these individuals are provided with a mechanism to quickly activate the secondary audio stream to hear audible emergency information.

2. Apparatus Manufacturer Obligations

31. Manufacturers of apparatus covered by section 79.105 of the Commission's rules must provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information.^[99] As described above, to provide some guidance to industry, we find that providing a mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon—as is required for activating closed captioning and video description on section 204 digital apparatus, and for activating closed captioning on section 205 navigation devices—would comply with the requirement to provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information. The Commission will consider the simplicity and ease of use of the mechanism in determining whether the statutory requirement has been met, i.e., that the covered apparatus has the capability to make available emergency information in an accessible manner. Consistent with our approach in the User Interfaces Order,^[100] we will consider examples of compliant mechanisms to include, but not be limited to, a dedicated button, key, or icon; voice commands; gestures; and a single step activation from the same location as the volume controls.^[101] This approach will ensure ready access to the secondary audio stream by persons who are blind and visually impaired, while still giving covered manufacturers the flexibility to determine the appropriate activation mechanism, as long as it is simple and easy to use in accordance with our rules.

32. We find that manufacturers are not responsible for providing a simple and easy to use mechanism to activate the secondary audio stream for emergency information on third-party MVPD applications and plug-ins that are downloaded by consumers to view linear programming on mobile and other devices. As noted above, manufacturers typically do not control such applications and, in particular, they do not control the ability of consumers to select and receive the secondary audio stream for linear programming provided through an MVPD application on mobile and other devices. In the Second Further Notice, we seek comment on whether we should impose an obligation on MVPDs to provide a simple and easy to use activation mechanism for the secondary audio stream to access emergency information with respect to the applications and plug-ins they provide to consumers to access linear programming on mobile and other devices. In the meantime, we strongly encourage MVPDs to design their applications and plug-ins such in a way that access to the secondary audio stream is simple and easy to use for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. In this regard, we urge MVPDs to consult with the disability community when designing and developing these features.

33. We note that the provisions for achievability determinations, purpose-based waivers, and exemptions that apply to devices covered by Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules will apply equally to the requirement that covered apparatus provide an activation mechanism that is simple and easy to use for accessing the secondary audio stream.^[102] In addition, apparatus designed to receive and play back video programming transmitted simultaneously with sound must comply with Section 203 requirements only to the extent they are “technically feasible.” ^[103] Thus, we permit covered manufacturers to raise technical infeasibility as a defense when faced with a complaint alleging a violation of the apparatus requirements adopted herein, or to file a request for a ruling under Section 1.41 of the Commission's rules as to technical feasibility before manufacturing or importing the product, consistent with our approach in the First Report and Order.^[104] Although we note that apparatus manufacturers may use alternate means of compliance with the rules adopted pursuant to section 203, consistent with our approach in the First Report and Order,^[105] we believe that few, if any, manufacturers will need to request an alternate means of compliance with the requirement to make the secondary audio stream accessible by providing a simple and easy to use activation mechanism because we do not prescribe the precise means for compliance.

3. Compliance Deadline

34. In the User Interfaces Further Notice, the Commission sought comment on the appropriate time frame for requiring covered entities to provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for accessing the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information.^[106] The Commission also inquired whether the deadline should be consistent with the deadline for compliance with section 203 apparatus requirements that were adopted in the First Report and Order (May 26, 2015) ^[107] or whether device manufacturers would need additional time to come into compliance.^[108]

35. The Wireless RERC, the only party to comment on this issue, argues that the deadline for a requirement to provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for accessing the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information should be consistent with the deadlines for apparatus that the Commission adopted in the First Report and Order.^[109] The Wireless RERC strongly recommends that the Commission not go beyond the deadlines adopted in that Order because delays in implementation of the new requirements could place persons who are blind or visually impaired in a potentially “perilous position[ ].” ^[110] Further, the Wireless RERC asserts that any extensions of the deadline or waivers of the newly adopted regulations “should be granted very judiciously.” ^[111]

36. We conclude that it is reasonable to apply the same compliance deadline that we adopted in the User Interfaces Order for digital apparatus and navigation devices to comply with the accessible user interfaces rules, including the requirement to provide an activation mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon for certain accessibility features, to the requirement adopted here. Thus, consistent with the deadline in section 79.109(c) of our rules, covered manufacturers must provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for accessing the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information no later than December 20, 2016.^[112] Although apparatus manufacturers were silent in the record with regard to this issue, we believe that they will need some time for the design, testing, and implementation of a simple and easy to use activation mechanism for the secondary audio stream on covered apparatus. We believe that making the deadline consistent with that imposed in the User Interfaces Order will provide sufficient time for apparatus manufacturers to achieve these steps. In addition, we find that requiring manufacturers of such devices to incorporate the required accessibility features at the same time will ensure that the devices are updated on a uniform timetable. Such a uniform timeframe will prevent any consumer confusion as to the capabilities of their devices.^[113]

IV. Procedural Matters

A. Final Regulatory Flexibility Act

37. As required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980, as amended (“RFA”),^[114] an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (“IRFA”) was incorporated into each of the Further Notices of Proposed Rulemaking (“-NPRM”) in this proceeding.^[115] The Federal Communications Commission (“Commission”) sought written public comment on the proposals in the Further Notices, including comment on the IRFA. The Commission received no comments on the IRFA. This present Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (“FRFA”) conforms to the RFA.^[116]

1. Need for, and Objectives of, the Second Report and Order

38. In the Second Report and Order, we take additional steps under the authority of sections 202 and 203 of the CVAA ^[117] to make emergency information in video programming accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired.

39. First, the Second Report and Order concludes that multichannel video programming distributors (“MVPDs”) must pass through a secondary audio stream containing audible emergency information in accordance with section 79.2 of the Commission's rules ^[118] when they permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services. Increasingly, Americans are utilizing a wide range of devices in addition to the television to view video programming, and a number of MVPDs now allow customers to view linear programming on second screen devices using applications or other technologies. The conclusion we make in the Second Report and Order ensures that individuals who are blind or visually impaired will be provided with accessible emergency information when they are watching linear programming over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services, regardless of whether they are viewing the programming on their television or on their tablet, smartphone, or similar device.

40. Second, the Second Report and Order requires manufacturers of apparatus subject to Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules ^[119] to provide a mechanism that is simple and easy to use for activating the secondary audio stream to access audible emergency information. Individuals who are blind or visually impaired should not have to navigate through multiple levels of menus or take other time-consuming actions to activate the secondary audio stream when they hear the aural tone signaling that emergency information is being provided visually on the screen. In emergency situations, every second counts. Thus, we believe that in order for emergency information to be made fully accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired in accordance with Section 203 of the CVAA, manufacturers of covered apparatus must ensure that such individuals have a simple, easy to use mechanism to activate the secondary audio stream in order to hear emergency information.

2. Summary of Significant Issues Raised By Public Comments in Response to the IRFA

41. No public comments were filed in response to the IRFA.

42. Pursuant to the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010, the Commission is required to respond to any comments filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration (SBA), and to provide a detailed statement of any change made to the proposed rules as a result of those comments. The Chief Counsel did not file any comments in response to the proposed rules in this proceeding.

3. Description and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities to Which the Rules Will Apply

43. The RFA directs the Commission to provide a description of and, where feasible, an estimate of the number of small entities that will be affected by the rules adopted in the Second Report and Order.^[120] The RFA generally defines the term “small entity” as having the same meaning as the terms “small business,” “small organization,” and “small governmental jurisdiction.” ^[121] In addition, the term “small business” has the same meaning as the term “small business concern” under the Small Business Act.^[122] A “small business concern” is one which: (1) Is independently owned and operated; (2) is not dominant in its field of operation; and (3) satisfies any additional criteria established by the SBA.^[123] Small entities that are directly affected by the rules adopted in the Second Report and Order include MVPDs and manufacturers of apparatus covered by Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules.

44. Cable Television Distribution Services. Since 2007, these services have been defined within the broad economic census category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers, which was developed for small wireline businesses. This category is defined as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services.” ^[124] The SBA has developed a small business size standard for this category, which is: All such businesses having 1,500 or fewer employees.^[125] Census data for 2007 shows that there were 31,996 establishments that operated that year.^[126] Of this total, 30,178 establishments had fewer than 100 employees, and 1,818 establishments had 100 or more employees.^[127] Therefore, under this size standard, we estimate that the majority of businesses can be considered small entities.

45. Cable Companies and Systems. The Commission has also developed its own small business size standards for the purpose of cable rate regulation. Under the Commission's rules, a “small cable company” is one serving 400,000 or fewer subscribers nationwide.^[128] Industry data shows that there were 1,141 cable companies at the end of June 2012.^[129] Of this total, all but 10 incumbent cable companies are small under this size standard.^[130] In addition, under the Commission's rate regulation rules, a “small system” is a cable system serving 15,000 or fewer subscribers.^[131] Current Commission records show 4,945 cable systems nationwide.^[132] Of this total, 4,380 cable systems have less than 20,000 subscribers, and 565 systems have 20,000 subscribers or more, based on the same records. Thus, under this standard, we estimate that most cable systems are small.

46. Cable System Operators (Telecom Act Standard). The Communications Act of 1934, as amended, also contains a size standard for small cable system operators, which is “a cable operator that, directly or through an affiliate, serves in the aggregate fewer than 1 percent of all subscribers in the United States and is not affiliated with any entity or entities whose gross annual revenues in the aggregate exceed $250,000,000.” ^[133] There are approximately 56.4 million incumbent cable video subscribers in the United States today.^[134] Accordingly, an operator serving fewer than 564,000 subscribers shall be deemed a small operator, if its annual revenues, when combined with the total annual revenues of all its affiliates, do not exceed $250 million in the aggregate.^[135] Based on available data, we find that all but 10 incumbent cable operators are small under this size standard.^[136] We note that the Commission neither requests nor collects information on whether cable system operators are affiliated with entities whose gross annual revenues exceed $250 million.^[137] Although it seems certain that some of these cable system operators are affiliated with entities whose gross annual revenues exceed $250,000,000, we are unable at this time to estimate with greater precision the number of cable system operators that would qualify as small cable operators under the definition in the Communications Act.

47. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Service. DBS service is a nationally distributed subscription service that delivers video and audio programming via satellite to a small parabolic “dish” antenna at the subscriber's location. DBS, by exception, is now included in the SBA's broad economic census category, Wired Telecommunications Carriers,^[138] which was developed for small wireline businesses. In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[139] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[140] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, the majority of such businesses can be considered small. However, the data we have available as a basis for estimating the number of such small entities were gathered under a superseded SBA small business size standard formerly titled “Cable and Other Program Distribution.” The definition of Cable and Other Program Distribution provided that a small entity is one with $12.5 million or less in annual receipts.^[141] Currently, only two entities provide DBS service, which requires a great investment of capital for operation: DIRECTV and DISH Network.^[142] Each currently offer subscription services. DIRECTV and DISH Network each report annual revenues that are in excess of the threshold for a small business. Because DBS service requires significant capital, we believe it is unlikely that a small entity as defined by the SBA would have the financial wherewithal to become a DBS service provider.

48. Satellite Master Antenna Television (SMATV) Systems, also known as Private Cable Operators (PCOs). SMATV systems or PCOs are video distribution facilities that use closed transmission paths without using any public right-of-way. They acquire video programming and distribute it via terrestrial wiring in urban and suburban multiple dwelling units such as apartments and condominiums, and commercial multiple tenant units such as hotels and office buildings. SMATV systems or PCOs are now included in the SBA's broad economic census category, Wired Telecommunications Carriers,^[143] which was developed for small wireline businesses. In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[144] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[145] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, the majority of such businesses can be considered small.

49. Home Satellite Dish (HSD) Service. HSD or the large dish segment of the satellite industry is the original satellite-to-home service offered to consumers, and involves the home reception of signals transmitted by satellites operating generally in the C-band frequency. Unlike DBS, which uses small dishes, HSD antennas are between four and eight feet in diameter and can receive a wide range of unscrambled (free) programming and scrambled programming purchased from program packagers that are licensed to facilitate subscribers' receipt of video programming. Because HSD provides subscription services, HSD falls within the SBA-recognized definition of Wired Telecommunications Carriers.^[146] In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[147] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[148] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, we estimate that the majority of businesses can be considered small entities.

50. Open Video Services. The open video system (OVS) framework was established in 1996, and is one of four statutorily recognized options for the provision of video programming services by local exchange carriers.^[149] The OVS framework provides opportunities for the distribution of video programming other than through cable systems. Because OVS operators provide subscription services,^[150] OVS falls within the SBA small business size standard covering cable services, which is Wired Telecommunications Carriers.^[151] In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[152] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[153] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, we estimate that the majority of businesses can be considered small entities. In addition, we note that the Commission has certified some OVS operators, with some now providing service.^[154] Broadband service providers (“BSPs”) are currently the only significant holders of OVS certifications or local OVS franchises.^[155] The Commission does not have financial or employment information regarding the entities authorized to provide OVS, some of which may not yet be operational. Thus, again, at least some of the OVS operators may qualify as small entities.

51. Wireless cable systems—Broadband Radio Service and Educational Broadband Service. Wireless cable systems use the Broadband Radio Service (BRS) ^[156] and Educational Broadband Service (EBS) ^[157] to transmit video programming to subscribers. In connection with the 1996 BRS auction, the Commission established a small business size standard as an entity that had annual average gross revenues of no more than $40 million in the previous three calendar years.^[158] The BRS auctions resulted in 67 successful bidders obtaining licensing opportunities for 493 Basic Trading Areas (BTAs). Of the 67 auction winners, 61 met the definition of a small business. BRS also includes licensees of stations authorized prior to the auction. At this time, we estimate that of the 61 small business BRS auction winners, 48 remain small business licensees. In addition to the 48 small businesses that hold BTA authorizations, there are approximately 392 incumbent BRS licensees that are considered small entities.^[159] After adding the number of small business auction licensees to the number of incumbent licensees not already counted, we find that there are currently approximately 440 BRS licensees that are defined as small businesses under either the SBA or the Commission's rules. In 2009, the Commission conducted Auction 86, the sale of 78 licenses in the BRS areas.^[160] The Commission offered three levels of bidding credits: (i) A bidder with attributed average annual gross revenues that exceed $15 million and do not exceed $40 million for the preceding three years (small business) received a 15 percent discount on its winning bid; (ii) a bidder with attributed average annual gross revenues that exceed $3 million and do not exceed $15 million for the preceding three years (very small business) received a 25 percent discount on its winning bid; and (iii) a bidder with attributed average annual gross revenues that do not exceed $3 million for the preceding three years (entrepreneur) received a 35 percent discount on its winning bid.^[161] Auction 86 concluded in 2009 with the sale of 61 licenses.^[162] Of the 10 winning bidders, two bidders that claimed small business status won four licenses; one bidder that claimed very small business status won three licenses; and two bidders that claimed entrepreneur status won six licenses.

52. In addition, the SBA's placement of Cable Television Distribution Services in the category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is applicable to cable-based Educational Broadcasting Services. Since 2007, these services have been defined within the broad economic census category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers, which was developed for small wireline businesses. This category is defined as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services.” ^[163] In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[164] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[165] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, we estimate that the majority of businesses can be considered small entities. In addition to Census data, the Commission's internal records indicate that as of September 2012, there are 2,241 active EBS licenses.^[166] The Commission estimates that of these 2,241 licenses, the majority are held by non-profit educational institutions and school districts, which are by statute defined as small businesses.^[167]

53. Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers (ILECs). Neither the Commission nor the SBA has developed a small business size standard specifically for incumbent local exchange services. ILECs are included in the SBA's economic census category, Wired Telecommunications Carriers.^[168] In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[169] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[170] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, the majority of such businesses can be considered small.

54. Small Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers. We have included small incumbent local exchange carriers in this present RFA analysis. A “small business” under the RFA is one that, inter alia, meets the pertinent small business size standard (e.g., a telephone communications business having 1,500 or fewer employees), and “is not dominant in its field of operation.” ^[171] The SBA's Office of Advocacy contends that, for RFA purposes, small incumbent local exchange carriers are not dominant in their field of operation because any such dominance is not “national” in scope.^[172] We have therefore included small incumbent local exchange carriers in this RFA analysis, although we emphasize that this RFA action has no effect on Commission analyses and determinations in other, non-RFA contexts.

55. Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs), Competitive Access Providers (CAPs), Shared-Tenant Service Providers, and Other Local Service Providers. Neither the Commission nor the SBA has developed a small business size standard specifically for these service providers. These entities are included in the SBA's economic census category, Wired Telecommunications Carriers.^[173] In this category, the SBA deems a wired telecommunications carrier to be small if it has 1,500 or fewer employees.^[174] Census data for 2007 shows 3,188 firms in this category.^[175] Of these 3,188 firms, only 44 had 1,000 or more employees. While we could not find precise Census data on the number of firms with in the group with 1,500 or fewer employees, it is clear that at least 3,144 firms with fewer than 1,000 employees would be in that group. Therefore, under this size standard, the majority of such businesses can be considered small.

56. Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing. The Census Bureau defines this category as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing radio and television broadcast and wireless communications equipment. Examples of products made by these establishments are: Transmitting and receiving antennas, cable television equipment, GPS equipment, pagers, cellular phones, mobile communications equipment, and radio and television studio and broadcasting equipment.” ^[176] The SBA has developed a small business size standard for this category, which is: all such businesses having 750 or fewer employees.^[177] Census data for 2007 shows that there were 939 establishments that operated for part or all of the entire year.^[178] Of those, 912 operated with fewer than 500 employees, and 27 operated with 500 or more employees.^[179] Therefore, under this size standard, the majority of such establishments can be considered small.

57. Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing. The Census Bureau defines this category as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing electronic audio and video equipment for home entertainment, motor vehicles, and public address and musical instrument amplification. Examples of products made by these establishments are video cassette recorders, televisions, stereo equipment, speaker systems, household-type video cameras, jukeboxes, and amplifiers for musical instruments and public address systems.” ^[180] The SBA has developed a small business size standard for this category, which is: all such businesses having 750 or fewer employees.^[181] Census data for 2007 shows that there were 492 establishments in this category operated for part or all of the entire year.^[182] Of those, 488 operated with fewer than 500 employees, and four operated with 500 or more employees.^[183] Therefore, under this size standard, the majority of such establishments can be considered small.

4. Description of Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance Requirements for Small Entities

58. The Second Report and Order (i) concludes that MVPDs must pass through a secondary audio stream containing audible emergency information in accordance with Section 79.2 of the Commission's rules when they permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services, and (ii) adopts new requirements applicable to manufacturers of apparatus covered by Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules pursuant to the authority in Section 203 of the CVAA.

59. With respect to the first issue, the Second Report and Order does not adopt a new regulatory regime, but rather finds that the existing emergency information requirements in Section 79.2 of the Commission's rules apply when an MVPD provides linear programming for viewing on mobile and other devices over the MVPD's network. Accordingly, there are no new reporting or recordkeeping requirements. There will, however, be compliance requirements for MPVDs, including small MVPDs. Specifically, MVPDs must pass through a secondary audio stream containing audible emergency information when they permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services. As part of this obligation, MVPDs must ensure that any application or plug-in that they provide to consumers to access such programming is capable of passing through audible emergency information on a secondary audio stream.

60. With respect to the second issue, the Second Report and Order adopts new compliance requirements for manufacturers of covered apparatus, including small entities. Specifically, manufacturers of apparatus subject to Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules must provide a mechanism that is simple and easy to use for activating the secondary audio stream to access audible emergency information on covered apparatus. The provisions for achievability, purpose-based waiver, and exemptions in Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules apply to the requirement that covered apparatus provide a simple and easy to use activation mechanism for the secondary audio stream.^[184]

61. No commenter provided specific information about the costs and administrative burdens associated with the rules adopted in the Second Report and Order. However, we note that the rule we adopt pursuant to Section 203 of the CVAA—which requires manufacturers of apparatus subject to Section 79.105 of the Commission's rules to provide a mechanism that is simple and easy to use for activating the secondary audio stream to access audible emergency information—affords covered entities flexibility in how they implement this requirement.

5. Steps Taken To Minimize the Significant Economic Impact on Small Entities and Significant Alternatives Considered

62. The RFA requires an agency to describe the steps the agency has taken to minimize the significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of the factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the impact on small entities was rejected.^[185]

63. The rules adopted in the Second Report and Order may have an economic impact in some cases, and that impact may affect small entities. Although the Commission has considered alternatives where possible, as directed by the RFA, to minimize economic impact on small entities, we emphasize that our action is governed by the congressional mandate contained in Sections 202 and 203 of the CVAA.

64. In crafting its new requirements, the Commission provided reasonable timeframes within which covered entities may come into compliance, as requested in the record.

65. In addition, with regard to the accessibility requirements adopted pursuant to Section 203 of the CVAA, in certain instances, the Commission may grant exemptions to the rules where a petitioner has shown that compliance is not achievable (i.e., cannot be accomplished with reasonable effort or expense).^[186] We note that two of the four statutory factors that the Commission will consider in determining achievability are particularly relevant to small entities: The nature and cost of the steps needed to meet the requirements, and the technical and economic impact on the entity's operations. In addition, apparatus designed to receive and play back video programming transmitted simultaneously with sound must comply with Section 203 requirements only to the extent they are “technically feasible.” ^[187] Thus, covered manufactures, including small entities, may raise technical infeasibility as a defense when faced with a complaint alleging a violation of the apparatus requirements adopted herein, or to file a request for a ruling under Section 1.41 of the Commission's rules as to technical feasibility before manufacturing or importing the product.^[188] As an additional means of reducing the costs of compliance, apparatus manufacturers may use alternate means of compliance with the rules adopted pursuant to Section 203.^[189] Under this approach, the Commission will permit an entity that seeks to use an alternate means to comply with the apparatus requirements to file a request pursuant to Section 1.41 of the Commission's rules for a determination that the proposed alternative satisfies the statutory requirements. The Commission will consider such requests on a case-by-case basis. Further, the rule also allows for certain purpose-based waivers and exemptions.^[190] These processes will allow the Commission to address the impact of the rules on individual entities, including smaller entities, on a case-by-case basis and to modify the application of the rules to accommodate individual circumstances, which can reduce the costs of compliance for these entities.

66. Overall, we believe we have appropriately considered both the interests of individuals with disabilities and the interests of the entities who will be subject to the rules, including those that are smaller entities. The requirements adopted by the Commission today help ensure that the critical details of an emergency are made accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired, thus significantly benefiting consumers and serving the stated public interest goal of the CVAA.

6. Report to Congress

67. The Commission will send a copy of the Second Report and Order, including this FRFA, in a report to be sent to Congress pursuant to the Congressional Review Act.^[191] In addition, the Commission will send a copy of the Second Report and Order, including this FRFA, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA. A copy of the Second Report Order and FRFA (or summaries thereof) will also be published in the Federal Register.^[192]

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

68. The Second Report and Order does not contain any new or modified information collection requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA).^[193] In addition, therefore, it does not contain any information collection burden for small business concerns with fewer than 25 employees, pursuant to the Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002.^[194]

C. Congressional Review Act

69. The Commission will send a copy of the Second Report and Order in a report to be sent to Congress and the Government Accountability Office, pursuant to the Congressional Review Act.^[195]

D. Additional Information

70. For additional information on this proceeding, contact Maria Mullarkey, [e-mail], of the Media Bureau, Policy Division, [phone].

V. Ordering Clauses

71. Accordingly, it is ordered that, pursuant to the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, Public Law 111-260, 124 Stat. 2751, and the authority found in Sections 4(i), 4(j), 303, 330(b), 713, and 716 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. 154(i), 154(j), 303, 330(b), 613, and 617, this Second Report and Order is adopted, effective August 10, 2015.

72. It is ordered that, pursuant to the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, Public Law 111-260, 124 Stat. 2751, and the authority found in Sections 4(i), 4(j), 303, 330(b), 713, and 716 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, 47 U.S.C. 154(i), 154(j), 303, 330(b), 613, and 617, the Commission's rules are hereby amended as set forth herein.

73. It is further ordered that the Commission's Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau, Reference Information Center, shall send a copy of this Second Report and Order, including the Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration.

74. It is further ordered that the Commission shall send a copy of this Second Report and Order in a report to be sent to Congress and the Government Accountability Office pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, see 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A).

List of Subjects in 47 CFR Part 79

• Cable television operators
• Communications equipment
• Multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs)
• Satellite television service providers

Federal Communications Commission.

Marlene H. Dortch,

Secretary.

Final Rules

For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Federal Communications Commission amends 47 CFR part 79 as follows:

PART 79—ACCESSIBILITY OF VIDEO PROGRAMMING

1. The authority citation for part 79 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 47 U.S.C. 151, 152(a), 154(i), 303, 307, 309, 310, 330, 544a, 613, 617.

2. Amend § 79.2 by revising paragraph (b)(2)(ii) and adding paragraph (b)(6) to read as follows:

§ 79.2

Accessibility of programming providing emergency information.

* * * * *

(b) * * *

(2) * * *

(ii) Emergency information that is provided visually during programming that is neither a regularly scheduled newscast, nor a newscast that interrupts regular programming, must be accompanied with an aural tone, and beginning May 26, 2015 except as provided in paragraph (b)(6) of this section, must be made accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired through the use of a secondary audio stream to provide the emergency information aurally. Emergency information provided aurally on the secondary audio stream must be preceded by an aural tone and must be conveyed in full at least twice. Emergency information provided through use of text-to-speech (“TTS”) technologies must be intelligible and must use the correct pronunciation of relevant information to allow consumers to learn about and respond to the emergency, including, but not limited to, the names of shelters, school districts, streets, districts, and proper names noted in the visual information. The video programming distributor or video programming provider that creates the visual emergency information content and adds it to the programming stream is responsible for providing an aural representation of the information on a secondary audio stream, accompanied by an aural tone. Video programming distributors are responsible for ensuring that the aural representation of the emergency information (including the accompanying aural tone) gets passed through to consumers.

* * * * *

(6) Beginning July 10, 2017, multichannel video programming distributors must ensure that any application or plug-in that they provide to consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their multichannel video programming distributor services is capable of passing through to consumers an aural representation of the emergency information (including the accompanying aural tone) on a secondary audio stream.

* * * * *

3. Amend § 79.105 by adding paragraph (d) and a note to paragraph (d) to read as follows:

§ 79.105

Video description and emergency information accessibility requirements for all apparatus.

* * * * *

(d) Beginning December 20, 2016, all apparatus subject to this section must provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information.

Note To Paragraph (d):

This paragraph places no restrictions on the importing, shipping, or sale of navigation devices that were manufactured before December 20, 2016.

Footnotes

1.  Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, Public Law 111-260, 124 Stat. 2751 (2010); Amendment of Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, Public Law 111-265, 124 Stat. 2795 (2010) (making technical corrections to the CVAA).

2.  See Accessible Emergency Information; Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description: Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, Report and Order, FCC 13-45, 78 FR 31770 (2013) (“First Report and Order”). A secondary audio stream is an audio channel, other than the main program audio channel, that is typically used for foreign language audio and video description.

3.  47 CFR 79.2.

4.  The term “linear programming” is generally understood to refer to video programming that is prescheduled by the video programming provider. See Promoting Innovation and Competition in the Provision of Multichannel Video Programming Distribution Services, MB Docket No. 14-261, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 14-210, 80 FR 2078 (2014) (“MVPD Definition NPRM”) (using the term “linear programming” “consistent with prior Commission use”); Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, MB Docket No. 14-16, Notice of Inquiry, FCC 14-8, 79 FR 8452 (2014) (“A linear channel is one that distributes programming at a scheduled time. Non-linear programming, such as video-on-demand (`VOD') and online video content, is available at a time of the viewer's choosing.”)).

5.  See Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, MB Docket No. 14-16, Sixteenth Report, FCC 15-41, para. 336 (rel. Apr. 2, 2015) (“16th Video Competition Report”) (“IP video distribution opportunities for MVPDs and [online video distributors] continu`e to expand through portable media devices.”).

6.  For example, Cablevision, Charter, Comcast, Cox, and Time Warner Cable currently offer applications that allow their subscribers to view linear programming on mobile and other devices.

7.  47 CFR 79.105.

8.  See H.R. Rep. No. 111-563, 111th Cong., 2d Sess. at 19 (2010); S. Rep. No. 111-386, 111th Cong., 2d Sess. at 1 (2010).

9.  Pursuant to Section 201 of the CVAA, the Chairman of the Commission established an advisory committee known as the Video Programming Accessibility Advisory Committee (“VPAAC”), comprised of representatives from industry and consumer groups, which submitted its statutorily mandated report addressing accessible emergency information to the Commission on April 9, 2012. See Second Report of the Video Programming Accessibility Advisory Committee on the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, available at http://vpaac.wikispaces.com; Public Law 111-260, sec. 201(e)(2) (“VPAAC Second Report: Access to Emergency Information”). The portion of the report that addresses emergency information is available at http://vpaac.wikispaces.com/​file/​view/​120409+​VPAAC+​Access+​to+​Emergency+​Information+​REPORT+​AS+​SUBMITTED+​4-9-2012.pdf. See also Media Bureau and Consumer and Governmental Affairs Bureau Seek Comment on Second VPAAC Report: Video Description and Access to Emergency Information, MB Docket No. 12-107, Public Notice, DA 12-636 (MB rel. Apr. 24, 2012).

10.  “Emergency information” is defined in section 79.2 of the Commission's rules as “[i]nformation, about a current emergency, that is intended to further the protection of life, health, safety, and property, i.e., critical details regarding the emergency and how to respond to the emergency. Examples of the types of emergencies covered include tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, tidal waves, earthquakes, icing conditions, heavy snows, widespread fires, discharge of toxic gases, widespread power failures, industrial explosions, civil disorders, school closings and changes in school bus schedules resulting from such conditions, and warnings and watches of impending changes in weather.” 47 CFR 79.2(a)(2). As in the First Report and Order, we note that the emergency information covered by this proceeding does not include emergency alerts delivered through the Emergency Alert System (EAS), the accessibility requirements for which are contained in Part 11 of the Commission's rules. See 47 CFR 11.1 et seq.; First Report and Order, para. 9. However, to the extent a broadcaster or other covered entity uses the information provided through EAS or any other source (e.g., the National Weather Service) to generate its own crawl conveying emergency information as defined in section 79.2(a)(2) outside the context of an EAS activation, it must comply with the requirements of section 79.2. See First Report and Order, para. 9.

11.  47 U.S.C. 613(g)(1).

12.  Section 79.1 defines a “video programming provider” as “[a]ny video programming distributor and any other entity that provides video programming that is intended for distribution to residential households including, but not limited to broadcast or nonbroadcast television network and the owners of such programming.” 47 CFR 79.1(a)(12). Section 79.1 defines a “video programming distributor” as “[a]ny television broadcast station licensed by the Commission and any multichannel video programming distributor as defined in § 76.1000(e) of this chapter, and any other distributor of video programming for residential reception that delivers such programming directly to the home and is subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission.” Id. 79.1(a)(11).

13.  47 U.S.C. 613(g)(2).

14.  Id. 303(u)(1), 303(z)(1).

15.  See generally First Report and Order.

16.  See First Report and Order, para. 13; VPAAC Second Report: Access to Emergency Information at 7, 10-11.

17.  See First Report and Order, para. 12; 47 CFR 79.2(b)(2)(ii). The Commission did not revise the existing requirement applicable to emergency information provided visually during newscasts, explaining that the rule already requires such information to be made accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired through aural presentation in the main program audio. First Report and Order, para. 10. See 47 CFR 79.2(b)(2)(i).

18.  See First Report and Order, paras. 49, 52; 47 CFR 79.105 through 79.106.

19.  See Accessible Emergency Information; Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description: Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 13-45, 78 FR 31800 (2013) (“Further Notice”) (accompanying First Report and Order). The Commission also sought comment on the following issues in the Further Notice: (i) Whether MVPDs must pass through video description on the secondary audio stream when they permit their subscribers to access linear programming via mobile or other devices; (ii) whether the Commission should mandate that the secondary audio stream include a particular tag (e.g., a “visually impaired” (“VI”) tag); and (iii) whether the Commission should require covered entities to provide customer support services that are specifically designed to assist consumers who are blind or visually impaired to navigate between the main and secondary audio streams. See id. The Commission is continuing to consider these issues.

20.  See Accessibility of User Interfaces, and Video Programming Guides and Menus; Accessible Emergency Information, and Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description: Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, Report and Order, FCC 13-138, 78 FR 77210 (2013) (“User Interfaces Order”); Accessibility of User Interfaces, and Video Programming Guides and Menus; Accessible Emergency Information, and Apparatus Requirements for Emergency Information and Video Description: Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC 13-138, 78 FR 77074 (2013) (“User Interfaces Further Notice”).

21.  See User Interfaces Further Notice, para. 9.

22.  See id.; 47 U.S.C. 303(u)(1)(C); Public Law 111-260, sec. 203.

23.  In addition to tablets, smartphones, and laptops, the phrase “similar devices” includes other devices on which subscribers can view MVPD-provided linear programming over the MVPD's network, such as personal computers, game consoles, and Roku devices.

24.  At this time, this does not include over-the-top (“OTT”) services, which are at issue in a separate proceeding that considers whether to interpret the term MVPD to include “services that make available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple linear streams of video programming, regardless of the technology used to distribute the programming.” MVPD Definition NPRM, para. 1. As in the MVPD Definition NPRM, we use the term OTT to refer to linear video services that travel over the Internet and that MVPDs do not treat as managed video services on any MVPD system.

25.  This definition applies when we use the phrase “over the MVPD's network” throughout the item.

26.  Video is “received via a connection provided by the MVPD” if it is received either via an MVPD's broadband connection or if it is video that comes over a coaxial or satellite connection that is converted to IP in the home gateway.

27.  This is distinguishable from video programming provided over the Internet, which can be accessed by an MVPD subscriber when using either an MVPD-provided connection, or a third-party Internet service provider or broadband connection. For example, a customer that uses a tablet connected to a bookstore's Wi-Fi to access video programming would not be accessing the programming “over the MVPD's network.”

28.  Further Notice, para. 2.

29.  First Report and Order, para. 7; 47 CFR 79.1(a)(10) through (11).

30.  See Comments of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 3 (“NCTA Comments”); 47 CFR 79.1(a)(11). See also First Report and Order, para. 33.

31.  See NCTA Comments at 3; 47 CFR 79.1(a)(10).

32.  Given that we apply the rules only when MVPDs permit consumers to access linear programming on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and similar devices over the MVPD's network as part of their MVPD services, and not to OTT services at this time, we need not address the issues raised by industry commenters with regard to whether the Commission has authority under the CVAA to extend the accessible emergency information requirements in Section 79.2 to all linear programming delivered over the Internet or via Internet protocol (“IP”). See Comments of AT&T Services, Inc., MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 3 (“AT&T Comments”); Comments of DIRECTV, LLC, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 5-6 (“DIRECTV Comments”); Comments of the Consumer Electronics Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 6 (“CEA Comments”); Comments of the Telecommunications Industry Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 3-4 (“TIA Comments”); Reply Comments of the Entertainment Software Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 3 (“ESA Reply”); Reply Comments of the Information Technology Industry Council, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 3-4 (“ITIC Reply”). See also Reply Comments of the National Association of Broadcasters, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 2 (“NAB Reply”).

33.  47 U.S.C. 613(g)(2).

34.  NCTA Comments at 3.

35.  Id.

36.  AT&T Comments at 3.

37.  Reply Comments of the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Wireless Technologies, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 5 (“Wireless RERC Reply”).

38.  See NCTA Comments at 2; Wireless RERC Reply at 4; Letter from Diane B. Burstein, Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, NCTA, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, at 1 (Apr. 4, 2014) (“NCTA Apr. 4, 2014 Ex Parte Letter”). See also Further Notice, n.6 (stating that Cablevision currently permits consumers to access its entire package of video programming, including broadcast channels that contain emergency information, through its Optimum app for the iPad and other devices); Charter Communications, Press Release, Charter Announces Launch of Charter TV App (Apr. 8, 2014) (announcing the Charter TV App available for free download on various platforms, through which “Charter TV customers can now watch over 130 live TV Channels anywhere inside their home on their mobile devices such as tablets or smartphones”); Comcast, Xfinity TV Apps, available at http://xfinitytv.comcast.net/​apps (“Turn any device into a personal TV screen anywhere in your home. Stream any channel live, watch XFINITY On Demand^TM and access your DVR shows on your tablet, smartphone or computer.”); Cox, About the Contour App, available at http://www.cox.com/​residential/​support/​tv/​article.cox?​articleId=​ee838930-c7d7-11e2-caa8-000000000000 (“With the Contour App, you can [w]atch over 130 live channels and thousands of On Demand programs while in the home.”); Time Warner Cable, TWC TV App, available at http://www.timewarnercable.com/​en/​tv/​features/​twc-tv.html (“Watch up to 300 live TV channels on up to five of your favorite devices simultaneously in your home with the TWC TV app”).

39.  See Wireless RERC Reply at 3-4; Comments of Jose Cruz, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 2 (arguing that “[t]he blind/visually impaired should be able to access emergency broadcasts from their MVPD . . . through mobile and/or other electronic devices,” which “may affect their well-being or the well-being of their families”); Comments of Jeanette M. Schmoyer, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 1 (arguing that the accessible emergency information requirements should apply to television programming delivered over tablets, laptops, smartphones, and similar devices, and stating that “[a]t the rate technology changes, PC's are already decreasing in sales in favor of laptops and tablets” and “[i]nformation provided as a visual element needs to be provided in an audio element no matter what the device”).

40.  See Wireless RERC Reply at 4.

41.  See 16th Video Competition Report, para. 3 (“These services, referred to as `TV Everywhere,' allow MVPD subscribers to access both linear and video-on-demand (`VOD') programming on a variety of in-home and mobile Internet-connected devices.”); id. at n.22 (“TV Everywhere is an authentication system whereby certain movies and television shows are accessible online via a variety of display devices including personal computer, mobile, and television—but only if you can prove (or `authenticate') that you have a subscription to an MVPD.”); id. para. 85 (“Most of the video programming offered on TV Everywhere is available only to MVPD subscribers. Access to TV Everywhere video programming is restricted through the use of an authentication process that requires a subscriber to select their MVPD service provider and then provide a user ID and password.”) (citation omitted).

42.  Further Notice, para. 2.

43.  NCTA Comments at 3, n.11. See also AT&T Comments at 1; CEA Comments at 4 (“The Commission consistently has applied Section[ ] 79.2 only in the context of traditional broadcast television and MVPD services, which are classic examples of services for residential reception that deliver such programming directly to the home.”) (citation omitted); TIA Comments at 4 (“The Commission's video description and emergency information requirements are appropriately limited to the MVPD's traditional programming offered within the home, and that qualifies as linear video programming under Part 79.1 of the Commission's rules.”); ESA Reply at 3 (“The CVAA imposes emergency information requirements not on the full range of video programming, but only on that programming intended for in‐home reception.”).

44.  Moreover, we disagree with NCTA's argument that emergency information is irrelevant to a subscriber outside of his or her home. See NCTA Comments at 3, n.11.

45.  See MVPD Definition NPRM, para. 1.

46.  Id.

47.  Id. at para. 56.

48.  First Report and Order, para. 36; 47 CFR 79.2(b)(2)(ii). In addition, both video programming distributors and video programming providers are responsible for ensuring that aural emergency information supersedes all other programming on the secondary audio stream, with each entity responsible only for its own actions or omissions in this regard. First Report and Order, para. 36; 47 CFR 79.2(b)(5).

49.  First Report and Order, para. 36; 47 CFR 79.2(b)(2)(ii).

50.  NCTA Comments at 3-4 (citation omitted).

51.  Although NCTA argues that “[c]able operators do not originate the type of ‘emergency information’ addressed by the Commission's new rule,” but “simply pass along the aural emergency information contained in a secondary audio stream that is created by the originator of that information,” NCTA Comments at 4, we reiterate our position “that to the extent an MVPD does create a crawl or other visual graphic conveying local emergency information as defined in Section 79.2 and embeds it in non-newscast programming, it should also be responsible for making the visual emergency information aurally accessible.” First Report and Order, n.38.

52.  Further Notice, para. 3.

53.  Id.

54.  See Comments of CTIA-The Wireless Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 11-43, at 2, 5-6 (“CTIA Comments”); CEA Comments at 10-11; TIA Comments at 4-5; ITIC Reply at 5; Letter from Julie M. Kearney, Vice President, Regulatory Affairs, CEA, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, at 2 (Mar. 28, 2014) (“CEA Mar. 28, 2014 Ex Parte Letter”). See also Wireless RERC Reply at 5 (agreeing with TIA and CTIA that the responsibility for accessible emergency information on mobile and other devices lies with MVPDs because they are providing the video programming via an application or Web site, and “thus the mobile device in this case is serving as a conduit”).

55.  CTIA Comments at 5.

56.  Id.

57.  CEA Mar. 28, 2014 Ex Parte Letter at 1-2.

58.  See ESA Reply at 4 (“If . . . the Commission were to impose emergency information requirements on IP-delivered linear video programming within the home, any responsibility on devices should be limited to a ‘do not block’ or ‘do no harm’ requirement.”). See also Wireless RERC Reply at 5 (“[I]f mobile device manufacture[r]s at any point incorporate the ability to tune into linear programming via a chip or other built-in modification (via software, hardware or firmware) or an app that is ‘integrated into a mobile device by the manufacturer,’ then the device manufacturer should be responsible for ensuring the provision of accessible emergency information.”) (citation omitted).

59.  NCTA Comments at 5. See also CEA Comments at 9 (arguing that a two-year period would be consistent with deadlines the Commission has adopted in other CVAA proceedings); ESA Reply at 4 (suggesting that “any deadline should be subject to industry development of appropriate technical standards, with a subsequent phase-in period of at least two years after adoption of such standard to address any complicated handoffs of other technical and business challenges”).

60.  NCTA Comments at 4-5.

61.  Id. at 5. See also NCTA Apr. 4, 2014 Ex Parte Letter at 1-2.

62.  NCTA Apr. 4, 2014 Ex Parte Letter at 2.

63.  DIRECTV Comments at 7. See also NAB Reply at 3.

64.  NCTA Apr. 4, 2014 Ex Parte Letter at 1.

65.  See Letter from James R. Coltharp, Chief Policy Advisor, FCC & Regulatory Policy, Comcast Corporation, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, at 1 (May 23, 2014).

66.  See Letter from Tara M. Corvo, Counsel for Cablevision Systems Corp., to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, at 1 (June 26, 2014).

67.  Id. In addition, we note that Netflix has begun to include alternative audio tracks for their programming on Netflix-supported devices. See Todd Spangler, Netflix Adding Audio Description Tracks for Visually Impaired, Starting with `Marvel's Daredevil,' Variety (Apr. 14, 2015), available at http://variety.com/​2015/​digital/​news/​netflix-adding-audio-description-tracks-for-visually-impaired-starting-with-marvels-daredevil-1201472372/​# (noting that “the company is working with studios and other content owners to increase the amount of audio description across a range of devices including smart TVs, tablets and smartphones”).

68.  See First Report and Order, para. 37.

69.  47 CFR 79.105. Covered apparatus include apparatus that are designed to receive or play back video programming transmitted simultaneously with sound that is provided by entities subject to sections 79.2 and 79.3, are manufactured or imported for use in the United States, and use a picture screen of any size, subject to certain exemptions. See id. 79.105(a) through (b).

70.  47 U.S.C. 303(u)(1)(C).

71.  User Interfaces Further Notice, para. 9.

72.  47 U.S.C. 303(u)(1)(C).

73.  Public Law 111-260, sec. 203(d).

74.  See Reply Comments of the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Wireless Technologies, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, at 8 (Feb. 25, 2014) (“Wireless RERC User Interfaces Reply Comments”); Reply Comments of the American Foundation for the Blind and the American Council of the Blind, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, at 2 (Mar. 20, 2014) (“AFB/ACB User Interfaces Reply Comments”).

75.  First Report and Order, para. 50; 47 CFR 79.105(a).

76.  See 47 U.S.C. 613(g)(1) through (2), 303(u)(1)(C). See also S. Rep. No. 111-386, at 13 (“The Committee is aware that emergency alert information is inherently local and time sensitive in nature. Therefore it is the intention of the Committee that the Commission have flexibility with respect to applying the requirements of new section 713(g). . . .”); H.R. Rep. No. 111-563, at 29 (same).

77.  See VPAAC Second Report: Access to Emergency Information at 8. See also id. at 11-12.

78.  VPAAC Second Report: Access to Emergency Information at 7-8 (“To obtain emergency information from television programming, many users with visual disabilities require a greater level of access to controls on receiving devices than most models of such devices offer today. . . . [A] blind or visually impaired person will need a reliable method of accessing the secondary audio feed if emergency information is to be provided on [this] service.”).

79.  Compliance with the accessible emergency information rules adopted in the First Report and Order is required by May 26, 2015, subject to certain exceptions. See 47 CFR 79.2(b)(2)(ii), 79.105(a), 79.106(a). See also First Report and Order, paras. 37-45, paras. 76-77.

80.  See AFB/ACB User Interfaces Reply Comments at 2 (noting that AFB, ACB, and individual consumers “have commented on the current difficulty, and frequently virtual impossibility, of locating [video] description controls and turning [video] description on”); Video Description: Implementation of the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, MB Docket No. 11-43, Report to Congress, DA 14-945, para. 32, nn.102-05 (MB rel. Jun. 30, 2014) (“Video Description Report to Congress”).

81.  User Interfaces Further Notice, para. 9.

82.  Video Description Report to Congress, para. 32.

83.  See VPAAC Second Report: Access to Emergency Information at 7 (“The effective use of video description by the blind or visually impaired for any purpose requires convenient, reliable and readily available access to the video description service [on the secondary audio stream]. If this service is to convey emergency information, the convenience of such access is all the more important.”).

84.  AFB/ACB User Interfaces Reply Comments at 2. See also Wireless RERC User Interfaces Reply Comments at 9 (strongly urging the Commission to adopt a requirement for a mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon for accessing the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information because “[t]his can be a life and death scenario where people with vision disabilities would miss information that affects their immediate safety”).

85.  Implementation of Section 305 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Closed Captioning and Video Description of Video Programming: Accessibility of Emergency Programming, MM Docket No. 95-176, Second Report and Order, FCC 00-136, 65 FR 26757 (2000).

86.  See User Interfaces Order, para. 81 (stating that the requirement to provide an activation mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon “is consistent with Congress's intent ‘to ensure ready access to [closed captioning and video description] features by persons with disabilities,’ while still giving covered entities the flexibility contemplated by the statute”).

87.  See VPAAC Second Report: Access to Emergency Information at 8-9 (“In the event that . . . the crawl or scroll is made auditory in the secondary audio channel, several other methods could possibly be used to assist visually impaired consumers in gaining access to this audio service. For example, physical buttons on the remote control may help individuals with visual disabilities enable the second audio channel.”).

88.  User Interfaces Order, para. 81.

89.  See National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Opposition to Petition for Reconsideration, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-07, at 7 (filed Feb. 18, 2014). See also Letter from James R. Coltharp, Chief Policy Advisor, FCC & Regulatory Policy, Comcast Corporation, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, at 1 (Mar. 20, 2015) (detailing a demonstration of how consumers can activate and use the talking guide, closed captioning, and video description on Comcast's X1 platform).

90.  Comments of the Consumer Electronics Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, at 8 (Feb. 18, 2014) (“CEA User Interfaces Comments”). See also Comments of DISH Network L.L.C. and EchoStar Technologies L.L.C., MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, at 6 (Feb. 18, 2014) (“DISH/EchoStar User Interfaces Comments”) (“The absence of a ‘reasonably comparable’ mechanism requirement in Section 203 precludes the Commission from imposing such a requirement in that context.”); Reply Comments of the Consumer Electronics Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, at 5 (Mar. 20, 2014) (“CEA User Interfaces Reply Comments”).

91.  47 U.S.C. 303(u)(1)(C); Public Law 111-260, sec. 203(d).

92.  See CEA User Interfaces Comments at 9; DISH/EchoStar User Interfaces Comments at 5-7; Comments of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, MB Docket Nos. 12-108, 12-107, at 6 (Feb. 18, 2014) (“NCTA User Interfaces Comments”).

93.  CEA User Interfaces Comments at 9. See also DISH/EchoStar User Interfaces Comments at 6 (“If Congress had intended for the Commission to require that access to the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information on apparatus covered by section 203 be available via a mechanism `reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon,' or any other specified mechanism, Congress would have stated so.”); NCTA User Interfaces Comments at 6 (noting that section 205 specifically references a mechanism for activating closed captioning, but “section 203 . . . does not reference a mechanism at all. Under these circumstances, no additional authority to impose such a requirement can be inferred.”); CEA User Interfaces Reply Comments at 6. See also Letter from Diane B. Burstein, Vice President and Deputy General Counsel, NCTA, to Marlene H. Dortch, Secretary, FCC, at 1 (Feb. 18, 2015) (“NCTA Feb. 18, 2015 Ex Parte Letter”).

94.  See 47 U.S.C. 613(g)(1) through (2), 303(u)(1)(C).

95.  Commissioner Pai dissents “from the requirement that manufacturers of televisions, set-top boxes, and other covered devices include in those apparatuses a mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream for emergency information that is reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon.” He objects to what he describes as importing into the rules implementing section 203 of the CVAA specific mandates set forth in sections 204 and 205 of the CVAA. See Statement of Commissioner Ajit Pai, Approving in Part and Dissenting in Part. The rule we adopt today, however, does no such thing. Rather, it requires only that “all apparatus subject to this section must provide a simple and easy to use mechanism for activating the secondary audio stream for audible emergency information.” See 47 CFR 79.105(d). While the dissent distinguishes between “the capabilities that devices must have” and “the means of activating those capabilities,” id., the Commission finds that distinction artificial. In directing the Commission to ensure that covered apparatus “have the capability to decode and make available emergency information . . . in a manner that is accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired,” the majority does not believe that Congress intended that such apparatus have capabilities such as an audio stream of emergency information that are impossible for individuals who are blind or vision impaired to activate quickly when they are needed—in an emergency. Such a distinction would be self-defeating. As discussed in the order, the statutory directive that the Commission adopt rules ensuring that emergency information is accessible to individuals who are blind or visually impaired grants the Commission ample authority for the rules we adopt today.

96.  See NCTA User Interfaces Comments at 7; CEA User Interfaces Reply Comments at 6.

97.  Id. See also NCTA Feb. 18, 2015 Ex Parte Letter at 1, n.2 (“We further explained that audibly-accessible guides and menus will assist blind or visually impaired individuals in locating [the] secondary audio stream that will contain emergency information as well as video description.”).

98.  AFB/ACB User Interfaces Reply Comments at 2.

99.  We emphasize that manufacturers will need to ensure that set-top boxes include a simple and easy to use activation mechanism for emergency information on the secondary audio stream. We seek comment in the Second Further Notice on whether we should require MVPDs to provide their customers with set-top boxes that contain the simple and easy to use activation mechanism for the secondary audio stream. We also note that manufacturers of televisions and other digital apparatus covered by section 204 of the CVAA are already required to provide a mechanism reasonably comparable to a button, key, or icon for activating the secondary audio stream for video description by December 20, 2016 and thus, as a practical matter, they should not need to take additional steps to comply with the rule we adopt here. See 47 CFR 79.109(a)(2), (c).

100.  User Interfaces Order, para. 81.

101.  Id. at para. 81. The Commission is considering a Petition for Reconsideration filed by the National Association of the Deaf along with other consumer and academic groups which asks the Commission to reconsider allowing voice commands as compliant mechanisms for activating closed captioning, and to reconsider allowing gestures as compliant mechanisms for activating closed captioning and video description. See Petition for Reconsideration of the National Association of the Deaf, Telecommunications for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Inc., Deaf and Hard of Hearing Consumer Advocacy Network, Association of Late-Deafened Adults, Inc., Hearing Loss Association of America, California Coalition of Agencies Serving the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Cerebral Palsy and Deaf Organization, and Technology Access Program Gallaudet University, MB Docket Nos. 12-107, 12-108 (Jan. 20, 2014).

102.  See 47 CFR 79.105(b)(1) through (2) (exempt apparatus), 79.105(b)(3) (achievability), 79.105(b)(4) (purpose-based waivers). See also First Report and Order, paras. 67-74.

103.  See 47 U.S.C. 303(u).

104.  See First Report and Order, para. 66.

105.  See id. at para. 75; Public Law 111-260, sec. 203(e). Under this approach, an entity that seeks to use an alternate means to comply with the apparatus requirements must file a request pursuant to section 1.41 of the Commission's rules for a determination that the proposed alternative satisfies the statutory requirements. See First Report and Order, para. 75 (“We will not permit an entity to claim in defense to a complaint or enforcement action that the Commission should determine that the party's actions were a permissible alternate means of compliance.”). We will consider such requests on a case-by-case basis. See id.

106.  User Interfaces Further Notice, para. 11.

107.  47 CFR 79.105(a).

108.  User Interfaces Further Notice, para. 11.

109.  See Wireless RERC User Interfaces Reply Comments at 10.

110.  Id.

111.  Id.

112.  47 CFR 79.109(c).

113.  This will also reduce any consumer confusion that could arise from different deadlines relating to access to the secondary audio stream applying depending upon whether a particular device is covered by Section 203, 204, or 205 of the CVAA. We find that Wireless RERC's proposed timeframe of May 26, 2015 has been rendered moot by the passage of time.

114.  See 5 U.S.C. 603. The RFA, see 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., has been amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (“SBREFA”), Public Law 104-121, Title II, 110 Stat. 857 (1996). The SBREFA was enacted as Title II of the Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 (“CWAAA”).

115.  See Further Notice, para. 9; User Interfaces Further Notice, para. 17.

116.  See 5 U.S.C. 604.

117.  Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, Public Law 111-260, 124 Stat. 2751 (2010); Amendment of Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, Public Law 111-265, 124 Stat. 2795 (2010) (making technical corrections to the CVAA).

118.  47 CFR 79.2.

119.  47 CFR 79.105.

120.  5 U.S.C. 603(b)(3).

121.  Id. 601(6).

122.  Id. 601(3) (incorporating by reference the definition of “small-business concern” in the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 632). Pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 601(3), the statutory definition of a small business applies “unless an agency, after consultation with the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration and after opportunity for public comment, establishes one or more definitions of such term which are appropriate to the activities of the agency and publishes such definition(s) in the Federal Register.”

123.  15 U.S.C. 632.

124.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” (partial definition) at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch. Examples of this category are: Broadband Internet service providers (e.g., cable, DSL); local telephone carriers (wired); cable television distribution services; long-distance telephone carriers (wired); closed circuit television (“CCTV”) services; VoIP service providers, using own operated wired telecommunications infrastructure; direct-to-home satellite system (“DTH”) services; telecommunications carriers (wired); satellite television distribution systems; and multichannel multipoint distribution services (“MMDS”).

125.  13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110.

126.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census. See U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, “Information: Subject Series—Estab and Firm Size: Employment Size of Establishments for the United States: 2007—2007 Economic Census,” NAICS code 517110, Table EC0751SSSZ2; available at http://factfinder2.census.gov/​faces/​nav/​jsf/​pages/​index.xhtml.

127.  Id.

128.  47 CFR 76.901(e). The Commission determined that this size standard equates approximately to a size standard of $100 million or less in annual revenues. Implementation of Sections of the Cable Television Consumer Protection And Competition Act of 1992: Rate Regulation, MM Docket No. 92-266, MM Docket No. 93-215, Sixth Report and Order and Eleventh Order on Reconsideration, FCC 95-196, 60 FR 35854 (1995).

129.  NCTA, Industry Data, Number of Cable Operating Companies (June 2012), http://www.ncta.com/​Statistics.aspx (visited Sept. 28, 2012). Depending upon the number of homes and the size of the geographic area served, cable operators use one or more cable systems to provide video service. See Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for Delivery of Video Programming, MB Docket No. 12-203, Fifteenth Report, FCC 13-99 at para. 24 (rel. July 22, 2013) (“15th Annual Competition Report”).

130.  See SNL Kagan, “Top Cable MSOs—12/12 Q”; available at http://www.snl.com/​InteractiveX/​TopCableMSOs.aspx?​period=​2012Q4&​sortcol=​subscribersbasic&​sortorder=​desc. We note that, when applied to an MVPD operator, under this size standard (i.e., 400,000 or fewer subscribers) all but 14 MVPD operators would be considered small. See NCTA, Industry Data, Top 25 Multichannel Video Service Customers (2012), http://www.ncta.com/​industry-data (visited Aug. 30, 2013). The Commission applied this size standard to MVPD operators in its implementation of the CALM Act. See Implementation of the Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation (CALM) Act, MB Docket No. 11-93, Report and Order, FCC 11-182, 77 FR 40276, para. 37 (2011) (“CALM Act Report and Order”) (defining a smaller MVPD operator as one serving 400,000 or fewer subscribers nationwide, as of December 31, 2011).

131.  47 CFR 76.901(c).

132.  The number of active, registered cable systems comes from the Commission's Cable Operations and Licensing System (COALS) database on Aug. 28, 2013. A cable system is a physical system integrated to a principal headend.

133.  47 U.S.C. 543(m)(2); see 47 CFR 76.901(f) & nn. 1-3.

134.  See NCTA, Industry Data, Cable Video Customers (2012), http://www.ncta.com/​industry-data (visited Aug. 30, 2013).

135.  47 CFR 76.901(f); see Public Notice, FCC Announces New Subscriber Count for the Definition of Small Cable Operator, DA 01-158 (Cable Services Bureau, Jan. 24, 2001).

136.  See NCTA, Industry Data, Top 25 Multichannel Video Service Customers (2012), http://www.ncta.com/​industry-data (visited Aug. 30, 2013).

137.  The Commission does receive such information on a case-by-case basis if a cable operator appeals a local franchise authority's finding that the operator does not qualify as a small cable operator pursuant to 47 CFR 76.901(f).

138.  See 13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110. This category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is defined as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services. By exception, establishments providing satellite television distribution services using facilities and infrastructure that they operate are included in this industry.” (Emphasis added to text relevant to satellite services.) U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

139.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

140.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

141.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS code 517510 (2002).

142.  S ee 15th Annual Competition Report, at para. 27. As of June 2012, DIRECTV is the largest DBS operator and the second largest MVPD in the United States, serving approximately 19.9 million subscribers. DISH Network is the second largest DBS operator and the third largest MVPD, serving approximately 14.1 million subscribers. Id. para. 27, 110-11.

143.  See 13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110. This category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is defined as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services. By exception, establishments providing satellite television distribution services using facilities and infrastructure that they operate are included in this industry.” (Emphasis added to text relevant to satellite services.) U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

144.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

145.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

146.  See 13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110. This category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is defined in part as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services.” U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

147.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

148.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

149.  47 U.S.C. 571(a)(3) through (4). See Annual Assessment of the Status of Competition in the Market for the Delivery of Video Programming, MB Docket No. 06-189, Thirteenth Annual Report, FCC 07-206, 74 FR 11102, para. 135 (2009) (“Thirteenth Annual Cable Competition Report”).

150.  See 47 U.S.C. 573.

151.  See 13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110. This category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is defined in part as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services.” U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

152.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

153.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

154.  A list of OVS certifications may be found at http://www.fcc.gov/​mb/​ovs/​csovscer.html.

155.  See Thirteenth Annual Cable Competition Report, para. 135. BSPs are newer businesses that are building state-of-the-art, facilities-based networks to provide video, voice, and data services over a single network.

156.  BRS was previously referred to as Multipoint Distribution Service (MDS) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS). See Amendment of Parts 21 and 74 of the Commission's Rules with Regard to Filing Procedures in the Multipoint Distribution Service and in the Instructional Television Fixed Service and Implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act—Competitive Bidding, MM Docket No. 94-131, PP Docket No. 93-253, Report and Order, FCC 95-230, 60 FR 36524, para. 7 (1995).

157.  EBS was previously referred to as the Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS). See id.

158.  47 CFR 21.961(b)(1).

159.  47 U.S.C. 309(j). Hundreds of stations were licensed to incumbent MDS licensees prior to implementation of Section 309(j) of the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. 309(j). For these pre-auction licenses, the applicable standard is SBA's small business size standard of 1,500 or fewer employees.

160.  Auction of Broadband Radio Service (BRS) Licenses, Scheduled for October 27, 2009, Notice and Filing Requirements, Minimum Opening Bids, Upfront Payments, and Other Procedures for Auction 86, Public Notice, DA 09-1376 (WTB rel. Jun. 26, 2009).

161.  Id. at 8296.

162.  Auction of Broadband Radio Service Licenses Closes, Winning Bidders Announced for Auction 86, Down Payments Due November 23, 2009, Final Payments Due December 8, 2009, Ten-Day Petition to Deny Period, Public Notice, DA 09-2378 (WTB rel. Nov. 6, 2009).

163.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” (partial definition) at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch. Examples of this category are: broadband Internet service providers (e.g., cable, DSL); local telephone carriers (wired); cable television distribution services; long-distance telephone carriers (wired); closed circuit television (“CCTV”) services; VoIP service providers, using own operated wired telecommunications infrastructure; direct-to-home satellite system (“DTH”) services; telecommunications carriers (wired); satellite television distribution systems; and multichannel multipoint distribution services (“MMDS”).

164.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

165.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

166.  http://wireless2.fcc.gov/​UlsApp/​UlsSearch/​results.jsp.

167.  The term “small entity” within SBREFA applies to small organizations (non-profits) and to small governmental jurisdictions (cities, counties, towns, townships, villages, school districts, and special districts with populations of less than 50,000). 5 U.S.C. 601(4) through (6).

168.  See 13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110. This category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is defined as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services. By exception, establishments providing satellite television distribution services using facilities and infrastructure that they operate are included in this industry.” (Emphasis added to text relevant to satellite services.) U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

169.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

170.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

171.  15 U.S.C. 632.

172.  Letter from Jere W. Glover, Chief Counsel for Advocacy, SBA, to William E. Kennard, Chairman, FCC (May 27, 1999). The Small Business Act contains a definition of “small-business concern,” which the RFA incorporates into its own definition of “small business.” See 15 U.S.C. 632(a) (Small Business Act); 5 U.S.C. 601(3) (RFA). SBA regulations interpret “small business concern” to include the concept of dominance on a national basis. See 13 CFR 121.102(b).

173.  See 13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 517110. This category of Wired Telecommunications Carriers is defined as follows: “This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating and/or providing access to transmission facilities and infrastructure that they own and/or lease for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using wired telecommunications networks. Transmission facilities may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. Establishments in this industry use the wired telecommunications network facilities that they operate to provide a variety of services, such as wired telephony services, including VoIP services; wired (cable) audio and video programming distribution; and wired broadband Internet services. By exception, establishments providing satellite television distribution services using facilities and infrastructure that they operate are included in this industry.” (Emphasis added to text relevant to satellite services.) U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “517110 Wired Telecommunications Carriers” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

174.  13 CFR 121.201; NAICS Code 517110.

175.  http://factfinder.census.gov/​servlet/​IBQTable?​_​bm=​y&​-geo_​id=​&​-_​skip=​600&​-ds_​name=​EC0751SSSZ5&​-_​lang=​en.

176.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “334220 Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

177.  13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 334220.

178.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census. See U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, “Manufacturing: Summary Series: General Summary: Industry Statistics for Subsectors and Industries by Employment Size: 2007—2007 Economic Census,” NAICS code 334220, Table EC0731SG3; available at http://factfinder2.census.gov/​faces/​nav/​jsf/​pages/​index.xhtml.

179.  Id.

180.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 NAICS Definitions, “334310 Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing” at http://www.census.gov/​cgi-bin/​sssd/​naics/​naicsrch.

181.  13 CFR 121.201; 2012 NAICS code 334310.

182.  U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census. See U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder, “Manufacturing: Summary Series: General Summary: Industry Statistics for Subsectors and Industries by Employment Size: 2007—2007 Economic Census,” NAICS code 334310, Table EC0731SG3; available at http://factfinder2.census.gov/​faces/​nav/​jsf/​pages/​index.xhtml.

183.  Id.

184.  See 47 CFR 79.105(b)(1) through (2) (exempt apparatus), 79.105(b)(3) (achievability), 79.105(b)(4) (purpose-based waivers).

185.  5 U.S.C. 604(a)(6).

186.  See 47 CFR 79.105(b)(3).

187.  See 47 U.S.C. 303(u).

188.  See First Report and Order, para. 66.

189.  See id., para. 75.

190.  See 47 CFR 79.105(b)(1) through (2), 79.105(b)(4).

191.  See 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A).

192.  See id. 604(b).

193.  The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA), Public Law 104-13, 109 Stat 163 (1995) (codified in Chapter 35 of title 44 U.S.C.).

194.  The Small Business Paperwork Relief Act of 2002 (SBPRA), Public Law 107-198, 116 Stat 729 (2002) (codified in Chapter 35 of title 44 U.S.C.); see 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(4).

195.  See 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A).