2023-15551. General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds  

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    AGENCY:

    Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

    ACTION:

    Final rule.

    SUMMARY:

    We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the List of Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species and changing names to conform to accepted use by the scientific community. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. The net increase of 13 species (16 added and 3 removed) brings the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,106. We also revise the scientific name of a species subject to specific migratory-bird-permit regulations and revise corresponding entries for several migratory bird species that are also listed on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife under the Endangered Species Act to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. We are taking this action because an accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public-notification, regulatory, and law-enforcement purposes and to ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations.

    DATES:

    This rule is effective August 30, 2023.

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    FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

    Eric L. Kershner, Chief, Division of Bird Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Migratory Bird Program; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041–3803; (703) 358–2376; or Elizabeth Maclin, Chief, Division of Restoration and Recovery; Ecological Services; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: ES; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041–3803; (703) 358–2646. Individuals in the United States who are deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access telecommunications relay services. Individuals outside the United States should use the relay services offered within their country to make international calls to the point-of-contact in the United States.

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    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

    I. List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13)

    Statutory Authority of the Service for Maintaining and Revising the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA

    The Service (as delegated by the Secretary) has the statutory authority and responsibility for implementing and enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95–616; 16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–742j, not including 742d–1). The MBTA implements conventions (bilateral treaties) between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

    (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104–28 (December 14, 1995);

    (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended March 10, 1972 (23 U.S.T. 260; T.I.A.S. 7302), and by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105–26 (May 5, 1997);

    (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and

    (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

    What is the purpose of this rulemaking?

    Our purpose is to inform the public of updates to the list of species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at parts 10, 20, 21, and 92. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of birds protected by the MBTA. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public and other Federal, State, and Tribal agencies of which species are subject to regulatory protections.

    Why is this amendment of the list of birds protected by the MBTA necessary?

    The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to:

    (1) Add 11 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2019;

    (2) Add five species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;

    (3) Remove three species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes;

    (4) Change the common (English) names of eight species to conform to accepted use; and

    (5) Change the scientific names of 22 species to conform to accepted use.

    The List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21282). The amendments in this rule were necessitated by three published supplements and one published addendum to a supplement to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American Birds (AOS 2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022) and the 2016, 2019, and 2021 publications of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2016, 2019, 2021).

    What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of birds protected by the MBTA?

    Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOS 2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOS Checklist of Start Printed Page 49311 North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOS Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America; they evaluate and publish the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's Checklist represents the best scientific information available for developing the North American component of this List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States.

    For the species that occur in the U.S. territories outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2016, 2019, and 2021 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2016, 2019, 2021), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the Clements Checklist, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist. Range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information but do not include records of vagrancy.

    Although we primarily rely on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa and whether to include taxonomic changes. We also evaluate available documentation for new species documented to occur naturally in the United States or U.S. territories and come to our own conclusion regarding whether to add those species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA.

    For this update, we reviewed 13 species that were added to the AOS Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories (AOS 2020a, 2021, and 2022). Based on the available evidence and criteria to identify individual species that qualify for protection by the MBTA (see below), we add 11 of those 13 species. We elected not to add 2 of the 13 species, Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio, and Graylag Goose, Anser anser.

    When we reviewed the evidence for the record of Red-backed Shrike that was accepted by the AOS, along with an analysis from an AOS committee member, we learned the shrike in question was a juvenile. The best current information does not reliably demonstrate how juveniles of Red-backed Shrike can be distinguished from juvenile Red-tailed Shrikes, Lanius phoenicuroides, and the two species are also known to commonly hybridize. While there are descriptions available in the literature of adult hybrids of these two shrike species, this is not the case for juvenile hybrids. Therefore, due to the challenges in identification, we decided not to include this record at this time. We may revisit this decision to exclude the Red-backed Shrike in a subsequent update to the list if a reliable method of distinguishing juveniles and hybrid juveniles of the two species is devised.

    Regarding the Graylag Goose, we considered the regulatory implications of adding it to the list because the species intermixes with other goose species that may be hunted under the Service's and State hunting regulations. We decided not to add the species at this time while we consider those regulatory implications, similar to how we treated the split of Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii, from Canada Goose, Branta canadensis, in 2013 (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013), later adding the species to the 50 CFR 10.13 list in 2020 (85 FR 21282; April 16, 2020). We may reconsider adding this species in a subsequent update to the list once the frequency of the species occurring in the United States is better understood and what the implications to hunting regulations in 50 CFR part 20 would be. We reserve the right to revisit these decisions if additional information becomes available.

    As is customary with species subject to our hunting regulations at 50 CFR part 20, we consulted with the Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic Flyway Councils in our review of the taxonomic split of Mexican Duck from Mallard. We also reviewed published scientific literature regarding the Mallard split (Bellrose 1976; Hubbard 1977; Brown 1985; Lavretsky et al. 2015, 2019; AOS 2020a). Ultimately, we concluded to add Mexican Duck to the list.

    What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA?

    A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria:

    (1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a species or a member of a family protected by one of the four international treaties or their amendments. A naturally occurring species is protected by the MBTA as a member of a protected family even if the species is ecologically nonmigratory, meaning it does not exhibit seasonal movements (also known as a resident species). For example, the Bushtit ( Psaltriparus minimus) is a resident, nonmigratory species and is included in 50 CFR 10.13 because it occurs in a family (Aegithalidae) that is protected by the bilateral treaty with Canada. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the treaties, unless:

    • It was either native to the United States or its territories and extant in 1918; or
    • It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States and its territories, and, after such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency.

    (2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be Start Printed Page 49312 included if either of the following criteria apply:

    • The species resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade or other commercial activities if the species is not included; or
    • Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying conventions.

    (3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from new or natural distributional changes and the species belongs to a protected family. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order. Records and the evidence supporting their acceptance by the AOS, Clements Checklist, or peer-reviewed literature are reviewed independently by the Service before we propose adding the species to the list.

    In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108–447, December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071–72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). An amended list of the nonnative bird species that have been introduced by humans into the United States or U.S. territories and to which the MBTA does not apply was published in the Federal Register on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21262), with a correction published on May 3, 2021 (86 FR 23422).

    What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

    The MBTA does not apply to:

    (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories.

    (2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories.

    How do the changes affect the list of birds protected by the MBTA?

    The amendments (16 additions, 3 removals, and 30 name changes) affect a total of 47 species and result in a net addition of 13 species to the List of Migratory Birds Protected by the MBTA, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,093 to 1,106. Five of the 16 added species are new species that have been recognized as a result of a taxonomic split and occur in the United States or U.S. territories and were previously covered under the MBTA as members of listed species (conspecific). These amendments can be logically arranged in the following five categories:

    (1) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2019), or by other appropriate ornithological authorities, and the Service of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State or U.S. territory in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication:

    Chestnut-winged Cuckoo, Clamator coromandus —Guam (Kastner et al., 2018);

    Dark-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus —Texas and Florida (AOS 2020a);

    Hooded Crane, Grus monacha —Alaska (AOS 2022);

    Northern Giant-Petrel, Macronectes halli —Washington (AOS 2022);

    Long-legged Buzzard, Buteo rufinus —Alaska (AOS 2020a);

    Pallas's Gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus —Alaska (AOS 2021);

    Inca Tern, Larosterna inca —Hawaii (AOS 2022);

    Small-billed Elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris —Illinois (AOS 2022);

    Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola —Alaska (AOS 2021);

    Blue-and-white Swallow, Pygochelidon cyanoleuca —Texas (AOS 2022); and

    Naumann's Thrush, Turdus naumanni —Alaska (AOS 2022).

    (2) Add five species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species ( i.e., a taxonomic split). Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions would not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:

    Mexican Duck, Anas diazi —formerly considered conspecific with Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);

    Short-billed Gull, Larus brachyrhynchus —formerly named Mew Gull and considered conspecific with Larus canus, which now has the English name of Common Gull and remains on the list based on prior occurrences of the Common Gull taxon in the United States (AOS 2021);

    Puerto Rican Mango, Anthracothorax aurulentus —formerly considered conspecific with Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022);

    Asian Stonechat, Saxicola maurus —formerly considered conspecific with Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022); and

    Chihuahuan Meadowlark, Sturnella lilianae —formerly considered conspecific with Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella manga (AOS 2022).

    (3) Remove three species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Start Printed Page 49313 Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes:

    Northwestern Crow, Corvus caurinus, is combined with American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);

    Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022); and

    Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022).

    (4) Revise the common (English) names of eight species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications 2020a, 2020b, and 2021 and Clements et al. 2011, 2019, and 2021. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table below.

    (5) Revise the scientific names of 22 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications 2020a and 2021 and Clements et al. 2016 and 2021. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.

    Table of Name Changes, as Described in Categories 4 and 5, Above

    [The table is organized following AOS (2021) taxonomic order. The relevant AOS or Clements publication is provided.]

    Publication source and yearPrevious common nameCurrent common name
    Clements et al. 2019Shy Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas stairiShy Ground Dove, Alopecoenas stairi.
    Clements et al. 2019White-throated Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonurusWhite-throated Ground Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonurus.
    Clements et al. 2011Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropusEurasian Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus.
    AOS 2021Mew Gull, Larus canusCommon Gull, Larus canus.
    Clements et al. 2021Rufous Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicusNankeen Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus.
    AOS 2020bMcCown's Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccowniiThick-billed Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii.
    Publication source and yearPrevious scientific nameCurrent scientific name
    AOS 2020aBumblebee Hummingbird, Atthis heloisaBumblebee Hummingbird, Selasphorus heloisa.
    AOS 2020aPuerto Rican Emerald, Chlorostilbon maugaeusPuerto Rican Emerald, Riccordia maugaeus.
    AOS 2020aWhite-eared Hummingbird, Hylocharis leucotisWhite-eared Hummingbird, Basilinna leucotis.
    AOS 2020aXantus's Hummingbird, Hylocharis xantusiiXantus's Hummingbird, Basilinna xantusii.
    AOS 2022Violet-crowned Hummingbird, Amazilia violicepsViolet-crowned Hummingbird, Ramosomyia violiceps.
    AOS 2020aBerylline Hummingbird, Amazilia beryllinaBerylline Hummingbird, Saucerottia beryllina.
    Clements et al. 2021Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma matsudairaeMatsudaira's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates matsudairae.
    Clements et al. 2016Little Pied Cormorant, Phalacrocorax melanoleucosLittle Pied Cormorant, Microcarbo melanoleucos.
    AOS 2021Brandt's Cormorant , Phalacrocorax penicillatusBrandt's Cormorant, Urile penicillatus.
    AOS 2021Red-faced Cormorant , Phalacrocorax urileRed-faced Cormorant , Urile urile.
    AOS 2021Pelagic Cormorant , Phalacrocorax pelagicusPelagic Cormorant, Urile pelagicus.
    AOS 2021Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritusDouble-crested Cormorant, Nannopterum auritum.
    AOS 2021Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianusNeotropic Cormorant, Nannopterum brasilianum.
    AOS 2022Mottled Owl, Ciccaba virgataMottled Owl, Strix virgata.
    AOS 2021Crested Caracara, Caracara cheriwayCrested Caracara, Caracara plancus.
    AOS 2021Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendulaRuby-crowned Kinglet, Corthylio calendula.
    AOS 2021Sedge Wren, Cistothorus platensisSedge Wren, Cistothorus stellaris.
    AOS 2020aDusky Thrush, Turdus naumanniDusky Thrush, Turdus eunomus.
    AOS 2021Antillean Euphonia, Euphonia musicaAntillean Euphonia, Chlorophonia musica.
    AOS 2021Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriataFive-striped Sparrow, Amphispizopsis quinquestriata.
    Publication source and yearPrevious common and scientific nameCurrent common and scientific name
    AOS 2020aPuerto Rican Screech-Owl, Megascops nudipesPuerto Rican Owl, Gymnasio nudipes.
    AOS 2020a, AOS 2021Middendorff 's Grasshopper-Warbler, Locustella ochotensisMiddendorff's Grasshopper Warbler, Helopsaltes ochotensis.

    How is the list of birds protected by the MBTA organized?

    The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2021) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

    In this rule, we present a new table format for the alphabetical and taxonomic listings at 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and (c)(2), respectively. We made this change in presenting these listings to conform to the Office of the Federal Register's formatting standards and to make information on the lists clearer and easier to locate. For clarity, we also added a new section heading for 50 CFR 10.13: rather than the current “List of Migratory Birds,” we title this section of the regulations, “List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.” Start Printed Page 49314

    II. Special Double-Crested Cormorant Permit (50 CFR 21.123)

    Because we are revising the scientific name for the Double-crested Cormorant on the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA at 50 CFR 10.13, as described above, we also revise the scientific name for that species ( Nannopterum auritum) in our special permit regulations related to that species at 50 CFR 21.123. This is purely an administrative action that does not amend the purpose of, eligibility for, application procedures for, conditions of, information-collection requirements associated with, or any other regulatory provisions associated with that permit.

    III. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (50 CFR 17.11(h))

    We also revise the corresponding entries on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of several migratory bird species that are also listed as endangered or threatened species under the ESA to reflect the currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. These revisions ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations. Some ESA-listed migratory bird species' names are not included in this rule because they are being corrected in other documents that have published, or will publish, in the Federal Register .

    Background

    The List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (“the ESA Lists”), set forth in title 50 of the CFR at §§ 17.11 and 17.12, respectively, contain the names of endangered species and threatened species federally listed pursuant to the ESA.

    The regulations at 50 CFR 17.11(c) and 17.12(b) direct us to use the most recently accepted scientific name of any wildlife or plant species that we have determined to be an endangered or threatened species.

    Purpose

    We revise the ESA List at 50 CFR 17.11(h) to reflect the scientifically accepted taxonomy and nomenclature of nine bird species listed under section 4 of the ESA. These revisions reflect the most recently accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

    None of the taxonomic changes to migratory bird species listed as endangered or threatened species under the ESA are regulatory in nature; they are for accuracy and clarity. These revisions do not alter species' protections or status under either the MBTA or ESA in any way. Any actions altering a species' protection or status would require a separate rulemaking action following the procedures of 50 CFR part 424.

    Taxonomic Changes to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife

    The table below lists the taxonomic changes that reflect the revised taxonomy and nomenclature for nine bird species listed under section 4 of the ESA. These changes reflect the most recently accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

    Table of Taxonomic Revisions to the ESA List at § 17.11( h ) Reflecting the Current Scientifically Accepted Taxonomy and Nomenclature for These Species

    Species name as currently listedCorrected species name
    Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS] ( Polyborus plancus audubonii)Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS] ( Caracara plancus audubonii).
    Crane, Mississippi sandhill ( Grus canadensis pulla)Crane, Mississippi sandhill ( Antigone canadensis pulla).
    Nightjar, Puerto Rican ( Caprimulgus noctitherus)Nightjar, Puerto Rican ( Antrostomus noctitherus).
    Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain ( Columba inornata wetmorei)Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain ( Patagioenas inornata wetmorei).
    Rail, California clapper ( Rallus longirostris obsoletus)Rail, California Ridgway's ( Rallus obsoletus obsoletus).
    Rail, light-footed clapper ( Rallus longirostris levipes)Rail, light-footed Ridgway's ( Rallus obsoletus levipes).
    Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside ( Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside ( Ammospiza maritima mirabilis).
    Tern, California least ( Sterna antillarum browni)Tern, California least ( Sternula antillarum browni).
    Towhee, Inyo California ( Pipilo crissalis eremophilus)Towhee, Inyo California ( Melozone crissalis eremophilus).

    Using the best available scientific information, this rule documents taxonomic changes of the scientific names for nine birds in their entries on the ESA List. To the extent practicable, the Service relies on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) to determine a species' scientific name for inclusion on the List. ITIS incorporates the naming principles established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, produced by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, an organization that provides and regulates a uniform system of zoological nomenclature. While ITIS is a reliable database source of taxonomic information, ITIS is incomplete and does not yet reflect the most recently accepted scientific names for some species. As noted above, the scientific names for the nine listed bird species are supported by AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016; AOS 2018, 2020a, 2020b, and 2021). The Service finds that the scientific and common names should be recognized as presented in the table above. Accordingly, we revise the scientific names of these species under section 4 of the ESA and in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

    Of the nine species that are subject to the taxonomic revisions of the ESA List in this rule, three have designated critical habitat. For clarity and consistency, we revise the headings of the critical habitat designations at 50 CFR 17.95(b) to reflect the corrected scientific names for the following species: Mississippi sandhill crane, Cape Sable seaside sparrow, and Inyo California towhee.

    These changes do not affect the range or endangered or threatened status for any of these nine listed migratory bird species, or any designated critical habitat.

    IV. Summary of Comments and Responses

    On December 12, 2022, we published in the Federal Register (87 FR 75977) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending February 10, 2023. We received seven comments in response to the proposed rule; five were from private individuals, one was from a State Game and Fish Department, and one was from an organization. Several comments supported the changes we proposed. The following text discusses the Start Printed Page 49315 substantive comments we received by topic and provides our responses.

    Comment (1): One individual requested that no species be removed from protection.

    Response: As explained above, species are removed from the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13 based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. We are removing three species from the list that fit one or more of these criteria.

    Comment (2): One individual requested that Ainley's Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates cheimomnestes) be added to the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13 because there is published evidence of its occurrence in waters off California and provided a weblink for the publication.

    Response: We reviewed the published evidence for the occurrence of Ainley's Storm-Petrel. In summary, the published evidence is for a scientific study where Ainley's Storm-Petrels breeding on an islet in Mexico were tagged with Global Positioning System data loggers and the tracks of multiple birds showed birds flew into U.S. waters off the coast of southern California. As described above, we primarily rely on the expertise of the AOS Committee on Classification and Nomenclature to compile the distributional information for each species on the AOS Checklist, including whether the species is known to occur in the United States. We then evaluate available documentation for any species added based on new natural distribution in the United States and come to our own conclusion about adding it to the list. The AOS Committee has not yet published a decision on these potential occurrences of Ainley's Storm-Petrel in the United States and has not yet addressed the occurrence of any species established only by the presence of birds tagged with GPS-data loggers. We will evaluate whether to add the species to the list after the AOS Committee or other ornithological experts have assessed the evidence for occurrence of Ainley's Storm-Petrel in U.S. waters based solely on remote-sensing technology.

    Comment (3): One commenter made the comment that the Service is unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language meaning of the term “occurring.”

    Response: The Service's interpretation of the term “occurring” is a reasonable reading of the MBTA, which protects species “native to the United States or its territories” and defines that phrase to mean “occurring in the United States or its territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes” (16 U.S.C. 703(b)(2)). This definition demonstrates that the word “occurring” refers to the species protected by the statute. “Species” is a collective noun that refers to a group of individual birds—in other words, a “species” occurs wherever there is an individual member of the species. Therefore, the MBTA encompasses every bird species covered by the treaties for which there has been at least one occurrence in the United States or its territories as the result of natural processes. Moreover, nothing in the statute's legislative history suggests that Congress was concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. There is also no established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is occurring in the United States or U.S. territories based on an undefined threshold number of documented records. Thus, a single documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories is not only a reasonable threshold to qualify a species for protection under the MBTA but is the threshold compelled by the plain language of the statute.

    V. Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

    As noted above under IV. Summary of Comments and Responses, in this final rule, we do not make any substantive changes to our December 12, 2022, proposed rule (87 FR 75977) in response to comments we received during that proposal's comment period. Further, we did not receive any new information that led us to make any substantive changes to our proposed rule in this final rule. The only changes we have made to the proposed rule in this final rule are minor editorial revisions to correct spellings or to ensure clarity and consistency in the formatting and presentation of the rule.

    VI. Required Determinations

    Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)

    Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant.

    Executive Order (E.O.) 14094 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 and E.O 13563 and states that regulatory analysis should facilitate agency efforts to develop regulations that serve the public interest, advance statutory objectives, and are consistent with E.O. 12866, E.O. 13563, and the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2021 (Modernizing Regulatory Review). Regulatory analysis, as practicable and appropriate, shall recognize distributive impacts and equity, to the extent permitted by law. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements.

    Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities ( i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

    SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an Start Printed Page 49316 administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates on the ESA List. Because of the administrative nature of this rulemaking, the final rule will have no known economic impacts on small entities. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

    Congressional Review Act

    This rule is not a major rule under 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Congressional Review Act. It will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.

    a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.

    b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers; individual industries; Federal, State, or local government agencies; or geographic regions.

    c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.

    Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following:

    a. This rule does not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates on the ESA List; it does not affect small government activities in any significant way.

    b. This rule does not produce a federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

    Takings

    In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for the taking of private property. Therefore, a takings-implication assessment is not required.

    Federalism

    This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from updating the list of migratory bird species and certain entries on the ESA List.

    Civil Justice Reform

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.

    Paperwork Reduction Act

    This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor, and you are not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

    National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    Given that the revisions in this document are strictly administrative in nature, this action is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (see 43 CFR 46.210(i), applying to policies, directives, regulations, and guidelines that are of an administrative, financial, legal, technical, or procedural nature).

    Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    Of the species on the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 89 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species or their designated critical habitats. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.

    Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian Tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with or affect the Tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on Tribal lands.

    Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)

    On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates on the ESA List, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and it does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

    References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available on https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS–HQ–MB–2022–0036, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT , above).

    Start List of Subjects

    List of Subjects

    CFR Part 10

    • Exports
    • Fish
    • Imports
    • Law enforcement
    • Plants
    • Transportation
    • Wildlife

    CFR Part 17

    • Endangered and threatened species
    • Exports
    • Imports
    • Plants
    • Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
    • Transportation
    • Wildlife

    CFR Part 21

    • Exports
    • Hunting
    • Imports
    • Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
    • Transportation
    • Wildlife
    End List of Subjects

    Regulation Promulgation

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

    Start Part

    PART 10—GENERAL PROVISIONS

    End Part Start Amendment Part

    1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part Start Authority

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a–d, 703–712, 742a–j–l, 1361–1384, 1401–1407, 1531–1543, 3371–3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.

    End Authority Start Printed Page 49317 Start Amendment Part

    2. Amend § 10.13 by revising the section heading and paragraph (c) to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part
    List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
    * * * * *

    (c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2021). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist, we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2007, as updated through 2021).

    (1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name.

    Table 1 to Paragraph ( c )(1)—Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

    Common name groupSpecies common nameSpecies scientific name
    AccentorSiberian AccentorPrunella montanella.
    `Akeke`e`Akeke`eLoxops caeruleirostris.
    `AkepaHawaii `AkepaLoxops coccineus.
    Maui `AkepaLoxops ochraceus.
    O`ahu `AkepaLoxops wolstenholmei.
    `AkialoaKauai `AkialoaAkialoa stejnegeri.
    Maui Nui 'AkialoaAkialoa lanaiensis.
    O`ahu `AkialoaAkialoa ellisiana.
    `Akiapola`au`Akiapola`auHemignathus wilsoni.
    `Akikiki`AkikikiOreomystis bairdi.
    `Akohekohe`AkohekohePalmeria dolei.
    `AlauahioMaui `AlauahioParoreomyza montana.
    O`ahu `AlauahioParoreomyza maculata.
    AlbatrossBlack-browed AlbatrossThalassarche melanophris.
    Black-footed AlbatrossPhoebastria nigripes.
    Chatham AlbatrossThalassarche eremita.
    Laysan AlbatrossPhoebastria immutabilis.
    Light-mantled AlbatrossPhoebetria palpebrata.
    Salvin's AlbatrossThalassarche salvini.
    Short-tailed AlbatrossPhoebastria albatrus.
    Wandering AlbatrossDiomedea exulans.
    White-capped AlbatrossThalassarche cauta.
    Yellow-nosed AlbatrossThalassarche chlororhynchos.
    `AmakihiHawaii `AmakihiChlorodrepanis virens.
    Kaua`i `AmakihiChlorodrepanis stejnegeri.
    O`ahu `AmakihiChlorodrepanis flava.
    AnhingaAnhingaAnhinga anhinga.
    AniGroove-billed AniCrotophaga sulcirostris.
    Smooth-billed AniCrotophaga ani.
    `Anianiau`AnianiauMagumma parva.
    `Apapane`ApapaneHimatione sanguinea.
    AukletCassin's AukletPtychoramphus aleuticus.
    Crested AukletAethia cristatella.
    Least AukletAethia pusilla.
    Parakeet AukletAethia psittacula.
    Rhinoceros AukletCerorhinca monocerata.
    Whiskered AukletAethia pygmaea.
    AvocetAmerican AvocetRecurvirostra americana.
    BananaquitBananaquitCoereba flaveola.
    Bean-GooseTaiga Bean-GooseAnser fabalis.
    Tundra Bean-GooseAnser serrirostris.
    Beardless-TyrannuletNorthern Beardless-TyrannuletCamptostoma imberbe.
    BecardGray-collared BecardPachyramphus major.
    Rose-throated BecardPachyramphus aglaiae.
    BitternAmerican BitternBotaurus lentiginosus.
    Black BitternIxobrychus flavicollis.
    Least BitternIxobrychus exilis.
    Schrenck's BitternIxobrychus eurhythmus.
    Yellow BitternIxobrychus sinensis.
    BlackbirdBrewer's BlackbirdEuphagus cyanocephalus.
    Red-winged BlackbirdAgelaius phoeniceus.
    Rusty BlackbirdEuphagus carolinus.
    Tawny-shouldered BlackbirdAgelaius humeralis.
    Tricolored BlackbirdAgelaius tricolor.
    Yellow-headed BlackbirdXanthocephalus xanthocephalus.
    Yellow-shouldered BlackbirdAgelaius xanthomus.
    BluebirdEastern BluebirdSialia sialis.
    Mountain BluebirdSialia currucoides.
    Western BluebirdSialia mexicana.
    BluetailRed-flanked BluetailTarsiger cyanurus.
    Start Printed Page 49318
    BluethroatBluethroatCyanecula svecica.
    BobolinkBobolinkDolichonyx oryzivorus.
    BoobookNorthern BoobookNinox japonica.
    BoobyAbbott's BoobyPapasula abbotti.
    Blue-footed BoobySula nebouxii.
    Brown BoobySula leucogaster.
    Masked BoobySula dactylatra.
    Nazca BoobySula granti.
    Red-footed BoobySula sula.
    BramblingBramblingFringilla montifringilla.
    BrantBrantBranta bernicla.
    BuffleheadBuffleheadBucephala albeola.
    BullfinchEurasian BullfinchPyrrhula pyrrhula.
    Puerto Rican BullfinchMelopyrrha portoricensis.
    BuntingBlue BuntingCyanocompsa parellina.
    Gray BuntingEmberiza variabilis.
    Indigo BuntingPasserina cyanea.
    Lark BuntingCalamospiza melanocorys.
    Lazuli BuntingPasserina amoena.
    Little BuntingEmberiza pusilla.
    McKay's BuntingPlectrophenax hyperboreus.
    Painted BuntingPasserina ciris.
    Pallas's BuntingEmberiza pallasi.
    Pine BuntingEmberiza leucocephalos.
    Reed BuntingEmberiza schoeniclus.
    Rustic BuntingEmberiza rustica.
    Snow BuntingPlectrophenax nivalis.
    Varied BuntingPasserina versicolor.
    Yellow-breasted BuntingEmberiza aureola.
    Yellow-browed BuntingEmberiza chrysophrys.
    Yellow-throated BuntingEmberiza elegans.
    BushtitBushtitPsaltriparus minimus.
    BuzzardGray-faced BuzzardButastur indicus.
    Long-legged BuzzardButeo rufinus.
    CanvasbackCanvasbackAythya valisineria.
    CaracaraCrested CaracaraCaracara plancus.
    CardinalNorthern CardinalCardinalis cardinalis.
    CaribGreen-throated CaribEulampis holosericeus.
    Purple-throated CaribEulampis jugularis.
    CatbirdBlack CatbirdMelanoptila glabrirostris.
    Gray CatbirdDumetella carolinensis.
    ChaffinchCommon ChaffinchFringilla coelebs.
    ChatYellow-breasted ChatIcteria virens.
    ChickadeeBlack-capped ChickadeePoecile atricapillus.
    Boreal ChickadeePoecile hudsonicus.
    Carolina ChickadeePoecile carolinensis.
    Chestnut-backed ChickadeePoecile rufescens.
    Gray-headed ChickadeePoecile cinctus.
    Mexican ChickadeePoecile sclateri.
    Mountain ChickadeePoecile gambeli.
    ChiffchaffCommon ChiffchaffPhylloscopus collybita.
    Chuck-will's-widowChuck-will's-widowAntrostomus carolinensis.
    CondorCalifornia CondorGymnogyps californianus.
    CootAmerican CootFulica americana.
    Eurasian CootFulica atra.
    Hawaiian CootFulica alai.
    CormorantBrandt's CormorantUrile penicillatus.
    Double-crested CormorantNannopterum auritum.
    Great CormorantPhalacrocorax carbo.
    Little Pied CormorantMicrocarbo melanoleucos.
    Neotropic CormorantNannopterum brasilianum.
    Pelagic CormorantUrile pelagicus.
    Red-faced CormorantUrile urile.
    CowbirdBronzed CowbirdMolothrus aeneus.
    Brown-headed CowbirdMolothrus ater.
    Shiny CowbirdMolothrus bonariensis.
    CrakeCorn CrakeCrex crex.
    Paint-billed CrakeNeocrex erythrops.
    Spotless CrakePorzana tabuensis.
    Yellow-breasted CrakeHapalocrex flaviventer.
    CraneCommon CraneGrus grus.
    Start Printed Page 49319
    Hooded CraneGrus monacha.
    Sandhill CraneAntigone canadensis.
    Whooping CraneGrus americana.
    CreeperBrown CreeperCerthia americana.
    Hawaii CreeperLoxops mana.
    CrossbillCassia CrossbillLoxia sinesciuris.
    Red CrossbillLoxia curvirostra.
    White-winged CrossbillLoxia leucoptera.
    CrowAmerican CrowCorvus brachyrhynchos.
    Fish CrowCorvus ossifragus.
    Hawaiian CrowCorvus hawaiiensis.
    Mariana CrowCorvus kubaryi.
    Tamaulipas CrowCorvus imparatus.
    White-necked CrowCorvus leucognaphalus.
    CuckooBlack-billed CuckooCoccyzus erythropthalmus.
    Chestnut-winged CuckooClamator coromandus.
    Common CuckooCuculus canorus.
    Dark-billed CuckooCoccyzus melacoryphus.
    Mangrove CuckooCoccyzus minor.
    Oriental CuckooCuculus optatus.
    Yellow-billed CuckooCoccyzus americanus.
    CurlewBristle-thighed CurlewNumenius tahitiensis.
    Eskimo CurlewNumenius borealis.
    Eurasian CurlewNumenius arquata.
    Far Eastern CurlewNumenius madagascariensis.
    Little CurlewNumenius minutus.
    Long-billed CurlewNumenius americanus.
    DickcisselDickcisselSpiza americana.
    DipperAmerican DipperCinclus mexicanus.
    DotterelEurasian DotterelCharadrius morinellus.
    DoveCommon Ground DoveColumbina passerina.
    Inca DoveColumbina inca.
    Mourning DoveZenaida macroura.
    Ruddy Ground DoveColumbina talpacoti.
    Shy Ground DoveAlopecoenas stairi.
    White-throated Ground DoveAlopecoenas xanthonurus.
    White-tipped DoveLeptotila verreauxi.
    White-winged DoveZenaida asiatica.
    Zenaida DoveZenaida aurita.
    DovekieDovekieAlle alle.
    DowitcherLong-billed DowitcherLimnodromus scolopaceus.
    Short-billed DowitcherLimnodromus griseus.
    DuckAmerican Black DuckAnas rubripes.
    Eastern Spot-billed DuckAnas zonorhyncha.
    Falcated DuckMareca falcata.
    Harlequin DuckHistrionicus histrionicus.
    Hawaiian DuckAnas wyvilliana.
    Laysan DuckAnas laysanensis.
    Long-tailed DuckClangula hyemalis.
    Masked DuckNomonyx dominicus.
    Mexican DuckAnas diazi.
    Mottled DuckAnas fulvigula.
    Muscovy DuckCairina moschata.
    Pacific Black DuckAnas superciliosa.
    Ring-necked DuckAythya collaris.
    Ruddy DuckOxyura jamaicensis.
    Tufted DuckAythya fuligula.
    Wood DuckAix sponsa.
    DunlinDunlinCalidris alpina.
    EagleBald EagleHaliaeetus leucocephalus.
    Golden EagleAquila chrysaetos.
    White-tailed EagleHaliaeetus albicilla.
    EgretCattle EgretBubulcus ibis.
    Chinese EgretEgretta eulophotes.
    Great EgretArdea alba.
    Intermediate EgretArdea intermedia.
    Little EgretEgretta garzetta.
    Reddish EgretEgretta rufescens.
    Snowy EgretEgretta thula.
    EiderCommon EiderSomateria mollissima.
    King EiderSomateria spectabilis.
    Start Printed Page 49320
    Spectacled EiderSomateria fischeri.
    Steller's EiderPolysticta stelleri.
    ElaeniaCaribbean ElaeniaElaenia martinica.
    Greenish ElaeniaMyiopagis viridicata.
    Small-billed ElaeniaElaenia parvirostris.
    White-crested ElaeniaElaenia albiceps.
    EmeraldPuerto Rican EmeraldRiccordia maugaeus.
    EuphoniaAntillean EuphoniaChlorophonia musica.
    FalconAmur FalconFalco amurensis.
    Aplomado FalconFalco femoralis.
    Peregrine FalconFalco peregrinus.
    Prairie FalconFalco mexicanus.
    Red-footed FalconFalco vespertinus.
    FieldfareFieldfareTurdus pilaris.
    FinchCassin's FinchHaemorhous cassinii.
    House FinchHaemorhous mexicanus.
    Laysan FinchTelespiza cantans.
    Nihoa FinchTelespiza ultima.
    Purple FinchHaemorhous purpureus.
    FlamingoAmerican FlamingoPhoenicopterus ruber.
    FlickerGilded FlickerColaptes chrysoides.
    Northern FlickerColaptes auratus.
    FlycatcherAcadian FlycatcherEmpidonax virescens.
    Alder FlycatcherEmpidonax alnorum.
    Ash-throated FlycatcherMyiarchus cinerascens.
    Asian Brown FlycatcherMuscicapa dauurica.
    Brown-crested FlycatcherMyiarchus tyrannulus.
    Buff-breasted FlycatcherEmpidonax fulvifrons.
    Cordilleran FlycatcherEmpidonax occidentalis.
    Crowned Slaty FlycatcherEmpidonomus aurantioatrocristatus.
    Dark-sided FlycatcherMuscicapa sibirica.
    Dusky FlycatcherEmpidonax oberholseri.
    Dusky-capped FlycatcherMyiarchus tuberculifer.
    Fork-tailed FlycatcherTyrannus savana.
    Gray FlycatcherEmpidonax wrightii.
    Gray-streaked FlycatcherMuscicapa griseisticta.
    Great Crested FlycatcherMyiarchus crinitus.
    Hammond's FlycatcherEmpidonax hammondii.
    La Sagra's FlycatcherMyiarchus sagrae.
    Least FlycatcherEmpidonax minimus.
    Mugimaki FlycatcherFicedula mugimaki.
    Narcissus FlycatcherFicedula narcissina.
    Nutting's FlycatcherMyiarchus nuttingi.
    Olive-sided FlycatcherContopus cooperi.
    Pacific-slope FlycatcherEmpidonax difficilis.
    Pine FlycatcherEmpidonax affinis.
    Piratic FlycatcherLegatus leucophaius.
    Puerto Rican FlycatcherMyiarchus antillarum.
    Scissor-tailed FlycatcherTyrannus forficatus.
    Social FlycatcherMyiozetetes similis.
    Spotted FlycatcherMuscicapa striata.
    Sulphur-bellied FlycatcherMyiodynastes luteiventris.
    Taiga FlycatcherFicedula albicilla.
    Tufted FlycatcherMitrephanes phaeocercus.
    Variegated FlycatcherEmpidonomus varius.
    Vermilion FlycatcherPyrocephalus rubinus.
    Willow FlycatcherEmpidonax traillii.
    Yellow-bellied FlycatcherEmpidonax flaviventris.
    Forest-FalconCollared Forest-FalconMicrastur semitorquatus.
    FrigatebirdGreat FrigatebirdFregata minor.
    Lesser FrigatebirdFregata ariel.
    Magnificent FrigatebirdFregata magnificens.
    Fruit-DoveCrimson-crowned Fruit-DovePtilinopus porphyraceus.
    Many-colored Fruit-DovePtilinopus perousii.
    Mariana Fruit-DovePtilinopus roseicapilla.
    FulmarNorthern FulmarFulmarus glacialis.
    GadwallGadwallMareca strepera.
    GallinuleAzure GallinulePorphyrio flavirostris.
    Common GallinuleGallinula galeata.
    Purple GallinulePorphyrio martinicus.
    GannetNorthern GannetMorus bassanus.
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    GarganeyGarganeySpatula querquedula.
    Giant-PetrelNorthern Giant-PetrelMacronectes halli.
    GnatcatcherBlack-capped GnatcatcherPolioptila nigriceps.
    Black-tailed GnatcatcherPolioptila melanura.
    Blue-Gray GnatcatcherPolioptila caerulea.
    California GnatcatcherPolioptila californica.
    GodwitBar-tailed GodwitLimosa lapponica.
    Black-tailed GodwitLimosa limosa.
    Hudsonian GodwitLimosa haemastica.
    Marbled GodwitLimosa fedoa.
    GoldeneyeBarrow's GoldeneyeBucephala islandica.
    Common GoldeneyeBucephala clangula.
    Golden-PloverAmerican Golden-PloverPluvialis dominica.
    European Golden-PloverPluvialis apricaria.
    Pacific Golden-PloverPluvialis fulva.
    GoldfinchAmerican GoldfinchSpinus tristis.
    Lawrence's GoldfinchSpinus lawrencei.
    Lesser GoldfinchSpinus psaltria.
    GooseBarnacle GooseBranta leucopsis.
    Cackling GooseBranta hutchinsii.
    Canada GooseBranta canadensis.
    Emperor GooseAnser canagicus.
    Greater White-fronted GooseAnser albifrons.
    Hawaiian GooseBranta sandvicensis.
    Lesser White-fronted GooseAnser erythropus.
    Pink-footed GooseAnser brachyrhynchus.
    Ross's GooseAnser rossii.
    Snow GooseAnser caerulescens.
    GoshawkNorthern GoshawkAccipiter gentilis.
    GrackleBoat-tailed GrackleQuiscalus major.
    Common GrackleQuiscalus quiscula.
    Greater Antillean GrackleQuiscalus niger.
    Great-tailed GrackleQuiscalus mexicanus.
    GrassquitBlack-faced GrassquitMelanospiza bicolor.
    Yellow-faced GrassquitTiaris olivaceus.
    GrebeClark's GrebeAechmophorus clarkii.
    Eared GrebePodiceps nigricollis.
    Horned GrebePodiceps auritus.
    Least GrebeTachybaptus dominicus.
    Pied-billed GrebePodilymbus podiceps.
    Red-necked GrebePodiceps grisegena.
    Western GrebeAechmophorus occidentalis.
    GreenfinchOriental GreenfinchChloris sinica.
    GreenshankCommon GreenshankTringa nebularia.
    Nordmann's GreenshankTringa guttifer.
    GrosbeakBlack-headed GrosbeakPheucticus melanocephalus.
    Blue GrosbeakPasserina caerulea.
    Crimson-collared GrosbeakRhodothraupis celaeno.
    Evening GrosbeakCoccothraustes vespertinus.
    Pine GrosbeakPinicola enucleator.
    Rose-breasted GrosbeakPheucticus ludovicianus.
    Yellow GrosbeakPheucticus chrysopeplus.
    GuillemotBlack GuillemotCepphus grylle.
    Pigeon GuillemotCepphus columba.
    GullBelcher's GullLarus belcheri.
    Black-headed GullChroicocephalus ridibundus.
    Black-tailed GullLarus crassirostris.
    Bonaparte's GullChroicocephalus philadelphia.
    California GullLarus californicus.
    Common GullLarus canus.
    Franklin's GullLeucophaeus pipixcan.
    Glaucous GullLarus hyperboreus.
    Glaucous-winged GullLarus glaucescens.
    Gray-hooded GullChroicocephalus cirrocephalus.
    Great Black-backed GullLarus marinus.
    Heermann's GullLarus heermanni.
    Herring GullLarus argentatus.
    Iceland GullLarus glaucoides.
    Ivory GullPagophila eburnea.
    Kelp GullLarus dominicanus.
    Laughing GullLeucophaeus atricilla.
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    Lesser Black-backed GullLarus fuscus.
    Little GullHydrocoloeus minutus.
    Pallas's GullIchthyaetus ichthyaetus.
    Ring-billed GullLarus delawarensis.
    Ross's GullRhodostethia rosea.
    Sabine's GullXema sabini.
    Short-billed GullLarus brachyrhynchus.
    Slaty-backed GullLarus schistisagus.
    Swallow-tailed GullCreagrus furcatus.
    Western GullLarus occidentalis.
    Yellow-footed GullLarus livens.
    Yellow-legged GullLarus michahellis.
    GyrfalconGyrfalconFalco rusticolus.
    HarrierNorthern HarrierCircus hudsonius.
    HawfinchHawfinchCoccothraustes coccothraustes.
    HawkBroad-winged HawkButeo platypterus.
    Common Black HawkButeogallus anthracinus.
    Cooper's HawkAccipiter cooperii.
    Crane HawkGeranospiza caerulescens.
    Ferruginous HawkButeo regalis.
    Gray HawkButeo plagiatus.
    Great Black HawkButeogallus urubitinga.
    Harris's HawkParabuteo unicinctus.
    Hawaiian HawkButeo solitarius.
    Red-shouldered HawkButeo lineatus.
    Red-tailed HawkButeo jamaicensis.
    Roadside HawkRupornis magnirostris.
    Rough-legged HawkButeo lagopus.
    Sharp-shinned HawkAccipiter striatus.
    Short-tailed HawkButeo brachyurus.
    Swainson's HawkButeo swainsoni.
    White-tailed HawkGeranoaetus albicaudatus.
    Zone-tailed HawkButeo albonotatus.
    Hawk-CuckooHodgson's Hawk-CuckooHierococcyx nisicolor.
    HeronGray HeronArdea cinerea.
    Great Blue HeronArdea herodias.
    Green HeronButorides virescens.
    Little Blue HeronEgretta caerulea.
    Tricolored HeronEgretta tricolor.
    HobbyEurasian HobbyFalco subbuteo.
    HoneycreeperLaysan HoneycreeperHimatione fraithii.
    Red-legged HoneycreeperCyanerpes cyaneus.
    HoopoeEurasian HoopoeUpupa epops.
    House-MartinCommon House-MartinDelichon urbicum.
    HummingbirdAllen's HummingbirdSelasphorus sasin.
    Anna's HummingbirdCalypte anna.
    Antillean Crested HummingbirdOrthorhyncus cristatus.
    Berylline HummingbirdSaucerottia beryllina.
    Black-chinned HummingbirdArchilochus alexandri.
    Broad-billed HummingbirdCynanthus latirostris.
    Broad-tailed HummingbirdSelasphorus platycercus.
    Buff-bellied HummingbirdAmazilia yucatanensis.
    Bumblebee HummingbirdSelasphorus heloisa.
    Calliope HummingbirdSelasphorus calliope.
    Cinnamon HummingbirdAmazilia rutila.
    Costa's HummingbirdCalypte costae.
    Lucifer HummingbirdCalothorax lucifer.
    Rivoli's HummingbirdEugenes fulgens.
    Ruby-throated HummingbirdArchilochus colubris.
    Rufous HummingbirdSelasphorus rufus.
    Vervain HummingbirdMellisuga minima.
    Violet-crowned HummingbirdRamosomyia violiceps.
    White-eared HummingbirdBasilinna leucotis.
    Xantus's HummingbirdBasilinna xantusii.
    IbisGlossy IbisPlegadis falcinellus.
    Scarlet IbisEudocimus ruber.
    White IbisEudocimus albus.
    White-faced IbisPlegadis chihi.
    `I`iwi`I`iwiDrepanis coccinea.
    Imperial-PigeonPacific Imperial-PigeonDucula pacifica.
    JabiruJabiruJabiru mycteria.
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    JacanaNorthern JacanaJacana spinosa.
    JackdawEurasian JackdawCorvus monedula.
    JaegerLong-tailed JaegerStercorarius longicaudus.
    Parasitic JaegerStercorarius parasiticus.
    Pomarine JaegerStercorarius pomarinus.
    JayBlue JayCyanocitta cristata.
    Brown JayPsilorhinus morio.
    Canada JayPerisoreus canadensis.
    Green JayCyanocorax yncas.
    Mexican JayAphelocoma wollweberi.
    Pinyon JayGymnorhinus cyanocephalus.
    Steller's JayCyanocitta stelleri.
    JuncoDark-eyed JuncoJunco hyemalis.
    Yellow-eyed JuncoJunco phaeonotus.
    KākāwahieKākāwahieParoreomyza flammea.
    Kāma`oKāma`oMyadestes myadestinus.
    KestrelAmerican KestrelFalco sparverius.
    Eurasian KestrelFalco tinnunculus.
    KilldeerKilldeerCharadrius vociferus.
    KingbirdCassin's KingbirdTyrannus vociferans.
    Couch's KingbirdTyrannus couchii.
    Eastern KingbirdTyrannus tyrannus.
    Gray KingbirdTyrannus dominicensis.
    Loggerhead KingbirdTyrannus caudifasciatus.
    Thick-billed KingbirdTyrannus crassirostris.
    Tropical KingbirdTyrannus melancholicus.
    Western KingbirdTyrannus verticalis.
    KingfisherAmazon KingfisherChloroceryle amazona.
    Belted KingfisherMegaceryle alcyon.
    Common KingfisherAlcedo atthis.
    Green KingfisherChloroceryle americana.
    Guam KingfisherTodiramphus cinnamominus.
    Mariana KingfisherTodiramphus albicilla.
    Pacific KingfisherTodiramphus sacer.
    Ringed KingfisherMegaceryle torquata.
    KingletGolden-crowned KingletRegulus satrapa.
    Ruby-crowned KingletCorthylio calendula.
    KiskadeeGreat KiskadeePitangus sulphuratus.
    KiteBlack KiteMilvus migrans.
    Double-toothed KiteHarpagus bidentatus.
    Hook-billed KiteChondrohierax uncinatus.
    Mississippi KiteIctinia mississippiensis.
    Snail KiteRostrhamus sociabilis.
    Swallow-tailed KiteElanoides forficatus.
    White-tailed KiteElanus leucurus.
    KittiwakeBlack-legged KittiwakeRissa tridactyla.
    Red-legged KittiwakeRissa brevirostris.
    KnotGreat KnotCalidris tenuirostris.
    Red KnotCalidris canutus.
    KoelLong-tailed KoelUrodynamis taitensis.
    LapwingNorthern LapwingVanellus vanellus.
    LarkHorned LarkEremophila alpestris.
    LimpkinLimpkinAramus guarauna.
    Lizard-CuckooPuerto Rican Lizard-CuckooCoccyzus vieilloti.
    LongspurChestnut-collared LongspurCalcarius ornatus.
    Lapland LongspurCalcarius lapponicus.
    Smith's LongspurCalcarius pictus.
    Thick-billed LongspurRhynchophanes mccownii.
    LoonArctic LoonGavia arctica.
    Common LoonGavia immer.
    Pacific LoonGavia pacifica.
    Red-throated LoonGavia stellata.
    Yellow-billed LoonGavia adamsii.
    MagpieBlack-billed MagpiePica hudsonia.
    Yellow-billed MagpiePica nuttalli.
    MallardMallardAnas platyrhynchos.
    MangoPuerto Rican MangoAnthracothorax aurulentus.
    Green MangoAnthracothorax viridis.
    Green-breasted MangoAnthracothorax prevostii.
    Marsh-HarrierEastern Marsh-HarrierCircus spilonotus.
    MartinBrown-chested MartinProgne tapera.
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    Caribbean MartinProgne dominicensis.
    Cuban MartinProgne cryptoleuca.
    Gray-breasted MartinProgne chalybea.
    Purple MartinProgne subis.
    Southern MartinProgne elegans.
    MeadowlarkChihuahuan MeadowlarkSturnella lilianae.
    Eastern MeadowlarkSturnella magna.
    Western MeadowlarkSturnella neglecta.
    MerganserCommon MerganserMergus merganser.
    Hooded MerganserLophodytes cucullatus.
    Red-breasted MerganserMergus serrator.
    MerlinMerlinFalco columbarius.
    MillerbirdMillerbirdAcrocephalus familiaris.
    MockingbirdBahama MockingbirdMimus gundlachii.
    Blue MockingbirdMelanotis caerulescens.
    Northern MockingbirdMimus polyglottos.
    MoorhenEurasian MoorhenGallinula chloropus.
    Mountain-gemAmethyst-throated Mountain-gemLampornis amethystinus.
    Blue-throated Mountain-gemLampornis clemenciae.
    MurreCommon MurreUria aalge.
    Thick-billed MurreUria lomvia.
    MurreletAncient MurreletSynthliboramphus antiquus.
    Craveri's MurreletSynthliboramphus craveri.
    Guadalupe MurreletSynthliboramphus hypoleucus.
    Kittlitz's MurreletBrachyramphus brevirostris.
    Long-billed MurreletBrachyramphus perdix.
    Marbled MurreletBrachyramphus marmoratus.
    Scripps's MurreletSynthliboramphus scrippsi.
    NeedletailWhite-throated NeedletailHirundapus caudacutus.
    NighthawkAntillean NighthawkChordeiles gundlachii.
    Common NighthawkChordeiles minor.
    Lesser NighthawkChordeiles acutipennis.
    Night-HeronBlack-crowned Night-HeronNycticorax nycticorax.
    Japanese Night-HeronGorsachius goisagi.
    Malayan Night-HeronGorsachius melanolophus.
    Nankeen Night-HeronNycticorax caledonicus.
    Yellow-crowned Night-HeronNyctanassa violacea.
    Nightingale-ThrushBlack-headed Nightingale-ThrushCatharus mexicanus.
    Orange-billed Nightingale-ThrushCatharus aurantiirostris.
    NightjarBuff-collared NightjarAntrostomus ridgwayi.
    Gray NightjarCaprimulgus jotaka.
    Puerto Rican NightjarAntrostomus noctitherus.
    White-tailed NightjarHydropsalis cayennensis.
    NoddyBlack NoddyAnous minutus.
    Blue-gray NoddyAnous ceruleus.
    Brown NoddyAnous stolidus.
    Nukupu`uKauai Nukupu`uHemignathus hanapepe.
    Maui Nukupu`uHemignathus affinis.
    O`ahu Nukupu`uHemignathus lucidus.
    NutcrackerClark's NutcrackerNucifraga columbiana.
    NuthatchBrown-headed NuthatchSitta pusilla.
    Pygmy NuthatchSitta pygmaea.
    Red-breasted NuthatchSitta canadensis.
    White-breasted NuthatchSitta carolinensis.
    Oloma`oOloma`oMyadestes lanaiensis.
    `Ōma'o`Ōma'oMyadestes obscurus.
    OrioleAltamira OrioleIcterus gularis.
    Audubon's OrioleIcterus graduacauda.
    Baltimore OrioleIcterus galbula.
    Black-backed OrioleIcterus abeillei.
    Black-vented OrioleIcterus wagleri.
    Bullock's OrioleIcterus bullockii.
    Hooded OrioleIcterus cucullatus.
    Orchard OrioleIcterus spurius.
    Puerto Rican OrioleIcterus portoricensis.
    Scott's OrioleIcterus parisorum.
    Streak-backed OrioleIcterus pustulatus.
    OspreyOspreyPandion haliaetus.
    `Ō`ū`Ō`ūPsittirostra psittacea.
    OvenbirdOvenbirdSeiurus aurocapilla.
    OwlBarn OwlTyto alba.
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    Barred OwlStrix varia.
    Boreal OwlAegolius funereus.
    Burrowing OwlAthene cunicularia.
    Elf OwlMicrathene whitneyi.
    Flammulated OwlPsiloscops flammeolus.
    Great Gray OwlStrix nebulosa.
    Great Horned OwlBubo virginianus.
    Long-eared OwlAsio otus.
    Mottled OwlStrix virgata.
    Northern Hawk OwlSurnia ulula.
    Northern Saw-whet OwlAegolius acadicus.
    Puerto Rican OwlGymnasio nudipes.
    Short-eared OwlAsio flammeus.
    Snowy OwlBubo scandiacus.
    Spotted OwlStrix occidentalis.
    Stygian OwlAsio stygius.
    OystercatcherAmerican OystercatcherHaematopus palliatus.
    Black OystercatcherHaematopus bachmani.
    Eurasian OystercatcherHaematopus ostralegus.
    PalilaPalilaLoxioides bailleui.
    Palm-SwiftAntillean Palm-SwiftTachornis phoenicobia.
    ParrotbillMaui ParrotbillPseudonestor xanthophrys.
    ParulaNorthern ParulaSetophaga americana.
    Tropical ParulaSetophaga pitiayumi.
    PauraqueCommon PauraqueNyctidromus albicollis.
    PelicanAmerican White PelicanPelecanus erythrorhynchos.
    Brown PelicanPelecanus occidentalis.
    PetrelBermuda PetrelPterodroma cahow.
    Black-capped PetrelPterodroma hasitata.
    Black-winged PetrelPterodroma nigripennis.
    Bonin PetrelPterodroma hypoleuca.
    Bulwer's PetrelBulweria bulwerii.
    Cook's PetrelPterodroma cookii.
    Fea's PetrelPterodroma feae.
    Gould's PetrelPterodroma leucoptera.
    Gray-faced PetrelPterodroma gouldi.
    Hawaiian PetrelPterodroma sandwichensis.
    Herald PetrelPterodroma heraldica.
    Jouanin's PetrelBulweria fallax.
    Juan Fernandez PetrelPterodroma externa.
    Kermadec PetrelPterodroma neglecta.
    Mottled PetrelPterodroma inexpectata.
    Murphy's PetrelPterodroma ultima.
    Parkinson's PetrelProcellaria parkinsoni.
    Phoenix PetrelPterodroma alba.
    Providence PetrelPterodroma solandri.
    Stejneger's PetrelPterodroma longirostris.
    Tahiti PetrelPseudobulweria rostrata.
    Trindade PetrelPterodroma arminjoniana.
    White-chinned PetrelProcellaria aequinoctialis.
    White-necked PetrelPterodroma cervicalis.
    Zino's PetrelPterodroma madeira.
    PeweeCuban PeweeContopus caribaeus.
    Greater PeweeContopus pertinax.
    Hispaniolan PeweeContopus hispaniolensis.
    Lesser Antillean PeweeContopus latirostris.
    PhainopeplaPhainopeplaPhainopepla nitens.
    PhalaropeRed PhalaropePhalaropus fulicarius.
    Red-necked PhalaropePhalaropus lobatus.
    Wilson's PhalaropePhalaropus tricolor.
    PhoebeBlack PhoebeSayornis nigricans.
    Eastern PhoebeSayornis phoebe.
    Say's PhoebeSayornis saya.
    PigeonBand-tailed PigeonPatagioenas fasciata.
    Plain PigeonPatagioenas inornata.
    Red-billed PigeonPatagioenas flavirostris.
    Scaly-naped PigeonPatagioenas squamosa.
    White-crowned PigeonPatagioenas leucocephala.
    PintailNorthern PintailAnas acuta.
    White-cheeked PintailAnas bahamensis.
    PipitAmerican PipitAnthus rubescens.
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    Olive-backed PipitAnthus hodgsoni.
    Pechora PipitAnthus gustavi.
    Red-throated PipitAnthus cervinus.
    Sprague's PipitAnthus spragueii.
    Tree PipitAnthus trivialis.
    PloverBlack-bellied PloverPluvialis squatarola.
    Collared PloverCharadrius collaris.
    Common Ringed PloverCharadrius hiaticula.
    Kentish PloverCharadrius alexandrinus.
    Little Ringed PloverCharadrius dubius.
    Mountain PloverCharadrius montanus.
    Piping PloverCharadrius melodus.
    Semipalmated PloverCharadrius semipalmatus.
    Snowy PloverCharadrius nivosus.
    Wilson's PloverCharadrius wilsonia.
    PochardBaer's PochardAythya baeri.
    Common PochardAythya ferina.
    Pond-HeronChinese Pond-HeronArdeola bacchus.
    PoorwillCommon PoorwillPhalaenoptilus nuttallii.
    Po`ouliPo`ouliMelamprosops phaeosoma.
    PuaiohiPuaiohiMyadestes palmeri.
    PuffinAtlantic PuffinFratercula arctica.
    Horned PuffinFratercula corniculata.
    Tufted PuffinFratercula cirrhata.
    Pygmy-OwlFerruginous Pygmy-OwlGlaucidium brasilianum.
    Northern Pygmy-OwlGlaucidium gnoma.
    PyrrhuloxiaPyrrhuloxiaCardinalis sinuatus.
    Quail-DoveBridled Quail-DoveGeotrygon mystacea.
    Key West Quail-DoveGeotrygon chrysia.
    Ruddy Quail-DoveGeotrygon montana.
    QuetzalEared QuetzalEuptilotis neoxenus.
    RailBlack RailLaterallus jamaicensis.
    Buff-banded RailGallirallus philippensis.
    Clapper RailRallus crepitans.
    Guam RailGallirallus owstoni.
    King RailRallus elegans.
    Ridgway's RailRallus obsoletus.
    Spotted RailPardirallus maculatus.
    Virginia RailRallus limicola.
    Yellow RailCoturnicops noveboracensis.
    RavenChihuahuan RavenCorvus cryptoleucus.
    Common RavenCorvus corax.
    RazorbillRazorbillAlca torda.
    RedheadRedheadAythya americana.
    RedpollCommon RedpollAcanthis flammea.
    Hoary RedpollAcanthis hornemanni.
    RedshankCommon RedshankTringa totanus.
    Spotted RedshankTringa erythropus.
    RedstartAmerican RedstartSetophaga ruticilla.
    Common RedstartPhoenicurus phoenicurus.
    Painted RedstartMyioborus pictus.
    Slate-throated RedstartMyioborus miniatus.
    RedwingRedwingTurdus iliacus.
    Reef-HeronPacific Reef-HeronEgretta sacra.
    Western Reef-HeronEgretta gularis.
    RoadrunnerGreater RoadrunnerGeococcyx californianus.
    RobinAmerican RobinTurdus migratorius.
    European RobinErithacus rubecula.
    Rufous-backed RobinTurdus rufopalliatus.
    Rufous-tailed RobinLarvivora sibilans.
    Siberian Blue RobinLarvivora cyane.
    Rock-ThrushBlue Rock-ThrushMonticola solitarius.
    RosefinchCommon RosefinchCarpodacus erythrinus.
    Pallas's RosefinchCarpodacus roseus.
    Rosy-FinchAsian Rosy-FinchLeucosticte arctoa.
    Black Rosy-FinchLeucosticte atrata.
    Brown-capped Rosy-FinchLeucosticte australis.
    Gray-crowned Rosy-FinchLeucosticte tephrocotis.
    RubythroatSiberian RubythroatCalliope calliope.
    RuffRuffCalidris pugnax.
    SanderlingSanderlingCalidris alba.
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    SandpiperBaird's SandpiperCalidris bairdii.
    Broad-billed SandpiperCalidris falcinellus.
    Buff-breasted SandpiperCalidris subruficollis.
    Common SandpiperActitis hypoleucos.
    Curlew SandpiperCalidris ferruginea.
    Green SandpiperTringa ochropus.
    Least SandpiperCalidris minutilla.
    Marsh SandpiperTringa stagnatilis.
    Pectoral SandpiperCalidris melanotos.
    Purple SandpiperCalidris maritima.
    Rock SandpiperCalidris ptilocnemis.
    Semipalmated SandpiperCalidris pusilla.
    Sharp-tailed SandpiperCalidris acuminata.
    Solitary SandpiperTringa solitaria.
    Spoon-billed SandpiperCalidris pygmea.
    Spotted SandpiperActitis macularius.
    Stilt SandpiperCalidris himantopus.
    Terek SandpiperXenus cinereus.
    Upland SandpiperBartramia longicauda.
    Western SandpiperCalidris mauri.
    White-rumped SandpiperCalidris fuscicollis.
    Wood SandpiperTringa glareola.
    Sand-PloverGreater Sand-PloverCharadrius leschenaultii.
    Lesser Sand-PloverCharadrius mongolus.
    SapsuckerRed-breasted SapsuckerSphyrapicus ruber.
    Red-naped SapsuckerSphyrapicus nuchalis.
    Williamson's SapsuckerSphyrapicus thyroideus.
    Yellow-bellied SapsuckerSphyrapicus varius.
    ScaupGreater ScaupAythya marila.
    Lesser ScaupAythya affinis.
    Scops-OwlOriental Scops-OwlOtus sunia.
    ScoterBlack ScoterMelanitta americana.
    Common ScoterMelanitta nigra.
    Stejneger's ScoterMelanitta stejneger.
    Surf ScoterMelanitta perspicillata.
    White-winged ScoterMelanitta deglandi.
    Screech-OwlEastern Screech-OwlMegascops asio.
    Western Screech-OwlMegascops kennicottii.
    Whiskered Screech-OwlMegascops trichopsis.
    Scrub-JayCalifornia Scrub-JayAphelocoma californica.
    Florida Scrub-JayAphelocoma coerulescens.
    Island Scrub-JayAphelocoma insularis.
    Woodhouse's Scrub-JayAphelocoma woodhouseii.
    Sea-EagleSteller's Sea-EagleHaliaeetus pelagicus.
    SeedeaterMorelet's SeedeaterSporophila morelleti.
    ShearwaterAudubon's ShearwaterPuffinus lherminieri.
    Barolo ShearwaterPuffinus baroli.
    Black-vented ShearwaterPuffinus opisthomelas.
    Bryan's ShearwaterPuffinus bryani.
    Buller's ShearwaterArdenna bulleri.
    Cape Verde ShearwaterCalonectris edwardsii.
    Christmas ShearwaterPuffinus nativitatis.
    Cory's ShearwaterCalonectris diomedea.
    Flesh-footed ShearwaterArdenna carneipes.
    Great ShearwaterArdenna gravis.
    Manx ShearwaterPuffinus puffinus.
    Newell's ShearwaterPuffinus newelli.
    Pink-footed ShearwaterArdenna creatopus.
    Short-tailed ShearwaterArdenna tenuirostris.
    Sooty ShearwaterArdenna grisea.
    Streaked ShearwaterCalonectris leucomelas.
    Wedge-tailed ShearwaterArdenna pacifica.
    ShovelerNorthern ShovelerSpatula clypeata.
    ShrikeBrown ShrikeLanius cristatus.
    Loggerhead ShrikeLanius ludovicianus.
    Northern ShrikeLanius borealis.
    Silky-FlycatcherGray Silky-FlycatcherPtiliogonys cinereus.
    SiskinEurasian SiskinSpinus spinus.
    Pine SiskinSpinus pinus.
    SkimmerBlack SkimmerRynchops niger.
    SkuaGreat SkuaStercorarius skua.
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    South Polar SkuaStercorarius maccormicki.
    SkylarkEurasian SkylarkAlauda arvensis.
    SmewSmewMergellus albellus.
    SnipeCommon SnipeGallinago gallinago.
    Jack SnipeLymnocryptes minimus.
    Pin-tailed SnipeGallinago stenura.
    Solitary SnipeGallinago solitaria.
    Swinhoe's SnipeGallinago megala.
    Wilson's SnipeGallinago delicata.
    SolitaireBrown-backed SolitaireMyadestes occidentalis.
    Townsend's SolitaireMyadestes townsendi.
    SoraSoraPorzana carolina.
    SparrowAmerican Tree SparrowSpizelloides arborea.
    Bachman's SparrowPeucaea aestivalis.
    Baird's SparrowCentronyx bairdii.
    Bell's SparrowArtemisiospiza belli.
    Black-chinned SparrowSpizella atrogularis.
    Black-throated SparrowAmphispiza bilineata.
    Botteri's SparrowPeucaea botterii.
    Brewer's SparrowSpizella breweri.
    Cassin's SparrowPeucaea cassinii.
    Chipping SparrowSpizella passerina.
    Clay-colored SparrowSpizella pallida.
    Field SparrowSpizella pusilla.
    Five-striped SparrowAmphispizopsis quinquestriata.
    Fox SparrowPasserella iliaca.
    Golden-crowned SparrowZonotrichia atricapilla.
    Grasshopper SparrowAmmodramus savannarum.
    Harris's SparrowZonotrichia querula.
    Henslow's SparrowCentronyx henslowii.
    Lark SparrowChondestes grammacus.
    LeConte's SparrowAmmospiza leconteii.
    Lincoln's SparrowMelospiza lincolnii.
    Nelson's SparrowAmmospiza nelsoni.
    Olive SparrowArremonops rufivirgatus.
    Rufous-crowned SparrowAimophila ruficeps.
    Rufous-winged SparrowPeucaea carpalis.
    Sagebrush SparrowArtemisiospiza nevadensis.
    Saltmarsh SparrowAmmospiza caudacuta.
    Savannah SparrowPasserculus sandwichensis.
    Seaside SparrowAmmospiza maritima.
    Song SparrowMelospiza melodia.
    Swamp SparrowMelospiza georgiana.
    Vesper SparrowPooecetes gramineus.
    White-crowned SparrowZonotrichia leucophrys.
    White-throated SparrowZonotrichia albicollis.
    Worthen's SparrowSpizella wortheni.
    SparrowhawkChinese SparrowhawkAccipiter soloensis.
    Japanese SparrowhawkAccipiter gularis.
    SpindalisPuerto Rican SpindalisSpindalis portoricensis.
    Western SpindalisSpindalis zena.
    SpoonbillRoseate SpoonbillPlatalea ajaja.
    StarlingChestnut-cheeked StarlingAgropsar philippensis.
    White-cheeked StarlingSpodiopsar cineraceus.
    StarthroatPlain-capped StarthroatHeliomaster constantii.
    StiltBlack-necked StiltHimantopus mexicanus.
    Black-winged StiltHimantopus himantopus.
    StintLittle StintCalidris minuta.
    Long-toed StintCalidris subminuta.
    Red-necked StintCalidris ruficollis.
    Temminck's StintCalidris temminckii.
    StonechatAsian StonechatSaxicola maurus.
    StorkWood StorkMycteria americana.
    Storm-PetrelAshy Storm-PetrelHydrobates homochroa.
    Band-rumped Storm-PetrelHydrobates castro.
    Black Storm-PetrelHydrobates melania.
    Black-bellied Storm-PetrelFregetta tropica.
    European Storm-PetrelHydrobates pelagicus.
    Fork-tailed Storm-PetrelHydrobates furcatus.
    Leach's Storm-PetrelHydrobates leucorhous.
    Least Storm-PetrelHydrobates microsoma.
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    Matsudaira's Storm-PetrelHydrobates matsudairae.
    Polynesian Storm-PetrelNesofregetta fuliginosa.
    Ringed Storm-PetrelHydrobates hornbyi.
    Swinhoe's Storm-PetrelHydrobates monorhis.
    Townsend's Storm-PetrelHydrobates socorroensis.
    Tristram's Storm-PetrelHydrobates tristrami.
    Wedge-rumped Storm-PetrelHydrobates tethys.
    White-bellied Storm-PetrelFregetta grallaria.
    White-faced Storm-PetrelPelagodroma marina.
    Wilson's Storm-PetrelOceanites oceanicus.
    SurfbirdSurfbirdCalidris virgata.
    SwallowBahama SwallowTachycineta cyaneoviridis.
    Bank SwallowRiparia riparia.
    Barn SwallowHirundo rustica.
    Blue-and-white SwallowPygochelidon cyanoleuca.
    Cave SwallowPetrochelidon fulva.
    Cliff SwallowPetrochelidon pyrrhonota.
    Mangrove SwallowTachycineta albilinea.
    Northern Rough-winged SwallowStelgidopteryx serripennis.
    Tree SwallowTachycineta bicolor.
    Violet-green SwallowTachycineta thalassina.
    SwamphenPurple SwamphenPorphyrio porphyrio.
    SwanTrumpeter SwanCygnus buccinator.
    Tundra SwanCygnus columbianus.
    Whooper SwanCygnus cygnus.
    SwiftAlpine SwiftApus melba.
    Black SwiftCypseloides niger.
    Chimney SwiftChaetura pelagica.
    Common SwiftApus apus.
    Fork-tailed SwiftApus pacificus.
    Short-tailed SwiftChaetura brachyura.
    Vaux's SwiftChaetura vauxi.
    White-collared SwiftStreptoprocne zonaris.
    White-throated SwiftAeronautes saxatalis.
    SwiftletMariana SwiftletAerodramus bartschi.
    White-rumped SwiftletAerodramus spodiopygius.
    TanagerFlame-colored TanagerPiranga bidentata.
    Hepatic TanagerPiranga flava.
    Puerto Rican TanagerNesospingus speculiferus.
    Scarlet TanagerPiranga olivacea.
    Summer TanagerPiranga rubra.
    Western TanagerPiranga ludoviciana.
    TattlerGray-tailed TattlerTringa brevipes.
    Wandering TattlerTringa incana.
    TealBaikal TealSibirionetta formosa.
    Blue-winged TealSpatula discors.
    Cinnamon TealSpatula cyanoptera.
    Green-winged TealAnas crecca.
    TernAleutian TernOnychoprion aleuticus.
    Arctic TernSterna paradisaea.
    Black TernChlidonias niger.
    Black-naped TernSterna sumatrana.
    Bridled TernOnychoprion anaethetus.
    Caspian TernHydroprogne caspia.
    Common TernSterna hirundo.
    Elegant TernThalasseus elegans.
    Forster's TernSterna forsteri.
    Gray-backed TernOnychoprion lunatus.
    Great Crested TernThalasseus bergii.
    Gull-billed TernGelochelidon nilotica.
    Inca TernLarosterna inca.
    Large-billed TernPhaetusa simplex.
    Least TernSternula antillarum.
    Little TernSternula albifrons.
    Roseate TernSterna dougallii.
    Royal TernThalasseus maximus.
    Sandwich TernThalasseus sandvicensis.
    Sooty TernOnychoprion fuscatus.
    Whiskered TernChlidonias hybrida.
    White TernGygis alba.
    White-winged TernChlidonias leucopterus.
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    ThrasherBendire's ThrasherToxostoma bendirei.
    Brown ThrasherToxostoma rufum.
    California ThrasherToxostoma redivivum.
    Crissal ThrasherToxostoma crissale.
    Curve-billed ThrasherToxostoma curvirostre.
    LeConte's ThrasherToxostoma lecontei.
    Long-billed ThrasherToxostoma longirostre.
    Pearly-eyed ThrasherMargarops fuscatus.
    Sage ThrasherOreoscoptes montanus.
    ThrushAztec ThrushRidgwayia pinicola.
    Bicknell's ThrushCatharus bicknelli.
    Clay-colored ThrushTurdus grayi.
    Dusky ThrushTurdus eunomus.
    Eyebrowed ThrushTurdus obscurus.
    Gray-cheeked ThrushCatharus minimus.
    Hermit ThrushCatharus guttatus.
    Naumann's ThrushTurdus naumanni.
    Red-legged ThrushTurdus plumbeus.
    Swainson's ThrushCatharus ustulatus.
    Varied ThrushIxoreus naevius.
    White-throated ThrushTurdus assimilis.
    Wood ThrushHylocichla mustelina.
    Tiger-HeronBare-throated Tiger-HeronTigrisoma mexicanum.
    TitmouseBlack-crested TitmouseBaeolophus atricristatus.
    Bridled TitmouseBaeolophus wollweberi.
    Juniper TitmouseBaeolophus ridgwayi.
    Oak TitmouseBaeolophus inornatus.
    Tufted TitmouseBaeolophus bicolor.
    TityraMasked TityraTityra semifasciata.
    TowheeAbert's TowheeMelozone aberti.
    California TowheeMelozone crissalis.
    Canyon TowheeMelozone fusca.
    Eastern TowheePipilo erythrophthalmus.
    Green-tailed TowheePipilo chlorurus.
    Spotted TowheePipilo maculatus.
    TrogonElegant TrogonTrogon elegans.
    TropicbirdRed-billed TropicbirdPhaethon aethereus.
    Red-tailed TropicbirdPhaethon rubricauda.
    White-tailed TropicbirdPhaethon lepturus.
    TurnstoneBlack TurnstoneArenaria melanocephala.
    Ruddy TurnstoneArenaria interpres.
    Turtle-DoveOriental Turtle-DoveStreptopelia orientalis.
    VeeryVeeryCatharus fuscescens.
    VerdinVerdinAuriparus flaviceps.
    VioletearMexican VioletearColibri thalassinus.
    VireoBell's VireoVireo bellii.
    Black-capped VireoVireo atricapilla.
    Black-whiskered VireoVireo altiloquus.
    Blue-headed VireoVireo solitarius.
    Cassin's VireoVireo cassinii.
    Cuban VireoVireo gundlachii.
    Gray VireoVireo vicinior.
    Hutton's VireoVireo huttoni.
    Philadelphia VireoVireo philadelphicus.
    Plumbeous VireoVireo plumbeus.
    Puerto Rican VireoVireo latimeri.
    Red-eyed VireoVireo olivaceus.
    Thick-billed VireoVireo crassirostris.
    Warbling VireoVireo gilvus.
    White-eyed VireoVireo griseus.
    Yellow-green VireoVireo flavoviridis.
    Yellow-throated VireoVireo flavifrons.
    Yucatan VireoVireo magister.
    VultureBlack VultureCoragyps atratus.
    Turkey VultureCathartes aura.
    WagtailCitrine WagtailMotacilla citreola.
    Eastern Yellow WagtailMotacilla tschutschensis.
    Gray WagtailMotacilla cinerea.
    White WagtailMotacilla alba.
    WarblerAdelaide's WarblerSetophaga adelaidae.
    Aguiguan Reed WarblerAcrocephalus nijoi.
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    Arctic WarblerPhylloscopus borealis.
    Bachman's WarblerVermivora bachmanii.
    Bay-breasted WarblerSetophaga castanea.
    Black-and-white WarblerMniotilta varia.
    Blackburnian WarblerSetophaga fusca.
    Blackpoll WarblerSetophaga striata.
    Black-throated Blue WarblerSetophaga caerulescens.
    Black-throated Gray WarblerSetophaga nigrescens.
    Black-throated Green WarblerSetophaga virens.
    Blue-winged WarblerVermivora cyanoptera.
    Blyth's Reed WarblerAcrocephalus dumetorum.
    Canada WarblerCardellina canadensis.
    Cape May WarblerSetophaga tigrina.
    Cerulean WarblerSetophaga cerulea.
    Chestnut-sided WarblerSetophaga pensylvanica.
    Colima WarblerLeiothlypis crissalis.
    Connecticut WarblerOporornis agilis.
    Crescent-chested WarblerOreothlypis superciliosa.
    Dusky WarblerPhylloscopus fuscatus.
    Elfin-woods WarblerSetophaga angelae.
    Fan-tailed WarblerBasileuterus lachrymosus.
    Golden-cheeked WarblerSetophaga chrysoparia.
    Golden-crowned WarblerBasileuterus culicivorus.
    Golden-winged WarblerVermivora chrysoptera.
    Grace's WarblerSetophaga graciae.
    Hermit WarblerSetophaga occidentalis.
    Hooded WarblerSetophaga citrina.
    Kamchatka Leaf WarblerPhylloscopus examinandus.
    Kentucky WarblerGeothlypis formosa.
    Kirtland's WarblerSetophaga kirtlandii.
    Lanceolated WarblerLocustella lanceolata.
    Lucy's WarblerLeiothlypis luciae.
    MacGillivray's WarblerGeothlypis tolmiei.
    Magnolia WarblerSetophaga magnolia.
    Middendorff's Grasshopper WarblerHelopsaltes ochotensis.
    Mourning WarblerGeothlypis philadelphia.
    Nashville WarblerLeiothlypis ruficapilla.
    Nightingale Reed WarblerAcrocephalus luscinius.
    Olive WarblerPeucedramus taeniatus.
    Orange-crowned WarblerLeiothlypis celata.
    Pagan Reed WarblerAcrocephalus yamashinae.
    Pallas's Grasshopper WarblerHelopsaltes certhiola.
    Pallas's Leaf WarblerPhylloscopus proregulus.
    Palm WarblerSetophaga palmarum.
    Pine WarblerSetophaga pinus.
    Prairie WarblerSetophaga discolor.
    Prothonotary WarblerProtonotaria citrea.
    Red-faced WarblerCardellina rubrifrons.
    River WarblerLocustella fluviatilis.
    Rufous-capped WarblerBasileuterus rufifrons.
    Saipan Reed WarblerAcrocephalus hiwae.
    Sedge WarblerAcrocephalus schoenobaenus.
    Swainson's WarblerLimnothlypis swainsonii.
    Tennessee WarblerLeiothlypis peregrina.
    Thick-billed WarblerArundinax aedon.
    Townsend's WarblerSetophaga townsendi.
    Virginia's WarblerLeiothlypis virginiae.
    Willow WarblerPhylloscopus trochilus.
    Wilson's WarblerCardellina pusilla.
    Wood WarblerPhylloscopus sibilatrix.
    Worm-eating WarblerHelmitheros vermivorum.
    Yellow WarblerSetophaga petechia.
    Yellow-browed WarblerPhylloscopus inornatus.
    Yellow-rumped WarblerSetophaga coronata.
    Yellow-throated WarblerSetophaga dominica.
    WaterthrushLouisiana WaterthrushParkesia motacilla.
    Northern WaterthrushParkesia noveboracensis.
    WaxwingBohemian WaxwingBombycilla garrulus.
    Cedar WaxwingBombycilla cedrorum.
    WheatearNorthern WheatearOenanthe oenanthe.
    Pied WheatearOenanthe pleschanka.
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    WhimbrelWhimbrelNumenius phaeopus.
    Whip-poor-willEastern Whip-poor-willAntrostomus vociferus.
    Mexican Whip-poor-willAntrostomus arizonae.
    Whistling-DuckBlack-bellied Whistling-DuckDendrocygna autumnalis.
    Fulvous Whistling-DuckDendrocygna bicolor.
    West Indian Whistling-DuckDendrocygna arborea.
    WhitethroatLesser WhitethroatSylvia curruca.
    WigeonAmerican WigeonMareca americana.
    Eurasian WigeonMareca penelope.
    WilletWilletTringa semipalmata.
    WoodcockAmerican WoodcockScolopax minor.
    Eurasian WoodcockScolopax rusticola.
    WoodpeckerAcorn WoodpeckerMelanerpes formicivorus.
    American Three-toed WoodpeckerPicoides dorsalis.
    Arizona WoodpeckerDryobates arizonae.
    Black-backed WoodpeckerPicoides arcticus.
    Downy WoodpeckerDryobates pubescens.
    Gila WoodpeckerMelanerpes uropygialis.
    Golden-fronted WoodpeckerMelanerpes aurifrons.
    Great Spotted WoodpeckerDendrocopos major.
    Hairy WoodpeckerDryobates villosus.
    Ivory-billed WoodpeckerCampephilus principalis.
    Ladder-backed WoodpeckerDryobates scalaris.
    Lewis's WoodpeckerMelanerpes lewis.
    Nuttall's WoodpeckerDryobates nuttallii.
    Pileated WoodpeckerDryocopus pileatus.
    Puerto Rican WoodpeckerMelanerpes portoricensis.
    Red-bellied WoodpeckerMelanerpes carolinus.
    Red-cockaded WoodpeckerDryobates borealis.
    Red-headed WoodpeckerMelanerpes erythrocephalus.
    White-headed WoodpeckerDryobates albolarvatus.
    Wood-PeweeEastern Wood-PeweeContopus virens.
    Western Wood-PeweeContopus sordidulus.
    Wood-RailRufous-necked Wood-RailAramides axillaris.
    WoodstarBahama WoodstarNesophlox evelynae.
    WrenBewick's WrenThryomanes bewickii.
    Cactus WrenCampylorhynchus brunneicapillus.
    Canyon WrenCatherpes mexicanus.
    Carolina WrenThryothorus ludovicianus.
    House WrenTroglodytes aedon.
    Marsh WrenCistothorus palustris.
    Pacific WrenTroglodytes pacificus.
    Rock WrenSalpinctes obsoletus.
    Sedge WrenCistothorus stellaris.
    Sinaloa WrenThryophilus sinaloa.
    Winter WrenTroglodytes hiemalis.
    WrentitWrentitChamaea fasciata.
    WryneckEurasian WryneckJynx torquilla.
    YellowlegsGreater YellowlegsTringa melanoleuca.
    Lesser YellowlegsTringa flavipes.
    YellowthroatCommon YellowthroatGeothlypis trichas.
    Gray-crowned YellowthroatGeothlypis poliocephala.

    (2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists species in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.

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    Table 2 to Paragraph ( c )(2)—Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

    Species scientific nameSpecies common name
    (i) Order Anseriformes
    Family Anatidae
    (1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae
    Dendrocygna autumnalisBlack-bellied Whistling-Duck.
    Dendrocygna arboreaWest Indian Whistling-Duck.
    Dendrocygna bicolorFulvous Whistling-Duck.
    (2) Subfamily Anserinae
    Anser canagicusEmperor Goose.
    Anser caerulescensSnow Goose.
    Anser rossiiRoss's Goose.
    Anser albifronsGreater White-fronted Goose.
    Anser erythropusLesser White-fronted Goose.
    Anser fabalisTaiga Bean-Goose.
    Anser serrirostrisTundra Bean-Goose.
    Anser brachyrhynchusPink-footed Goose.
    Branta berniclaBrant.
    Branta leucopsisBarnacle Goose.
    Branta hutchinsiiCackling Goose.
    Branta canadensisCanada Goose.
    Branta sandvicensisHawaiian Goose.
    Cygnus buccinatorTrumpeter Swan.
    Cygnus columbianusTundra Swan.
    Cygnus cygnusWhooper Swan.
    (3) Subfamily Anatinae
    Cairina moschataMuscovy Duck.
    Aix sponsaWood Duck.
    Sibirionetta formosaBaikal Teal.
    Spatula querquedulaGarganey.
    Spatula discorsBlue-winged Teal.
    Spatula cyanopteraCinnamon Teal.
    Spatula clypeataNorthern Shoveler.
    Mareca streperaGadwall.
    Mareca falcataFalcated Duck.
    Mareca penelopeEurasian Wigeon.
    Mareca americanaAmerican Wigeon.
    Anas laysanensisLaysan Duck
    Anas wyvillianaHawaiian Duck.
    Anas zonorhynchaEastern Spot-billed Duck.
    Anas platyrhynchosMallard.
    Anas diaziMexican Duck.
    Anas rubripesAmerican Black Duck.
    Anas fulvigulaMottled Duck.
    Anas superciliosaPacific Black Duck.
    Anas bahamensisWhite-cheeked Pintail.
    Anas acutaNorthern Pintail.
    Anas creccaGreen-winged Teal.
    Aythya valisineriaCanvasback.
    Aythya americanaRedhead.
    Aythya ferinaCommon Pochard.
    Aythya baeriBaer's Pochard.
    Aythya collarisRing-necked Duck.
    Aythya fuligulaTufted Duck.
    Aythya marilaGreater Scaup.
    Aythya affinisLesser Scaup.
    Polysticta stelleriSteller's Eider.
    Somateria fischeriSpectacled Eider.
    Somateria spectabilisKing Eider.
    Somateria mollissimaCommon Eider.
    Histrionicus histrionicusHarlequin Duck.
    Melanitta perspicillataSurf Scoter.
    Melanitta deglandiWhite-winged Scoter.
    Melanitta stejnegerStejneger's Scoter.
    Melanitta nigraCommon Scoter.
    Melanitta americanaBlack Scoter.
    Clangula hyemalisLong-tailed Duck.
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    Bucephala albeolaBufflehead.
    Bucephala clangulaCommon Goldeneye.
    Bucephala islandicaBarrow's Goldeneye.
    Mergellus albellusSmew.
    Lophodytes cucullatusHooded Merganser.
    Mergus merganserCommon Merganser.
    Mergus serratorRed-breasted Merganser.
    Nomonyx dominicusMasked Duck.
    Oxyura jamaicensisRuddy Duck.
    (ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
    Family Phoenicopteridae
    Phoenicopterus ruberAmerican Flamingo.
    (iii) Order Podicipediformes
    Family Podicipedidae
    Tachybaptus dominicusLeast Grebe.
    Podilymbus podicepsPied-billed Grebe.
    Podiceps auritusHorned Grebe.
    Podiceps grisegenaRed-necked Grebe.
    Podiceps nigricollisEared Grebe.
    Aechmophorus occidentalisWestern Grebe.
    Aechmophorus clarkiiClark's Grebe.
    (iv) Order Columbiformes
    Family Columbidae
    Patagioenas squamosaScaly-naped Pigeon.
    Patagioenas leucocephalaWhite-crowned Pigeon.
    Patagioenas flavirostrisRed-billed Pigeon.
    Patagioenas inornataPlain Pigeon.
    Patagioenas fasciataBand-tailed Pigeon.
    Streptopelia orientalisOriental Turtle-Dove.
    Alopecoenas stairiShy Ground Dove.
    Alopecoenas xanthonurusWhite-throated Ground Dove.
    Columbina incaInca Dove.
    Columbina passerinaCommon Ground Dove.
    Columbina talpacotiRuddy Ground Dove.
    Geotrygon montanaRuddy Quail-Dove.
    Geotrygon chrysiaKey West Quail-Dove.
    Geotrygon mystaceaBridled Quail-Dove.
    Leptotila verreauxiWhite-tipped Dove.
    Zenaida asiaticaWhite-winged Dove.
    Zenaida auritaZenaida Dove.
    Zenaida macrouraMourning Dove.
    Ptilinopus perousiiMany-colored Fruit-Dove.
    Ptilinopus porphyraceusCrimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
    Ptilinopus roseicapillaMariana Fruit-Dove.
    Ducula pacificaPacific Imperial-Pigeon.
    (v) Order Cuculiformes
    Family Cuculidae
    (1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
    Crotophaga aniSmooth-billed Ani.
    Crotophaga sulcirostrisGroove-billed Ani.
    (2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
    Geococcyx californianusGreater Roadrunner.
    (3) Subfamily Cuculinae
    Urodynamis taitensisLong-tailed Koel.
    Hierococcyx nisicolorHodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo.
    Start Printed Page 49335
    Cuculus canorusCommon Cuckoo.
    Cuculus optatusOriental Cuckoo.
    Clamator coromandusChestnut-winged Cuckoo.
    Coccyzus melacoryphusDark-billed Cuckoo.
    Coccyzus americanusYellow-billed Cuckoo.
    Coccyzus minorMangrove Cuckoo.
    Coccyzus erythropthalmusBlack-billed Cuckoo.
    Coccyzus vieillotiPuerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
    (vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
    Family Caprimulgidae
    (1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
    Chordeiles acutipennisLesser Nighthawk.
    Chordeiles minorCommon Nighthawk.
    Chordeiles gundlachiiAntillean Nighthawk.
    (2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
    Nyctidromus albicollisCommon Pauraque.
    Phalaenoptilus nuttalliiCommon Poorwill.
    Antrostomus carolinensisChuck-will's-widow.
    Antrostomus ridgwayiBuff-collared Nightjar.
    Antrostomus vociferusEastern Whip-poor-will.
    Antrostomus arizonaeMexican Whip-poor-will.
    Antrostomus noctitherusPuerto Rican Nightjar.
    Hydropsalis cayennensisWhite-tailed Nightjar.
    Caprimulgus jotakaGray Nightjar.
    (vii) Order Apodiformes
    (A) Family Apodidae
    (1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
    Cypseloides nigerBlack Swift.
    Streptoprocne zonarisWhite-collared Swift.
    (2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
    Chaetura pelagicaChimney Swift.
    Chaetura vauxiVaux's Swift.
    Chaetura brachyuraShort-tailed Swift.
    Hirundapus caudacutusWhite-throated Needletail.
    Aerodramus spodiopygiusWhite-rumped Swiftlet.
    Aerodramus bartschiMariana Swiftlet.
    (3) Subfamily Apodinae
    Apus apusCommon Swift.
    Apus pacificusFork-tailed Swift.
    Apus melbaAlpine Swift.
    Aeronautes saxatalisWhite-throated Swift.
    Tachornis phoenicobiaAntillean Palm-Swift.
    (B) Family Trochilidae
    Subfamily Trochilinae
    Colibri thalassinusMexican Violetear.
    Anthracothorax prevostiiGreen-breasted Mango.
    Anthracothorax aurulentusPuerto Rican Mango.
    Anthracothorax viridisGreen Mango.
    Eulampis jugularisPurple-throated Carib.
    Eulampis holosericeusGreen-throated Carib.
    Eugenes fulgensRivoli's Hummingbird.
    Heliomaster constantiiPlain-capped Starthroat.
    Lampornis amethystinusAmethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
    Lampornis clemenciaeBlue-throated Mountain-gem.
    Calothorax luciferLucifer Hummingbird.
    Start Printed Page 49336
    Archilochus colubrisRuby-throated Hummingbird.
    Archilochus alexandriBlack-chinned Hummingbird.
    Mellisuga minimaVervain Hummingbird.
    Nesophlox evelynaeBahama Woodstar.
    Calypte annaAnna's Hummingbird.
    Calypte costaeCosta's Hummingbird.
    Selasphorus calliopeCalliope Hummingbird.
    Selasphorus rufusRufous Hummingbird.
    Selasphorus sasinAllen's Hummingbird.
    Selasphorus platycercusBroad-tailed Hummingbird.
    Selasphorus heloisaBumblebee Hummingbird.
    Riccordia maugaeusPuerto Rican Emerald.
    Cynanthus latirostrisBroad-billed Hummingbird.
    Basilinna leucotisWhite-eared Hummingbird.
    Basilinna xantusiiXantus's Hummingbird.
    Orthorhyncus cristatusAntillean Crested Hummingbird.
    Ramosomyia violicepsViolet-crowned Hummingbird.
    Saucerottia beryllinaBerylline Hummingbird.
    Amazilia rutilaCinnamon Hummingbird.
    Amazilia yucatanensisBuff-bellied Hummingbird.
    (viii) Order Gruiformes
    (A) Family Rallidae
    Gallirallus philippensisBuff-banded Rail.
    Gallirallus owstoniGuam Rail.
    Neocrex erythropsPaint-billed Crake.
    Pardirallus maculatusSpotted Rail.
    Aramides axillarisRufous-necked Wood-Rail.
    Rallus obsoletusRidgway's Rail.
    Rallus elegansKing Rail.
    Rallus crepitansClapper Rail.
    Rallus limicolaVirginia Rail.
    Crex crexCorn Crake.
    Porzana carolinaSora.
    Gallinula galeataCommon Gallinule.
    Gallinula chloropusEurasian Moorhen.
    Fulica atraEurasian Coot.
    Fulica alaiHawaiian Coot.
    Fulica americanaAmerican Coot.
    Porphyrio martinicusPurple Gallinule.
    Porphyrio flavirostrisAzure Gallinule.
    Porphyrio porphyrioPurple Swamphen.
    Porzana tabuensisSpotless Crake.
    Coturnicops noveboracensisYellow Rail.
    Hapalocrex flaviventerYellow-breasted Crake.
    Laterallus jamaicensisBlack Rail.
    (B) Family Aramidae
    Aramus guaraunaLimpkin.
    (C) Family Gruidae
    Subfamily Gruinae
    Antigone canadensisSandhill Crane.
    Grus grusCommon Crane.
    Grus monachaHooded Crane.
    Grus americanaWhooping Crane.
    (ix) Order Charadriiformes
    (A) Family Recurvirostridae
    Himantopus himantopusBlack-winged Stilt.
    Himantopus mexicanusBlack-necked Stilt.
    Recurvirostra americanaAmerican Avocet.
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    (B) Family Haematopodidae
    Haematopus ostralegusEurasian Oystercatcher.
    Haematopus palliatusAmerican Oystercatcher.
    Haematopus bachmaniBlack Oystercatcher.
    (C) Family Charadriidae
    (1) Subfamily Vanellinae
    Vanellus vanellusNorthern Lapwing.
    (2) Subfamily Charadriinae
    Pluvialis squatarolaBlack-bellied Plover.
    Pluvialis apricariaEuropean Golden-Plover.
    Pluvialis dominicaAmerican Golden-Plover.
    Pluvialis fulvaPacific Golden-Plover.
    Charadrius morinellusEurasian Dotterel.
    Charadrius vociferusKilldeer.
    Charadrius hiaticulaCommon Ringed Plover.
    Charadrius semipalmatusSemipalmated Plover.
    Charadrius melodusPiping Plover.
    Charadrius dubiusLittle Ringed Plover.
    Charadrius mongolusLesser Sand-Plover.
    Charadrius leschenaultiiGreater Sand-Plover.
    Charadrius wilsoniaWilson's Plover.
    Charadrius collarisCollared Plover.
    Charadrius alexandrinusKentish Plover.
    Charadrius montanusMountain Plover.
    Charadrius nivosusSnowy Plover.
    (D) Family Jacanidae
    Jacana spinosaNorthern Jacana.
    (E) Family Scolopacidae
    (1) Subfamily Numeniinae
    Bartramia longicaudaUpland Sandpiper.
    Numenius tahitiensisBristle-thighed Curlew.
    Numenius phaeopusWhimbrel.
    Numenius minutusLittle Curlew.
    Numenius borealisEskimo Curlew.
    Numenius americanusLong-billed Curlew.
    Numenius madagascariensisFar Eastern Curlew.
    Numenius arquataEurasian Curlew.
    (2) Subfamily Limosinae
    Limosa lapponicaBar-tailed Godwit.
    Limosa limosaBlack-tailed Godwit.
    Limosa haemasticaHudsonian Godwit.
    Limosa fedoaMarbled Godwit.
    (3) Subfamily Arenariinae
    Arenaria interpresRuddy Turnstone.
    Arenaria melanocephalaBlack Turnstone.
    Calidris tenuirostrisGreat Knot.
    Calidris canutusRed Knot.
    Calidris virgataSurfbird.
    Calidris pugnaxRuff.
    Calidris falcinellusBroad-billed Sandpiper.
    Calidris acuminataSharp-tailed Sandpiper.
    Calidris himantopusStilt Sandpiper.
    Calidris ferrugineaCurlew Sandpiper.
    Calidris temminckiiTemminck's Stint.
    Calidris subminutaLong-toed Stint.
    Calidris pygmeaSpoon-billed Sandpiper.
    Calidris ruficollisRed-necked Stint.
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    Calidris albaSanderling.
    Calidris alpinaDunlin.
    Calidris ptilocnemisRock Sandpiper.
    Calidris maritimaPurple Sandpiper.
    Calidris bairdiiBaird's Sandpiper.
    Calidris minutaLittle Stint.
    Calidris minutillaLeast Sandpiper.
    Calidris fuscicollisWhite-rumped Sandpiper.
    Calidris subruficollisBuff-breasted Sandpiper.
    Calidris melanotosPectoral Sandpiper.
    Calidris pusillaSemipalmated Sandpiper.
    Calidris mauriWestern Sandpiper.
    (4) Subfamily Scolopacinae
    Limnodromus griseusShort-billed Dowitcher.
    Limnodromus scolopaceusLong-billed Dowitcher.
    Lymnocryptes minimusJack Snipe.
    Scolopax rusticolaEurasian Woodcock.
    Scolopax minorAmerican Woodcock.
    Gallinago solitariaSolitary Snipe.
    Gallinago stenuraPin-tailed Snipe.
    Gallinago megalaSwinhoe's Snipe.
    Gallinago gallinagoCommon Snipe.
    Gallinago delicataWilson's Snipe.
    (5) Subfamily Tringinae
    Xenus cinereusTerek Sandpiper.
    Actitis hypoleucosCommon Sandpiper.
    Actitis maculariusSpotted Sandpiper.
    Tringa ochropusGreen Sandpiper.
    Tringa solitariaSolitary Sandpiper.
    Tringa brevipesGray-tailed Tattler.
    Tringa incanaWandering Tattler.
    Tringa flavipesLesser Yellowlegs.
    Tringa semipalmataWillet.
    Tringa erythropusSpotted Redshank.
    Tringa nebulariaCommon Greenshank.
    Tringa guttiferNordmann's Greenshank.
    Tringa melanoleucaGreater Yellowlegs.
    Tringa totanusCommon Redshank.
    Tringa glareolaWood Sandpiper.
    Tringa stagnatilisMarsh Sandpiper.
    Phalaropus tricolorWilson's Phalarope.
    Phalaropus lobatusRed-necked Phalarope.
    Phalaropus fulicariusRed Phalarope.
    (F) Family Stercorariidae
    Stercorarius skuaGreat Skua.
    Stercorarius maccormickiSouth Polar Skua.
    Stercorarius pomarinusPomarine Jaeger.
    Stercorarius parasiticusParasitic Jaeger.
    Stercorarius longicaudusLong-tailed Jaeger.
    (G) Family Alcidae
    Alle alleDovekie.
    Uria aalgeCommon Murre.
    Uria lomviaThick-billed Murre.
    Alca tordaRazorbill.
    Cepphus grylleBlack Guillemot.
    Cepphus columbaPigeon Guillemot.
    Brachyramphus perdixLong-billed Murrelet.
    Brachyramphus marmoratusMarbled Murrelet
    Brachyramphus brevirostrisKittlitz's Murrelet.
    Synthliboramphus scrippsiScripps's Murrelet.
    Synthliboramphus hypoleucusGuadalupe Murrelet.
    Synthliboramphus craveriCraveri's Murrelet.
    Synthliboramphus antiquusAncient Murrelet.
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    Ptychoramphus aleuticusCassin's Auklet.
    Aethia psittaculaParakeet Auklet.
    Aethia pusillaLeast Auklet.
    Aethia pygmaeaWhiskered Auklet.
    Aethia cristatellaCrested Auklet.
    Cerorhinca monocerataRhinoceros Auklet.
    Fratercula arcticaAtlantic Puffin.
    Fratercula corniculataHorned Puffin.
    Fratercula cirrhataTufted Puffin.
    (H) Family Laridae
    (1) Subfamily Larinae
    Creagrus furcatusSwallow-tailed Gull.
    Rissa tridactylaBlack-legged Kittiwake.
    Rissa brevirostrisRed-legged Kittiwake.
    Pagophila eburneaIvory Gull.
    Xema sabiniSabine's Gull.
    Chroicocephalus philadelphiaBonaparte's Gull.
    Chroicocephalus cirrocephalusGray-hooded Gull.
    Chroicocephalus ridibundusBlack-headed Gull.
    Hydrocoloeus minutusLittle Gull.
    Rhodostethia roseaRoss's Gull.
    Leucophaeus atricillaLaughing Gull.
    Leucophaeus pipixcanFranklin's Gull.
    Ichthyaetus ichthyaetusPallas's Gull.
    Larus belcheriBelcher's Gull.
    Larus crassirostrisBlack-tailed Gull.
    Larus heermanniHeermann's Gull.
    Larus canusCommon Gull.
    Larus brachyrhynchusShort-billed Gull.
    Larus delawarensisRing-billed Gull.
    Larus occidentalisWestern Gull.
    Larus livensYellow-footed Gull.
    Larus californicusCalifornia Gull.
    Larus argentatusHerring Gull.
    Larus michahellisYellow-legged Gull.
    Larus glaucoidesIceland Gull.
    Larus fuscusLesser Black-backed Gull.
    Larus schistisagusSlaty-backed Gull.
    Larus glaucescensGlaucous-winged Gull.
    Larus hyperboreusGlaucous Gull.
    Larus marinusGreat Black-backed Gull.
    Larus dominicanusKelp Gull.
    (2) Subfamily Sterninae
    Anous stolidusBrown Noddy.
    Anous minutusBlack Noddy.
    Anous ceruleusBlue-gray Noddy.
    Gygis albaWhite Tern.
    Onychoprion fuscatusSooty Tern.
    Onychoprion lunatusGray-backed Tern.
    Onychoprion anaethetusBridled Tern.
    Onychoprion aleuticusAleutian Tern.
    Sternula albifronsLittle Tern.
    Sternula antillarumLeast Tern.
    Phaetusa simplexLarge-billed Tern.
    Gelochelidon niloticaGull-billed Tern.
    Hydroprogne caspiaCaspian Tern.
    Larosterna incaInca Tern.
    Chlidonias nigerBlack Tern.
    Chlidonias leucopterusWhite-winged Tern.
    Chlidonias hybridaWhiskered Tern.
    Sterna dougalliiRoseate Tern.
    Sterna sumatranaBlack-naped Tern.
    Sterna hirundoCommon Tern.
    Sterna paradisaeaArctic Tern.
    Sterna forsteriForster's Tern.
    Thalasseus maximusRoyal Tern.
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    Thalasseus bergiiGreat Crested Tern.
    Thalasseus sandvicensisSandwich Tern.
    Thalasseus elegansElegant Tern.
    (3) Subfamily Rynchopinae
    Rynchops nigerBlack Skimmer.
    (x) Order Phaethontiformes
    Family Phaethontidae
    Phaethon lepturusWhite-tailed Tropicbird.
    Phaethon aethereusRed-billed Tropicbird.
    Phaethon rubricaudaRed-tailed Tropicbird.
    (xi) Order Gaviiformes
    Family Gaviidae
    Gavia stellataRed-throated Loon.
    Gavia arcticaArctic Loon.
    Gavia pacificaPacific Loon.
    Gavia immerCommon Loon.
    Gavia adamsiiYellow-billed Loon.
    (xii) Order Procellariiformes
    (A) Family Diomedeidae
    Thalassarche chlororhynchosYellow-nosed Albatross.
    Thalassarche cautaWhite-capped Albatross.
    Thalassarche eremitaChatham Albatross.
    Thalassarche salviniSalvin's Albatross.
    Thalassarche melanophrisBlack-browed Albatross.
    Phoebetria palpebrataLight-mantled Albatross.
    Diomedea exulansWandering Albatross.
    Phoebastria immutabilisLaysan Albatross.
    Phoebastria nigripesBlack-footed Albatross.
    Phoebastria albatrusShort-tailed Albatross.
    (B) Family Oceanitidae
    Family Phaethontidae
    Oceanites oceanicusWilson's Storm-Petrel.
    Pelagodroma marinaWhite-faced Storm-Petrel.
    Fregetta grallariaWhite-bellied Storm-Petrel.
    Fregetta tropicaBlack-bellied Storm-Petrel.
    Nesofregetta fuliginosaPolynesian Storm-Petrel.
    (C) Family Hydrobatidae
    Hydrobates pelagicusEuropean Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates furcatusFork-tailed Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates hornbyiRinged Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates monorhisSwinhoe's Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates leucorhousLeach's Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates socorroensisTownsend's Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates homochroaAshy Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates castroBand-rumped Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates tethysWedge-rumped Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates melaniaBlack Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates matsudairaeMatsudaira's Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates tristramiTristram's Storm-Petrel.
    Hydrobates microsomaLeast Storm-Petrel.
    (D) Family Procellariidae
    Macronectes halliNorthern Giant-Petrel.
    Fulmarus glacialisNorthern Fulmar.
    Pterodroma gouldiGray-faced Petrel.
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    Pterodroma solandriProvidence Petrel.
    Pterodroma neglectaKermadec Petrel.
    Pterodroma arminjonianaTrindade Petrel.
    Pterodroma heraldicaHerald Petrel.
    Pterodroma ultimaMurphy's Petrel.
    Pterodroma inexpectataMottled Petrel.
    Pterodroma cahowBermuda Petrel.
    Pterodroma hasitataBlack-capped Petrel.
    Pterodroma externaJuan Fernandez Petrel.
    Pterodroma sandwichensisHawaiian Petrel.
    Pterodroma cervicalisWhite-necked Petrel.
    Pterodroma hypoleucaBonin Petrel.
    Pterodroma nigripennisBlack-winged Petrel.
    Pterodroma feaeFea's Petrel.
    Pterodroma madeiraZino's Petrel.
    Pterodroma cookiiCook's Petrel.
    Pterodroma leucopteraGould's Petrel.
    Pterodroma longirostrisStejneger's Petrel.
    Pterodroma albaPhoenix Petrel.
    Pseudobulweria rostrataTahiti Petrel.
    Bulweria bulweriiBulwer's Petrel.
    Bulweria fallaxJouanin's Petrel.
    Procellaria aequinoctialisWhite-chinned Petrel.
    Procellaria parkinsoniParkinson's Petrel.
    Calonectris leucomelasStreaked Shearwater.
    Calonectris diomedeaCory's Shearwater.
    Calonectris edwardsiiCape Verde Shearwater.
    Ardenna pacificaWedge-tailed Shearwater.
    Ardenna bulleriBuller's Shearwater.
    Ardenna tenuirostrisShort-tailed Shearwater.
    Ardenna griseaSooty Shearwater.
    Ardenna gravisGreat Shearwater.
    Ardenna creatopusPink-footed Shearwater.
    Ardenna carneipesFlesh-footed Shearwater.
    Puffinus nativitatisChristmas Shearwater.
    Puffinus puffinusManx Shearwater.
    Puffinus newelliNewell's Shearwater.
    Puffinus bryaniBryan's Shearwater.
    Puffinus opisthomelasBlack-vented Shearwater.
    Puffinus lherminieriAudubon's Shearwater.
    Puffinus baroliBarolo Shearwater.
    (xiii) Order Ciconiiformes
    Family Ciconiidae
    Jabiru mycteriaJabiru.
    Mycteria americanaWood Stork.
    (xiv) Order Suliformes
    (A) Family Fregatidae
    Fregata arielLesser Frigatebird.
    Fregata magnificensMagnificent Frigatebird.
    Fregata minorGreat Frigatebird.
    (B) Family Sulidae
    Sula dactylatraMasked Booby.
    Sula grantiNazca Booby.
    Sula nebouxiiBlue-footed Booby.
    Sula leucogasterBrown Booby.
    Sula sulaRed-footed Booby.
    Papasula abbottiAbbott's Booby.
    Morus bassanusNorthern Gannet.
    (C) Family Anhingidae
    Anhinga anhingaAnhinga.
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    (D) Family Phalacrocoracidae
    Microcarbo melanoleucosLittle Pied Cormorant.
    Urile penicillatusBrandt's Cormorant.
    Urile urileRed-faced Cormorant.
    Urile pelagicusPelagic Cormorant.
    Phalacrocorax carboGreat Cormorant.
    Nannopterum auritumDouble-crested Cormorant.
    Nannopterum brasilianumNeotropic Cormorant.
    (xv) Order Pelecaniformes
    (A) Family Pelecanidae
    Pelecanus erythrorhynchosAmerican White Pelican.
    Pelecanus occidentalisBrown Pelican.
    (B) Family Ardeidae
    Botaurus lentiginosusAmerican Bittern.
    Ixobrychus sinensisYellow Bittern.
    Ixobrychus exilisLeast Bittern.
    Ixobrychus eurhythmusSchrenck's Bittern.
    Ixobrychus flavicollisBlack Bittern.
    Tigrisoma mexicanumBare-throated Tiger-Heron.
    Ardea herodiasGreat Blue Heron.
    Ardea cinereaGray Heron.
    Ardea albaGreat Egret.
    Ardea intermediaIntermediate Egret.
    Egretta eulophotesChinese Egret.
    Egretta garzettaLittle Egret.
    Egretta sacraPacific Reef-Heron.
    Egretta gularisWestern Reef-Heron.
    Egretta thulaSnowy Egret.
    Egretta caeruleaLittle Blue Heron.
    Egretta tricolorTricolored Heron.
    Egretta rufescensReddish Egret.
    Bubulcus ibisCattle Egret.
    Ardeola bacchusChinese Pond-Heron.
    Butorides virescensGreen Heron.
    Nycticorax nycticoraxBlack-crowned Night-Heron.
    Nycticorax caledonicusNankeen Night-Heron.
    Nyctanassa violaceaYellow-crowned Night-Heron.
    Gorsachius goisagiJapanese Night-Heron.
    Gorsachius melanolophusMalayan Night-Heron.
    (C) Family Threskiornithidae
    (1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae
    Eudocimus albusWhite Ibis.
    Eudocimus ruberScarlet Ibis.
    Plegadis falcinellusGlossy Ibis.
    Plegadis chihiWhite-faced Ibis.
    (2) Subfamily Plataleinae
    Platalea ajajaRoseate Spoonbill.
    (xvi) Order Carthartiformes
    Family Cathartidae
    Gymnogyps californianusCalifornia Condor.
    Coragyps atratusBlack Vulture.
    Cathartes auraTurkey Vulture.
    Start Printed Page 49343
    (xvii) Order Accipitriformes
    (A) Family Pandionidae
    Pandion haliaetusOsprey.
    (B) Family Accipitridae
    (1) Subfamily Elaninae
    Elanus leucurusWhite-tailed Kite.
    (2) Subfamily Gypaetinae
    Chondrohierax uncinatusHook-billed Kite.
    Elanoides forficatusSwallow-tailed Kite.
    (3) Subfamily Accipitrinae
    Aquila chrysaetosGolden Eagle.
    Harpagus bidentatusDouble-toothed Kite.
    Circus hudsoniusNorthern Harrier.
    Circus spilonotusEastern Marsh-Harrier.
    Accipiter soloensisChinese Sparrowhawk.
    Accipiter gularisJapanese Sparrowhawk.
    Accipiter striatusSharp-shinned Hawk.
    Accipiter cooperiiCooper's Hawk.
    Accipiter gentilisNorthern Goshawk.
    Milvus migransBlack Kite.
    Haliaeetus leucocephalusBald Eagle.
    Haliaeetus albicillaWhite-tailed Eagle.
    Haliaeetus pelagicusSteller's Sea-Eagle.
    Ictinia mississippiensisMississippi Kite.
    Butastur indicusGray-faced Buzzard.
    Geranospiza caerulescensCrane Hawk.
    Rostrhamus sociabilisSnail Kite.
    Buteogallus anthracinusCommon Black Hawk.
    Buteogallus urubitingaGreat Black Hawk.
    Rupornis magnirostrisRoadside Hawk.
    Parabuteo unicinctusHarris's Hawk.
    Geranoaetus albicaudatusWhite-tailed Hawk.
    Buteo plagiatusGray Hawk.
    Buteo lineatusRed-shouldered Hawk.
    Buteo platypterusBroad-winged Hawk.
    Buteo solitariusHawaiian Hawk.
    Buteo brachyurusShort-tailed Hawk.
    Buteo swainsoniSwainson's Hawk.
    Buteo albonotatusZone-tailed Hawk.
    Buteo jamaicensisRed-tailed Hawk.
    Buteo lagopusRough-legged Hawk.
    Buteo regalisFerruginous Hawk.
    Buteo rufinusLong-legged Buzzard.
    (xviii) Order Strigiformes
    (A) Family Tytonidae
    Tyto albaBarn Owl.
    (B) Family Strigidae
    Otus suniaOriental Scops-Owl.
    Psiloscops flammeolusFlammulated Owl.
    Gymnasio nudipesPuerto Rican Owl.
    Megascops trichopsisWhiskered Screech-Owl.
    Megascops kennicottiiWestern Screech-Owl.
    Megascops asioEastern Screech-Owl.
    Bubo virginianusGreat Horned Owl.
    Bubo scandiacusSnowy Owl.
    Surnia ululaNorthern Hawk Owl.
    Glaucidium gnomaNorthern Pygmy-Owl.
    Glaucidium brasilianumFerruginous Pygmy-Owl.
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    Micrathene whitneyiElf Owl.
    Athene cuniculariaBurrowing Owl.
    Strix occidentalisSpotted Owl.
    Strix variaBarred Owl.
    Strix virgataMottled Owl.
    Strix nebulosaGreat Gray Owl.
    Asio otusLong-eared Owl.
    Asio stygiusStygian Owl.
    Asio flammeusShort-eared Owl.
    Aegolius funereusBoreal Owl.
    Aegolius acadicusNorthern Saw-whet Owl.
    Ninox japonicaNorthern Boobook.
    (xix) Order Trogoniformes
    Family Trogonidae
    Subfamily Trogoninae
    Trogon elegansElegant Trogon.
    Euptilotis neoxenusEared Quetzal.
    (xx) Order Upupiformes
    Family Upupidae
    Upupa epopsEurasian Hoopoe.
    (xxi) Order Coraciiformes
    Family Alcedinidae
    (1) Subfamily Alcedininae
    Alcedo atthisCommon Kingfisher.
    (2) Subfamily Halcyoninae
    Todiramphus sacerPacific Kingfisher.
    Todiramphus cinnamominusGuam Kingfisher.
    Todiramphus albicillaMariana Kingfisher.
    (3) Subfamily Cerylinae
    Megaceryle torquataRinged Kingfisher.
    Megaceryle alcyonBelted Kingfisher.
    Chloroceryle amazonaAmazon Kingfisher.
    Chloroceryle americanaGreen Kingfisher.
    (xxii) Order Piciformes
    Family Picidae
    (1) Subfamily Jynginae
    Jynx torquillaEurasian Wryneck.
    (2) Subfamily Picinae
    Melanerpes lewisLewis's Woodpecker.
    Melanerpes portoricensisPuerto Rican Woodpecker.
    Melanerpes erythrocephalusRed-headed Woodpecker.
    Melanerpes formicivorusAcorn Woodpecker.
    Melanerpes uropygialisGila Woodpecker.
    Melanerpes aurifronsGolden-fronted Woodpecker.
    Melanerpes carolinusRed-bellied Woodpecker.
    Sphyrapicus thyroideusWilliamson's Sapsucker.
    Sphyrapicus variusYellow-bellied Sapsucker.
    Sphyrapicus nuchalisRed-naped Sapsucker.
    Sphyrapicus ruberRed-breasted Sapsucker.
    Picoides dorsalisAmerican Three-toed Woodpecker.
    Picoides arcticusBlack-backed Woodpecker.
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    Dendrocopos majorGreat Spotted Woodpecker.
    Dryobates pubescensDowny Woodpecker.
    Dryobates nuttalliiNuttall's Woodpecker.
    Dryobates scalarisLadder-backed Woodpecker.
    Dryobates borealisRed-cockaded Woodpecker.
    Dryobates villosusHairy Woodpecker.
    Dryobates albolarvatusWhite-headed Woodpecker.
    Dryobates arizonaeArizona Woodpecker.
    Colaptes auratusNorthern Flicker.
    Colaptes chrysoidesGilded Flicker.
    Dryocopus pileatusPileated Woodpecker.
    Campephilus principalisIvory-billed Woodpecker.
    (xxiii) Order Falconiformes
    Family Falconidae
    (1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae
    Micrastur semitorquatusCollared Forest-Falcon.
    (2) Subfamily Falconinae
    Caracara plancusCrested Caracara.
    Falco tinnunculusEurasian Kestrel.
    Falco sparveriusAmerican Kestrel.
    Falco vespertinusRed-footed Falcon.
    Falco amurensisAmur Falcon.
    Falco columbariusMerlin.
    Falco subbuteoEurasian Hobby.
    Falco femoralisAplomado Falcon.
    Falco rusticolusGyrfalcon.
    Falco peregrinusPeregrine Falcon.
    Falco mexicanusPrairie Falcon.
    (xxiv) Order Passeriformes
    (A) Family Tityridae
    Tityra semifasciataMasked Tityra.
    Pachyramphus majorGray-collared Becard.
    Pachyramphus aglaiaeRose-throated Becard.
    (B) Family Tyrannidae
    (1) Subfamily Elaeniinae
    Camptostoma imberbeNorthern Beardless-Tyrannulet.
    Myiopagis viridicataGreenish Elaenia.
    Elaenia martinicaCaribbean Elaenia.
    Elaenia albicepsWhite-crested Elaenia.
    Elaenia parvirostrisSmall-billed Elaenia.
    (2) Subfamily Tyranninae
    Myiarchus tuberculiferDusky-capped Flycatcher.
    Myiarchus cinerascensAsh-throated Flycatcher.
    Myiarchus nuttingiNutting's Flycatcher.
    Myiarchus crinitusGreat Crested Flycatcher.
    Myiarchus tyrannulusBrown-crested Flycatcher.
    Myiarchus sagraeLa Sagra's Flycatcher.
    Myiarchus antillarumPuerto Rican Flycatcher.
    Pitangus sulphuratusGreat Kiskadee.
    Myiozetetes similisSocial Flycatcher.
    Myiodynastes luteiventrisSulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
    Legatus leucophaiusPiratic Flycatcher.
    Empidonomus variusVariegated Flycatcher.
    Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatusCrowned Slaty Flycatcher.
    Tyrannus melancholicusTropical Kingbird.
    Tyrannus couchiiCouch's Kingbird.
    Tyrannus vociferansCassin's Kingbird.
    Tyrannus crassirostrisThick-billed Kingbird.
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    Tyrannus verticalisWestern Kingbird.
    Tyrannus tyrannusEastern Kingbird.
    Tyrannus dominicensisGray Kingbird.
    Tyrannus caudifasciatusLoggerhead Kingbird.
    Tyrannus forficatusScissor-tailed Flycatcher.
    Tyrannus savanaFork-tailed Flycatcher.
    (3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae
    Mitrephanes phaeocercusTufted Flycatcher.
    Contopus cooperiOlive-sided Flycatcher.
    Contopus pertinaxGreater Pewee.
    Contopus sordidulusWestern Wood-Pewee.
    Contopus virensEastern Wood-Pewee.
    Contopus caribaeusCuban Pewee.
    Contopus hispaniolensisHispaniolan Pewee.
    Contopus latirostrisLesser Antillean Pewee.
    Empidonax flaviventrisYellow-bellied Flycatcher.
    Empidonax virescensAcadian Flycatcher.
    Empidonax alnorumAlder Flycatcher.
    Empidonax trailliiWillow Flycatcher.
    Empidonax minimusLeast Flycatcher.
    Empidonax hammondiiHammond's Flycatcher.
    Empidonax wrightiiGray Flycatcher.
    Empidonax oberholseriDusky Flycatcher.
    Empidonax affinisPine Flycatcher.
    Empidonax difficilisPacific-slope Flycatcher.
    Empidonax occidentalisCordilleran Flycatcher.
    Empidonax fulvifronsBuff-breasted Flycatcher.
    Sayornis nigricansBlack Phoebe.
    Sayornis phoebeEastern Phoebe.
    Sayornis sayaSay's Phoebe.
    Pyrocephalus rubinusVermilion Flycatcher.
    (C) Family Vireonidae
    Vireo atricapillaBlack-capped Vireo.
    Vireo griseusWhite-eyed Vireo.
    Vireo crassirostrisThick-billed Vireo.
    Vireo gundlachiiCuban Vireo.
    Vireo latimeriPuerto Rican Vireo.
    Vireo belliiBell's Vireo.
    Vireo viciniorGray Vireo.
    Vireo huttoniHutton's Vireo.
    Vireo flavifronsYellow-throated Vireo.
    Vireo cassiniiCassin's Vireo.
    Vireo solitariusBlue-headed Vireo.
    Vireo plumbeusPlumbeous Vireo.
    Vireo philadelphicusPhiladelphia Vireo.
    Vireo gilvusWarbling Vireo.
    Vireo olivaceusRed-eyed Vireo.
    Vireo flavoviridisYellow-green Vireo.
    Vireo altiloquusBlack-whiskered Vireo.
    Vireo magisterYucatan Vireo.
    (D) Family Laniidae
    Lanius cristatusBrown Shrike.
    Lanius ludovicianusLoggerhead Shrike.
    Lanius borealisNorthern Shrike.
    (E) Family Corvidae
    Perisoreus canadensisCanada Jay.
    Psilorhinus morioBrown Jay.
    Cyanocorax yncasGreen Jay.
    Gymnorhinus cyanocephalusPinyon Jay.
    Cyanocitta stelleriSteller's Jay.
    Cyanocitta cristataBlue Jay.
    Aphelocoma coerulescensFlorida Scrub-Jay.
    Aphelocoma insularisIsland Scrub-Jay.
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    Aphelocoma californicaCalifornia Scrub-Jay.
    Aphelocoma woodhouseiiWoodhouse's Scrub-Jay.
    Aphelocoma wollweberiMexican Jay.
    Nucifraga columbianaClark's Nutcracker.
    Pica hudsoniaBlack-billed Magpie.
    Pica nuttalliYellow-billed Magpie.
    Corvus monedulaEurasian Jackdaw.
    Corvus kubaryiMariana Crow.
    Corvus brachyrhynchosAmerican Crow.
    Corvus leucognaphalusWhite-necked Crow.
    Corvus imparatusTamaulipas Crow.
    Corvus ossifragusFish Crow.
    Corvus hawaiiensisHawaiian Crow.
    Corvus cryptoleucusChihuahuan Raven.
    Corvus coraxCommon Raven.
    (F) Family Remizidae
    Auriparus flavicepsVerdin.
    (G) Family Paridae
    Poecile carolinensisCarolina Chickadee.
    Poecile atricapillusBlack-capped Chickadee.
    Poecile gambeliMountain Chickadee.
    Poecile sclateriMexican Chickadee.
    Poecile rufescensChestnut-backed Chickadee.
    Poecile hudsonicusBoreal Chickadee.
    Poecile cinctusGray-headed Chickadee.
    Baeolophus wollweberiBridled Titmouse.
    Baeolophus inornatusOak Titmouse.
    Baeolophus ridgwayiJuniper Titmouse.
    Baeolophus bicolorTufted Titmouse.
    Baeolophus atricristatusBlack-crested Titmouse.
    (H) Family Alaudidae
    Alauda arvensisEurasian Skylark.
    Eremophila alpestrisHorned Lark.
    (I) Family Acrocephalidae
    Arundinax aedonThick-billed Warbler.
    Acrocephalus lusciniusNightingale Reed Warbler.
    Acrocephalus hiwaeSaipan Reed Warbler.
    Acrocephalus nijoiAguiguan Reed Warbler.
    Acrocephalus yamashinaePagan Reed Warbler.
    Acrocephalus familiarisMillerbird.
    Acrocephalus schoenobaenusSedge Warbler.
    Acrocephalus dumetorumBlyth's Reed Warbler.
    (J) Family Locustellidae
    Helopsaltes certhiolaPallas's Grasshopper Warbler.
    Helopsaltes ochotensisMiddendorff's Grasshopper Warbler.
    Locustella lanceolataLanceolated Warbler.
    Locustella fluviatilisRiver Warbler.
    (K) Family Hirundinidae
    Subfamily Hirundininae
    Riparia ripariaBank Swallow.
    Tachycineta bicolorTree Swallow.
    Tachycineta cyaneoviridisBahama Swallow.
    Tachycineta thalassinaViolet-green Swallow.
    Tachycineta albilineaMangrove Swallow.
    Pygochelidon cyanoleucaBlue-and-white Swallow.
    Stelgidopteryx serripennisNorthern Rough-winged Swallow.
    Progne taperaBrown-chested Martin.
    Progne subisPurple Martin.
    Progne elegansSouthern Martin.
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    Progne chalybeaGray-breasted Martin.
    Progne cryptoleucaCuban Martin.
    Progne dominicensisCaribbean Martin.
    Hirundo rusticaBarn Swallow.
    Delichon urbicumCommon House-Martin.
    Petrochelidon pyrrhonotaCliff Swallow.
    Petrochelidon fulvaCave Swallow.
    (L) Family Aegithalidae
    Psaltriparus minimusBushtit.
    (M) Family Phylloscopidae
    Phylloscopus trochilusWillow Warbler.
    Phylloscopus collybitaCommon Chiffchaff.
    Phylloscopus sibilatrixWood Warbler.
    Phylloscopus fuscatusDusky Warbler.
    Phylloscopus proregulusPallas's Leaf Warbler.
    Phylloscopus inornatusYellow-browed Warbler.
    Phylloscopus borealisArctic Warbler.
    Phylloscopus examinandusKamchatka Leaf Warbler.
    (N) Family Sylviidae
    Sylvia currucaLesser Whitethroat.
    Chamaea fasciataWrentit.
    (O) Family Regulidae
    Corthylio calendulaRuby-crowned Kinglet.
    Regulus satrapaGolden-crowned Kinglet.
    (P) Family Bombycillidae
    Bombycilla garrulusBohemian Waxwing.
    Bombycilla cedrorumCedar Waxwing.
    (Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae
    Ptiliogonys cinereusGray Silky-flycatcher.
    Phainopepla nitensPhainopepla.
    (R) Family Sittidae
    Subfamily Sittinae
    Sitta canadensisRed-breasted Nuthatch.
    Sitta carolinensisWhite-breasted Nuthatch.
    Sitta pygmaeaPygmy Nuthatch.
    Sitta pusillaBrown-headed Nuthatch.
    (S) Family Certhiidae
    Subfamily Certhiinae
    Certhia americanaBrown Creeper.
    (T) Family Polioptilidae
    Polioptila caeruleaBlue-Gray Gnatcatcher.
    Polioptila melanuraBlack-tailed Gnatcatcher.
    Polioptila californicaCalifornia Gnatcatcher.
    Polioptila nigricepsBlack-capped Gnatcatcher.
    (U) Family Troglodytidae
    Salpinctes obsoletusRock Wren.
    Catherpes mexicanusCanyon Wren.
    Thryophilus sinaloaSinaloa Wren.
    Campylorhynchus brunneicapillusCactus Wren.
    Thryomanes bewickiiBewick's Wren.
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    Thryothorus ludovicianusCarolina Wren.
    Troglodytes aedonHouse Wren.
    Troglodytes pacificusPacific Wren.
    Troglodytes hiemalisWinter Wren.
    Cistothorus stellarisSedge Wren.
    Cistothorus palustrisMarsh Wren.
    (V) Family Mimidae
    Melanotis caerulescensBlue Mockingbird.
    Melanoptila glabrirostrisBlack Catbird.
    Dumetella carolinensisGray Catbird.
    Margarops fuscatusPearly-eyed Thrasher.
    Toxostoma curvirostreCurve-billed Thrasher.
    Toxostoma rufumBrown Thrasher.
    Toxostoma longirostreLong-billed Thrasher.
    Toxostoma bendireiBendire's Thrasher.
    Toxostoma redivivumCalifornia Thrasher.
    Toxostoma leconteiLeConte's Thrasher.
    Toxostoma crissaleCrissal Thrasher.
    Oreoscoptes montanusSage Thrasher.
    Mimus gundlachiiBahama Mockingbird.
    Mimus polyglottosNorthern Mockingbird.
    (W) Family Sturnidae
    Agropsar philippensisChestnut-cheeked Starling.
    Spodiopsar cineraceusWhite-cheeked Starling.
    (X) Family Cinclidae
    Cinclus mexicanusAmerican Dipper.
    (Y) Family Turdidae
    Sialia sialisEastern Bluebird.
    Sialia mexicanaWestern Bluebird.
    Sialia currucoidesMountain Bluebird.
    Myadestes townsendiTownsend's Solitaire.
    Myadestes occidentalisBrown-backed Solitaire.
    Myadestes myadestinusKāma'o.
    Myadestes lanaiensisOloma'o.
    Myadestes obscurus`Ōma'o.
    Myadestes palmeriPuaiohi.
    Catharus aurantiirostrisOrange-billed Nightingale-Thrush.
    Catharus mexicanusBlack-headed Nightingale-Thrush.
    Catharus fuscescensVeery.
    Catharus minimusGray-cheeked Thrush.
    Catharus bicknelliBicknell's Thrush.
    Catharus ustulatusSwainson's Thrush.
    Catharus guttatusHermit Thrush.
    Hylocichla mustelinaWood Thrush.
    Turdus obscurusEyebrowed Thrush.
    Turdus eunomusDusky Thrush.
    Turdus naumanniNaumann's Thrush.
    Turdus pilarisFieldfare.
    Turdus iliacusRedwing.
    Turdus grayiClay-colored Thrush.
    Turdus assimilisWhite-throated Thrush.
    Turdus rufopalliatusRufous-backed Robin.
    Turdus migratoriusAmerican Robin.
    Turdus plumbeusRed-legged Thrush.
    Ixoreus naeviusVaried Thrush.
    Ridgwayia pinicolaAztec Thrush.
    (Z) Family Muscicapidae
    Muscicapa griseistictaGray-streaked Flycatcher.
    Muscicapa dauuricaAsian Brown Flycatcher.
    Muscicapa striataSpotted Flycatcher.
    Muscicapa sibiricaDark-sided Flycatcher.
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    Erithacus rubeculaEuropean Robin.
    Larvivora cyaneSiberian Blue Robin.
    Larvivora sibilansRufous-tailed Robin.
    Cyanecula svecicaBluethroat.
    Calliope calliopeSiberian Rubythroat.
    Tarsiger cyanurusRed-flanked Bluetail.
    Ficedula narcissinaNarcissus Flycatcher.
    Ficedula mugimakiMugimaki Flycatcher.
    Ficedula albicillaTaiga Flycatcher.
    Phoenicurus phoenicurusCommon Redstart.
    Saxicola maurusAsian Stonechat.
    Oenanthe oenantheNorthern Wheatear.
    Oenanthe pleschankaPied Wheatear.
    Monticola solitariusBlue Rock-Thrush.
    (AA) Family Peucedramidae
    Peucedramus taeniatusOlive Warbler.
    (BB) Family Prunellidae
    Prunella montanellaSiberian Accentor.
    (CC) Family Motacillidae
    Motacilla tschutschensisEastern Yellow Wagtail.
    Motacilla citreolaCitrine Wagtail.
    Motacilla cinereaGray Wagtail.
    Motacilla albaWhite Wagtail.
    Anthus trivialisTree Pipit.
    Anthus hodgsoniOlive-backed Pipit.
    Anthus gustaviPechora Pipit.
    Anthus cervinusRed-throated Pipit.
    Anthus rubescensAmerican Pipit.
    Anthus spragueiiSprague's Pipit.
    (DD) Family Fringillidae
    (1) Subfamily Fringillinae
    Fringilla coelebsCommon Chaffinch.
    Fringilla montifringillaBrambling.
    (2) Subfamily Euphoniinae
    Chlorophonia musicaAntillean Euphonia.
    (3) Subfamily Carduelinae
    Coccothraustes vespertinusEvening Grosbeak.
    Coccothraustes coccothraustesHawfinch.
    Carpodacus erythrinusCommon Rosefinch.
    Carpodacus roseusPallas's Rosefinch.
    Melamprosops phaeosomaPo'ouli.
    Oreomystis bairdi'Akikiki.
    Paroreomyza maculataO'ahu 'Alauahio.
    Paroreomyza flammeaKākāwahie.
    Paroreomyza montanaMaui 'Alauahio.
    Loxioides bailleuiPalila.
    Telespiza cantansLaysan Finch.
    Telespiza ultimaNihoa Finch.
    Palmeria dolei'Akohekohe.
    Himatione fraithiiLaysan Honeycreeper.
    Himatione sanguinea'Apapane.
    Drepanis coccinea'I'iwi.
    Psittirostra psittacea'Ō'ū.
    Pseudonestor xanthophrysMaui Parrotbill.
    Hemignathus hanapepeKauai Nukupu'u.
    Hemignathus lucidusO'ahu Nukupu'u.
    Hemignathus affinisMaui Nukupu'u.
    Hemignathus wilsoni'Akiapola'au.
    Akialoa stejnegeriKauai 'Akialoa.
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    Akialoa ellisianaO'ahu 'Akialoa.
    Akialoa lanaiensisMaui Nui 'Akialoa.
    Magumma parva'Anianiau.
    Chlorodrepanis virensHawaii 'Amakihi.
    Chlorodrepanis flavaO'ahu 'Amakihi.
    Chlorodrepanis stejnegeriKaua'i 'Amakihi.
    Loxops manaHawaii Creeper.
    Loxops caeruleirostris'Akeke'e.
    Loxops wolstenholmeiO'ahu 'Akepa.
    Loxops ochraceusMaui 'Akepa.
    Loxops coccineusHawaii 'Akepa.
    Pinicola enucleatorPine Grosbeak.
    Pyrrhula pyrrhulaEurasian Bullfinch.
    Leucosticte arctoaAsian Rosy-Finch.
    Leucosticte tephrocotisGray-crowned Rosy-Finch.
    Leucosticte atrataBlack Rosy-Finch.
    Leucosticte australisBrown-capped Rosy-Finch.
    Haemorhous mexicanusHouse Finch.
    Haemorhous purpureusPurple Finch.
    Haemorhous cassiniiCassin's Finch.
    Chloris sinicaOriental Greenfinch.
    Acanthis flammeaCommon Redpoll.
    Acanthis hornemanniHoary Redpoll.
    Loxia curvirostraRed Crossbill.
    Loxia sinesciurisCassia Crossbill.
    Loxia leucopteraWhite-winged Crossbill.
    Spinus spinusEurasian Siskin.
    Spinus pinusPine Siskin.
    Spinus psaltriaLesser Goldfinch.
    Spinus lawrenceiLawrence's Goldfinch.
    Spinus tristisAmerican Goldfinch.
    (EE) Family Calcariidae
    Calcarius lapponicusLapland Longspur.
    Calcarius ornatusChestnut-collared Longspur.
    Calcarius pictusSmith's Longspur.
    Rhynchophanes mccowniiThick-billed Longspur.
    Plectrophenax nivalisSnow Bunting.
    Plectrophenax hyperboreusMcKay's Bunting.
    (FF) Family Emberizidae
    Emberiza leucocephalosPine Bunting.
    Emberiza chrysophrysYellow-browed Bunting.
    Emberiza pusillaLittle Bunting.
    Emberiza rusticaRustic Bunting.
    Emberiza elegansYellow-throated Bunting.
    Emberiza aureolaYellow-breasted Bunting.
    Emberiza variabilisGray Bunting.
    Emberiza pallasiPallas's Bunting.
    Emberiza schoeniclusReed Bunting.
    (GG) Family Passerellidae
    Peucaea carpalisRufous-winged Sparrow.
    Peucaea botteriiBotteri's Sparrow.
    Peucaea cassiniiCassin's Sparrow.
    Peucaea aestivalisBachman's Sparrow.
    Ammodramus savannarumGrasshopper Sparrow.
    Arremonops rufivirgatusOlive Sparrow.
    Amphispizopsis quinquestriataFive-striped Sparrow.
    Amphispiza bilineataBlack-throated Sparrow.
    Chondestes grammacusLark Sparrow.
    Calamospiza melanocorysLark Bunting.
    Spizella passerinaChipping Sparrow.
    Spizella pallidaClay-colored Sparrow.
    Spizella atrogularisBlack-chinned Sparrow.
    Spizella pusillaField Sparrow.
    Spizella breweriBrewer's Sparrow.
    Spizella wortheniWorthen's Sparrow.
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    Passerella iliacaFox Sparrow.
    Spizelloides arboreaAmerican Tree Sparrow.
    Junco hyemalisDark-eyed Junco.
    Junco phaeonotusYellow-eyed Junco.
    Zonotrichia leucophrysWhite-crowned Sparrow.
    Zonotrichia atricapillaGolden-crowned Sparrow.
    Zonotrichia querulaHarris's Sparrow.
    Zonotrichia albicollisWhite-throated Sparrow.
    Artemisiospiza nevadensisSagebrush Sparrow.
    Artemisiospiza belliBell's Sparrow.
    Pooecetes gramineusVesper Sparrow.
    Ammospiza leconteiiLeConte's Sparrow.
    Ammospiza maritimaSeaside Sparrow.
    Ammospiza nelsoniNelson's Sparrow.
    Ammospiza caudacutaSaltmarsh Sparrow.
    Centronyx bairdiiBaird's Sparrow.
    Centronyx henslowiiHenslow's Sparrow.
    Passerculus sandwichensisSavannah Sparrow.
    Melospiza melodiaSong Sparrow.
    Melospiza lincolniiLincoln's Sparrow.
    Melospiza georgianaSwamp Sparrow.
    Melozone fuscaCanyon Towhee.
    Melozone abertiAbert's Towhee.
    Melozone crissalisCalifornia Towhee.
    Aimophila ruficepsRufous-crowned Sparrow.
    Pipilo chlorurusGreen-tailed Towhee.
    Pipilo maculatusSpotted Towhee.
    Pipilo erythrophthalmusEastern Towhee.
    (HH) Family Nesospingidae
    Nesospingus speculiferusPuerto Rican Tanager.
    (II) Family Spindalidae
    Spindalis zenaWestern Spindalis.
    Spindalis portoricensisPuerto Rican Spindalis.
    (JJ) Family Icteridae
    Icteria virensYellow-breasted Chat.
    (1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae
    Xanthocephalus xanthocephalusYellow-headed Blackbird.
    (2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae
    Dolichonyx oryzivorusBobolink.
    (3) Subfamily Sturnellinae
    Sturnella lilianaeChihuahuan Meadowlark.
    Sturnella magnaEastern Meadowlark.
    Sturnella neglectaWestern Meadowlark.
    (4) Subfamily Icterinae
    Icterus portoricensisPuerto Rican Oriole.
    Icterus wagleriBlack-vented Oriole.
    Icterus spuriusOrchard Oriole.
    Icterus cucullatusHooded Oriole.
    Icterus pustulatusStreak-backed Oriole.
    Icterus bullockiiBullock's Oriole.
    Icterus gularisAltamira Oriole.
    Icterus graduacaudaAudubon's Oriole.
    Icterus galbulaBaltimore Oriole.
    Icterus abeilleiBlack-backed Oriole.
    Icterus parisorumScott's Oriole.
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    (5) Subfamily Agelaiinae
    Agelaius phoeniceusRed-winged Blackbird.
    Agelaius tricolorTricolored Blackbird.
    Agelaius humeralisTawny-shouldered Blackbird.
    Agelaius xanthomusYellow-shouldered Blackbird.
    Molothrus bonariensisShiny Cowbird.
    Molothrus aeneusBronzed Cowbird.
    Molothrus aterBrown-headed Cowbird.
    Euphagus carolinusRusty Blackbird.
    Euphagus cyanocephalusBrewer's Blackbird.
    Quiscalus quisculaCommon Grackle.
    Quiscalus majorBoat-tailed Grackle.
    Quiscalus mexicanusGreat-tailed Grackle.
    Quiscalus nigerGreater Antillean Grackle.
    (KK) Family Parulidae
    Seiurus aurocapillaOvenbird.
    Helmitheros vermivorumWorm-eating Warbler.
    Parkesia motacillaLouisiana Waterthrush.
    Parkesia noveboracensisNorthern Waterthrush.
    Vermivora bachmaniiBachman's Warbler.
    Vermivora chrysopteraGolden-winged Warbler.
    Vermivora cyanopteraBlue-winged Warbler.
    Mniotilta variaBlack-and-white Warbler.
    Protonotaria citreaProthonotary Warbler.
    Limnothlypis swainsoniiSwainson's Warbler.
    Oreothlypis superciliosaCrescent-chested Warbler.
    Leiothlypis peregrinaTennessee Warbler.
    Leiothlypis celataOrange-crowned Warbler.
    Leiothlypis crissalisColima Warbler.
    Leiothlypis luciaeLucy's Warbler.
    Leiothlypis ruficapillaNashville Warbler.
    Leiothlypis virginiaeVirginia's Warbler.
    Oporornis agilisConnecticut Warbler.
    Geothlypis poliocephalaGray-crowned Yellowthroat.
    Geothlypis tolmieiMacGillivray's Warbler.
    Geothlypis philadelphiaMourning Warbler.
    Geothlypis formosaKentucky Warbler.
    Geothlypis trichasCommon Yellowthroat.
    Setophaga angelaeElfin-woods Warbler.
    Setophaga citrinaHooded Warbler.
    Setophaga ruticillaAmerican Redstart.
    Setophaga kirtlandiiKirtland's Warbler.
    Setophaga tigrinaCape May Warbler.
    Setophaga ceruleaCerulean Warbler.
    Setophaga americanaNorthern Parula.
    Setophaga pitiayumiTropical Parula.
    Setophaga magnoliaMagnolia Warbler.
    Setophaga castaneaBay-breasted Warbler.
    Setophaga fuscaBlackburnian Warbler.
    Setophaga petechiaYellow Warbler.
    Setophaga pensylvanicaChestnut-sided Warbler.
    Setophaga striataBlackpoll Warbler.
    Setophaga caerulescensBlack-throated Blue Warbler.
    Setophaga palmarumPalm Warbler.
    Setophaga pinusPine Warbler.
    Setophaga coronataYellow-rumped Warbler.
    Setophaga dominicaYellow-throated Warbler.
    Setophaga discolorPrairie Warbler.
    Setophaga adelaidaeAdelaide's Warbler.
    Setophaga graciaeGrace's Warbler.
    Setophaga nigrescensBlack-throated Gray Warbler.
    Setophaga townsendiTownsend's Warbler.
    Setophaga occidentalisHermit Warbler.
    Setophaga chrysopariaGolden-cheeked Warbler.
    Setophaga virensBlack-throated Green Warbler.
    Basileuterus lachrymosusFan-tailed Warbler.
    Basileuterus rufifronsRufous-capped Warbler.
    Basileuterus culicivorusGolden-crowned Warbler.
    Start Printed Page 49354
    Cardellina canadensisCanada Warbler.
    Cardellina pusillaWilson's Warbler.
    Cardellina rubrifronsRed-faced Warbler.
    Myioborus pictusPainted Redstart.
    Myioborus miniatusSlate-throated Redstart.
    (LL) Family Cardinalidae
    Piranga flavaHepatic Tanager.
    Piranga rubraSummer Tanager.
    Piranga olivaceaScarlet Tanager.
    Piranga ludovicianaWestern Tanager.
    Piranga bidentataFlame-colored Tanager.
    Rhodothraupis celaenoCrimson-collared Grosbeak.
    Cardinalis cardinalisNorthern Cardinal.
    Cardinalis sinuatusPyrrhuloxia.
    Pheucticus chrysopeplusYellow Grosbeak.
    Pheucticus ludovicianusRose-breasted Grosbeak.
    Pheucticus melanocephalusBlack-headed Grosbeak.
    Cyanocompsa parellinaBlue Bunting.
    Passerina caeruleaBlue Grosbeak.
    Passerina amoenaLazuli Bunting.
    Passerina cyaneaIndigo Bunting.
    Passerina versicolorVaried Bunting.
    Passerina cirisPainted Bunting.
    Spiza americanaDickcissel.
    (MM) Family Thraupidae
    (1) Subfamily Dacninae
    Cyanerpes cyaneusRed-legged Honeycreeper.
    (2) Subfamily Coerebinae
    Coereba flaveolaBananaquit.
    Tiaris olivaceusYellow-faced Grassquit.
    Melopyrrha portoricensisPuerto Rican Bullfinch.
    Melanospiza bicolorBlack-faced Grassquit.
    (3) Subfamily Sporophilinae
    Sporophila morelletiMorelet's Seedeater.
    Start Part

    PART 17—ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS

    End Part Start Amendment Part

    3. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part Start Authority

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 1531–1544; and 4201–4245, unless otherwise noted.

    End Authority Start Amendment Part

    4. Amend § 17.11, in paragraph (h), the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, under BIRDS, by:

    End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part

    a. Revising the entries for “Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS]”, “Crane, Mississippi sandhill”, “Nightjar, Puerto Rican”, and “Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain”;

    End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part

    b. Removing the entries for “Rail, California clapper” and “Rail, light-footed clapper”;

    End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part

    c. Adding, in alphabetical order, entries for “Rail, California Ridgway's” and “Rail, light-footed Ridgway's”; and

    End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part

    d. Revising the entries for “Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside”, “Tern, California least”, and “Towhee, Inyo California”.

    End Amendment Part

    The revisions and additions read as follows:

    Endangered and threatened wildlife.
    * * * * *

    (h) * * *

    Common nameScientific nameWhere listedStatusListing citations and applicable rules
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    BIRDS
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS]Caracara plancus auduboniiU.S.A. (FL)T52 FR 25229, 7/6/1987.
    Start Printed Page 49355
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Crane, Mississippi sandhillAntigone canadensis pullaWherever foundE38 FR 14678, 6/4/1973; 50 CFR 17.95(b).CH
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Nightjar, Puerto RicanAntrostomus noctitherusWherever foundE38 FR 14678, 6/4/1973.
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Pigeon, Puerto Rican plainPatagioenas inornata wetmoreiWherever foundE35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970.
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Rail, California Ridgway'sRallus obsoletus obsoletusWherever foundE35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970.
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Rail, light-footed Ridgway'sRallus obsoletus levipesU.S.A. onlyE34 FR 5034, 3/8/1969; 35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970.
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Sparrow, Cape Sable seasideAmmospiza maritima mirabilisWherever foundE32 FR 4001, 3/11/1967; 50 CFR 17.95(b).CH
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Tern, California leastSternula antillarum browniWherever foundE35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970; 35 FR 8491, 6/2/1970.
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Towhee, Inyo CaliforniaMelozone crissalis eremophilusWherever foundT52 FR 28780, 8/3/1987; 50 CFR 17.95(b).CH
    *         *         *         *         *         *         *
    Start Amendment Part

    5. Amend § 17.95, in paragraph (b), by

    End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part

    a. Revising the headings for “Mississippi Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis pulla)” and “Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow ( Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)”; and

    End Amendment Part Start Amendment Part

    b. Removing the heading “Inyo Brown Towhee ( Pipilo fuscus eremophilus)” and adding in its place a heading for “Inyo California Towhee ( Melozone crissalis eremophilus)”.

    End Amendment Part

    The revisions and addition read as follows:

    Critical habitat—fish and wildlife.

    (b) * * *

    MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE ( Antigone canadensis pulla)

    * * * * *

    CAPE SABLE SEASIDE SPARROW ( Ammospiza maritima mirabilis)

    * * * * *

    INYO CALIFORNIA TOWHEE ( Melozone crissalis eremophilus)

    * * * * *
    Start Part

    PART 21—MIGRATORY BIRD PERMITS

    End Part Start Amendment Part

    6. The authority citation for part 21 continues to read as follows:

    End Amendment Part Start Authority

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 703–712.

    End Authority
    [Amended]
    Start Amendment Part

    7. Amend § 21.123, in the introductory text of paragraph (a), by removing the words “( Phalacrocorax auritus)” and adding in their place the words “( Nannopterum auritum)”.

    End Amendment Part Start Signature

    Shannon A. Estenoz,

    Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.

    End Signature End Supplemental Information

    [FR Doc. 2023–15551 Filed 7–28–23; 8:45 am]

    BILLING CODE 4333–15–P

Document Information

Effective Date:
8/30/2023
Published:
07/31/2023
Department:
Fish and Wildlife Service
Entry Type:
Rule
Action:
Final rule.
Document Number:
2023-15551
Dates:
This rule is effective August 30, 2023.
Pages:
49310-49355 (46 pages)
Docket Numbers:
Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2022-0036, FXMB12320900000//234//FF09M30000
RINs:
1018-BG04: List of Migratory Birds
RIN Links:
https://www.federalregister.gov/regulations/1018-BG04/list-of-migratory-birds
PDF File:
2023-15551.pdf
Supporting Documents:
» December 2022 References Cited - See Attachments
» References Cited - See Attachments