2023-15551. General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the List of Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species and changing names to conform to accepted use by the scientific community. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. The net increase of 13 species (16 added and 3 removed) brings the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,106. We also revise the scientific name of a species subject to specific migratory-bird-permit regulations and revise corresponding entries for several migratory bird species that are also listed on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife under the Endangered Species Act to reflect currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. We are taking this action because an accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public-notification, regulatory, and law-enforcement purposes and to ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations.

DATES:

This rule is effective August 30, 2023.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Eric L. Kershner, Chief, Division of Bird Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Migratory Bird Program; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041–3803; (703) 358–2376; or Elizabeth Maclin, Chief, Division of Restoration and Recovery; Ecological Services; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: ES; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041–3803; (703) 358–2646. Individuals in the United States who are deaf, deafblind, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability may dial 711 (TTY, TDD, or TeleBraille) to access telecommunications relay services. Individuals outside the United States should use the relay services offered within their country to make international calls to the point-of-contact in the United States.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13)

Statutory Authority of the Service for Maintaining and Revising the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA

The Service (as delegated by the Secretary) has the statutory authority and responsibility for implementing and enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703–712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95–616; 16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a–742j, not including 742d–1). The MBTA implements conventions (bilateral treaties) between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:

(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104–28 (December 14, 1995);

(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended March 10, 1972 (23 U.S.T. 260; T.I.A.S. 7302), and by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105–26 (May 5, 1997);

(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and

(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).

What is the purpose of this rulemaking?

Our purpose is to inform the public of updates to the list of species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at parts 10, 20, 21, and 92. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of birds protected by the MBTA. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public and other Federal, State, and Tribal agencies of which species are subject to regulatory protections.

Why is this amendment of the list of birds protected by the MBTA necessary?

The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to:

(1) Add 11 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2019;

(2) Add five species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;

(3) Remove three species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes;

(4) Change the common (English) names of eight species to conform to accepted use; and

(5) Change the scientific names of 22 species to conform to accepted use.

The List of Birds Protected by the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21282). The amendments in this rule were necessitated by three published supplements and one published addendum to a supplement to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American Birds (AOS 2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022) and the 2016, 2019, and 2021 publications of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2016, 2019, 2021).

What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of birds protected by the MBTA?

Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOS 2020a, 2020b, 2021, and 2022), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOS Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOS Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America; they evaluate and publish the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's Checklist represents the best scientific information available for developing the North American component of this List of Birds Protected by the MBTA. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States.

For the species that occur in the U.S. territories outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2016, 2019, and 2021 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2016, 2019, 2021), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the Clements Checklist, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist. Range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information but do not include records of vagrancy.

Although we primarily rely on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa and whether to include taxonomic changes. We also evaluate available documentation for new species documented to occur naturally in the United States or U.S. territories and come to our own conclusion regarding whether to add those species to the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA.

For this update, we reviewed 13 species that were added to the AOS Checklist based on new natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories (AOS 2020a, 2021, and 2022). Based on the available evidence and criteria to identify individual species that qualify for protection by the MBTA (see below), we add 11 of those 13 species. We elected not to add 2 of the 13 species, Red-backed Shrike, Lanius collurio, and Graylag Goose, Anser anser.

When we reviewed the evidence for the record of Red-backed Shrike that was accepted by the AOS, along with an analysis from an AOS committee member, we learned the shrike in question was a juvenile. The best current information does not reliably demonstrate how juveniles of Red-backed Shrike can be distinguished from juvenile Red-tailed Shrikes, Lanius phoenicuroides, and the two species are also known to commonly hybridize. While there are descriptions available in the literature of adult hybrids of these two shrike species, this is not the case for juvenile hybrids. Therefore, due to the challenges in identification, we decided not to include this record at this time. We may revisit this decision to exclude the Red-backed Shrike in a subsequent update to the list if a reliable method of distinguishing juveniles and hybrid juveniles of the two species is devised.

Regarding the Graylag Goose, we considered the regulatory implications of adding it to the list because the species intermixes with other goose species that may be hunted under the Service's and State hunting regulations. We decided not to add the species at this time while we consider those regulatory implications, similar to how we treated the split of Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii, from Canada Goose, Branta canadensis, in 2013 (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013), later adding the species to the 50 CFR 10.13 list in 2020 (85 FR 21282; April 16, 2020). We may reconsider adding this species in a subsequent update to the list once the frequency of the species occurring in the United States is better understood and what the implications to hunting regulations in 50 CFR part 20 would be. We reserve the right to revisit these decisions if additional information becomes available.

As is customary with species subject to our hunting regulations at 50 CFR part 20, we consulted with the Pacific, Central, Mississippi, and Atlantic Flyway Councils in our review of the taxonomic split of Mexican Duck from Mallard. We also reviewed published scientific literature regarding the Mallard split (Bellrose 1976; Hubbard 1977; Brown 1985; Lavretsky et al. 2015, 2019; AOS 2020a). Ultimately, we concluded to add Mexican Duck to the list.

What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA?

A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria:

(1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a species or a member of a family protected by one of the four international treaties or their amendments. A naturally occurring species is protected by the MBTA as a member of a protected family even if the species is ecologically nonmigratory, meaning it does not exhibit seasonal movements (also known as a resident species). For example, the Bushtit ( Psaltriparus minimus) is a resident, nonmigratory species and is included in 50 CFR 10.13 because it occurs in a family (Aegithalidae) that is protected by the bilateral treaty with Canada. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the treaties, unless:

• It was either native to the United States or its territories and extant in 1918; or
• It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States and its territories, and, after such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency.

(2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be included if either of the following criteria apply:

• The species resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade or other commercial activities if the species is not included; or
• Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying conventions.

(3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from new or natural distributional changes and the species belongs to a protected family. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order. Records and the evidence supporting their acceptance by the AOS, Clements Checklist, or peer-reviewed literature are reviewed independently by the Service before we propose adding the species to the list.

In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108–447, December 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071–72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). An amended list of the nonnative bird species that have been introduced by humans into the United States or U.S. territories and to which the MBTA does not apply was published in the Federal Register on April 16, 2020 (85 FR 21262), with a correction published on May 3, 2021 (86 FR 23422).

What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?

The MBTA does not apply to:

(1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories.

(2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories.

How do the changes affect the list of birds protected by the MBTA?

The amendments (16 additions, 3 removals, and 30 name changes) affect a total of 47 species and result in a net addition of 13 species to the List of Migratory Birds Protected by the MBTA, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,093 to 1,106. Five of the 16 added species are new species that have been recognized as a result of a taxonomic split and occur in the United States or U.S. territories and were previously covered under the MBTA as members of listed species (conspecific). These amendments can be logically arranged in the following five categories:

(1) Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2019), or by other appropriate ornithological authorities, and the Service of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State or U.S. territory in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication:

Chestnut-winged Cuckoo, Clamator coromandus —Guam (Kastner et al., 2018);

Dark-billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus —Texas and Florida (AOS 2020a);

Hooded Crane, Grus monacha —Alaska (AOS 2022);

Northern Giant-Petrel, Macronectes halli —Washington (AOS 2022);

Long-legged Buzzard, Buteo rufinus —Alaska (AOS 2020a);

Pallas's Gull, Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus —Alaska (AOS 2021);

Inca Tern, Larosterna inca —Hawaii (AOS 2022);

Small-billed Elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris —Illinois (AOS 2022);

Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola —Alaska (AOS 2021);

Blue-and-white Swallow, Pygochelidon cyanoleuca —Texas (AOS 2022); and

Naumann's Thrush, Turdus naumanni —Alaska (AOS 2022).

(2) Add five species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species ( i.e., a taxonomic split). Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions would not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change:

Mexican Duck, Anas diazi —formerly considered conspecific with Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);

Short-billed Gull, Larus brachyrhynchus —formerly named Mew Gull and considered conspecific with Larus canus, which now has the English name of Common Gull and remains on the list based on prior occurrences of the Common Gull taxon in the United States (AOS 2021);

Puerto Rican Mango, Anthracothorax aurulentus —formerly considered conspecific with Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022);

Asian Stonechat, Saxicola maurus —formerly considered conspecific with Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022); and

Chihuahuan Meadowlark, Sturnella lilianae —formerly considered conspecific with Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella manga (AOS 2022).

(3) Remove three species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes:

Northwestern Crow, Corvus caurinus, is combined with American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos (AOS 2020a);

Antillean Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus (AOS 2022); and

Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (AOS 2022).

(4) Revise the common (English) names of eight species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications 2020a, 2020b, and 2021 and Clements et al. 2011, 2019, and 2021. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table below.

(5) Revise the scientific names of 22 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOS publications 2020a and 2021 and Clements et al. 2016 and 2021. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.

Table of Name Changes, as Described in Categories 4 and 5, Above

[The table is organized following AOS (2021) taxonomic order. The relevant AOS or Clements publication is provided.]

Publication source and year	Previous common name	Current common name
Clements et al. 2019	Shy Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas stairi	Shy Ground Dove, Alopecoenas stairi.
Clements et al. 2019	White-throated Ground-Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonurus	White-throated Ground Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonurus.
Clements et al. 2011	Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus	Eurasian Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus.
AOS 2021	Mew Gull, Larus canus	Common Gull, Larus canus.
Clements et al. 2021	Rufous Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus	Nankeen Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus.
AOS 2020b	McCown's Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii	Thick-billed Longspur, Rhynchophanes mccownii.
Publication source and year	Previous scientific name	Current scientific name
AOS 2020a	Bumblebee Hummingbird, Atthis heloisa	Bumblebee Hummingbird, Selasphorus heloisa.
AOS 2020a	Puerto Rican Emerald, Chlorostilbon maugaeus	Puerto Rican Emerald, Riccordia maugaeus.
AOS 2020a	White-eared Hummingbird, Hylocharis leucotis	White-eared Hummingbird, Basilinna leucotis.
AOS 2020a	Xantus's Hummingbird, Hylocharis xantusii	Xantus's Hummingbird, Basilinna xantusii.
AOS 2022	Violet-crowned Hummingbird, Amazilia violiceps	Violet-crowned Hummingbird, Ramosomyia violiceps.
AOS 2020a	Berylline Hummingbird, Amazilia beryllina	Berylline Hummingbird, Saucerottia beryllina.
Clements et al. 2021	Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma matsudairae	Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates matsudairae.
Clements et al. 2016	Little Pied Cormorant, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos	Little Pied Cormorant, Microcarbo melanoleucos.
AOS 2021	Brandt's Cormorant , Phalacrocorax penicillatus	Brandt's Cormorant, Urile penicillatus.
AOS 2021	Red-faced Cormorant , Phalacrocorax urile	Red-faced Cormorant , Urile urile.
AOS 2021	Pelagic Cormorant , Phalacrocorax pelagicus	Pelagic Cormorant, Urile pelagicus.
AOS 2021	Double-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus	Double-crested Cormorant, Nannopterum auritum.
AOS 2021	Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus	Neotropic Cormorant, Nannopterum brasilianum.
AOS 2022	Mottled Owl, Ciccaba virgata	Mottled Owl, Strix virgata.
AOS 2021	Crested Caracara, Caracara cheriway	Crested Caracara, Caracara plancus.
AOS 2021	Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula	Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Corthylio calendula.
AOS 2021	Sedge Wren, Cistothorus platensis	Sedge Wren, Cistothorus stellaris.
AOS 2020a	Dusky Thrush, Turdus naumanni	Dusky Thrush, Turdus eunomus.
AOS 2021	Antillean Euphonia, Euphonia musica	Antillean Euphonia, Chlorophonia musica.
AOS 2021	Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispiza quinquestriata	Five-striped Sparrow, Amphispizopsis quinquestriata.
Publication source and year	Previous common and scientific name	Current common and scientific name
AOS 2020a	Puerto Rican Screech-Owl, Megascops nudipes	Puerto Rican Owl, Gymnasio nudipes.
AOS 2020a, AOS 2021	Middendorff 's Grasshopper-Warbler, Locustella ochotensis	Middendorff's Grasshopper Warbler, Helopsaltes ochotensis.

How is the list of birds protected by the MBTA organized?

The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2021) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists.

In this rule, we present a new table format for the alphabetical and taxonomic listings at 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and (c)(2), respectively. We made this change in presenting these listings to conform to the Office of the Federal Register's formatting standards and to make information on the lists clearer and easier to locate. For clarity, we also added a new section heading for 50 CFR 10.13: rather than the current “List of Migratory Birds,” we title this section of the regulations, “List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.”

II. Special Double-Crested Cormorant Permit (50 CFR 21.123)

Because we are revising the scientific name for the Double-crested Cormorant on the List of Birds Protected by the MBTA at 50 CFR 10.13, as described above, we also revise the scientific name for that species ( Nannopterum auritum) in our special permit regulations related to that species at 50 CFR 21.123. This is purely an administrative action that does not amend the purpose of, eligibility for, application procedures for, conditions of, information-collection requirements associated with, or any other regulatory provisions associated with that permit.

III. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (50 CFR 17.11(h))

We also revise the corresponding entries on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of several migratory bird species that are also listed as endangered or threatened species under the ESA to reflect the currently accepted taxonomy and nomenclature. These revisions ensure consistency in the use of common and scientific names across Service regulations. Some ESA-listed migratory bird species' names are not included in this rule because they are being corrected in other documents that have published, or will publish, in the Federal Register .

Background

The List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (“the ESA Lists”), set forth in title 50 of the CFR at §§ 17.11 and 17.12, respectively, contain the names of endangered species and threatened species federally listed pursuant to the ESA.

The regulations at 50 CFR 17.11(c) and 17.12(b) direct us to use the most recently accepted scientific name of any wildlife or plant species that we have determined to be an endangered or threatened species.

Purpose

We revise the ESA List at 50 CFR 17.11(h) to reflect the scientifically accepted taxonomy and nomenclature of nine bird species listed under section 4 of the ESA. These revisions reflect the most recently accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

None of the taxonomic changes to migratory bird species listed as endangered or threatened species under the ESA are regulatory in nature; they are for accuracy and clarity. These revisions do not alter species' protections or status under either the MBTA or ESA in any way. Any actions altering a species' protection or status would require a separate rulemaking action following the procedures of 50 CFR part 424.

Taxonomic Changes to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife

The table below lists the taxonomic changes that reflect the revised taxonomy and nomenclature for nine bird species listed under section 4 of the ESA. These changes reflect the most recently accepted scientific nomenclature in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

Table of Taxonomic Revisions to the ESA List at § 17.11( h ) Reflecting the Current Scientifically Accepted Taxonomy and Nomenclature for These Species

Species name as currently listed	Corrected species name
Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS] ( Polyborus plancus audubonii)	Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS] ( Caracara plancus audubonii).
Crane, Mississippi sandhill ( Grus canadensis pulla)	Crane, Mississippi sandhill ( Antigone canadensis pulla).
Nightjar, Puerto Rican ( Caprimulgus noctitherus)	Nightjar, Puerto Rican ( Antrostomus noctitherus).
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain ( Columba inornata wetmorei)	Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain ( Patagioenas inornata wetmorei).
Rail, California clapper ( Rallus longirostris obsoletus)	Rail, California Ridgway's ( Rallus obsoletus obsoletus).
Rail, light-footed clapper ( Rallus longirostris levipes)	Rail, light-footed Ridgway's ( Rallus obsoletus levipes).
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside ( Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)	Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside ( Ammospiza maritima mirabilis).
Tern, California least ( Sterna antillarum browni)	Tern, California least ( Sternula antillarum browni).
Towhee, Inyo California ( Pipilo crissalis eremophilus)	Towhee, Inyo California ( Melozone crissalis eremophilus).

Using the best available scientific information, this rule documents taxonomic changes of the scientific names for nine birds in their entries on the ESA List. To the extent practicable, the Service relies on the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) to determine a species' scientific name for inclusion on the List. ITIS incorporates the naming principles established by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, produced by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, an organization that provides and regulates a uniform system of zoological nomenclature. While ITIS is a reliable database source of taxonomic information, ITIS is incomplete and does not yet reflect the most recently accepted scientific names for some species. As noted above, the scientific names for the nine listed bird species are supported by AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016; AOS 2018, 2020a, 2020b, and 2021). The Service finds that the scientific and common names should be recognized as presented in the table above. Accordingly, we revise the scientific names of these species under section 4 of the ESA and in accordance with 50 CFR 17.11(c).

Of the nine species that are subject to the taxonomic revisions of the ESA List in this rule, three have designated critical habitat. For clarity and consistency, we revise the headings of the critical habitat designations at 50 CFR 17.95(b) to reflect the corrected scientific names for the following species: Mississippi sandhill crane, Cape Sable seaside sparrow, and Inyo California towhee.

These changes do not affect the range or endangered or threatened status for any of these nine listed migratory bird species, or any designated critical habitat.

IV. Summary of Comments and Responses

On December 12, 2022, we published in the Federal Register (87 FR 75977) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending February 10, 2023. We received seven comments in response to the proposed rule; five were from private individuals, one was from a State Game and Fish Department, and one was from an organization. Several comments supported the changes we proposed. The following text discusses the substantive comments we received by topic and provides our responses.

Comment (1): One individual requested that no species be removed from protection.

Response: As explained above, species are removed from the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13 based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. We are removing three species from the list that fit one or more of these criteria.

Comment (2): One individual requested that Ainley's Storm-Petrel ( Hydrobates cheimomnestes) be added to the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13 because there is published evidence of its occurrence in waters off California and provided a weblink for the publication.

Response: We reviewed the published evidence for the occurrence of Ainley's Storm-Petrel. In summary, the published evidence is for a scientific study where Ainley's Storm-Petrels breeding on an islet in Mexico were tagged with Global Positioning System data loggers and the tracks of multiple birds showed birds flew into U.S. waters off the coast of southern California. As described above, we primarily rely on the expertise of the AOS Committee on Classification and Nomenclature to compile the distributional information for each species on the AOS Checklist, including whether the species is known to occur in the United States. We then evaluate available documentation for any species added based on new natural distribution in the United States and come to our own conclusion about adding it to the list. The AOS Committee has not yet published a decision on these potential occurrences of Ainley's Storm-Petrel in the United States and has not yet addressed the occurrence of any species established only by the presence of birds tagged with GPS-data loggers. We will evaluate whether to add the species to the list after the AOS Committee or other ornithological experts have assessed the evidence for occurrence of Ainley's Storm-Petrel in U.S. waters based solely on remote-sensing technology.

Comment (3): One commenter made the comment that the Service is unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language meaning of the term “occurring.”

Response: The Service's interpretation of the term “occurring” is a reasonable reading of the MBTA, which protects species “native to the United States or its territories” and defines that phrase to mean “occurring in the United States or its territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes” (16 U.S.C. 703(b)(2)). This definition demonstrates that the word “occurring” refers to the species protected by the statute. “Species” is a collective noun that refers to a group of individual birds—in other words, a “species” occurs wherever there is an individual member of the species. Therefore, the MBTA encompasses every bird species covered by the treaties for which there has been at least one occurrence in the United States or its territories as the result of natural processes. Moreover, nothing in the statute's legislative history suggests that Congress was concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. There is also no established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is occurring in the United States or U.S. territories based on an undefined threshold number of documented records. Thus, a single documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories is not only a reasonable threshold to qualify a species for protection under the MBTA but is the threshold compelled by the plain language of the statute.

V. Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

As noted above under IV. Summary of Comments and Responses, in this final rule, we do not make any substantive changes to our December 12, 2022, proposed rule (87 FR 75977) in response to comments we received during that proposal's comment period. Further, we did not receive any new information that led us to make any substantive changes to our proposed rule in this final rule. The only changes we have made to the proposed rule in this final rule are minor editorial revisions to correct spellings or to ensure clarity and consistency in the formatting and presentation of the rule.

VI. Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)

Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant.

Executive Order (E.O.) 14094 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 and E.O 13563 and states that regulatory analysis should facilitate agency efforts to develop regulations that serve the public interest, advance statutory objectives, and are consistent with E.O. 12866, E.O. 13563, and the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2021 (Modernizing Regulatory Review). Regulatory analysis, as practicable and appropriate, shall recognize distributive impacts and equity, to the extent permitted by law. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities ( i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates on the ESA List. Because of the administrative nature of this rulemaking, the final rule will have no known economic impacts on small entities. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required.

Congressional Review Act

This rule is not a major rule under 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Congressional Review Act. It will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.

a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more.

b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers; individual industries; Federal, State, or local government agencies; or geographic regions.

c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following:

a. This rule does not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates on the ESA List; it does not affect small government activities in any significant way.

b. This rule does not produce a federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

Takings

In accordance with Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. This rule does not contain a provision for the taking of private property. Therefore, a takings-implication assessment is not required.

Federalism

This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from updating the list of migratory bird species and certain entries on the ESA List.

Civil Justice Reform

In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order.

Paperwork Reduction Act

This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor, and you are not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Given that the revisions in this document are strictly administrative in nature, this action is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (see 43 CFR 46.210(i), applying to policies, directives, regulations, and guidelines that are of an administrative, financial, legal, technical, or procedural nature).

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Of the species on the List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 89 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species or their designated critical habitats. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA.

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian Tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with or affect the Tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on Tribal lands.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211)

On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions and make certain corresponding updates on the ESA List, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and it does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required.

References Cited

A complete list of all references cited is available on https://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS–HQ–MB–2022–0036, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT , above).

List of Subjects

CFR Part 10

• Exports
• Fish
• Imports
• Law enforcement
• Plants
• Transportation
• Wildlife

CFR Part 17

• Endangered and threatened species
• Exports
• Imports
• Plants
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Transportation
• Wildlife

CFR Part 21

• Exports
• Hunting
• Imports
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
• Transportation
• Wildlife

Regulation Promulgation

For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows:

PART 10—GENERAL PROVISIONS

1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a–d, 703–712, 742a–j–l, 1361–1384, 1401–1407, 1531–1543, 3371–3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.

2. Amend § 10.13 by revising the section heading and paragraph (c) to read as follows:

§ 10.13

List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

* * * * *

(c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2021). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist, we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2007, as updated through 2021).

(1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name.

Table 1 to Paragraph ( c )(1)—Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Common name group	Species common name	Species scientific name
Accentor	Siberian Accentor	Prunella montanella.
`Akeke`e	`Akeke`e	Loxops caeruleirostris.
`Akepa	Hawaii `Akepa	Loxops coccineus.
	Maui `Akepa	Loxops ochraceus.
	O`ahu `Akepa	Loxops wolstenholmei.
`Akialoa	Kauai `Akialoa	Akialoa stejnegeri.
	Maui Nui 'Akialoa	Akialoa lanaiensis.
	O`ahu `Akialoa	Akialoa ellisiana.
`Akiapola`au	`Akiapola`au	Hemignathus wilsoni.
`Akikiki	`Akikiki	Oreomystis bairdi.
`Akohekohe	`Akohekohe	Palmeria dolei.
`Alauahio	Maui `Alauahio	Paroreomyza montana.
	O`ahu `Alauahio	Paroreomyza maculata.
Albatross	Black-browed Albatross	Thalassarche melanophris.
	Black-footed Albatross	Phoebastria nigripes.
	Chatham Albatross	Thalassarche eremita.
	Laysan Albatross	Phoebastria immutabilis.
	Light-mantled Albatross	Phoebetria palpebrata.
	Salvin's Albatross	Thalassarche salvini.
	Short-tailed Albatross	Phoebastria albatrus.
	Wandering Albatross	Diomedea exulans.
	White-capped Albatross	Thalassarche cauta.
	Yellow-nosed Albatross	Thalassarche chlororhynchos.
`Amakihi	Hawaii `Amakihi	Chlorodrepanis virens.
	Kaua`i `Amakihi	Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri.
	O`ahu `Amakihi	Chlorodrepanis flava.
Anhinga	Anhinga	Anhinga anhinga.
Ani	Groove-billed Ani	Crotophaga sulcirostris.
	Smooth-billed Ani	Crotophaga ani.
`Anianiau	`Anianiau	Magumma parva.
`Apapane	`Apapane	Himatione sanguinea.
Auklet	Cassin's Auklet	Ptychoramphus aleuticus.
	Crested Auklet	Aethia cristatella.
	Least Auklet	Aethia pusilla.
	Parakeet Auklet	Aethia psittacula.
	Rhinoceros Auklet	Cerorhinca monocerata.
	Whiskered Auklet	Aethia pygmaea.
Avocet	American Avocet	Recurvirostra americana.
Bananaquit	Bananaquit	Coereba flaveola.
Bean-Goose	Taiga Bean-Goose	Anser fabalis.
	Tundra Bean-Goose	Anser serrirostris.
Beardless-Tyrannulet	Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet	Camptostoma imberbe.
Becard	Gray-collared Becard	Pachyramphus major.
	Rose-throated Becard	Pachyramphus aglaiae.
Bittern	American Bittern	Botaurus lentiginosus.
	Black Bittern	Ixobrychus flavicollis.
	Least Bittern	Ixobrychus exilis.
	Schrenck's Bittern	Ixobrychus eurhythmus.
	Yellow Bittern	Ixobrychus sinensis.
Blackbird	Brewer's Blackbird	Euphagus cyanocephalus.
	Red-winged Blackbird	Agelaius phoeniceus.
	Rusty Blackbird	Euphagus carolinus.
	Tawny-shouldered Blackbird	Agelaius humeralis.
	Tricolored Blackbird	Agelaius tricolor.
	Yellow-headed Blackbird	Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.
	Yellow-shouldered Blackbird	Agelaius xanthomus.
Bluebird	Eastern Bluebird	Sialia sialis.
	Mountain Bluebird	Sialia currucoides.
	Western Bluebird	Sialia mexicana.
Bluetail	Red-flanked Bluetail	Tarsiger cyanurus.
Bluethroat	Bluethroat	Cyanecula svecica.
Bobolink	Bobolink	Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
Boobook	Northern Boobook	Ninox japonica.
Booby	Abbott's Booby	Papasula abbotti.
	Blue-footed Booby	Sula nebouxii.
	Brown Booby	Sula leucogaster.
	Masked Booby	Sula dactylatra.
	Nazca Booby	Sula granti.
	Red-footed Booby	Sula sula.
Brambling	Brambling	Fringilla montifringilla.
Brant	Brant	Branta bernicla.
Bufflehead	Bufflehead	Bucephala albeola.
Bullfinch	Eurasian Bullfinch	Pyrrhula pyrrhula.
	Puerto Rican Bullfinch	Melopyrrha portoricensis.
Bunting	Blue Bunting	Cyanocompsa parellina.
	Gray Bunting	Emberiza variabilis.
	Indigo Bunting	Passerina cyanea.
	Lark Bunting	Calamospiza melanocorys.
	Lazuli Bunting	Passerina amoena.
	Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla.
	McKay's Bunting	Plectrophenax hyperboreus.
	Painted Bunting	Passerina ciris.
	Pallas's Bunting	Emberiza pallasi.
	Pine Bunting	Emberiza leucocephalos.
	Reed Bunting	Emberiza schoeniclus.
	Rustic Bunting	Emberiza rustica.
	Snow Bunting	Plectrophenax nivalis.
	Varied Bunting	Passerina versicolor.
	Yellow-breasted Bunting	Emberiza aureola.
	Yellow-browed Bunting	Emberiza chrysophrys.
	Yellow-throated Bunting	Emberiza elegans.
Bushtit	Bushtit	Psaltriparus minimus.
Buzzard	Gray-faced Buzzard	Butastur indicus.
	Long-legged Buzzard	Buteo rufinus.
Canvasback	Canvasback	Aythya valisineria.
Caracara	Crested Caracara	Caracara plancus.
Cardinal	Northern Cardinal	Cardinalis cardinalis.
Carib	Green-throated Carib	Eulampis holosericeus.
	Purple-throated Carib	Eulampis jugularis.
Catbird	Black Catbird	Melanoptila glabrirostris.
	Gray Catbird	Dumetella carolinensis.
Chaffinch	Common Chaffinch	Fringilla coelebs.
Chat	Yellow-breasted Chat	Icteria virens.
Chickadee	Black-capped Chickadee	Poecile atricapillus.
	Boreal Chickadee	Poecile hudsonicus.
	Carolina Chickadee	Poecile carolinensis.
	Chestnut-backed Chickadee	Poecile rufescens.
	Gray-headed Chickadee	Poecile cinctus.
	Mexican Chickadee	Poecile sclateri.
	Mountain Chickadee	Poecile gambeli.
Chiffchaff	Common Chiffchaff	Phylloscopus collybita.
Chuck-will's-widow	Chuck-will's-widow	Antrostomus carolinensis.
Condor	California Condor	Gymnogyps californianus.
Coot	American Coot	Fulica americana.
	Eurasian Coot	Fulica atra.
	Hawaiian Coot	Fulica alai.
Cormorant	Brandt's Cormorant	Urile penicillatus.
	Double-crested Cormorant	Nannopterum auritum.
	Great Cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo.
	Little Pied Cormorant	Microcarbo melanoleucos.
	Neotropic Cormorant	Nannopterum brasilianum.
	Pelagic Cormorant	Urile pelagicus.
	Red-faced Cormorant	Urile urile.
Cowbird	Bronzed Cowbird	Molothrus aeneus.
	Brown-headed Cowbird	Molothrus ater.
	Shiny Cowbird	Molothrus bonariensis.
Crake	Corn Crake	Crex crex.
	Paint-billed Crake	Neocrex erythrops.
	Spotless Crake	Porzana tabuensis.
	Yellow-breasted Crake	Hapalocrex flaviventer.
Crane	Common Crane	Grus grus.
	Hooded Crane	Grus monacha.
	Sandhill Crane	Antigone canadensis.
	Whooping Crane	Grus americana.
Creeper	Brown Creeper	Certhia americana.
	Hawaii Creeper	Loxops mana.
Crossbill	Cassia Crossbill	Loxia sinesciuris.
	Red Crossbill	Loxia curvirostra.
	White-winged Crossbill	Loxia leucoptera.
Crow	American Crow	Corvus brachyrhynchos.
	Fish Crow	Corvus ossifragus.
	Hawaiian Crow	Corvus hawaiiensis.
	Mariana Crow	Corvus kubaryi.
	Tamaulipas Crow	Corvus imparatus.
	White-necked Crow	Corvus leucognaphalus.
Cuckoo	Black-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus erythropthalmus.
	Chestnut-winged Cuckoo	Clamator coromandus.
	Common Cuckoo	Cuculus canorus.
	Dark-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus melacoryphus.
	Mangrove Cuckoo	Coccyzus minor.
	Oriental Cuckoo	Cuculus optatus.
	Yellow-billed Cuckoo	Coccyzus americanus.
Curlew	Bristle-thighed Curlew	Numenius tahitiensis.
	Eskimo Curlew	Numenius borealis.
	Eurasian Curlew	Numenius arquata.
	Far Eastern Curlew	Numenius madagascariensis.
	Little Curlew	Numenius minutus.
	Long-billed Curlew	Numenius americanus.
Dickcissel	Dickcissel	Spiza americana.
Dipper	American Dipper	Cinclus mexicanus.
Dotterel	Eurasian Dotterel	Charadrius morinellus.
Dove	Common Ground Dove	Columbina passerina.
	Inca Dove	Columbina inca.
	Mourning Dove	Zenaida macroura.
	Ruddy Ground Dove	Columbina talpacoti.
	Shy Ground Dove	Alopecoenas stairi.
	White-throated Ground Dove	Alopecoenas xanthonurus.
	White-tipped Dove	Leptotila verreauxi.
	White-winged Dove	Zenaida asiatica.
	Zenaida Dove	Zenaida aurita.
Dovekie	Dovekie	Alle alle.
Dowitcher	Long-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus scolopaceus.
	Short-billed Dowitcher	Limnodromus griseus.
Duck	American Black Duck	Anas rubripes.
	Eastern Spot-billed Duck	Anas zonorhyncha.
	Falcated Duck	Mareca falcata.
	Harlequin Duck	Histrionicus histrionicus.
	Hawaiian Duck	Anas wyvilliana.
	Laysan Duck	Anas laysanensis.
	Long-tailed Duck	Clangula hyemalis.
	Masked Duck	Nomonyx dominicus.
	Mexican Duck	Anas diazi.
	Mottled Duck	Anas fulvigula.
	Muscovy Duck	Cairina moschata.
	Pacific Black Duck	Anas superciliosa.
	Ring-necked Duck	Aythya collaris.
	Ruddy Duck	Oxyura jamaicensis.
	Tufted Duck	Aythya fuligula.
	Wood Duck	Aix sponsa.
Dunlin	Dunlin	Calidris alpina.
Eagle	Bald Eagle	Haliaeetus leucocephalus.
	Golden Eagle	Aquila chrysaetos.
	White-tailed Eagle	Haliaeetus albicilla.
Egret	Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis.
	Chinese Egret	Egretta eulophotes.
	Great Egret	Ardea alba.
	Intermediate Egret	Ardea intermedia.
	Little Egret	Egretta garzetta.
	Reddish Egret	Egretta rufescens.
	Snowy Egret	Egretta thula.
Eider	Common Eider	Somateria mollissima.
	King Eider	Somateria spectabilis.
	Spectacled Eider	Somateria fischeri.
	Steller's Eider	Polysticta stelleri.
Elaenia	Caribbean Elaenia	Elaenia martinica.
	Greenish Elaenia	Myiopagis viridicata.
	Small-billed Elaenia	Elaenia parvirostris.
	White-crested Elaenia	Elaenia albiceps.
Emerald	Puerto Rican Emerald	Riccordia maugaeus.
Euphonia	Antillean Euphonia	Chlorophonia musica.
Falcon	Amur Falcon	Falco amurensis.
	Aplomado Falcon	Falco femoralis.
	Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus.
	Prairie Falcon	Falco mexicanus.
	Red-footed Falcon	Falco vespertinus.
Fieldfare	Fieldfare	Turdus pilaris.
Finch	Cassin's Finch	Haemorhous cassinii.
	House Finch	Haemorhous mexicanus.
	Laysan Finch	Telespiza cantans.
	Nihoa Finch	Telespiza ultima.
	Purple Finch	Haemorhous purpureus.
Flamingo	American Flamingo	Phoenicopterus ruber.
Flicker	Gilded Flicker	Colaptes chrysoides.
	Northern Flicker	Colaptes auratus.
Flycatcher	Acadian Flycatcher	Empidonax virescens.
	Alder Flycatcher	Empidonax alnorum.
	Ash-throated Flycatcher	Myiarchus cinerascens.
	Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica.
	Brown-crested Flycatcher	Myiarchus tyrannulus.
	Buff-breasted Flycatcher	Empidonax fulvifrons.
	Cordilleran Flycatcher	Empidonax occidentalis.
	Crowned Slaty Flycatcher	Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus.
	Dark-sided Flycatcher	Muscicapa sibirica.
	Dusky Flycatcher	Empidonax oberholseri.
	Dusky-capped Flycatcher	Myiarchus tuberculifer.
	Fork-tailed Flycatcher	Tyrannus savana.
	Gray Flycatcher	Empidonax wrightii.
	Gray-streaked Flycatcher	Muscicapa griseisticta.
	Great Crested Flycatcher	Myiarchus crinitus.
	Hammond's Flycatcher	Empidonax hammondii.
	La Sagra's Flycatcher	Myiarchus sagrae.
	Least Flycatcher	Empidonax minimus.
	Mugimaki Flycatcher	Ficedula mugimaki.
	Narcissus Flycatcher	Ficedula narcissina.
	Nutting's Flycatcher	Myiarchus nuttingi.
	Olive-sided Flycatcher	Contopus cooperi.
	Pacific-slope Flycatcher	Empidonax difficilis.
	Pine Flycatcher	Empidonax affinis.
	Piratic Flycatcher	Legatus leucophaius.
	Puerto Rican Flycatcher	Myiarchus antillarum.
	Scissor-tailed Flycatcher	Tyrannus forficatus.
	Social Flycatcher	Myiozetetes similis.
	Spotted Flycatcher	Muscicapa striata.
	Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher	Myiodynastes luteiventris.
	Taiga Flycatcher	Ficedula albicilla.
	Tufted Flycatcher	Mitrephanes phaeocercus.
	Variegated Flycatcher	Empidonomus varius.
	Vermilion Flycatcher	Pyrocephalus rubinus.
	Willow Flycatcher	Empidonax traillii.
	Yellow-bellied Flycatcher	Empidonax flaviventris.
Forest-Falcon	Collared Forest-Falcon	Micrastur semitorquatus.
Frigatebird	Great Frigatebird	Fregata minor.
	Lesser Frigatebird	Fregata ariel.
	Magnificent Frigatebird	Fregata magnificens.
Fruit-Dove	Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove	Ptilinopus porphyraceus.
	Many-colored Fruit-Dove	Ptilinopus perousii.
	Mariana Fruit-Dove	Ptilinopus roseicapilla.
Fulmar	Northern Fulmar	Fulmarus glacialis.
Gadwall	Gadwall	Mareca strepera.
Gallinule	Azure Gallinule	Porphyrio flavirostris.
	Common Gallinule	Gallinula galeata.
	Purple Gallinule	Porphyrio martinicus.
Gannet	Northern Gannet	Morus bassanus.
Garganey	Garganey	Spatula querquedula.
Giant-Petrel	Northern Giant-Petrel	Macronectes halli.
Gnatcatcher	Black-capped Gnatcatcher	Polioptila nigriceps.
	Black-tailed Gnatcatcher	Polioptila melanura.
	Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher	Polioptila caerulea.
	California Gnatcatcher	Polioptila californica.
Godwit	Bar-tailed Godwit	Limosa lapponica.
	Black-tailed Godwit	Limosa limosa.
	Hudsonian Godwit	Limosa haemastica.
	Marbled Godwit	Limosa fedoa.
Goldeneye	Barrow's Goldeneye	Bucephala islandica.
	Common Goldeneye	Bucephala clangula.
Golden-Plover	American Golden-Plover	Pluvialis dominica.
	European Golden-Plover	Pluvialis apricaria.
	Pacific Golden-Plover	Pluvialis fulva.
Goldfinch	American Goldfinch	Spinus tristis.
	Lawrence's Goldfinch	Spinus lawrencei.
	Lesser Goldfinch	Spinus psaltria.
Goose	Barnacle Goose	Branta leucopsis.
	Cackling Goose	Branta hutchinsii.
	Canada Goose	Branta canadensis.
	Emperor Goose	Anser canagicus.
	Greater White-fronted Goose	Anser albifrons.
	Hawaiian Goose	Branta sandvicensis.
	Lesser White-fronted Goose	Anser erythropus.
	Pink-footed Goose	Anser brachyrhynchus.
	Ross's Goose	Anser rossii.
	Snow Goose	Anser caerulescens.
Goshawk	Northern Goshawk	Accipiter gentilis.
Grackle	Boat-tailed Grackle	Quiscalus major.
	Common Grackle	Quiscalus quiscula.
	Greater Antillean Grackle	Quiscalus niger.
	Great-tailed Grackle	Quiscalus mexicanus.
Grassquit	Black-faced Grassquit	Melanospiza bicolor.
	Yellow-faced Grassquit	Tiaris olivaceus.
Grebe	Clark's Grebe	Aechmophorus clarkii.
	Eared Grebe	Podiceps nigricollis.
	Horned Grebe	Podiceps auritus.
	Least Grebe	Tachybaptus dominicus.
	Pied-billed Grebe	Podilymbus podiceps.
	Red-necked Grebe	Podiceps grisegena.
	Western Grebe	Aechmophorus occidentalis.
Greenfinch	Oriental Greenfinch	Chloris sinica.
Greenshank	Common Greenshank	Tringa nebularia.
	Nordmann's Greenshank	Tringa guttifer.
Grosbeak	Black-headed Grosbeak	Pheucticus melanocephalus.
	Blue Grosbeak	Passerina caerulea.
	Crimson-collared Grosbeak	Rhodothraupis celaeno.
	Evening Grosbeak	Coccothraustes vespertinus.
	Pine Grosbeak	Pinicola enucleator.
	Rose-breasted Grosbeak	Pheucticus ludovicianus.
	Yellow Grosbeak	Pheucticus chrysopeplus.
Guillemot	Black Guillemot	Cepphus grylle.
	Pigeon Guillemot	Cepphus columba.
Gull	Belcher's Gull	Larus belcheri.
	Black-headed Gull	Chroicocephalus ridibundus.
	Black-tailed Gull	Larus crassirostris.
	Bonaparte's Gull	Chroicocephalus philadelphia.
	California Gull	Larus californicus.
	Common Gull	Larus canus.
	Franklin's Gull	Leucophaeus pipixcan.
	Glaucous Gull	Larus hyperboreus.
	Glaucous-winged Gull	Larus glaucescens.
	Gray-hooded Gull	Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus.
	Great Black-backed Gull	Larus marinus.
	Heermann's Gull	Larus heermanni.
	Herring Gull	Larus argentatus.
	Iceland Gull	Larus glaucoides.
	Ivory Gull	Pagophila eburnea.
	Kelp Gull	Larus dominicanus.
	Laughing Gull	Leucophaeus atricilla.
	Lesser Black-backed Gull	Larus fuscus.
	Little Gull	Hydrocoloeus minutus.
	Pallas's Gull	Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus.
	Ring-billed Gull	Larus delawarensis.
	Ross's Gull	Rhodostethia rosea.
	Sabine's Gull	Xema sabini.
	Short-billed Gull	Larus brachyrhynchus.
	Slaty-backed Gull	Larus schistisagus.
	Swallow-tailed Gull	Creagrus furcatus.
	Western Gull	Larus occidentalis.
	Yellow-footed Gull	Larus livens.
	Yellow-legged Gull	Larus michahellis.
Gyrfalcon	Gyrfalcon	Falco rusticolus.
Harrier	Northern Harrier	Circus hudsonius.
Hawfinch	Hawfinch	Coccothraustes coccothraustes.
Hawk	Broad-winged Hawk	Buteo platypterus.
	Common Black Hawk	Buteogallus anthracinus.
	Cooper's Hawk	Accipiter cooperii.
	Crane Hawk	Geranospiza caerulescens.
	Ferruginous Hawk	Buteo regalis.
	Gray Hawk	Buteo plagiatus.
	Great Black Hawk	Buteogallus urubitinga.
	Harris's Hawk	Parabuteo unicinctus.
	Hawaiian Hawk	Buteo solitarius.
	Red-shouldered Hawk	Buteo lineatus.
	Red-tailed Hawk	Buteo jamaicensis.
	Roadside Hawk	Rupornis magnirostris.
	Rough-legged Hawk	Buteo lagopus.
	Sharp-shinned Hawk	Accipiter striatus.
	Short-tailed Hawk	Buteo brachyurus.
	Swainson's Hawk	Buteo swainsoni.
	White-tailed Hawk	Geranoaetus albicaudatus.
	Zone-tailed Hawk	Buteo albonotatus.
Hawk-Cuckoo	Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo	Hierococcyx nisicolor.
Heron	Gray Heron	Ardea cinerea.
	Great Blue Heron	Ardea herodias.
	Green Heron	Butorides virescens.
	Little Blue Heron	Egretta caerulea.
	Tricolored Heron	Egretta tricolor.
Hobby	Eurasian Hobby	Falco subbuteo.
Honeycreeper	Laysan Honeycreeper	Himatione fraithii.
	Red-legged Honeycreeper	Cyanerpes cyaneus.
Hoopoe	Eurasian Hoopoe	Upupa epops.
House-Martin	Common House-Martin	Delichon urbicum.
Hummingbird	Allen's Hummingbird	Selasphorus sasin.
	Anna's Hummingbird	Calypte anna.
	Antillean Crested Hummingbird	Orthorhyncus cristatus.
	Berylline Hummingbird	Saucerottia beryllina.
	Black-chinned Hummingbird	Archilochus alexandri.
	Broad-billed Hummingbird	Cynanthus latirostris.
	Broad-tailed Hummingbird	Selasphorus platycercus.
	Buff-bellied Hummingbird	Amazilia yucatanensis.
	Bumblebee Hummingbird	Selasphorus heloisa.
	Calliope Hummingbird	Selasphorus calliope.
	Cinnamon Hummingbird	Amazilia rutila.
	Costa's Hummingbird	Calypte costae.
	Lucifer Hummingbird	Calothorax lucifer.
	Rivoli's Hummingbird	Eugenes fulgens.
	Ruby-throated Hummingbird	Archilochus colubris.
	Rufous Hummingbird	Selasphorus rufus.
	Vervain Hummingbird	Mellisuga minima.
	Violet-crowned Hummingbird	Ramosomyia violiceps.
	White-eared Hummingbird	Basilinna leucotis.
	Xantus's Hummingbird	Basilinna xantusii.
Ibis	Glossy Ibis	Plegadis falcinellus.
	Scarlet Ibis	Eudocimus ruber.
	White Ibis	Eudocimus albus.
	White-faced Ibis	Plegadis chihi.
`I`iwi	`I`iwi	Drepanis coccinea.
Imperial-Pigeon	Pacific Imperial-Pigeon	Ducula pacifica.
Jabiru	Jabiru	Jabiru mycteria.
Jacana	Northern Jacana	Jacana spinosa.
Jackdaw	Eurasian Jackdaw	Corvus monedula.
Jaeger	Long-tailed Jaeger	Stercorarius longicaudus.
	Parasitic Jaeger	Stercorarius parasiticus.
	Pomarine Jaeger	Stercorarius pomarinus.
Jay	Blue Jay	Cyanocitta cristata.
	Brown Jay	Psilorhinus morio.
	Canada Jay	Perisoreus canadensis.
	Green Jay	Cyanocorax yncas.
	Mexican Jay	Aphelocoma wollweberi.
	Pinyon Jay	Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus.
	Steller's Jay	Cyanocitta stelleri.
Junco	Dark-eyed Junco	Junco hyemalis.
	Yellow-eyed Junco	Junco phaeonotus.
Kākāwahie	Kākāwahie	Paroreomyza flammea.
Kāma`o	Kāma`o	Myadestes myadestinus.
Kestrel	American Kestrel	Falco sparverius.
	Eurasian Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus.
Killdeer	Killdeer	Charadrius vociferus.
Kingbird	Cassin's Kingbird	Tyrannus vociferans.
	Couch's Kingbird	Tyrannus couchii.
	Eastern Kingbird	Tyrannus tyrannus.
	Gray Kingbird	Tyrannus dominicensis.
	Loggerhead Kingbird	Tyrannus caudifasciatus.
	Thick-billed Kingbird	Tyrannus crassirostris.
	Tropical Kingbird	Tyrannus melancholicus.
	Western Kingbird	Tyrannus verticalis.
Kingfisher	Amazon Kingfisher	Chloroceryle amazona.
	Belted Kingfisher	Megaceryle alcyon.
	Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis.
	Green Kingfisher	Chloroceryle americana.
	Guam Kingfisher	Todiramphus cinnamominus.
	Mariana Kingfisher	Todiramphus albicilla.
	Pacific Kingfisher	Todiramphus sacer.
	Ringed Kingfisher	Megaceryle torquata.
Kinglet	Golden-crowned Kinglet	Regulus satrapa.
	Ruby-crowned Kinglet	Corthylio calendula.
Kiskadee	Great Kiskadee	Pitangus sulphuratus.
Kite	Black Kite	Milvus migrans.
	Double-toothed Kite	Harpagus bidentatus.
	Hook-billed Kite	Chondrohierax uncinatus.
	Mississippi Kite	Ictinia mississippiensis.
	Snail Kite	Rostrhamus sociabilis.
	Swallow-tailed Kite	Elanoides forficatus.
	White-tailed Kite	Elanus leucurus.
Kittiwake	Black-legged Kittiwake	Rissa tridactyla.
	Red-legged Kittiwake	Rissa brevirostris.
Knot	Great Knot	Calidris tenuirostris.
	Red Knot	Calidris canutus.
Koel	Long-tailed Koel	Urodynamis taitensis.
Lapwing	Northern Lapwing	Vanellus vanellus.
Lark	Horned Lark	Eremophila alpestris.
Limpkin	Limpkin	Aramus guarauna.
Lizard-Cuckoo	Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo	Coccyzus vieilloti.
Longspur	Chestnut-collared Longspur	Calcarius ornatus.
	Lapland Longspur	Calcarius lapponicus.
	Smith's Longspur	Calcarius pictus.
	Thick-billed Longspur	Rhynchophanes mccownii.
Loon	Arctic Loon	Gavia arctica.
	Common Loon	Gavia immer.
	Pacific Loon	Gavia pacifica.
	Red-throated Loon	Gavia stellata.
	Yellow-billed Loon	Gavia adamsii.
Magpie	Black-billed Magpie	Pica hudsonia.
	Yellow-billed Magpie	Pica nuttalli.
Mallard	Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos.
Mango	Puerto Rican Mango	Anthracothorax aurulentus.
	Green Mango	Anthracothorax viridis.
	Green-breasted Mango	Anthracothorax prevostii.
Marsh-Harrier	Eastern Marsh-Harrier	Circus spilonotus.
Martin	Brown-chested Martin	Progne tapera.
	Caribbean Martin	Progne dominicensis.
	Cuban Martin	Progne cryptoleuca.
	Gray-breasted Martin	Progne chalybea.
	Purple Martin	Progne subis.
	Southern Martin	Progne elegans.
Meadowlark	Chihuahuan Meadowlark	Sturnella lilianae.
	Eastern Meadowlark	Sturnella magna.
	Western Meadowlark	Sturnella neglecta.
Merganser	Common Merganser	Mergus merganser.
	Hooded Merganser	Lophodytes cucullatus.
	Red-breasted Merganser	Mergus serrator.
Merlin	Merlin	Falco columbarius.
Millerbird	Millerbird	Acrocephalus familiaris.
Mockingbird	Bahama Mockingbird	Mimus gundlachii.
	Blue Mockingbird	Melanotis caerulescens.
	Northern Mockingbird	Mimus polyglottos.
Moorhen	Eurasian Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus.
Mountain-gem	Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem	Lampornis amethystinus.
	Blue-throated Mountain-gem	Lampornis clemenciae.
Murre	Common Murre	Uria aalge.
	Thick-billed Murre	Uria lomvia.
Murrelet	Ancient Murrelet	Synthliboramphus antiquus.
	Craveri's Murrelet	Synthliboramphus craveri.
	Guadalupe Murrelet	Synthliboramphus hypoleucus.
	Kittlitz's Murrelet	Brachyramphus brevirostris.
	Long-billed Murrelet	Brachyramphus perdix.
	Marbled Murrelet	Brachyramphus marmoratus.
	Scripps's Murrelet	Synthliboramphus scrippsi.
Needletail	White-throated Needletail	Hirundapus caudacutus.
Nighthawk	Antillean Nighthawk	Chordeiles gundlachii.
	Common Nighthawk	Chordeiles minor.
	Lesser Nighthawk	Chordeiles acutipennis.
Night-Heron	Black-crowned Night-Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax.
	Japanese Night-Heron	Gorsachius goisagi.
	Malayan Night-Heron	Gorsachius melanolophus.
	Nankeen Night-Heron	Nycticorax caledonicus.
	Yellow-crowned Night-Heron	Nyctanassa violacea.
Nightingale-Thrush	Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush	Catharus mexicanus.
	Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush	Catharus aurantiirostris.
Nightjar	Buff-collared Nightjar	Antrostomus ridgwayi.
	Gray Nightjar	Caprimulgus jotaka.
	Puerto Rican Nightjar	Antrostomus noctitherus.
	White-tailed Nightjar	Hydropsalis cayennensis.
Noddy	Black Noddy	Anous minutus.
	Blue-gray Noddy	Anous ceruleus.
	Brown Noddy	Anous stolidus.
Nukupu`u	Kauai Nukupu`u	Hemignathus hanapepe.
	Maui Nukupu`u	Hemignathus affinis.
	O`ahu Nukupu`u	Hemignathus lucidus.
Nutcracker	Clark's Nutcracker	Nucifraga columbiana.
Nuthatch	Brown-headed Nuthatch	Sitta pusilla.
	Pygmy Nuthatch	Sitta pygmaea.
	Red-breasted Nuthatch	Sitta canadensis.
	White-breasted Nuthatch	Sitta carolinensis.
Oloma`o	Oloma`o	Myadestes lanaiensis.
`Ōma'o	`Ōma'o	Myadestes obscurus.
Oriole	Altamira Oriole	Icterus gularis.
	Audubon's Oriole	Icterus graduacauda.
	Baltimore Oriole	Icterus galbula.
	Black-backed Oriole	Icterus abeillei.
	Black-vented Oriole	Icterus wagleri.
	Bullock's Oriole	Icterus bullockii.
	Hooded Oriole	Icterus cucullatus.
	Orchard Oriole	Icterus spurius.
	Puerto Rican Oriole	Icterus portoricensis.
	Scott's Oriole	Icterus parisorum.
	Streak-backed Oriole	Icterus pustulatus.
Osprey	Osprey	Pandion haliaetus.
`Ō`ū	`Ō`ū	Psittirostra psittacea.
Ovenbird	Ovenbird	Seiurus aurocapilla.
Owl	Barn Owl	Tyto alba.
	Barred Owl	Strix varia.
	Boreal Owl	Aegolius funereus.
	Burrowing Owl	Athene cunicularia.
	Elf Owl	Micrathene whitneyi.
	Flammulated Owl	Psiloscops flammeolus.
	Great Gray Owl	Strix nebulosa.
	Great Horned Owl	Bubo virginianus.
	Long-eared Owl	Asio otus.
	Mottled Owl	Strix virgata.
	Northern Hawk Owl	Surnia ulula.
	Northern Saw-whet Owl	Aegolius acadicus.
	Puerto Rican Owl	Gymnasio nudipes.
	Short-eared Owl	Asio flammeus.
	Snowy Owl	Bubo scandiacus.
	Spotted Owl	Strix occidentalis.
	Stygian Owl	Asio stygius.
Oystercatcher	American Oystercatcher	Haematopus palliatus.
	Black Oystercatcher	Haematopus bachmani.
	Eurasian Oystercatcher	Haematopus ostralegus.
Palila	Palila	Loxioides bailleui.
Palm-Swift	Antillean Palm-Swift	Tachornis phoenicobia.
Parrotbill	Maui Parrotbill	Pseudonestor xanthophrys.
Parula	Northern Parula	Setophaga americana.
	Tropical Parula	Setophaga pitiayumi.
Pauraque	Common Pauraque	Nyctidromus albicollis.
Pelican	American White Pelican	Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.
	Brown Pelican	Pelecanus occidentalis.
Petrel	Bermuda Petrel	Pterodroma cahow.
	Black-capped Petrel	Pterodroma hasitata.
	Black-winged Petrel	Pterodroma nigripennis.
	Bonin Petrel	Pterodroma hypoleuca.
	Bulwer's Petrel	Bulweria bulwerii.
	Cook's Petrel	Pterodroma cookii.
	Fea's Petrel	Pterodroma feae.
	Gould's Petrel	Pterodroma leucoptera.
	Gray-faced Petrel	Pterodroma gouldi.
	Hawaiian Petrel	Pterodroma sandwichensis.
	Herald Petrel	Pterodroma heraldica.
	Jouanin's Petrel	Bulweria fallax.
	Juan Fernandez Petrel	Pterodroma externa.
	Kermadec Petrel	Pterodroma neglecta.
	Mottled Petrel	Pterodroma inexpectata.
	Murphy's Petrel	Pterodroma ultima.
	Parkinson's Petrel	Procellaria parkinsoni.
	Phoenix Petrel	Pterodroma alba.
	Providence Petrel	Pterodroma solandri.
	Stejneger's Petrel	Pterodroma longirostris.
	Tahiti Petrel	Pseudobulweria rostrata.
	Trindade Petrel	Pterodroma arminjoniana.
	White-chinned Petrel	Procellaria aequinoctialis.
	White-necked Petrel	Pterodroma cervicalis.
	Zino's Petrel	Pterodroma madeira.
Pewee	Cuban Pewee	Contopus caribaeus.
	Greater Pewee	Contopus pertinax.
	Hispaniolan Pewee	Contopus hispaniolensis.
	Lesser Antillean Pewee	Contopus latirostris.
Phainopepla	Phainopepla	Phainopepla nitens.
Phalarope	Red Phalarope	Phalaropus fulicarius.
	Red-necked Phalarope	Phalaropus lobatus.
	Wilson's Phalarope	Phalaropus tricolor.
Phoebe	Black Phoebe	Sayornis nigricans.
	Eastern Phoebe	Sayornis phoebe.
	Say's Phoebe	Sayornis saya.
Pigeon	Band-tailed Pigeon	Patagioenas fasciata.
	Plain Pigeon	Patagioenas inornata.
	Red-billed Pigeon	Patagioenas flavirostris.
	Scaly-naped Pigeon	Patagioenas squamosa.
	White-crowned Pigeon	Patagioenas leucocephala.
Pintail	Northern Pintail	Anas acuta.
	White-cheeked Pintail	Anas bahamensis.
Pipit	American Pipit	Anthus rubescens.
	Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni.
	Pechora Pipit	Anthus gustavi.
	Red-throated Pipit	Anthus cervinus.
	Sprague's Pipit	Anthus spragueii.
	Tree Pipit	Anthus trivialis.
Plover	Black-bellied Plover	Pluvialis squatarola.
	Collared Plover	Charadrius collaris.
	Common Ringed Plover	Charadrius hiaticula.
	Kentish Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus.
	Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius dubius.
	Mountain Plover	Charadrius montanus.
	Piping Plover	Charadrius melodus.
	Semipalmated Plover	Charadrius semipalmatus.
	Snowy Plover	Charadrius nivosus.
	Wilson's Plover	Charadrius wilsonia.
Pochard	Baer's Pochard	Aythya baeri.
	Common Pochard	Aythya ferina.
Pond-Heron	Chinese Pond-Heron	Ardeola bacchus.
Poorwill	Common Poorwill	Phalaenoptilus nuttallii.
Po`ouli	Po`ouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma.
Puaiohi	Puaiohi	Myadestes palmeri.
Puffin	Atlantic Puffin	Fratercula arctica.
	Horned Puffin	Fratercula corniculata.
	Tufted Puffin	Fratercula cirrhata.
Pygmy-Owl	Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl	Glaucidium brasilianum.
	Northern Pygmy-Owl	Glaucidium gnoma.
Pyrrhuloxia	Pyrrhuloxia	Cardinalis sinuatus.
Quail-Dove	Bridled Quail-Dove	Geotrygon mystacea.
	Key West Quail-Dove	Geotrygon chrysia.
	Ruddy Quail-Dove	Geotrygon montana.
Quetzal	Eared Quetzal	Euptilotis neoxenus.
Rail	Black Rail	Laterallus jamaicensis.
	Buff-banded Rail	Gallirallus philippensis.
	Clapper Rail	Rallus crepitans.
	Guam Rail	Gallirallus owstoni.
	King Rail	Rallus elegans.
	Ridgway's Rail	Rallus obsoletus.
	Spotted Rail	Pardirallus maculatus.
	Virginia Rail	Rallus limicola.
	Yellow Rail	Coturnicops noveboracensis.
Raven	Chihuahuan Raven	Corvus cryptoleucus.
	Common Raven	Corvus corax.
Razorbill	Razorbill	Alca torda.
Redhead	Redhead	Aythya americana.
Redpoll	Common Redpoll	Acanthis flammea.
	Hoary Redpoll	Acanthis hornemanni.
Redshank	Common Redshank	Tringa totanus.
	Spotted Redshank	Tringa erythropus.
Redstart	American Redstart	Setophaga ruticilla.
	Common Redstart	Phoenicurus phoenicurus.
	Painted Redstart	Myioborus pictus.
	Slate-throated Redstart	Myioborus miniatus.
Redwing	Redwing	Turdus iliacus.
Reef-Heron	Pacific Reef-Heron	Egretta sacra.
	Western Reef-Heron	Egretta gularis.
Roadrunner	Greater Roadrunner	Geococcyx californianus.
Robin	American Robin	Turdus migratorius.
	European Robin	Erithacus rubecula.
	Rufous-backed Robin	Turdus rufopalliatus.
	Rufous-tailed Robin	Larvivora sibilans.
	Siberian Blue Robin	Larvivora cyane.
Rock-Thrush	Blue Rock-Thrush	Monticola solitarius.
Rosefinch	Common Rosefinch	Carpodacus erythrinus.
	Pallas's Rosefinch	Carpodacus roseus.
Rosy-Finch	Asian Rosy-Finch	Leucosticte arctoa.
	Black Rosy-Finch	Leucosticte atrata.
	Brown-capped Rosy-Finch	Leucosticte australis.
	Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch	Leucosticte tephrocotis.
Rubythroat	Siberian Rubythroat	Calliope calliope.
Ruff	Ruff	Calidris pugnax.
Sanderling	Sanderling	Calidris alba.
Sandpiper	Baird's Sandpiper	Calidris bairdii.
	Broad-billed Sandpiper	Calidris falcinellus.
	Buff-breasted Sandpiper	Calidris subruficollis.
	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos.
	Curlew Sandpiper	Calidris ferruginea.
	Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus.
	Least Sandpiper	Calidris minutilla.
	Marsh Sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis.
	Pectoral Sandpiper	Calidris melanotos.
	Purple Sandpiper	Calidris maritima.
	Rock Sandpiper	Calidris ptilocnemis.
	Semipalmated Sandpiper	Calidris pusilla.
	Sharp-tailed Sandpiper	Calidris acuminata.
	Solitary Sandpiper	Tringa solitaria.
	Spoon-billed Sandpiper	Calidris pygmea.
	Spotted Sandpiper	Actitis macularius.
	Stilt Sandpiper	Calidris himantopus.
	Terek Sandpiper	Xenus cinereus.
	Upland Sandpiper	Bartramia longicauda.
	Western Sandpiper	Calidris mauri.
	White-rumped Sandpiper	Calidris fuscicollis.
	Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola.
Sand-Plover	Greater Sand-Plover	Charadrius leschenaultii.
	Lesser Sand-Plover	Charadrius mongolus.
Sapsucker	Red-breasted Sapsucker	Sphyrapicus ruber.
	Red-naped Sapsucker	Sphyrapicus nuchalis.
	Williamson's Sapsucker	Sphyrapicus thyroideus.
	Yellow-bellied Sapsucker	Sphyrapicus varius.
Scaup	Greater Scaup	Aythya marila.
	Lesser Scaup	Aythya affinis.
Scops-Owl	Oriental Scops-Owl	Otus sunia.
Scoter	Black Scoter	Melanitta americana.
	Common Scoter	Melanitta nigra.
	Stejneger's Scoter	Melanitta stejneger.
	Surf Scoter	Melanitta perspicillata.
	White-winged Scoter	Melanitta deglandi.
Screech-Owl	Eastern Screech-Owl	Megascops asio.
	Western Screech-Owl	Megascops kennicottii.
	Whiskered Screech-Owl	Megascops trichopsis.
Scrub-Jay	California Scrub-Jay	Aphelocoma californica.
	Florida Scrub-Jay	Aphelocoma coerulescens.
	Island Scrub-Jay	Aphelocoma insularis.
	Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay	Aphelocoma woodhouseii.
Sea-Eagle	Steller's Sea-Eagle	Haliaeetus pelagicus.
Seedeater	Morelet's Seedeater	Sporophila morelleti.
Shearwater	Audubon's Shearwater	Puffinus lherminieri.
	Barolo Shearwater	Puffinus baroli.
	Black-vented Shearwater	Puffinus opisthomelas.
	Bryan's Shearwater	Puffinus bryani.
	Buller's Shearwater	Ardenna bulleri.
	Cape Verde Shearwater	Calonectris edwardsii.
	Christmas Shearwater	Puffinus nativitatis.
	Cory's Shearwater	Calonectris diomedea.
	Flesh-footed Shearwater	Ardenna carneipes.
	Great Shearwater	Ardenna gravis.
	Manx Shearwater	Puffinus puffinus.
	Newell's Shearwater	Puffinus newelli.
	Pink-footed Shearwater	Ardenna creatopus.
	Short-tailed Shearwater	Ardenna tenuirostris.
	Sooty Shearwater	Ardenna grisea.
	Streaked Shearwater	Calonectris leucomelas.
	Wedge-tailed Shearwater	Ardenna pacifica.
Shoveler	Northern Shoveler	Spatula clypeata.
Shrike	Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus.
	Loggerhead Shrike	Lanius ludovicianus.
	Northern Shrike	Lanius borealis.
Silky-Flycatcher	Gray Silky-Flycatcher	Ptiliogonys cinereus.
Siskin	Eurasian Siskin	Spinus spinus.
	Pine Siskin	Spinus pinus.
Skimmer	Black Skimmer	Rynchops niger.
Skua	Great Skua	Stercorarius skua.
	South Polar Skua	Stercorarius maccormicki.
Skylark	Eurasian Skylark	Alauda arvensis.
Smew	Smew	Mergellus albellus.
Snipe	Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago.
	Jack Snipe	Lymnocryptes minimus.
	Pin-tailed Snipe	Gallinago stenura.
	Solitary Snipe	Gallinago solitaria.
	Swinhoe's Snipe	Gallinago megala.
	Wilson's Snipe	Gallinago delicata.
Solitaire	Brown-backed Solitaire	Myadestes occidentalis.
	Townsend's Solitaire	Myadestes townsendi.
Sora	Sora	Porzana carolina.
Sparrow	American Tree Sparrow	Spizelloides arborea.
	Bachman's Sparrow	Peucaea aestivalis.
	Baird's Sparrow	Centronyx bairdii.
	Bell's Sparrow	Artemisiospiza belli.
	Black-chinned Sparrow	Spizella atrogularis.
	Black-throated Sparrow	Amphispiza bilineata.
	Botteri's Sparrow	Peucaea botterii.
	Brewer's Sparrow	Spizella breweri.
	Cassin's Sparrow	Peucaea cassinii.
	Chipping Sparrow	Spizella passerina.
	Clay-colored Sparrow	Spizella pallida.
	Field Sparrow	Spizella pusilla.
	Five-striped Sparrow	Amphispizopsis quinquestriata.
	Fox Sparrow	Passerella iliaca.
	Golden-crowned Sparrow	Zonotrichia atricapilla.
	Grasshopper Sparrow	Ammodramus savannarum.
	Harris's Sparrow	Zonotrichia querula.
	Henslow's Sparrow	Centronyx henslowii.
	Lark Sparrow	Chondestes grammacus.
	LeConte's Sparrow	Ammospiza leconteii.
	Lincoln's Sparrow	Melospiza lincolnii.
	Nelson's Sparrow	Ammospiza nelsoni.
	Olive Sparrow	Arremonops rufivirgatus.
	Rufous-crowned Sparrow	Aimophila ruficeps.
	Rufous-winged Sparrow	Peucaea carpalis.
	Sagebrush Sparrow	Artemisiospiza nevadensis.
	Saltmarsh Sparrow	Ammospiza caudacuta.
	Savannah Sparrow	Passerculus sandwichensis.
	Seaside Sparrow	Ammospiza maritima.
	Song Sparrow	Melospiza melodia.
	Swamp Sparrow	Melospiza georgiana.
	Vesper Sparrow	Pooecetes gramineus.
	White-crowned Sparrow	Zonotrichia leucophrys.
	White-throated Sparrow	Zonotrichia albicollis.
	Worthen's Sparrow	Spizella wortheni.
Sparrowhawk	Chinese Sparrowhawk	Accipiter soloensis.
	Japanese Sparrowhawk	Accipiter gularis.
Spindalis	Puerto Rican Spindalis	Spindalis portoricensis.
	Western Spindalis	Spindalis zena.
Spoonbill	Roseate Spoonbill	Platalea ajaja.
Starling	Chestnut-cheeked Starling	Agropsar philippensis.
	White-cheeked Starling	Spodiopsar cineraceus.
Starthroat	Plain-capped Starthroat	Heliomaster constantii.
Stilt	Black-necked Stilt	Himantopus mexicanus.
	Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus.
Stint	Little Stint	Calidris minuta.
	Long-toed Stint	Calidris subminuta.
	Red-necked Stint	Calidris ruficollis.
	Temminck's Stint	Calidris temminckii.
Stonechat	Asian Stonechat	Saxicola maurus.
Stork	Wood Stork	Mycteria americana.
Storm-Petrel	Ashy Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates homochroa.
	Band-rumped Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates castro.
	Black Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates melania.
	Black-bellied Storm-Petrel	Fregetta tropica.
	European Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates pelagicus.
	Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates furcatus.
	Leach's Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates leucorhous.
	Least Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates microsoma.
	Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates matsudairae.
	Polynesian Storm-Petrel	Nesofregetta fuliginosa.
	Ringed Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates hornbyi.
	Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates monorhis.
	Townsend's Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates socorroensis.
	Tristram's Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates tristrami.
	Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel	Hydrobates tethys.
	White-bellied Storm-Petrel	Fregetta grallaria.
	White-faced Storm-Petrel	Pelagodroma marina.
	Wilson's Storm-Petrel	Oceanites oceanicus.
Surfbird	Surfbird	Calidris virgata.
Swallow	Bahama Swallow	Tachycineta cyaneoviridis.
	Bank Swallow	Riparia riparia.
	Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica.
	Blue-and-white Swallow	Pygochelidon cyanoleuca.
	Cave Swallow	Petrochelidon fulva.
	Cliff Swallow	Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.
	Mangrove Swallow	Tachycineta albilinea.
	Northern Rough-winged Swallow	Stelgidopteryx serripennis.
	Tree Swallow	Tachycineta bicolor.
	Violet-green Swallow	Tachycineta thalassina.
Swamphen	Purple Swamphen	Porphyrio porphyrio.
Swan	Trumpeter Swan	Cygnus buccinator.
	Tundra Swan	Cygnus columbianus.
	Whooper Swan	Cygnus cygnus.
Swift	Alpine Swift	Apus melba.
	Black Swift	Cypseloides niger.
	Chimney Swift	Chaetura pelagica.
	Common Swift	Apus apus.
	Fork-tailed Swift	Apus pacificus.
	Short-tailed Swift	Chaetura brachyura.
	Vaux's Swift	Chaetura vauxi.
	White-collared Swift	Streptoprocne zonaris.
	White-throated Swift	Aeronautes saxatalis.
Swiftlet	Mariana Swiftlet	Aerodramus bartschi.
	White-rumped Swiftlet	Aerodramus spodiopygius.
Tanager	Flame-colored Tanager	Piranga bidentata.
	Hepatic Tanager	Piranga flava.
	Puerto Rican Tanager	Nesospingus speculiferus.
	Scarlet Tanager	Piranga olivacea.
	Summer Tanager	Piranga rubra.
	Western Tanager	Piranga ludoviciana.
Tattler	Gray-tailed Tattler	Tringa brevipes.
	Wandering Tattler	Tringa incana.
Teal	Baikal Teal	Sibirionetta formosa.
	Blue-winged Teal	Spatula discors.
	Cinnamon Teal	Spatula cyanoptera.
	Green-winged Teal	Anas crecca.
Tern	Aleutian Tern	Onychoprion aleuticus.
	Arctic Tern	Sterna paradisaea.
	Black Tern	Chlidonias niger.
	Black-naped Tern	Sterna sumatrana.
	Bridled Tern	Onychoprion anaethetus.
	Caspian Tern	Hydroprogne caspia.
	Common Tern	Sterna hirundo.
	Elegant Tern	Thalasseus elegans.
	Forster's Tern	Sterna forsteri.
	Gray-backed Tern	Onychoprion lunatus.
	Great Crested Tern	Thalasseus bergii.
	Gull-billed Tern	Gelochelidon nilotica.
	Inca Tern	Larosterna inca.
	Large-billed Tern	Phaetusa simplex.
	Least Tern	Sternula antillarum.
	Little Tern	Sternula albifrons.
	Roseate Tern	Sterna dougallii.
	Royal Tern	Thalasseus maximus.
	Sandwich Tern	Thalasseus sandvicensis.
	Sooty Tern	Onychoprion fuscatus.
	Whiskered Tern	Chlidonias hybrida.
	White Tern	Gygis alba.
	White-winged Tern	Chlidonias leucopterus.
Thrasher	Bendire's Thrasher	Toxostoma bendirei.
	Brown Thrasher	Toxostoma rufum.
	California Thrasher	Toxostoma redivivum.
	Crissal Thrasher	Toxostoma crissale.
	Curve-billed Thrasher	Toxostoma curvirostre.
	LeConte's Thrasher	Toxostoma lecontei.
	Long-billed Thrasher	Toxostoma longirostre.
	Pearly-eyed Thrasher	Margarops fuscatus.
	Sage Thrasher	Oreoscoptes montanus.
Thrush	Aztec Thrush	Ridgwayia pinicola.
	Bicknell's Thrush	Catharus bicknelli.
	Clay-colored Thrush	Turdus grayi.
	Dusky Thrush	Turdus eunomus.
	Eyebrowed Thrush	Turdus obscurus.
	Gray-cheeked Thrush	Catharus minimus.
	Hermit Thrush	Catharus guttatus.
	Naumann's Thrush	Turdus naumanni.
	Red-legged Thrush	Turdus plumbeus.
	Swainson's Thrush	Catharus ustulatus.
	Varied Thrush	Ixoreus naevius.
	White-throated Thrush	Turdus assimilis.
	Wood Thrush	Hylocichla mustelina.
Tiger-Heron	Bare-throated Tiger-Heron	Tigrisoma mexicanum.
Titmouse	Black-crested Titmouse	Baeolophus atricristatus.
	Bridled Titmouse	Baeolophus wollweberi.
	Juniper Titmouse	Baeolophus ridgwayi.
	Oak Titmouse	Baeolophus inornatus.
	Tufted Titmouse	Baeolophus bicolor.
Tityra	Masked Tityra	Tityra semifasciata.
Towhee	Abert's Towhee	Melozone aberti.
	California Towhee	Melozone crissalis.
	Canyon Towhee	Melozone fusca.
	Eastern Towhee	Pipilo erythrophthalmus.
	Green-tailed Towhee	Pipilo chlorurus.
	Spotted Towhee	Pipilo maculatus.
Trogon	Elegant Trogon	Trogon elegans.
Tropicbird	Red-billed Tropicbird	Phaethon aethereus.
	Red-tailed Tropicbird	Phaethon rubricauda.
	White-tailed Tropicbird	Phaethon lepturus.
Turnstone	Black Turnstone	Arenaria melanocephala.
	Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres.
Turtle-Dove	Oriental Turtle-Dove	Streptopelia orientalis.
Veery	Veery	Catharus fuscescens.
Verdin	Verdin	Auriparus flaviceps.
Violetear	Mexican Violetear	Colibri thalassinus.
Vireo	Bell's Vireo	Vireo bellii.
	Black-capped Vireo	Vireo atricapilla.
	Black-whiskered Vireo	Vireo altiloquus.
	Blue-headed Vireo	Vireo solitarius.
	Cassin's Vireo	Vireo cassinii.
	Cuban Vireo	Vireo gundlachii.
	Gray Vireo	Vireo vicinior.
	Hutton's Vireo	Vireo huttoni.
	Philadelphia Vireo	Vireo philadelphicus.
	Plumbeous Vireo	Vireo plumbeus.
	Puerto Rican Vireo	Vireo latimeri.
	Red-eyed Vireo	Vireo olivaceus.
	Thick-billed Vireo	Vireo crassirostris.
	Warbling Vireo	Vireo gilvus.
	White-eyed Vireo	Vireo griseus.
	Yellow-green Vireo	Vireo flavoviridis.
	Yellow-throated Vireo	Vireo flavifrons.
	Yucatan Vireo	Vireo magister.
Vulture	Black Vulture	Coragyps atratus.
	Turkey Vulture	Cathartes aura.
Wagtail	Citrine Wagtail	Motacilla citreola.
	Eastern Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla tschutschensis.
	Gray Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea.
	White Wagtail	Motacilla alba.
Warbler	Adelaide's Warbler	Setophaga adelaidae.
	Aguiguan Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus nijoi.
	Arctic Warbler	Phylloscopus borealis.
	Bachman's Warbler	Vermivora bachmanii.
	Bay-breasted Warbler	Setophaga castanea.
	Black-and-white Warbler	Mniotilta varia.
	Blackburnian Warbler	Setophaga fusca.
	Blackpoll Warbler	Setophaga striata.
	Black-throated Blue Warbler	Setophaga caerulescens.
	Black-throated Gray Warbler	Setophaga nigrescens.
	Black-throated Green Warbler	Setophaga virens.
	Blue-winged Warbler	Vermivora cyanoptera.
	Blyth's Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus dumetorum.
	Canada Warbler	Cardellina canadensis.
	Cape May Warbler	Setophaga tigrina.
	Cerulean Warbler	Setophaga cerulea.
	Chestnut-sided Warbler	Setophaga pensylvanica.
	Colima Warbler	Leiothlypis crissalis.
	Connecticut Warbler	Oporornis agilis.
	Crescent-chested Warbler	Oreothlypis superciliosa.
	Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus.
	Elfin-woods Warbler	Setophaga angelae.
	Fan-tailed Warbler	Basileuterus lachrymosus.
	Golden-cheeked Warbler	Setophaga chrysoparia.
	Golden-crowned Warbler	Basileuterus culicivorus.
	Golden-winged Warbler	Vermivora chrysoptera.
	Grace's Warbler	Setophaga graciae.
	Hermit Warbler	Setophaga occidentalis.
	Hooded Warbler	Setophaga citrina.
	Kamchatka Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus examinandus.
	Kentucky Warbler	Geothlypis formosa.
	Kirtland's Warbler	Setophaga kirtlandii.
	Lanceolated Warbler	Locustella lanceolata.
	Lucy's Warbler	Leiothlypis luciae.
	MacGillivray's Warbler	Geothlypis tolmiei.
	Magnolia Warbler	Setophaga magnolia.
	Middendorff's Grasshopper Warbler	Helopsaltes ochotensis.
	Mourning Warbler	Geothlypis philadelphia.
	Nashville Warbler	Leiothlypis ruficapilla.
	Nightingale Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus luscinius.
	Olive Warbler	Peucedramus taeniatus.
	Orange-crowned Warbler	Leiothlypis celata.
	Pagan Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus yamashinae.
	Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler	Helopsaltes certhiola.
	Pallas's Leaf Warbler	Phylloscopus proregulus.
	Palm Warbler	Setophaga palmarum.
	Pine Warbler	Setophaga pinus.
	Prairie Warbler	Setophaga discolor.
	Prothonotary Warbler	Protonotaria citrea.
	Red-faced Warbler	Cardellina rubrifrons.
	River Warbler	Locustella fluviatilis.
	Rufous-capped Warbler	Basileuterus rufifrons.
	Saipan Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus hiwae.
	Sedge Warbler	Acrocephalus schoenobaenus.
	Swainson's Warbler	Limnothlypis swainsonii.
	Tennessee Warbler	Leiothlypis peregrina.
	Thick-billed Warbler	Arundinax aedon.
	Townsend's Warbler	Setophaga townsendi.
	Virginia's Warbler	Leiothlypis virginiae.
	Willow Warbler	Phylloscopus trochilus.
	Wilson's Warbler	Cardellina pusilla.
	Wood Warbler	Phylloscopus sibilatrix.
	Worm-eating Warbler	Helmitheros vermivorum.
	Yellow Warbler	Setophaga petechia.
	Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus.
	Yellow-rumped Warbler	Setophaga coronata.
	Yellow-throated Warbler	Setophaga dominica.
Waterthrush	Louisiana Waterthrush	Parkesia motacilla.
	Northern Waterthrush	Parkesia noveboracensis.
Waxwing	Bohemian Waxwing	Bombycilla garrulus.
	Cedar Waxwing	Bombycilla cedrorum.
Wheatear	Northern Wheatear	Oenanthe oenanthe.
	Pied Wheatear	Oenanthe pleschanka.
Whimbrel	Whimbrel	Numenius phaeopus.
Whip-poor-will	Eastern Whip-poor-will	Antrostomus vociferus.
	Mexican Whip-poor-will	Antrostomus arizonae.
Whistling-Duck	Black-bellied Whistling-Duck	Dendrocygna autumnalis.
	Fulvous Whistling-Duck	Dendrocygna bicolor.
	West Indian Whistling-Duck	Dendrocygna arborea.
Whitethroat	Lesser Whitethroat	Sylvia curruca.
Wigeon	American Wigeon	Mareca americana.
	Eurasian Wigeon	Mareca penelope.
Willet	Willet	Tringa semipalmata.
Woodcock	American Woodcock	Scolopax minor.
	Eurasian Woodcock	Scolopax rusticola.
Woodpecker	Acorn Woodpecker	Melanerpes formicivorus.
	American Three-toed Woodpecker	Picoides dorsalis.
	Arizona Woodpecker	Dryobates arizonae.
	Black-backed Woodpecker	Picoides arcticus.
	Downy Woodpecker	Dryobates pubescens.
	Gila Woodpecker	Melanerpes uropygialis.
	Golden-fronted Woodpecker	Melanerpes aurifrons.
	Great Spotted Woodpecker	Dendrocopos major.
	Hairy Woodpecker	Dryobates villosus.
	Ivory-billed Woodpecker	Campephilus principalis.
	Ladder-backed Woodpecker	Dryobates scalaris.
	Lewis's Woodpecker	Melanerpes lewis.
	Nuttall's Woodpecker	Dryobates nuttallii.
	Pileated Woodpecker	Dryocopus pileatus.
	Puerto Rican Woodpecker	Melanerpes portoricensis.
	Red-bellied Woodpecker	Melanerpes carolinus.
	Red-cockaded Woodpecker	Dryobates borealis.
	Red-headed Woodpecker	Melanerpes erythrocephalus.
	White-headed Woodpecker	Dryobates albolarvatus.
Wood-Pewee	Eastern Wood-Pewee	Contopus virens.
	Western Wood-Pewee	Contopus sordidulus.
Wood-Rail	Rufous-necked Wood-Rail	Aramides axillaris.
Woodstar	Bahama Woodstar	Nesophlox evelynae.
Wren	Bewick's Wren	Thryomanes bewickii.
	Cactus Wren	Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus.
	Canyon Wren	Catherpes mexicanus.
	Carolina Wren	Thryothorus ludovicianus.
	House Wren	Troglodytes aedon.
	Marsh Wren	Cistothorus palustris.
	Pacific Wren	Troglodytes pacificus.
	Rock Wren	Salpinctes obsoletus.
	Sedge Wren	Cistothorus stellaris.
	Sinaloa Wren	Thryophilus sinaloa.
	Winter Wren	Troglodytes hiemalis.
Wrentit	Wrentit	Chamaea fasciata.
Wryneck	Eurasian Wryneck	Jynx torquilla.
Yellowlegs	Greater Yellowlegs	Tringa melanoleuca.
	Lesser Yellowlegs	Tringa flavipes.
Yellowthroat	Common Yellowthroat	Geothlypis trichas.
	Gray-crowned Yellowthroat	Geothlypis poliocephala.

(2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists species in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily.

Table 2 to Paragraph ( c )(2)—Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Species scientific name	Species common name
(i) Order Anseriformes
Family Anatidae
(1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae
Dendrocygna autumnalis	Black-bellied Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna arborea	West Indian Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna bicolor	Fulvous Whistling-Duck.
(2) Subfamily Anserinae
Anser canagicus	Emperor Goose.
Anser caerulescens	Snow Goose.
Anser rossii	Ross's Goose.
Anser albifrons	Greater White-fronted Goose.
Anser erythropus	Lesser White-fronted Goose.
Anser fabalis	Taiga Bean-Goose.
Anser serrirostris	Tundra Bean-Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus	Pink-footed Goose.
Branta bernicla	Brant.
Branta leucopsis	Barnacle Goose.
Branta hutchinsii	Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis	Canada Goose.
Branta sandvicensis	Hawaiian Goose.
Cygnus buccinator	Trumpeter Swan.
Cygnus columbianus	Tundra Swan.
Cygnus cygnus	Whooper Swan.
(3) Subfamily Anatinae
Cairina moschata	Muscovy Duck.
Aix sponsa	Wood Duck.
Sibirionetta formosa	Baikal Teal.
Spatula querquedula	Garganey.
Spatula discors	Blue-winged Teal.
Spatula cyanoptera	Cinnamon Teal.
Spatula clypeata	Northern Shoveler.
Mareca strepera	Gadwall.
Mareca falcata	Falcated Duck.
Mareca penelope	Eurasian Wigeon.
Mareca americana	American Wigeon.
Anas laysanensis	Laysan Duck
Anas wyvilliana	Hawaiian Duck.
Anas zonorhyncha	Eastern Spot-billed Duck.
Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard.
Anas diazi	Mexican Duck.
Anas rubripes	American Black Duck.
Anas fulvigula	Mottled Duck.
Anas superciliosa	Pacific Black Duck.
Anas bahamensis	White-cheeked Pintail.
Anas acuta	Northern Pintail.
Anas crecca	Green-winged Teal.
Aythya valisineria	Canvasback.
Aythya americana	Redhead.
Aythya ferina	Common Pochard.
Aythya baeri	Baer's Pochard.
Aythya collaris	Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya fuligula	Tufted Duck.
Aythya marila	Greater Scaup.
Aythya affinis	Lesser Scaup.
Polysticta stelleri	Steller's Eider.
Somateria fischeri	Spectacled Eider.
Somateria spectabilis	King Eider.
Somateria mollissima	Common Eider.
Histrionicus histrionicus	Harlequin Duck.
Melanitta perspicillata	Surf Scoter.
Melanitta deglandi	White-winged Scoter.
Melanitta stejneger	Stejneger's Scoter.
Melanitta nigra	Common Scoter.
Melanitta americana	Black Scoter.
Clangula hyemalis	Long-tailed Duck.
Bucephala albeola	Bufflehead.
Bucephala clangula	Common Goldeneye.
Bucephala islandica	Barrow's Goldeneye.
Mergellus albellus	Smew.
Lophodytes cucullatus	Hooded Merganser.
Mergus merganser	Common Merganser.
Mergus serrator	Red-breasted Merganser.
Nomonyx dominicus	Masked Duck.
Oxyura jamaicensis	Ruddy Duck.
(ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
Family Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus ruber	American Flamingo.
(iii) Order Podicipediformes
Family Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus dominicus	Least Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps	Pied-billed Grebe.
Podiceps auritus	Horned Grebe.
Podiceps grisegena	Red-necked Grebe.
Podiceps nigricollis	Eared Grebe.
Aechmophorus occidentalis	Western Grebe.
Aechmophorus clarkii	Clark's Grebe.
(iv) Order Columbiformes
Family Columbidae
Patagioenas squamosa	Scaly-naped Pigeon.
Patagioenas leucocephala	White-crowned Pigeon.
Patagioenas flavirostris	Red-billed Pigeon.
Patagioenas inornata	Plain Pigeon.
Patagioenas fasciata	Band-tailed Pigeon.
Streptopelia orientalis	Oriental Turtle-Dove.
Alopecoenas stairi	Shy Ground Dove.
Alopecoenas xanthonurus	White-throated Ground Dove.
Columbina inca	Inca Dove.
Columbina passerina	Common Ground Dove.
Columbina talpacoti	Ruddy Ground Dove.
Geotrygon montana	Ruddy Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon chrysia	Key West Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon mystacea	Bridled Quail-Dove.
Leptotila verreauxi	White-tipped Dove.
Zenaida asiatica	White-winged Dove.
Zenaida aurita	Zenaida Dove.
Zenaida macroura	Mourning Dove.
Ptilinopus perousii	Many-colored Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus	Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla	Mariana Fruit-Dove.
Ducula pacifica	Pacific Imperial-Pigeon.
(v) Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae
(1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
Crotophaga ani	Smooth-billed Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris	Groove-billed Ani.
(2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
Geococcyx californianus	Greater Roadrunner.
(3) Subfamily Cuculinae
Urodynamis taitensis	Long-tailed Koel.
Hierococcyx nisicolor	Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo.
Cuculus canorus	Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus optatus	Oriental Cuckoo.
Clamator coromandus	Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.
Coccyzus melacoryphus	Dark-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus americanus	Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus minor	Mangrove Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus	Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus vieilloti	Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
(vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
Family Caprimulgidae
(1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
Chordeiles acutipennis	Lesser Nighthawk.
Chordeiles minor	Common Nighthawk.
Chordeiles gundlachii	Antillean Nighthawk.
(2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
Nyctidromus albicollis	Common Pauraque.
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii	Common Poorwill.
Antrostomus carolinensis	Chuck-will's-widow.
Antrostomus ridgwayi	Buff-collared Nightjar.
Antrostomus vociferus	Eastern Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus arizonae	Mexican Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus noctitherus	Puerto Rican Nightjar.
Hydropsalis cayennensis	White-tailed Nightjar.
Caprimulgus jotaka	Gray Nightjar.
(vii) Order Apodiformes
(A) Family Apodidae
(1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
Cypseloides niger	Black Swift.
Streptoprocne zonaris	White-collared Swift.
(2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
Chaetura pelagica	Chimney Swift.
Chaetura vauxi	Vaux's Swift.
Chaetura brachyura	Short-tailed Swift.
Hirundapus caudacutus	White-throated Needletail.
Aerodramus spodiopygius	White-rumped Swiftlet.
Aerodramus bartschi	Mariana Swiftlet.
(3) Subfamily Apodinae
Apus apus	Common Swift.
Apus pacificus	Fork-tailed Swift.
Apus melba	Alpine Swift.
Aeronautes saxatalis	White-throated Swift.
Tachornis phoenicobia	Antillean Palm-Swift.
(B) Family Trochilidae
Subfamily Trochilinae
Colibri thalassinus	Mexican Violetear.
Anthracothorax prevostii	Green-breasted Mango.
Anthracothorax aurulentus	Puerto Rican Mango.
Anthracothorax viridis	Green Mango.
Eulampis jugularis	Purple-throated Carib.
Eulampis holosericeus	Green-throated Carib.
Eugenes fulgens	Rivoli's Hummingbird.
Heliomaster constantii	Plain-capped Starthroat.
Lampornis amethystinus	Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
Lampornis clemenciae	Blue-throated Mountain-gem.
Calothorax lucifer	Lucifer Hummingbird.
Archilochus colubris	Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus alexandri	Black-chinned Hummingbird.
Mellisuga minima	Vervain Hummingbird.
Nesophlox evelynae	Bahama Woodstar.
Calypte anna	Anna's Hummingbird.
Calypte costae	Costa's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus calliope	Calliope Hummingbird.
Selasphorus rufus	Rufous Hummingbird.
Selasphorus sasin	Allen's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus platycercus	Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
Selasphorus heloisa	Bumblebee Hummingbird.
Riccordia maugaeus	Puerto Rican Emerald.
Cynanthus latirostris	Broad-billed Hummingbird.
Basilinna leucotis	White-eared Hummingbird.
Basilinna xantusii	Xantus's Hummingbird.
Orthorhyncus cristatus	Antillean Crested Hummingbird.
Ramosomyia violiceps	Violet-crowned Hummingbird.
Saucerottia beryllina	Berylline Hummingbird.
Amazilia rutila	Cinnamon Hummingbird.
Amazilia yucatanensis	Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
(viii) Order Gruiformes
(A) Family Rallidae
Gallirallus philippensis	Buff-banded Rail.
Gallirallus owstoni	Guam Rail.
Neocrex erythrops	Paint-billed Crake.
Pardirallus maculatus	Spotted Rail.
Aramides axillaris	Rufous-necked Wood-Rail.
Rallus obsoletus	Ridgway's Rail.
Rallus elegans	King Rail.
Rallus crepitans	Clapper Rail.
Rallus limicola	Virginia Rail.
Crex crex	Corn Crake.
Porzana carolina	Sora.
Gallinula galeata	Common Gallinule.
Gallinula chloropus	Eurasian Moorhen.
Fulica atra	Eurasian Coot.
Fulica alai	Hawaiian Coot.
Fulica americana	American Coot.
Porphyrio martinicus	Purple Gallinule.
Porphyrio flavirostris	Azure Gallinule.
Porphyrio porphyrio	Purple Swamphen.
Porzana tabuensis	Spotless Crake.
Coturnicops noveboracensis	Yellow Rail.
Hapalocrex flaviventer	Yellow-breasted Crake.
Laterallus jamaicensis	Black Rail.
(B) Family Aramidae
Aramus guarauna	Limpkin.
(C) Family Gruidae
Subfamily Gruinae
Antigone canadensis	Sandhill Crane.
Grus grus	Common Crane.
Grus monacha	Hooded Crane.
Grus americana	Whooping Crane.
(ix) Order Charadriiformes
(A) Family Recurvirostridae
Himantopus himantopus	Black-winged Stilt.
Himantopus mexicanus	Black-necked Stilt.
Recurvirostra americana	American Avocet.
(B) Family Haematopodidae
Haematopus ostralegus	Eurasian Oystercatcher.
Haematopus palliatus	American Oystercatcher.
Haematopus bachmani	Black Oystercatcher.
(C) Family Charadriidae
(1) Subfamily Vanellinae
Vanellus vanellus	Northern Lapwing.
(2) Subfamily Charadriinae
Pluvialis squatarola	Black-bellied Plover.
Pluvialis apricaria	European Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis dominica	American Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis fulva	Pacific Golden-Plover.
Charadrius morinellus	Eurasian Dotterel.
Charadrius vociferus	Killdeer.
Charadrius hiaticula	Common Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus	Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius melodus	Piping Plover.
Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover.
Charadrius mongolus	Lesser Sand-Plover.
Charadrius leschenaultii	Greater Sand-Plover.
Charadrius wilsonia	Wilson's Plover.
Charadrius collaris	Collared Plover.
Charadrius alexandrinus	Kentish Plover.
Charadrius montanus	Mountain Plover.
Charadrius nivosus	Snowy Plover.
(D) Family Jacanidae
Jacana spinosa	Northern Jacana.
(E) Family Scolopacidae
(1) Subfamily Numeniinae
Bartramia longicauda	Upland Sandpiper.
Numenius tahitiensis	Bristle-thighed Curlew.
Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel.
Numenius minutus	Little Curlew.
Numenius borealis	Eskimo Curlew.
Numenius americanus	Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius madagascariensis	Far Eastern Curlew.
Numenius arquata	Eurasian Curlew.
(2) Subfamily Limosinae
Limosa lapponica	Bar-tailed Godwit.
Limosa limosa	Black-tailed Godwit.
Limosa haemastica	Hudsonian Godwit.
Limosa fedoa	Marbled Godwit.
(3) Subfamily Arenariinae
Arenaria interpres	Ruddy Turnstone.
Arenaria melanocephala	Black Turnstone.
Calidris tenuirostris	Great Knot.
Calidris canutus	Red Knot.
Calidris virgata	Surfbird.
Calidris pugnax	Ruff.
Calidris falcinellus	Broad-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris acuminata	Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Calidris himantopus	Stilt Sandpiper.
Calidris ferruginea	Curlew Sandpiper.
Calidris temminckii	Temminck's Stint.
Calidris subminuta	Long-toed Stint.
Calidris pygmea	Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris ruficollis	Red-necked Stint.
Calidris alba	Sanderling.
Calidris alpina	Dunlin.
Calidris ptilocnemis	Rock Sandpiper.
Calidris maritima	Purple Sandpiper.
Calidris bairdii	Baird's Sandpiper.
Calidris minuta	Little Stint.
Calidris minutilla	Least Sandpiper.
Calidris fuscicollis	White-rumped Sandpiper.
Calidris subruficollis	Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Calidris melanotos	Pectoral Sandpiper.
Calidris pusilla	Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Calidris mauri	Western Sandpiper.
(4) Subfamily Scolopacinae
Limnodromus griseus	Short-billed Dowitcher.
Limnodromus scolopaceus	Long-billed Dowitcher.
Lymnocryptes minimus	Jack Snipe.
Scolopax rusticola	Eurasian Woodcock.
Scolopax minor	American Woodcock.
Gallinago solitaria	Solitary Snipe.
Gallinago stenura	Pin-tailed Snipe.
Gallinago megala	Swinhoe's Snipe.
Gallinago gallinago	Common Snipe.
Gallinago delicata	Wilson's Snipe.
(5) Subfamily Tringinae
Xenus cinereus	Terek Sandpiper.
Actitis hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper.
Actitis macularius	Spotted Sandpiper.
Tringa ochropus	Green Sandpiper.
Tringa solitaria	Solitary Sandpiper.
Tringa brevipes	Gray-tailed Tattler.
Tringa incana	Wandering Tattler.
Tringa flavipes	Lesser Yellowlegs.
Tringa semipalmata	Willet.
Tringa erythropus	Spotted Redshank.
Tringa nebularia	Common Greenshank.
Tringa guttifer	Nordmann's Greenshank.
Tringa melanoleuca	Greater Yellowlegs.
Tringa totanus	Common Redshank.
Tringa glareola	Wood Sandpiper.
Tringa stagnatilis	Marsh Sandpiper.
Phalaropus tricolor	Wilson's Phalarope.
Phalaropus lobatus	Red-necked Phalarope.
Phalaropus fulicarius	Red Phalarope.
(F) Family Stercorariidae
Stercorarius skua	Great Skua.
Stercorarius maccormicki	South Polar Skua.
Stercorarius pomarinus	Pomarine Jaeger.
Stercorarius parasiticus	Parasitic Jaeger.
Stercorarius longicaudus	Long-tailed Jaeger.
(G) Family Alcidae
Alle alle	Dovekie.
Uria aalge	Common Murre.
Uria lomvia	Thick-billed Murre.
Alca torda	Razorbill.
Cepphus grylle	Black Guillemot.
Cepphus columba	Pigeon Guillemot.
Brachyramphus perdix	Long-billed Murrelet.
Brachyramphus marmoratus	Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris	Kittlitz's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus scrippsi	Scripps's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus	Guadalupe Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus craveri	Craveri's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus antiquus	Ancient Murrelet.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus	Cassin's Auklet.
Aethia psittacula	Parakeet Auklet.
Aethia pusilla	Least Auklet.
Aethia pygmaea	Whiskered Auklet.
Aethia cristatella	Crested Auklet.
Cerorhinca monocerata	Rhinoceros Auklet.
Fratercula arctica	Atlantic Puffin.
Fratercula corniculata	Horned Puffin.
Fratercula cirrhata	Tufted Puffin.
(H) Family Laridae
(1) Subfamily Larinae
Creagrus furcatus	Swallow-tailed Gull.
Rissa tridactyla	Black-legged Kittiwake.
Rissa brevirostris	Red-legged Kittiwake.
Pagophila eburnea	Ivory Gull.
Xema sabini	Sabine's Gull.
Chroicocephalus philadelphia	Bonaparte's Gull.
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus	Gray-hooded Gull.
Chroicocephalus ridibundus	Black-headed Gull.
Hydrocoloeus minutus	Little Gull.
Rhodostethia rosea	Ross's Gull.
Leucophaeus atricilla	Laughing Gull.
Leucophaeus pipixcan	Franklin's Gull.
Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus	Pallas's Gull.
Larus belcheri	Belcher's Gull.
Larus crassirostris	Black-tailed Gull.
Larus heermanni	Heermann's Gull.
Larus canus	Common Gull.
Larus brachyrhynchus	Short-billed Gull.
Larus delawarensis	Ring-billed Gull.
Larus occidentalis	Western Gull.
Larus livens	Yellow-footed Gull.
Larus californicus	California Gull.
Larus argentatus	Herring Gull.
Larus michahellis	Yellow-legged Gull.
Larus glaucoides	Iceland Gull.
Larus fuscus	Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Larus schistisagus	Slaty-backed Gull.
Larus glaucescens	Glaucous-winged Gull.
Larus hyperboreus	Glaucous Gull.
Larus marinus	Great Black-backed Gull.
Larus dominicanus	Kelp Gull.
(2) Subfamily Sterninae
Anous stolidus	Brown Noddy.
Anous minutus	Black Noddy.
Anous ceruleus	Blue-gray Noddy.
Gygis alba	White Tern.
Onychoprion fuscatus	Sooty Tern.
Onychoprion lunatus	Gray-backed Tern.
Onychoprion anaethetus	Bridled Tern.
Onychoprion aleuticus	Aleutian Tern.
Sternula albifrons	Little Tern.
Sternula antillarum	Least Tern.
Phaetusa simplex	Large-billed Tern.
Gelochelidon nilotica	Gull-billed Tern.
Hydroprogne caspia	Caspian Tern.
Larosterna inca	Inca Tern.
Chlidonias niger	Black Tern.
Chlidonias leucopterus	White-winged Tern.
Chlidonias hybrida	Whiskered Tern.
Sterna dougallii	Roseate Tern.
Sterna sumatrana	Black-naped Tern.
Sterna hirundo	Common Tern.
Sterna paradisaea	Arctic Tern.
Sterna forsteri	Forster's Tern.
Thalasseus maximus	Royal Tern.
Thalasseus bergii	Great Crested Tern.
Thalasseus sandvicensis	Sandwich Tern.
Thalasseus elegans	Elegant Tern.
(3) Subfamily Rynchopinae
Rynchops niger	Black Skimmer.
(x) Order Phaethontiformes
Family Phaethontidae
Phaethon lepturus	White-tailed Tropicbird.
Phaethon aethereus	Red-billed Tropicbird.
Phaethon rubricauda	Red-tailed Tropicbird.
(xi) Order Gaviiformes
Family Gaviidae
Gavia stellata	Red-throated Loon.
Gavia arctica	Arctic Loon.
Gavia pacifica	Pacific Loon.
Gavia immer	Common Loon.
Gavia adamsii	Yellow-billed Loon.
(xii) Order Procellariiformes
(A) Family Diomedeidae
Thalassarche chlororhynchos	Yellow-nosed Albatross.
Thalassarche cauta	White-capped Albatross.
Thalassarche eremita	Chatham Albatross.
Thalassarche salvini	Salvin's Albatross.
Thalassarche melanophris	Black-browed Albatross.
Phoebetria palpebrata	Light-mantled Albatross.
Diomedea exulans	Wandering Albatross.
Phoebastria immutabilis	Laysan Albatross.
Phoebastria nigripes	Black-footed Albatross.
Phoebastria albatrus	Short-tailed Albatross.
(B) Family Oceanitidae
Family Phaethontidae
Oceanites oceanicus	Wilson's Storm-Petrel.
Pelagodroma marina	White-faced Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta grallaria	White-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta tropica	Black-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Nesofregetta fuliginosa	Polynesian Storm-Petrel.
(C) Family Hydrobatidae
Hydrobates pelagicus	European Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates furcatus	Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates hornbyi	Ringed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates monorhis	Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates leucorhous	Leach's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates socorroensis	Townsend's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates homochroa	Ashy Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates castro	Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tethys	Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates melania	Black Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates matsudairae	Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tristrami	Tristram's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates microsoma	Least Storm-Petrel.
(D) Family Procellariidae
Macronectes halli	Northern Giant-Petrel.
Fulmarus glacialis	Northern Fulmar.
Pterodroma gouldi	Gray-faced Petrel.
Pterodroma solandri	Providence Petrel.
Pterodroma neglecta	Kermadec Petrel.
Pterodroma arminjoniana	Trindade Petrel.
Pterodroma heraldica	Herald Petrel.
Pterodroma ultima	Murphy's Petrel.
Pterodroma inexpectata	Mottled Petrel.
Pterodroma cahow	Bermuda Petrel.
Pterodroma hasitata	Black-capped Petrel.
Pterodroma externa	Juan Fernandez Petrel.
Pterodroma sandwichensis	Hawaiian Petrel.
Pterodroma cervicalis	White-necked Petrel.
Pterodroma hypoleuca	Bonin Petrel.
Pterodroma nigripennis	Black-winged Petrel.
Pterodroma feae	Fea's Petrel.
Pterodroma madeira	Zino's Petrel.
Pterodroma cookii	Cook's Petrel.
Pterodroma leucoptera	Gould's Petrel.
Pterodroma longirostris	Stejneger's Petrel.
Pterodroma alba	Phoenix Petrel.
Pseudobulweria rostrata	Tahiti Petrel.
Bulweria bulwerii	Bulwer's Petrel.
Bulweria fallax	Jouanin's Petrel.
Procellaria aequinoctialis	White-chinned Petrel.
Procellaria parkinsoni	Parkinson's Petrel.
Calonectris leucomelas	Streaked Shearwater.
Calonectris diomedea	Cory's Shearwater.
Calonectris edwardsii	Cape Verde Shearwater.
Ardenna pacifica	Wedge-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna bulleri	Buller's Shearwater.
Ardenna tenuirostris	Short-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna grisea	Sooty Shearwater.
Ardenna gravis	Great Shearwater.
Ardenna creatopus	Pink-footed Shearwater.
Ardenna carneipes	Flesh-footed Shearwater.
Puffinus nativitatis	Christmas Shearwater.
Puffinus puffinus	Manx Shearwater.
Puffinus newelli	Newell's Shearwater.
Puffinus bryani	Bryan's Shearwater.
Puffinus opisthomelas	Black-vented Shearwater.
Puffinus lherminieri	Audubon's Shearwater.
Puffinus baroli	Barolo Shearwater.
(xiii) Order Ciconiiformes
Family Ciconiidae
Jabiru mycteria	Jabiru.
Mycteria americana	Wood Stork.
(xiv) Order Suliformes
(A) Family Fregatidae
Fregata ariel	Lesser Frigatebird.
Fregata magnificens	Magnificent Frigatebird.
Fregata minor	Great Frigatebird.
(B) Family Sulidae
Sula dactylatra	Masked Booby.
Sula granti	Nazca Booby.
Sula nebouxii	Blue-footed Booby.
Sula leucogaster	Brown Booby.
Sula sula	Red-footed Booby.
Papasula abbotti	Abbott's Booby.
Morus bassanus	Northern Gannet.
(C) Family Anhingidae
Anhinga anhinga	Anhinga.
(D) Family Phalacrocoracidae
Microcarbo melanoleucos	Little Pied Cormorant.
Urile penicillatus	Brandt's Cormorant.
Urile urile	Red-faced Cormorant.
Urile pelagicus	Pelagic Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax carbo	Great Cormorant.
Nannopterum auritum	Double-crested Cormorant.
Nannopterum brasilianum	Neotropic Cormorant.
(xv) Order Pelecaniformes
(A) Family Pelecanidae
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos	American White Pelican.
Pelecanus occidentalis	Brown Pelican.
(B) Family Ardeidae
Botaurus lentiginosus	American Bittern.
Ixobrychus sinensis	Yellow Bittern.
Ixobrychus exilis	Least Bittern.
Ixobrychus eurhythmus	Schrenck's Bittern.
Ixobrychus flavicollis	Black Bittern.
Tigrisoma mexicanum	Bare-throated Tiger-Heron.
Ardea herodias	Great Blue Heron.
Ardea cinerea	Gray Heron.
Ardea alba	Great Egret.
Ardea intermedia	Intermediate Egret.
Egretta eulophotes	Chinese Egret.
Egretta garzetta	Little Egret.
Egretta sacra	Pacific Reef-Heron.
Egretta gularis	Western Reef-Heron.
Egretta thula	Snowy Egret.
Egretta caerulea	Little Blue Heron.
Egretta tricolor	Tricolored Heron.
Egretta rufescens	Reddish Egret.
Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret.
Ardeola bacchus	Chinese Pond-Heron.
Butorides virescens	Green Heron.
Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron.
Nycticorax caledonicus	Nankeen Night-Heron.
Nyctanassa violacea	Yellow-crowned Night-Heron.
Gorsachius goisagi	Japanese Night-Heron.
Gorsachius melanolophus	Malayan Night-Heron.
(C) Family Threskiornithidae
(1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae
Eudocimus albus	White Ibis.
Eudocimus ruber	Scarlet Ibis.
Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy Ibis.
Plegadis chihi	White-faced Ibis.
(2) Subfamily Plataleinae
Platalea ajaja	Roseate Spoonbill.
(xvi) Order Carthartiformes
Family Cathartidae
Gymnogyps californianus	California Condor.
Coragyps atratus	Black Vulture.
Cathartes aura	Turkey Vulture.
(xvii) Order Accipitriformes
(A) Family Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus	Osprey.
(B) Family Accipitridae
(1) Subfamily Elaninae
Elanus leucurus	White-tailed Kite.
(2) Subfamily Gypaetinae
Chondrohierax uncinatus	Hook-billed Kite.
Elanoides forficatus	Swallow-tailed Kite.
(3) Subfamily Accipitrinae
Aquila chrysaetos	Golden Eagle.
Harpagus bidentatus	Double-toothed Kite.
Circus hudsonius	Northern Harrier.
Circus spilonotus	Eastern Marsh-Harrier.
Accipiter soloensis	Chinese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter gularis	Japanese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter striatus	Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Accipiter cooperii	Cooper's Hawk.
Accipiter gentilis	Northern Goshawk.
Milvus migrans	Black Kite.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus	Bald Eagle.
Haliaeetus albicilla	White-tailed Eagle.
Haliaeetus pelagicus	Steller's Sea-Eagle.
Ictinia mississippiensis	Mississippi Kite.
Butastur indicus	Gray-faced Buzzard.
Geranospiza caerulescens	Crane Hawk.
Rostrhamus sociabilis	Snail Kite.
Buteogallus anthracinus	Common Black Hawk.
Buteogallus urubitinga	Great Black Hawk.
Rupornis magnirostris	Roadside Hawk.
Parabuteo unicinctus	Harris's Hawk.
Geranoaetus albicaudatus	White-tailed Hawk.
Buteo plagiatus	Gray Hawk.
Buteo lineatus	Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo platypterus	Broad-winged Hawk.
Buteo solitarius	Hawaiian Hawk.
Buteo brachyurus	Short-tailed Hawk.
Buteo swainsoni	Swainson's Hawk.
Buteo albonotatus	Zone-tailed Hawk.
Buteo jamaicensis	Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo lagopus	Rough-legged Hawk.
Buteo regalis	Ferruginous Hawk.
Buteo rufinus	Long-legged Buzzard.
(xviii) Order Strigiformes
(A) Family Tytonidae
Tyto alba	Barn Owl.
(B) Family Strigidae
Otus sunia	Oriental Scops-Owl.
Psiloscops flammeolus	Flammulated Owl.
Gymnasio nudipes	Puerto Rican Owl.
Megascops trichopsis	Whiskered Screech-Owl.
Megascops kennicottii	Western Screech-Owl.
Megascops asio	Eastern Screech-Owl.
Bubo virginianus	Great Horned Owl.
Bubo scandiacus	Snowy Owl.
Surnia ulula	Northern Hawk Owl.
Glaucidium gnoma	Northern Pygmy-Owl.
Glaucidium brasilianum	Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl.
Micrathene whitneyi	Elf Owl.
Athene cunicularia	Burrowing Owl.
Strix occidentalis	Spotted Owl.
Strix varia	Barred Owl.
Strix virgata	Mottled Owl.
Strix nebulosa	Great Gray Owl.
Asio otus	Long-eared Owl.
Asio stygius	Stygian Owl.
Asio flammeus	Short-eared Owl.
Aegolius funereus	Boreal Owl.
Aegolius acadicus	Northern Saw-whet Owl.
Ninox japonica	Northern Boobook.
(xix) Order Trogoniformes
Family Trogonidae
Subfamily Trogoninae
Trogon elegans	Elegant Trogon.
Euptilotis neoxenus	Eared Quetzal.
(xx) Order Upupiformes
Family Upupidae
Upupa epops	Eurasian Hoopoe.
(xxi) Order Coraciiformes
Family Alcedinidae
(1) Subfamily Alcedininae
Alcedo atthis	Common Kingfisher.
(2) Subfamily Halcyoninae
Todiramphus sacer	Pacific Kingfisher.
Todiramphus cinnamominus	Guam Kingfisher.
Todiramphus albicilla	Mariana Kingfisher.
(3) Subfamily Cerylinae
Megaceryle torquata	Ringed Kingfisher.
Megaceryle alcyon	Belted Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle amazona	Amazon Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle americana	Green Kingfisher.
(xxii) Order Piciformes
Family Picidae
(1) Subfamily Jynginae
Jynx torquilla	Eurasian Wryneck.
(2) Subfamily Picinae
Melanerpes lewis	Lewis's Woodpecker.
Melanerpes portoricensis	Puerto Rican Woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus	Red-headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes formicivorus	Acorn Woodpecker.
Melanerpes uropygialis	Gila Woodpecker.
Melanerpes aurifrons	Golden-fronted Woodpecker.
Melanerpes carolinus	Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus	Williamson's Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus varius	Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus nuchalis	Red-naped Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus ruber	Red-breasted Sapsucker.
Picoides dorsalis	American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides arcticus	Black-backed Woodpecker.
Dendrocopos major	Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Dryobates pubescens	Downy Woodpecker.
Dryobates nuttallii	Nuttall's Woodpecker.
Dryobates scalaris	Ladder-backed Woodpecker.
Dryobates borealis	Red-cockaded Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus	Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates albolarvatus	White-headed Woodpecker.
Dryobates arizonae	Arizona Woodpecker.
Colaptes auratus	Northern Flicker.
Colaptes chrysoides	Gilded Flicker.
Dryocopus pileatus	Pileated Woodpecker.
Campephilus principalis	Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
(xxiii) Order Falconiformes
Family Falconidae
(1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae
Micrastur semitorquatus	Collared Forest-Falcon.
(2) Subfamily Falconinae
Caracara plancus	Crested Caracara.
Falco tinnunculus	Eurasian Kestrel.
Falco sparverius	American Kestrel.
Falco vespertinus	Red-footed Falcon.
Falco amurensis	Amur Falcon.
Falco columbarius	Merlin.
Falco subbuteo	Eurasian Hobby.
Falco femoralis	Aplomado Falcon.
Falco rusticolus	Gyrfalcon.
Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon.
Falco mexicanus	Prairie Falcon.
(xxiv) Order Passeriformes
(A) Family Tityridae
Tityra semifasciata	Masked Tityra.
Pachyramphus major	Gray-collared Becard.
Pachyramphus aglaiae	Rose-throated Becard.
(B) Family Tyrannidae
(1) Subfamily Elaeniinae
Camptostoma imberbe	Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet.
Myiopagis viridicata	Greenish Elaenia.
Elaenia martinica	Caribbean Elaenia.
Elaenia albiceps	White-crested Elaenia.
Elaenia parvirostris	Small-billed Elaenia.
(2) Subfamily Tyranninae
Myiarchus tuberculifer	Dusky-capped Flycatcher.
Myiarchus cinerascens	Ash-throated Flycatcher.
Myiarchus nuttingi	Nutting's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus crinitus	Great Crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus tyrannulus	Brown-crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus sagrae	La Sagra's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus antillarum	Puerto Rican Flycatcher.
Pitangus sulphuratus	Great Kiskadee.
Myiozetetes similis	Social Flycatcher.
Myiodynastes luteiventris	Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
Legatus leucophaius	Piratic Flycatcher.
Empidonomus varius	Variegated Flycatcher.
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus	Crowned Slaty Flycatcher.
Tyrannus melancholicus	Tropical Kingbird.
Tyrannus couchii	Couch's Kingbird.
Tyrannus vociferans	Cassin's Kingbird.
Tyrannus crassirostris	Thick-billed Kingbird.
Tyrannus verticalis	Western Kingbird.
Tyrannus tyrannus	Eastern Kingbird.
Tyrannus dominicensis	Gray Kingbird.
Tyrannus caudifasciatus	Loggerhead Kingbird.
Tyrannus forficatus	Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
Tyrannus savana	Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
(3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae
Mitrephanes phaeocercus	Tufted Flycatcher.
Contopus cooperi	Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Contopus pertinax	Greater Pewee.
Contopus sordidulus	Western Wood-Pewee.
Contopus virens	Eastern Wood-Pewee.
Contopus caribaeus	Cuban Pewee.
Contopus hispaniolensis	Hispaniolan Pewee.
Contopus latirostris	Lesser Antillean Pewee.
Empidonax flaviventris	Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Empidonax virescens	Acadian Flycatcher.
Empidonax alnorum	Alder Flycatcher.
Empidonax traillii	Willow Flycatcher.
Empidonax minimus	Least Flycatcher.
Empidonax hammondii	Hammond's Flycatcher.
Empidonax wrightii	Gray Flycatcher.
Empidonax oberholseri	Dusky Flycatcher.
Empidonax affinis	Pine Flycatcher.
Empidonax difficilis	Pacific-slope Flycatcher.
Empidonax occidentalis	Cordilleran Flycatcher.
Empidonax fulvifrons	Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
Sayornis nigricans	Black Phoebe.
Sayornis phoebe	Eastern Phoebe.
Sayornis saya	Say's Phoebe.
Pyrocephalus rubinus	Vermilion Flycatcher.
(C) Family Vireonidae
Vireo atricapilla	Black-capped Vireo.
Vireo griseus	White-eyed Vireo.
Vireo crassirostris	Thick-billed Vireo.
Vireo gundlachii	Cuban Vireo.
Vireo latimeri	Puerto Rican Vireo.
Vireo bellii	Bell's Vireo.
Vireo vicinior	Gray Vireo.
Vireo huttoni	Hutton's Vireo.
Vireo flavifrons	Yellow-throated Vireo.
Vireo cassinii	Cassin's Vireo.
Vireo solitarius	Blue-headed Vireo.
Vireo plumbeus	Plumbeous Vireo.
Vireo philadelphicus	Philadelphia Vireo.
Vireo gilvus	Warbling Vireo.
Vireo olivaceus	Red-eyed Vireo.
Vireo flavoviridis	Yellow-green Vireo.
Vireo altiloquus	Black-whiskered Vireo.
Vireo magister	Yucatan Vireo.
(D) Family Laniidae
Lanius cristatus	Brown Shrike.
Lanius ludovicianus	Loggerhead Shrike.
Lanius borealis	Northern Shrike.
(E) Family Corvidae
Perisoreus canadensis	Canada Jay.
Psilorhinus morio	Brown Jay.
Cyanocorax yncas	Green Jay.
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus	Pinyon Jay.
Cyanocitta stelleri	Steller's Jay.
Cyanocitta cristata	Blue Jay.
Aphelocoma coerulescens	Florida Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma insularis	Island Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma californica	California Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma woodhouseii	Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma wollweberi	Mexican Jay.
Nucifraga columbiana	Clark's Nutcracker.
Pica hudsonia	Black-billed Magpie.
Pica nuttalli	Yellow-billed Magpie.
Corvus monedula	Eurasian Jackdaw.
Corvus kubaryi	Mariana Crow.
Corvus brachyrhynchos	American Crow.
Corvus leucognaphalus	White-necked Crow.
Corvus imparatus	Tamaulipas Crow.
Corvus ossifragus	Fish Crow.
Corvus hawaiiensis	Hawaiian Crow.
Corvus cryptoleucus	Chihuahuan Raven.
Corvus corax	Common Raven.
(F) Family Remizidae
Auriparus flaviceps	Verdin.
(G) Family Paridae
Poecile carolinensis	Carolina Chickadee.
Poecile atricapillus	Black-capped Chickadee.
Poecile gambeli	Mountain Chickadee.
Poecile sclateri	Mexican Chickadee.
Poecile rufescens	Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
Poecile hudsonicus	Boreal Chickadee.
Poecile cinctus	Gray-headed Chickadee.
Baeolophus wollweberi	Bridled Titmouse.
Baeolophus inornatus	Oak Titmouse.
Baeolophus ridgwayi	Juniper Titmouse.
Baeolophus bicolor	Tufted Titmouse.
Baeolophus atricristatus	Black-crested Titmouse.
(H) Family Alaudidae
Alauda arvensis	Eurasian Skylark.
Eremophila alpestris	Horned Lark.
(I) Family Acrocephalidae
Arundinax aedon	Thick-billed Warbler.
Acrocephalus luscinius	Nightingale Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus hiwae	Saipan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus nijoi	Aguiguan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus yamashinae	Pagan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus familiaris	Millerbird.
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus	Sedge Warbler.
Acrocephalus dumetorum	Blyth's Reed Warbler.
(J) Family Locustellidae
Helopsaltes certhiola	Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler.
Helopsaltes ochotensis	Middendorff's Grasshopper Warbler.
Locustella lanceolata	Lanceolated Warbler.
Locustella fluviatilis	River Warbler.
(K) Family Hirundinidae
Subfamily Hirundininae
Riparia riparia	Bank Swallow.
Tachycineta bicolor	Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis	Bahama Swallow.
Tachycineta thalassina	Violet-green Swallow.
Tachycineta albilinea	Mangrove Swallow.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca	Blue-and-white Swallow.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis	Northern Rough-winged Swallow.
Progne tapera	Brown-chested Martin.
Progne subis	Purple Martin.
Progne elegans	Southern Martin.
Progne chalybea	Gray-breasted Martin.
Progne cryptoleuca	Cuban Martin.
Progne dominicensis	Caribbean Martin.
Hirundo rustica	Barn Swallow.
Delichon urbicum	Common House-Martin.
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota	Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon fulva	Cave Swallow.
(L) Family Aegithalidae
Psaltriparus minimus	Bushtit.
(M) Family Phylloscopidae
Phylloscopus trochilus	Willow Warbler.
Phylloscopus collybita	Common Chiffchaff.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix	Wood Warbler.
Phylloscopus fuscatus	Dusky Warbler.
Phylloscopus proregulus	Pallas's Leaf Warbler.
Phylloscopus inornatus	Yellow-browed Warbler.
Phylloscopus borealis	Arctic Warbler.
Phylloscopus examinandus	Kamchatka Leaf Warbler.
(N) Family Sylviidae
Sylvia curruca	Lesser Whitethroat.
Chamaea fasciata	Wrentit.
(O) Family Regulidae
Corthylio calendula	Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Regulus satrapa	Golden-crowned Kinglet.
(P) Family Bombycillidae
Bombycilla garrulus	Bohemian Waxwing.
Bombycilla cedrorum	Cedar Waxwing.
(Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae
Ptiliogonys cinereus	Gray Silky-flycatcher.
Phainopepla nitens	Phainopepla.
(R) Family Sittidae
Subfamily Sittinae
Sitta canadensis	Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis	White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta pygmaea	Pygmy Nuthatch.
Sitta pusilla	Brown-headed Nuthatch.
(S) Family Certhiidae
Subfamily Certhiinae
Certhia americana	Brown Creeper.
(T) Family Polioptilidae
Polioptila caerulea	Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila melanura	Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila californica	California Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila nigriceps	Black-capped Gnatcatcher.
(U) Family Troglodytidae
Salpinctes obsoletus	Rock Wren.
Catherpes mexicanus	Canyon Wren.
Thryophilus sinaloa	Sinaloa Wren.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus	Cactus Wren.
Thryomanes bewickii	Bewick's Wren.
Thryothorus ludovicianus	Carolina Wren.
Troglodytes aedon	House Wren.
Troglodytes pacificus	Pacific Wren.
Troglodytes hiemalis	Winter Wren.
Cistothorus stellaris	Sedge Wren.
Cistothorus palustris	Marsh Wren.
(V) Family Mimidae
Melanotis caerulescens	Blue Mockingbird.
Melanoptila glabrirostris	Black Catbird.
Dumetella carolinensis	Gray Catbird.
Margarops fuscatus	Pearly-eyed Thrasher.
Toxostoma curvirostre	Curve-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma rufum	Brown Thrasher.
Toxostoma longirostre	Long-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma bendirei	Bendire's Thrasher.
Toxostoma redivivum	California Thrasher.
Toxostoma lecontei	LeConte's Thrasher.
Toxostoma crissale	Crissal Thrasher.
Oreoscoptes montanus	Sage Thrasher.
Mimus gundlachii	Bahama Mockingbird.
Mimus polyglottos	Northern Mockingbird.
(W) Family Sturnidae
Agropsar philippensis	Chestnut-cheeked Starling.
Spodiopsar cineraceus	White-cheeked Starling.
(X) Family Cinclidae
Cinclus mexicanus	American Dipper.
(Y) Family Turdidae
Sialia sialis	Eastern Bluebird.
Sialia mexicana	Western Bluebird.
Sialia currucoides	Mountain Bluebird.
Myadestes townsendi	Townsend's Solitaire.
Myadestes occidentalis	Brown-backed Solitaire.
Myadestes myadestinus	Kāma'o.
Myadestes lanaiensis	Oloma'o.
Myadestes obscurus	`Ōma'o.
Myadestes palmeri	Puaiohi.
Catharus aurantiirostris	Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush.
Catharus mexicanus	Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush.
Catharus fuscescens	Veery.
Catharus minimus	Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Catharus bicknelli	Bicknell's Thrush.
Catharus ustulatus	Swainson's Thrush.
Catharus guttatus	Hermit Thrush.
Hylocichla mustelina	Wood Thrush.
Turdus obscurus	Eyebrowed Thrush.
Turdus eunomus	Dusky Thrush.
Turdus naumanni	Naumann's Thrush.
Turdus pilaris	Fieldfare.
Turdus iliacus	Redwing.
Turdus grayi	Clay-colored Thrush.
Turdus assimilis	White-throated Thrush.
Turdus rufopalliatus	Rufous-backed Robin.
Turdus migratorius	American Robin.
Turdus plumbeus	Red-legged Thrush.
Ixoreus naevius	Varied Thrush.
Ridgwayia pinicola	Aztec Thrush.
(Z) Family Muscicapidae
Muscicapa griseisticta	Gray-streaked Flycatcher.
Muscicapa dauurica	Asian Brown Flycatcher.
Muscicapa striata	Spotted Flycatcher.
Muscicapa sibirica	Dark-sided Flycatcher.
Erithacus rubecula	European Robin.
Larvivora cyane	Siberian Blue Robin.
Larvivora sibilans	Rufous-tailed Robin.
Cyanecula svecica	Bluethroat.
Calliope calliope	Siberian Rubythroat.
Tarsiger cyanurus	Red-flanked Bluetail.
Ficedula narcissina	Narcissus Flycatcher.
Ficedula mugimaki	Mugimaki Flycatcher.
Ficedula albicilla	Taiga Flycatcher.
Phoenicurus phoenicurus	Common Redstart.
Saxicola maurus	Asian Stonechat.
Oenanthe oenanthe	Northern Wheatear.
Oenanthe pleschanka	Pied Wheatear.
Monticola solitarius	Blue Rock-Thrush.
(AA) Family Peucedramidae
Peucedramus taeniatus	Olive Warbler.
(BB) Family Prunellidae
Prunella montanella	Siberian Accentor.
(CC) Family Motacillidae
Motacilla tschutschensis	Eastern Yellow Wagtail.
Motacilla citreola	Citrine Wagtail.
Motacilla cinerea	Gray Wagtail.
Motacilla alba	White Wagtail.
Anthus trivialis	Tree Pipit.
Anthus hodgsoni	Olive-backed Pipit.
Anthus gustavi	Pechora Pipit.
Anthus cervinus	Red-throated Pipit.
Anthus rubescens	American Pipit.
Anthus spragueii	Sprague's Pipit.
(DD) Family Fringillidae
(1) Subfamily Fringillinae
Fringilla coelebs	Common Chaffinch.
Fringilla montifringilla	Brambling.
(2) Subfamily Euphoniinae
Chlorophonia musica	Antillean Euphonia.
(3) Subfamily Carduelinae
Coccothraustes vespertinus	Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes coccothraustes	Hawfinch.
Carpodacus erythrinus	Common Rosefinch.
Carpodacus roseus	Pallas's Rosefinch.
Melamprosops phaeosoma	Po'ouli.
Oreomystis bairdi	'Akikiki.
Paroreomyza maculata	O'ahu 'Alauahio.
Paroreomyza flammea	Kākāwahie.
Paroreomyza montana	Maui 'Alauahio.
Loxioides bailleui	Palila.
Telespiza cantans	Laysan Finch.
Telespiza ultima	Nihoa Finch.
Palmeria dolei	'Akohekohe.
Himatione fraithii	Laysan Honeycreeper.
Himatione sanguinea	'Apapane.
Drepanis coccinea	'I'iwi.
Psittirostra psittacea	'Ō'ū.
Pseudonestor xanthophrys	Maui Parrotbill.
Hemignathus hanapepe	Kauai Nukupu'u.
Hemignathus lucidus	O'ahu Nukupu'u.
Hemignathus affinis	Maui Nukupu'u.
Hemignathus wilsoni	'Akiapola'au.
Akialoa stejnegeri	Kauai 'Akialoa.
Akialoa ellisiana	O'ahu 'Akialoa.
Akialoa lanaiensis	Maui Nui 'Akialoa.
Magumma parva	'Anianiau.
Chlorodrepanis virens	Hawaii 'Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis flava	O'ahu 'Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri	Kaua'i 'Amakihi.
Loxops mana	Hawaii Creeper.
Loxops caeruleirostris	'Akeke'e.
Loxops wolstenholmei	O'ahu 'Akepa.
Loxops ochraceus	Maui 'Akepa.
Loxops coccineus	Hawaii 'Akepa.
Pinicola enucleator	Pine Grosbeak.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula	Eurasian Bullfinch.
Leucosticte arctoa	Asian Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte tephrocotis	Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte atrata	Black Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte australis	Brown-capped Rosy-Finch.
Haemorhous mexicanus	House Finch.
Haemorhous purpureus	Purple Finch.
Haemorhous cassinii	Cassin's Finch.
Chloris sinica	Oriental Greenfinch.
Acanthis flammea	Common Redpoll.
Acanthis hornemanni	Hoary Redpoll.
Loxia curvirostra	Red Crossbill.
Loxia sinesciuris	Cassia Crossbill.
Loxia leucoptera	White-winged Crossbill.
Spinus spinus	Eurasian Siskin.
Spinus pinus	Pine Siskin.
Spinus psaltria	Lesser Goldfinch.
Spinus lawrencei	Lawrence's Goldfinch.
Spinus tristis	American Goldfinch.
(EE) Family Calcariidae
Calcarius lapponicus	Lapland Longspur.
Calcarius ornatus	Chestnut-collared Longspur.
Calcarius pictus	Smith's Longspur.
Rhynchophanes mccownii	Thick-billed Longspur.
Plectrophenax nivalis	Snow Bunting.
Plectrophenax hyperboreus	McKay's Bunting.
(FF) Family Emberizidae
Emberiza leucocephalos	Pine Bunting.
Emberiza chrysophrys	Yellow-browed Bunting.
Emberiza pusilla	Little Bunting.
Emberiza rustica	Rustic Bunting.
Emberiza elegans	Yellow-throated Bunting.
Emberiza aureola	Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Emberiza variabilis	Gray Bunting.
Emberiza pallasi	Pallas's Bunting.
Emberiza schoeniclus	Reed Bunting.
(GG) Family Passerellidae
Peucaea carpalis	Rufous-winged Sparrow.
Peucaea botterii	Botteri's Sparrow.
Peucaea cassinii	Cassin's Sparrow.
Peucaea aestivalis	Bachman's Sparrow.
Ammodramus savannarum	Grasshopper Sparrow.
Arremonops rufivirgatus	Olive Sparrow.
Amphispizopsis quinquestriata	Five-striped Sparrow.
Amphispiza bilineata	Black-throated Sparrow.
Chondestes grammacus	Lark Sparrow.
Calamospiza melanocorys	Lark Bunting.
Spizella passerina	Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella pallida	Clay-colored Sparrow.
Spizella atrogularis	Black-chinned Sparrow.
Spizella pusilla	Field Sparrow.
Spizella breweri	Brewer's Sparrow.
Spizella wortheni	Worthen's Sparrow.
Passerella iliaca	Fox Sparrow.
Spizelloides arborea	American Tree Sparrow.
Junco hyemalis	Dark-eyed Junco.
Junco phaeonotus	Yellow-eyed Junco.
Zonotrichia leucophrys	White-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia atricapilla	Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia querula	Harris's Sparrow.
Zonotrichia albicollis	White-throated Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza nevadensis	Sagebrush Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza belli	Bell's Sparrow.
Pooecetes gramineus	Vesper Sparrow.
Ammospiza leconteii	LeConte's Sparrow.
Ammospiza maritima	Seaside Sparrow.
Ammospiza nelsoni	Nelson's Sparrow.
Ammospiza caudacuta	Saltmarsh Sparrow.
Centronyx bairdii	Baird's Sparrow.
Centronyx henslowii	Henslow's Sparrow.
Passerculus sandwichensis	Savannah Sparrow.
Melospiza melodia	Song Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnii	Lincoln's Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana	Swamp Sparrow.
Melozone fusca	Canyon Towhee.
Melozone aberti	Abert's Towhee.
Melozone crissalis	California Towhee.
Aimophila ruficeps	Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Pipilo chlorurus	Green-tailed Towhee.
Pipilo maculatus	Spotted Towhee.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus	Eastern Towhee.
(HH) Family Nesospingidae
Nesospingus speculiferus	Puerto Rican Tanager.
(II) Family Spindalidae
Spindalis zena	Western Spindalis.
Spindalis portoricensis	Puerto Rican Spindalis.
(JJ) Family Icteridae
Icteria virens	Yellow-breasted Chat.
(1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus	Yellow-headed Blackbird.
(2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae
Dolichonyx oryzivorus	Bobolink.
(3) Subfamily Sturnellinae
Sturnella lilianae	Chihuahuan Meadowlark.
Sturnella magna	Eastern Meadowlark.
Sturnella neglecta	Western Meadowlark.
(4) Subfamily Icterinae
Icterus portoricensis	Puerto Rican Oriole.
Icterus wagleri	Black-vented Oriole.
Icterus spurius	Orchard Oriole.
Icterus cucullatus	Hooded Oriole.
Icterus pustulatus	Streak-backed Oriole.
Icterus bullockii	Bullock's Oriole.
Icterus gularis	Altamira Oriole.
Icterus graduacauda	Audubon's Oriole.
Icterus galbula	Baltimore Oriole.
Icterus abeillei	Black-backed Oriole.
Icterus parisorum	Scott's Oriole.
(5) Subfamily Agelaiinae
Agelaius phoeniceus	Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius tricolor	Tricolored Blackbird.
Agelaius humeralis	Tawny-shouldered Blackbird.
Agelaius xanthomus	Yellow-shouldered Blackbird.
Molothrus bonariensis	Shiny Cowbird.
Molothrus aeneus	Bronzed Cowbird.
Molothrus ater	Brown-headed Cowbird.
Euphagus carolinus	Rusty Blackbird.
Euphagus cyanocephalus	Brewer's Blackbird.
Quiscalus quiscula	Common Grackle.
Quiscalus major	Boat-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus mexicanus	Great-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus niger	Greater Antillean Grackle.
(KK) Family Parulidae
Seiurus aurocapilla	Ovenbird.
Helmitheros vermivorum	Worm-eating Warbler.
Parkesia motacilla	Louisiana Waterthrush.
Parkesia noveboracensis	Northern Waterthrush.
Vermivora bachmanii	Bachman's Warbler.
Vermivora chrysoptera	Golden-winged Warbler.
Vermivora cyanoptera	Blue-winged Warbler.
Mniotilta varia	Black-and-white Warbler.
Protonotaria citrea	Prothonotary Warbler.
Limnothlypis swainsonii	Swainson's Warbler.
Oreothlypis superciliosa	Crescent-chested Warbler.
Leiothlypis peregrina	Tennessee Warbler.
Leiothlypis celata	Orange-crowned Warbler.
Leiothlypis crissalis	Colima Warbler.
Leiothlypis luciae	Lucy's Warbler.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla	Nashville Warbler.
Leiothlypis virginiae	Virginia's Warbler.
Oporornis agilis	Connecticut Warbler.
Geothlypis poliocephala	Gray-crowned Yellowthroat.
Geothlypis tolmiei	MacGillivray's Warbler.
Geothlypis philadelphia	Mourning Warbler.
Geothlypis formosa	Kentucky Warbler.
Geothlypis trichas	Common Yellowthroat.
Setophaga angelae	Elfin-woods Warbler.
Setophaga citrina	Hooded Warbler.
Setophaga ruticilla	American Redstart.
Setophaga kirtlandii	Kirtland's Warbler.
Setophaga tigrina	Cape May Warbler.
Setophaga cerulea	Cerulean Warbler.
Setophaga americana	Northern Parula.
Setophaga pitiayumi	Tropical Parula.
Setophaga magnolia	Magnolia Warbler.
Setophaga castanea	Bay-breasted Warbler.
Setophaga fusca	Blackburnian Warbler.
Setophaga petechia	Yellow Warbler.
Setophaga pensylvanica	Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Setophaga striata	Blackpoll Warbler.
Setophaga caerulescens	Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Setophaga palmarum	Palm Warbler.
Setophaga pinus	Pine Warbler.
Setophaga coronata	Yellow-rumped Warbler.
Setophaga dominica	Yellow-throated Warbler.
Setophaga discolor	Prairie Warbler.
Setophaga adelaidae	Adelaide's Warbler.
Setophaga graciae	Grace's Warbler.
Setophaga nigrescens	Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Setophaga townsendi	Townsend's Warbler.
Setophaga occidentalis	Hermit Warbler.
Setophaga chrysoparia	Golden-cheeked Warbler.
Setophaga virens	Black-throated Green Warbler.
Basileuterus lachrymosus	Fan-tailed Warbler.
Basileuterus rufifrons	Rufous-capped Warbler.
Basileuterus culicivorus	Golden-crowned Warbler.
Cardellina canadensis	Canada Warbler.
Cardellina pusilla	Wilson's Warbler.
Cardellina rubrifrons	Red-faced Warbler.
Myioborus pictus	Painted Redstart.
Myioborus miniatus	Slate-throated Redstart.
(LL) Family Cardinalidae
Piranga flava	Hepatic Tanager.
Piranga rubra	Summer Tanager.
Piranga olivacea	Scarlet Tanager.
Piranga ludoviciana	Western Tanager.
Piranga bidentata	Flame-colored Tanager.
Rhodothraupis celaeno	Crimson-collared Grosbeak.
Cardinalis cardinalis	Northern Cardinal.
Cardinalis sinuatus	Pyrrhuloxia.
Pheucticus chrysopeplus	Yellow Grosbeak.
Pheucticus ludovicianus	Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Pheucticus melanocephalus	Black-headed Grosbeak.
Cyanocompsa parellina	Blue Bunting.
Passerina caerulea	Blue Grosbeak.
Passerina amoena	Lazuli Bunting.
Passerina cyanea	Indigo Bunting.
Passerina versicolor	Varied Bunting.
Passerina ciris	Painted Bunting.
Spiza americana	Dickcissel.
(MM) Family Thraupidae
(1) Subfamily Dacninae
Cyanerpes cyaneus	Red-legged Honeycreeper.
(2) Subfamily Coerebinae
Coereba flaveola	Bananaquit.
Tiaris olivaceus	Yellow-faced Grassquit.
Melopyrrha portoricensis	Puerto Rican Bullfinch.
Melanospiza bicolor	Black-faced Grassquit.
(3) Subfamily Sporophilinae
Sporophila morelleti	Morelet's Seedeater.

PART 17—ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS

3. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 1531–1544; and 4201–4245, unless otherwise noted.

4. Amend § 17.11, in paragraph (h), the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, under BIRDS, by:

a. Revising the entries for “Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS]”, “Crane, Mississippi sandhill”, “Nightjar, Puerto Rican”, and “Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain”;

b. Removing the entries for “Rail, California clapper” and “Rail, light-footed clapper”;

c. Adding, in alphabetical order, entries for “Rail, California Ridgway's” and “Rail, light-footed Ridgway's”; and

d. Revising the entries for “Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside”, “Tern, California least”, and “Towhee, Inyo California”.

The revisions and additions read as follows:

§ 17.11

Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *

(h) * * *

Common name	Scientific name	Where listed	Status	Listing citations and applicable rules
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
BIRDS
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Caracara, crested, (Audubon's) [FL DPS]	Caracara plancus audubonii	U.S.A. (FL)	T	52 FR 25229, 7/6/1987.
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Crane, Mississippi sandhill	Antigone canadensis pulla	Wherever found	E	38 FR 14678, 6/4/1973; 50 CFR 17.95(b).CH
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Nightjar, Puerto Rican	Antrostomus noctitherus	Wherever found	E	38 FR 14678, 6/4/1973.
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Pigeon, Puerto Rican plain	Patagioenas inornata wetmorei	Wherever found	E	35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970.
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Rail, California Ridgway's	Rallus obsoletus obsoletus	Wherever found	E	35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970.
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Rail, light-footed Ridgway's	Rallus obsoletus levipes	U.S.A. only	E	34 FR 5034, 3/8/1969; 35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970.
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside	Ammospiza maritima mirabilis	Wherever found	E	32 FR 4001, 3/11/1967; 50 CFR 17.95(b).CH
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Tern, California least	Sternula antillarum browni	Wherever found	E	35 FR 16047, 10/13/1970; 35 FR 8491, 6/2/1970.
*         *         *         *         *         *         *
Towhee, Inyo California	Melozone crissalis eremophilus	Wherever found	T	52 FR 28780, 8/3/1987; 50 CFR 17.95(b).CH
*         *         *         *         *         *         *

5. Amend § 17.95, in paragraph (b), by

a. Revising the headings for “Mississippi Sandhill Crane ( Grus canadensis pulla)” and “Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow ( Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)”; and

b. Removing the heading “Inyo Brown Towhee ( Pipilo fuscus eremophilus)” and adding in its place a heading for “Inyo California Towhee ( Melozone crissalis eremophilus)”.

The revisions and addition read as follows:

§ 17.95

Critical habitat—fish and wildlife.

(b) * * *

MISSISSIPPI SANDHILL CRANE ( Antigone canadensis pulla)

* * * * *

CAPE SABLE SEASIDE SPARROW ( Ammospiza maritima mirabilis)

* * * * *

INYO CALIFORNIA TOWHEE ( Melozone crissalis eremophilus)

* * * * *

PART 21—MIGRATORY BIRD PERMITS

6. The authority citation for part 21 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 703–712.

§ 21.123

[Amended]

7. Amend § 21.123, in the introductory text of paragraph (a), by removing the words “( Phalacrocorax auritus)” and adding in their place the words “( Nannopterum auritum)”.

Shannon A. Estenoz,

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.