2011-18929. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Air Brake Systems

AGENCY:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Department of Transportation.

ACTION:

Final rule; response to petitions for reconsideration.

SUMMARY:

On July 27, 2009, NHTSA published a final rule that amended the Federal motor vehicle safety standard for air brake systems by requiring substantial improvements in stopping distance performance on new truck tractors. In response, the agency received eight petitions for reconsideration. The agency has already responded to most of the issues raised in the petitions. This document responds to the one outstanding issue raised in the petitions, stopping distance performance requirements at lower initial speeds. Based on testing results and our concern that the current requirements might not be practicable, NHTSA is slightly relaxing the stopping distance requirement for typical loaded tractors tested from an initial speed of 20 mph by increasing the distance from 30 feet to 32 feet and for unloaded tractors tested from an initial speed of 20 mph by increasing the distance from 28 feet to 30 feet. We believe no other changes are necessary.

DATES:

This final rule is effective August 1, 2011.

Petitions for reconsideration must be received not later than September 12, 2011.

ADDRESSES:

Petitions for reconsideration should refer to the docket number and must be submitted to: Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

For technical issues, you may contact Jeffrey Woods, Office of Crash Avoidance Standards, by telephone at [phone], and by fax at [phone].

For legal issues, you may contact David Jasinski, Office of the Chief Counsel, by telephone at [phone], and by fax at [phone].

You may send mail to both of these officials at the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Background of the Stopping Distance Requirement

II. Petitions for Reconsideration

III. Testing Program

IV. Response to Petition

V. Technical Correction

VI. Effective Date

VII. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

VIII. Regulatory Text

I. Background of the Stopping Distance Requirement

On July 27, 2009, NHTSA published a final rule in the Federal Register amending Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 121, Air Brake Systems, to require improved stopping distance performance for heavy truck tractors.^[1] This rule reduced the maximum allowable stopping distance, from 60 mph, from 355 feet to 250 feet for the vast majority of loaded heavy truck tractors. For a small minority of loaded very heavy tractors, the maximum allowable stopping distance was reduced from 355 feet to 310 feet. Having come to the conclusion that modifications needed for “typical three-axle tractors,” to meet the improved requirements were relatively straightforward, NHTSA provided two years lead time for those vehicles to comply with the new requirements. These typical three-axle tractors comprise approximately 82 percent of the total fleet of heavy tractors. The agency concluded that other tractors, which are produced in far fewer numbers and may need additional work to ensure stability and control while braking, would need more lead time to meet the requirements. Due to extra time needed to design, test, and validate these vehicles, which included two-axle tractors and severe service tractors, the agency allowed four years lead time for these tractors to meet the improved stopping distance requirements.

Requirements in FMVSS No. 121 provide that if the speed attainable by a vehicle in two miles is less than 60 mph, the speed at which the vehicle shall meet the specified stopping distances is four to eight mph less than the speed attainable in two miles. In the July 2009 final rule, the agency used an equation to derive the required stopping distances for vehicles with initial speeds of less than 60 mph.^[2]

S_t = (1/2 V_o t_r) + ((1/2) V_o²/a_f)—((1/24) a_f t_r²)

Where:

S_t = Total stopping distance in feet

V_o = Initial Speed in ft/sec

t_r = Air pressure rise time in seconds

a_f = Steady-state deceleration in ft/sec²

For the final rule, the agency selected an air pressure rise time of 0.45 seconds, which is equal to the brake actuation timing requirement in FMVSS No. 121. The steady-state deceleration was based on an theoretical deceleration curve in which vehicle deceleration would increase linearly during the rise time portion of the stopping event, followed by constant steady-state deceleration, followed by an instantaneous decrease in acceleration back to zero at the completion of the stop. Table II in FMVSS No. 121 sets forth the stopping distance requirements for speeds from 60 mph down to 20 mph (in increments of 5 mph) for both typical and severe service tractors in the loaded conditions and all tractors in the unloaded condition derived using that formula.

II. Petitions for Reconsideration

NHTSA received eight timely petitions for reconsideration in response to the final rule. Separate petitions were received from the Truck Manufacturers Association (TMA); the Heavy Duty Brake Manufacturers Council of the Heavy Duty Manufacturers Association (HDBMC); Bendix Spicer Foundation Brake LLC (Bendix), a joint venture between Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems and Dana Corporation; and ArvinMeritor. The agency received four additional petitions supporting and incorporating the TMA petition by reference from Daimler Trucks North America (Daimler), Kenworth Truck Company (Kenworth), Peterbilt Motors Company (Peterbilt), and Navistar Truck Group (Navistar).

The petitions focused on four main issues. The main issues included the stopping distance requirements for reduced speeds, the omission of four-axle tractors under 59,600 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) from the listed requirements and the date at which the improved stopping distance requirements should apply to those tractors, the manner in which NHTSA characterized the typical three-axle tractor, and the fuel tank fill level testing specification. Additionally, the petitioners requested that NHTSA correct some typographical errors in the regulatory text.

In a final rule published in the Federal Register on November 13, 2009, the agency addressed all of the issues raised in the petition, except those related to stopping distance requirements at reduced speeds.^[3] We addressed the other issues first because the agency omitted lead time requirements for tractors with four or more axles and a GVWR of 59,600 pounds or less, which would have inadvertently required those vehicles to comply with the upgraded stopping distance requirements on November 24, 2009. The November 2009 final rule responded to issues raised in the petition with these amendments: (1) The agency accepted the recommendation of petitioners TMA, HDBMC, and Bendix and required compliance with the improved stopping distance requirements for tractors with four or more axles and a GVWR of 59,600 pounds or less by August 1, 2013, thereby giving four years of lead time; (2) the agency revised the definition of a “typical three-axle tractor” in the regulatory text in response to concerns raised by TMA and ArvinMeritor to include three-axle tractors having a steer axle gross axle weight rating (GAWR) of 14,600 pounds or less and a combined drive axle GAWR of 45,000 pounds or less; (3) the agency removed the fuel tank loading specification from the test procedure in response to TMA's petition; (4) the agency made two typographical corrections identified by all petitioners.^[4]

TMA, HDBMC, and Bendix each raised issues in their petitions regarding stopping distance requirements at reduced test speeds. TMA, HDBMC, and Bendix each stated that the new stopping distance requirements from speeds lower than 60 mph have not been validated through actual vehicle test data. In addition, the agency received a comment on the November 2009 final rule from Crystal Vangorder, which supported this assertion. TMA and Ms. Vangorder requested that the agency withdraw the reduced stopping distance requirements from speeds lower than 60 mph until test data has been obtained.

Although HDBMC reviewed NHTSA's calculations and assumptions set forth in the preamble to the final rule and agreed with the technical approach taken, HDBMC nevertheless stated that the brake timing may be too fast for some vehicle configurations. HDBMC made reference to its own prior comments on the agency's reduced stopping distance rulemaking in which it provided tables showing how brake timing affects stopping distance.^[5] HDBMC noted that high braking torques can occur prior to load transfer, which may cause deep cycling of the antilock brake system (ABS) resulting in slightly longer stopping distance. Bendix also stated that differing opinions on axle response time and average deceleration left the results of the calculations open to speculation. HDBMC noted that limited initial testing data by its members showed that vehicle are close to meeting or are not meeting the stopping distance from 20 mph of 30 feet within a 10 percent margin.

TMA and HDBMC both stated that their members were conducting testing and would provide the agency with data to supplement any agency testing. However, no test data has been provided to the agency.

III. Testing Program

In response to the petitions, NHTSA conducted testing to evaluate the stopping distance performance of a truck tractor from initial test speeds between 20 and 60 mph. The purpose of the testing was to acquire test data that, as stated in the petitions for reconsideration to the July 2009 final rule, had not been available to confirm that the new stopping distance requirements from speeds less than 60 mph could be achieved. The test program and results are described in the technical report, “Experimental Measurement of the Stopping Performance of a Tractor-Semitrailer from Multiple Speeds.” ^[6]

The test plan was to evaluate a tractor that, when tested while traveling at a speed of 60 mph, met the reduced tractor stopping distance requirement of 250 feet for vehicles loaded to GWVR without any margin. That same tractor was then tested at lower initial speeds to compare actual test results with the new requirements in Table II of FMVSS No. 121. The test was also conducted in a lightly loaded vehicle weight condition with no trailer attached.

The agency used a 1991 Volvo 6x4 tractor with a 190-inch wheelbase, equipped with a hybrid disc brake configuration. The vehicle was used in the agency's research to support the reduced stopping distance rulemaking, and was chosen because it was expected to have close to a 250-foot stopping distance when tested from 60 mph in the loaded condition. During actual testing, the vehicle was found to have a minimum stopping distance of 249 feet when loaded to GVWR (i.e., the shortest stop in a series of six stops).^[7] However, the vehicle had not been operated for several years and when the vehicle was recommissioned for this test program, the agency found it necessary to adjust the amount of the ballast load of the vehicle by lowering it to a modified GVWR in order to achieve consistent stopping distance of 250 feet from 60 mph.^[8] This modified GVWR was used for the rest of the testing program.

The agency considered using a newer vehicle and adding ballast to increase the stopping distance of the vehicle to 250 feet. However, the agency decided not to follow this approach because it could have resulted in unusually high brake temperatures and brake fade effects or changes in the brake lining friction characteristics. The agency believed it would be better to remove weight from a worse-performing tractor rather than adding weight to a better-performing tractor.

A series of six stops was then conducted for the loaded tractor at initial speeds ranging from 60 mph down to 20 mph in five-mph increments. The average of each six-stop series was compared to the new requirements in column (3) of Table II of FMVSS No. 121. The results indicated that from initial speeds below 60 mph, the vehicle could achieve slightly better stopping distances than those in Table II, except at the lowest test speed of 20 mph. From an initial speed of 20 mph, the tractor loaded to the modified GVWR achieved an average stopping distance of 31.2 feet, compared to the FMVSS No. 121 stopping distance requirement of 30 feet.

The test series was then repeated in the unloaded (bobtail) condition. For this test series, the agency was unable to devise a practical way of adjusting the tractor's braking performance to provide a zero percent margin of compliance at 60 mph. These results were compared to the new requirements in column (6) of Table II of FMVSS No. 121. The results indicated that the tractor performed with a 20 to 25 percent margin of compliance at initial test speeds between 30 and 60 mph. However, at the two lowest test speeds, the margin of compliance was less—16 percent at 25 mph and eight percent at 20 mph.

When compared to the theoretical deceleration curve discussed in the July 2009 final rule, there were differences. The theoretical deceleration curve has a linear increase in deceleration during the rise time, followed by a constant steady-state deceleration, and then an instantaneous decrease in deceleration to zero at the completion of the stop. In comparison, the test data generally followed this shape with some differences. There was substantial signal noise in the measured deceleration, which has been observed in other heavy vehicle braking tests. Because of this signal noise, the data analyst had to use judgment in determining the completion of the rise time. The steady-state deceleration also was not constant. It appeared to be higher toward the end of the stop as the vehicle speed decreased during the stop. At the end of the stop, the test data indicated a steep ramp down in deceleration to zero, but it was not the instantaneous drop shown in the theoretical curve.

For the new stopping distance requirements, the rise time used in the stopping distance equation was 0.45 seconds, and the preamble of the July 2009 final rule provided the required steady-state decelerations for the various initial test speeds that would be required to achieve the new stopping distances. For example, for a typical tractor from an initial speed of 60 mph with a rise time of 0.45 seconds and a stopping distance of 250 feet, the required steady-state deceleration in the equation was 16.80 ft/sec².

When compared to the actual test data in the loaded condition from 60 mph, the average stopping distance was 251 feet, the rise time was 0.40 seconds, and the steady-state deceleration was 17.3 ft/sec². Although the rise time was slightly faster and the stopping distance very slightly worse, the measured steady-state deceleration was higher than predicted. Deriving the steady-state deceleration from the equation using the observed stopping distance and rise time would result in a predicted steady-state deceleration of 16.6 ft/sec², which is four percent lower than what was observed. Although the difference is small, the divergence became greater at lower initial test speeds. At the lowest test speed of 20 mph, the measured steady-state deceleration of the vehicle was 20 ft/sec², which is 2.9 ft/sec² or 17 percent higher than the predicted value of 17.1 ft/sec² from the equation. Similar differences, though not as great were observed from tests in the unloaded condition.

The test results also revealed that the agency was correct in assuming that higher steady-state deceleration would be achieved at lower initial test speeds due to increasing tire adhesion as the vehicle speed decreases when considering speeds between 60 and 35 mph. However, for the loaded tractor tests conducted at the lowest initial speeds, the measured steady-state deceleration actually decreased from 21.4 ft/sec² at an initial test speed of 25 mph to 20.0 ft/sec² at an initial test speed of 20 mph. For the unloaded tests, the steady-state deceleration decreased from 24.7 ft/sec² at an initial test speed of 35 mph to 21.7 ft/sec² at an initial test speed of 20 mph. The reduced steady-state deceleration at these lower test speeds appears to be an influential factor in the loaded tractor's not meeting the new 20 mph stopping distance of 30 feet and in the reduced margin of compliance for the unloaded tractor tests at the lowest test speeds of 25 and 20 mph.

The testing also provided data on the rise times that were achieved for the two loading conditions at the various test speeds, although they had to be determined based on engineering judgment due to the signal noise. For the tests in the loaded condition, the average rise time based on the six stops at each test speed ranged between 0.39 and 0.56 seconds. The longest average rise times of 0.50 and 0.56 seconds occurred at the initial test speeds of 30 and 25 mph, respectively. From an initial test speed of 20 mph, the average rise time decreased to 0.42 seconds. Otherwise, there was no clear trend for the rise times when compared to initial test speed. Within each set of six stops for each test speed, some showed considerable variability between the six stops and some did not, with standard deviations ranging between 0.11 seconds from an initial speed of 30 mph (minimum 0.37 seconds, maximum 0.60 seconds) to 0.02 seconds from an initial speed of 40 mph (minimum 0.36 seconds, maximum 0.41 seconds).

The rise times for the unloaded tractor tests were substantially lower than those for the loaded tests. There was also much less variability in the unloaded tests compared to the loaded tests, with average rise times for each six-stop series ranging between 0.27 and 0.32 seconds. The standard deviation for each six-stop series ranged between 0.01 seconds and 0.03 seconds.

The agency did not specifically evaluate ABS cycling during stops. However, based on a review of the wheel speed data, we are able to make some observations. The ABS had the most activity when the tractor was tested in the unloaded condition, in which there were continuous brake pressure modulations for the drive axles throughout all of the stops from all initial test speeds. The intermediate drive axle was equipped with ABS wheel speed sensors and the brake pressures for both drive axles were modulated based upon the wheel slip occurring on this drive axle. For tests in the loaded condition, the wheel speed data for the drive axles did not show any indications of substantial wheel slip on the intermediate drive axle, although brake pressure modulation was observed in about half of the stops, mostly at the beginning of the stop, indicating that ABS did activate in those stops. ABS activity on the steer axle was mixed. Some tests in the loaded condition showed steer axle brake pressure modulations of up to 30 psi followed by stair-stepping pressure increases. As with the drive axle, there was much more ABS activity on the steer axle during the unloaded stops. However, none of the ABS activity on the steer or drive axles was considered to be deep cycling in which the pressure is modulated to near zero or held at low pressures for a substantial amount to time in response to rapid wheel lockup, and there were no observed lapses in deceleration resulting from ABS activity.

IV. Response to Petition

Because of the lack of test data on the stopping distance for tractors from reduced stopping distance, the agency conducted the testing program to determine the accuracy of the equation from which the agency derived the stopping distances and to determine whether a test tractor could readily achieve the new reduced stopping distances from each of the initial test speeds. Because the agency has conducted testing that verified the stopping distance requirements at reduced test speeds, the agency has decided not to set aside or withdraw the stopping distance requirements at reduced initial test speeds, as requested by TMA and supported by Ms. Vangorder.

Regarding the validity of the stopping distance equation in the final rule that was used to derive the stopping distances from reduced speeds, the agency concludes that the theoretical deceleration profile that formed the basis of the equation had some inaccuracies.^[9] Although the testing demonstrated some slight inaccuracies in the equation, we have decided not to pursue refinements to the equation at this time to improve its accuracy in order to address the petitions for reconsideration. The results lead us to believe that further testing likely would not suggest a need for any significant changes to other stopping distance requirements nor would it lead to improvements in the robustness of the equation.

Regarding HDBMC's comments that the rise times used in the final rule would make very fast brake timings necessary and that could result in high braking torques occurring prior to load transfer and deep cycling of the ABS, and as a result those timings would contribute to longer stopping distances, we presume that HDMBC was referring primarily to the tractor's steer axle that experiences the greatest increase in load transfer during a maximum effort stop. In response to this concern, we note three observations from the agency's testing. First, the fastest rise times observed in the testing were in the unloaded condition and were approximately 0.30 seconds, which closely matched the average brake application timing of 0.31 seconds that was measured on the steer axle. Second, the brake application timing was not particularly fast on the drive axles (0.41 and 0.42 seconds for the rear and intermediate drive axles respectively), and the rise times for the tractors tested in the loaded condition were similar to the drive axle application timing (average of 0.43 seconds). Third, deep cycling of the ABS system was not observed during any stops in the unloaded and loaded conditions. The test tractor was able to meet nearly all of the stopping distance requirements without particularly fast brake application timing. Further, HDBMC never provided its own test data in support of its assertion that fast brake timings would be required to meet the stopping distance requirements at lower initial test speeds.

Based on the foregoing, the agency has decided to increase the stopping distances set forth in Table II of FMVSS No. 121 for typical tractors in the loaded condition (column (3)) and for unloaded tractors (column (6)) from an initial speed of 20 mph. For typical tractors in the loaded condition, the agency is increasing the stopping distance from an initial speed of 20 mph from 30 feet to 32 feet. The basis for this change is that the agency's testing program showed decreased steady-state deceleration performance at this initial test speed compared to what was predicted. The agency based the 30-foot stopping distance on the assumption that lower initial test speeds would always have a higher steady-state deceleration when compared to higher initial test speeds. The tractor tests showed that this was the case between initial test speeds of 60 and 35 mph. However, variations occurred below 25 mph. We believe that braking tests with initial speeds below 35 mph are of such short duration that there is insufficient time to attain and maintain the level of steady-state deceleration performance that is seen from higher initial braking speeds.

The agency is also increasing the stopping distance for tractors in the unloaded condition from an initial speed of 20 mph from 28 feet to 30 feet. In the agency's testing, the test tractor exceeded the new stopping distances in the unloaded condition from initial test speeds between 60 mph and 30 mph by a margin of greater than 20 percent. At 25 mph, the compliance margin narrowed to 16 percent, and at 20 mph, the compliance margin further narrowed to eight percent. Increasing the unloaded stopping distance from 28 feet to 30 feet would improve the margin of compliance to 14 percent. The eight percent margin of compliance stands out when considering that a tractor that would not have as good of braking performance as the tractor tested, such that it would have lower margins of compliance at higher initial test speeds. As we stated above, we were not able to test an unloaded tractor with a zero margin of compliance from an initial test speed of 60 mph. We are making this change in anticipation that some atypical tractors with lower margins of compliance in the unloaded condition would have difficulty achieving the 28 foot stopping distance.

The agency notes that these changes are being made based on the testing of a tractor that was adjusted to just meet the stopping distance requirements for the stops from 60 mph in the loaded condition. We anticipate that tractors with improved braking performance will be designed to have a greater-than-zero margin of compliance to the new stopping distance requirements so that minor variations in the vehicle manufacturing process and brake components can be tolerated. Thus, we expect that the stopping distance performance of vehicles at all initial test speeds would be slightly better as well. The agency has received no additional test data after the petitions for reconsideration were filed. We are therefore amending the stopping distances for reduced initial speeds based solely upon the agency's own test data.

We also wish to clarify that tractors, trucks, and buses must only meet the stopping distance requirements at the initial test speed corresponding to the highest speed attainable by the vehicle. As stated in S5.3.1.1 of FMVSS No. 121, vehicle stops are generally conducted from 60 mph in both the loaded and unloaded conditions. However, if the speed attainable by a vehicle in two miles is less than 60 mph, the vehicle is required to stop from a speed in Table II that is four to eight mph less than the speed attainable in two miles. Thus, FMVSS No. 121 does not require that stops be conducted from all initial test speeds listed in Table II; rather, stopping distance tests are conducted from either 60 mph or from the speed that is four to eight mph less than the highest speed attainable within two miles.

V. Technical Correction

In the notes portion of Table II of FMVSS No. 121, the label for column (6) is “Unloaded Tractors (Bobtail),” which is the stopping distance requirements for unloaded tractors using the service brakes, whereas the label for column (8) is “Unloaded Tractors,” which is the stopping distance requirements for unloaded tractors using the emergency brake. The vehicle loading conditions tested in columns (6) and (8) are identical. The term “Bobtail” is included as a parenthetical to the label for column (6) to make clear that the stopping distance requirements in that column are to be met without a trailer attached. So there is no confusion that the loading condition for column (8) is identical to the loading condition for column (6), we are adding the term “Bobtail” in parenthesis in the label for column (8).

VI. Effective Date

Section 30111(d) of title 49, United States Code, provides that a Federal motor vehicle safety standard may not become effective before the 180th day after the standard is prescribed or later than one year after it is prescribed except when a different effective date is, for good cause shown, in the public interest. This rule makes amendments to regulatory provisions that are subject to phase-in that were set forth in the July 2009 final rule. These amendments would not impose new requirements; rather, these amendments simply adjust the required maximum stopping distances at very low speeds by slightly relaxing them to be consistent with what the agency intended in the April 2007 final rule. Therefore, good cause exists for these amendments to be made effective in the timeframe already in place concerning the effective dates of implementation of the reduced stopping distance requirements in FMVSS No. 121.

VII. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

A. Executive Order 12866, Executive Order 13563, and DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures

The agency has considered the impact of this rulemaking action under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 and the DOT's regulatory policies and procedures. This action was not reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866. The agency has considered the impact of this action under the Department of Transportation's regulatory policies and procedures (44 FR 11034; February 26, 1979), and has determined that it is not “significant” under them.

This action completes the agency's response to petitions for reconsideration regarding the July 2009 final rule amending FMVSS No. 121. This final rule revises the stopping distance table for vehicles from very low speeds to reflect agency's intent in the July 2009 final rule regarding braking performance level from very low test speeds. Today's action will not cause any additional expenses for vehicle manufacturers. This action will not have any significant safety impacts.

B. Privacy Act

Anyone is able to search the electronic form of all documents received into any of our dockets by the name of the individual submitting the document (or signing the document, if submitted on behalf of an association, business, labor union, etc.). You may review DOT's complete Privacy Act Statement in the Federal Register published on April 11, 2000 (Volume 65, Number 70; Pages 19477-78) or you may visit http://docketsinfo.dot.gov/​.

C. Other Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

In the July 2009 final rule, the agency discussed relevant requirements related to the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, Executive Order 13132 (Federalism), the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, Civil Justice Reform, the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, the Paperwork Reduction Act, and Executive Order 13045 (Protection of Children from Environmental Health and Safety Risks). As today's rule merely makes minor changes in the stopping distance at lower speeds to reflect agency's intent in the July 2009 final rule regarding braking performance level from very low test speeds, it will not have any effect on the agency's analyses in those areas.

VIII. Regulatory Text

List of Subjects in 49 CFR Parts 571

• Imports
• Motor vehicle safety
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Tires

In consideration of the foregoing, NHTSA amends 49 CFR part 571 as follows:

PART 571—FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS

1. The authority citation for part 571 of Title 49 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 322, 30111, 30115, 30117, and 30166; delegation of authority at 49 CFR 1.50.

2. In § 571.121, revise Table II to read as follows:

§ 571.121

Standard No. 121; Air brake systems.

* * * * *

Table II—Stopping Distance in Feet

Vehicle speed in miles per hour	Service brake						Emergency brake
	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9	PFC 0.9
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
20	32	35	32	35	38	30	83	85
25	49	54	45	54	59	43	123	131
30	70	78	65	78	84	61	170	186
35	96	106	89	106	114	84	225	250
40	125	138	114	138	149	108	288	325
45	158	175	144	175	189	136	358	409
50	195	216	176	216	233	166	435	504
55	236	261	212	261	281	199	520	608
60	280	310	250	310	335	235	613	720
(1) Loaded and Unloaded Buses.
(2) Loaded Single-Unit Trucks.
(3) Loaded Tractors with Two Axles; or with Three Axles and a GVWR of 70,000 lbs. or less; or with Four or More Axles and a GVWR of 85,000 lbs. or less. Tested with an Unbraked Control Trailer.
(4) Loaded Tractors with Three Axles and a GVWR greater than 70,000 lbs.; or with Four or More Axles and a GVWR greater than 85,000 lbs. Tested with an Unbraked Control Trailer.
(5) Unloaded Single-Unit Trucks.
(6) Unloaded Tractors (Bobtail).
(7) All Vehicles except Tractors, Loaded and Unloaded.
(8) Unloaded Tractors (Bobtail).

* * * * *

Issued on: July 21, 2011.

Ronald L. Medford,

Deputy Administrator.

Footnotes

1.  74 FR 37122; Docket No. NHTSA-2009-0083-0001.

2.  The complete derivation for this equation was included in the docket. See Docket No. NHTSA-2005-21462-0039, at 18-22.

3.  74 FR 58562; Docket No. NHTSA-2009-0175-0001.

4.  The agency made further correcting amendments to correct an omission in the November 2009 final rule. See 75 FR 15620 (Mar. 30, 2010); Docket No. 2009-0175-0004.

5.  See Docket No. NHTSA-2005-21462-0020.

6.  DOT HS 811 488, available at http://www.nhtsa.gov/​DOT/​NHTSA/​NVS/​Vehicle Research & Test Center (VRTC)/ca/811488.pdf, Docket No. NHTSA-2009-0175-0005.

7.  Repairs were necessary to this vehicle in order to meet the 0.45 second brake application timing requirement.

8.  The tractor's GVWR was 50,000 pounds. The load necessary to meet the 250-foot stopping requirement with the control trailer attached was 42,840 pounds.

9.  We believed that including the stopping distance equation in preamble to the final rule was useful to provide the agency's view on how tractors are anticipated to meet the stopping distance requirements at reduced speeds.