[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 166 (Monday, August 29, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-21189]
[[Page Unknown]]
[Federal Register: August 29, 1994]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 95
[FRL-5059-7]
Mandatory Patent Licenses Under Section 308 of the Clean Air Act
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
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SUMMARY: EPA proposes to issue a rule under section 308 of the Clean
Air Act (CAA) that will establish the policies and procedures EPA will
follow prior to applying to the Attorney General for a mandatory
license under a patent covering an air pollution control technology.
Section 104(b) of the North American Free Trade Implementation Act
requires EPA to issue regulations conforming CAA section 308 with
article 1709 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The
policies and procedures defined in the proposed rule are designed to
ensure that EPA's implementation of CAA section 308 will conform with
the requirements of NAFTA article 1709(10).
DATES: Written comments on this proposed rule must be received by
October 28, 1994.
ADDRESSES: Comments should be addressed to: Thomas Eagles, Senior
Policy Analyst (Mail Code 6103), Office of Air and Radiation, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC
20460. Phone (202) 260-5580.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Thomas Gorman, Patent Counsel (Mail
Code 2379), Office of General Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. Phone: (202) 260-1339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Authority
This amendment is promulgated under the authority of CAA section
308, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7608, and the North American Free Trade
Agreement Implementation Act, Public Law No. 103-182, section 104, 107
Stat. 2057, 2064 (1993).
II. Background
Section 308 of the Clean Air Act provides for mandatory licensing
of patented technologies needed to meet the requirements of the Clean
Air Act. Under section 308, the United States can require the owner of
a patented air pollution control technology to permit other parties to
practice the technology in exchange for a reasonable royalty set by a
Federal court. In order to compel the licensing of a patent under
section 308, the EPA Administrator must ask the Attorney General to
certify to a Federal district court that the following conditions are
satisfied:
(a) The patent must be necessary for compliance with the emission
standards of the CAA;
(b) The patent right must be actively in use or intended to be
used;
(c) No reasonable alternatives to licensing the patent can exist;
and
(d) Failure to license the patent may cause reduced competition or
monopoly conditions in any area of trade.
Upon certification of the above conditions to a Federal district
court by the Attorney General, the court may then order the patent
holder to license the patent under terms and conditions determined by
the court after a hearing.
Chapter 17 of the NAFTA addresses intellectual property issues
generally and article 1709 addresses patents specifically. NAFTA
article 1709 promotes the availability of patent protection for a broad
range of inventions and also limits the scope of permissible violations
of patent rights. The latter function is performed by paragraph 10 of
article 1709, which sets conditions for violating a patent holder's
right to decide the conditions for practice of the holder's patent.
NAFTA article 1709(10) sets specific conditions that must be met by
the compulsory patent licensing statutes of any member country. The
conditions are as follows:
(a) Authorization of each compulsory license of a patent must be
considered on the individual merits;
(b) Any proposed compulsory licensee already must have made efforts
to obtain authorization from the patent holder;
(c) The scope and duration of an authorized compulsory patent
license must be limited;
(d) An authorized compulsory patent license must be non-exclusive;
(e) An authorized compulsory patent license must be non-assignable;
(f) An authorized compulsory patent license must be predominately
for supply of the domestic market;
(g) The authorization of the compulsory patent license must be
terminable when the circumstances that led to the authorization cease
to exist;
(h) Patent holders must be paid adequate compensation;
(i) Authorization decisions must be subject to judicial or other
independent review;
(j) Compensation rates must be subject to judicial or other
independent review;
(k) When an authorized compulsory use is necessary to remedy a
practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be
anti-competitive, a member country is allowed greater latitude in
applying conditions (a)-(j), including noncompliance with conditions
(b) and (f); and
(l) Authorization of the use of a patent in order to permit
exploitation of another patent shall not be granted except as a remedy
for an adjudicated violation of laws directed against anti-competitive
practices.
No direct conflict exists between NAFTA article 1709(10) and CAA
section 308. However, section 308 does not address a number of the
NAFTA conditions. The following proposed rule establishes the policies
and procedures that EPA will follow before applying to the Attorney
General, pursuant to CAA section 308, for a mandatory license under a
patent covering an air pollution control technology. The procedures in
the proposed rule will ensure that EPA's implementation of CAA section
308 will conform to article 1709(10) of the NAFTA.
Section 95.1 of the proposed rule sets forth definitions of a
number of terms used in the rule. Section 95.2 of the proposed rule
identifies who is entitled to petition the EPA for a mandatory patent
license under section 308 and the required contents of such petitions.
Section 95.3 of the proposed rule identifies findings that EPA will
have to make prior to making application to the Attorney General for a
mandatory patent license under CAA section 308. These findings reflect
the requirements of CAA section 308 and NAFTA article 1709(10). Section
95.4 of the proposed rule sets forth certain limitations that will be
included in all mandatory patent licenses for which EPA makes
application to the Attorney General under CAA section 308. These
limitations are in accord with the requirements of CAA section 308 and
NAFTA article 1709(10).
III. Procedural Requirements
A. Review under Executive Order 12866
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735 (October 4, 1993)), the
EPA must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant'' and
therefore subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), and the requirements of the Executive Order. The Order defines
``significant regulatory action'' as one that is likely to result in a
rule that may: (1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million
or more or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of
the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities; (2) create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere
with an action taken or planned by another agency; (3) materially alter
the budgetary impact of entitlement, grants, user fees, or loan
programs, or the rights and obligation of recipients thereof; or (4)
raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the
President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive
Order.
Pursuant to the terms of Executive Order 12866, it has been
determined that this rule is not ``significant'' because none of the
listed criteria apply to this action. Consequently, this action was not
submitted to OMB for review under Executive Order 12866.
B. Review under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
This proposed rule was reviewed under the Regulatory Flexibility
Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96-354, which requires preparation of a regulatory
flexibility analysis for any rule which is likely to have significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Pursuant to
section 605(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, 5 U.S.C. 605(b), EPA
certifies that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities. The proposed rule codifies the
existing procedures for application of CAA section 308 and imposes no
new impacts on large or small entities. Therefore, no regulatory
flexibility analyses has been prepared.
C. Review under the Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection requirements in this proposed rule have
been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the
requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501, et seq. An
Information Collection document has been prepared by EPA (ICR No.
1714.01), and a copy may be obtained from Sandy Farmer, Information
Policy Branch, EPA Mail Code 2136, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC
20460, or by calling (202) 260-2740.
Public reporting burden for this collection of information would be
a one-time burden for each petitioner. The burden was estimated on the
basis of the number of hours needed to complete a single petition,
along with the associated cost. Completing a petition was estimated to
require 21 hours at a cost of $1482. This includes time for reviewing
instructions, gathering materials supporting the patent, identifying
other interested parties, and composition of a statement of facts upon
which the petition is based.
Send comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspects of
this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this
burden, to: Chief, Information Policy Branch, 2136, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460, and to the
Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503, marked
``Attention: Desk Officer for EPA.'' The final rule will respond to any
OMB or public comments on the information collection requirements
contained in this proposal.
IV. Public Comment
Interested persons are invited to submit comments concerning the
proposed rule set forth in this notice. Comments should be submitted in
writing to the address indicated in the ADDRESSES section of this
document, and must be received by October 28, 1994. All written
comments received within the comment period will be carefully
considered prior to publication of this proposed rule as a final rule.
All comments received will be available for public inspection in
the EPA Air Docket, room M1500, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
401 M St. SW., Washington, DC 20460, between the hours of 9 a.m. and 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Any person
submitting information which that person believes to be confidential
and which may be exempt from public disclosure should submit one
complete copy, as well as an additional copy from which the information
claimed to be confidential has been deleted. EPA reserves the right to
determine the confidential status of the information or data and to
treat it according to its determination. The applicable procedures for
handling information that has been submitted in a document and is
claimed as exempt from public disclosure, are set forth in 40 CFR part
2.
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 95
Environmental protection, administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Inventions and patents, Patent licensing, North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.
Dated: August 22, 1994.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
For the reasons set out in the preamble, 40 CFR part 95 is proposed
to be added as follows:
PART 95--MANDATORY PATENT LICENSES
Sec.
95.1 Definitions.
95.2 Petition for mandatory license.
95.3 Findings prior to application to Attorney General.
95.4 Limitations on mandatory licenses.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7608; and Sec. 104, Pub. L. 103-182, 107
Stat. 2057, 2064.
Sec. 95.1 Definitions.
(a) As used in this part, all terms not defined in this section
shall have the meaning given them by the Act.
(b) Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. 7401-7671).
(c) Agency means the Environmental Protection Agency.
(d) Administrator means the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Sec. 95.2 Petition for mandatory license.
(a) Any party required to comply with sections 111, 112 or 202 of
the Act (42 U.S.C. 7411, 7412 or 7521) may petition to the
Administrator for a mandatory patent license pursuant to section 308 of
the Act (42 U.S.C. 7608), under a patent that the petitioner maintains
is necessary to enable the petitioner to comply with sections 111, 112
or 202 of the Act.
(b)(1) Each petition shall be signed by the petitioner and shall
state the petitioner's name and address. If the petitioner is a
corporation, the petition shall be signed by an authorized officer of
the corporation, and the petition shall indicate the state of
incorporation. Where the petitioner elects to be represented by
counsel, a signed notice to that effect shall be included with the
petition at the time of filing.
(2) Each petition shall include a copy of the patent under which a
mandatory patent license is sought. The petition shall identify all
current owners of the patent and shall include a copy of all assignment
documents relevant to the patent that are available from the United
States Patent and Trademark Office.
(3) Each petition must identify any person whose interest the
petitioner believes may be affected by the grant of the license to
which the petition is directed.
(4) Each petition must contain a concise statement of all of the
essential facts upon which it is based. No particular form of statement
is required. Each petition shall be verified by the petitioner or by
the person having the best knowledge of such facts. In the case of
facts stated on information and belief, the source of such information
and grounds of belief shall be given. The statement of facts shall
include the following:
(i) An identification of the provisions of the Act and/or
regulations thereunder that the petitioner maintains petitioner will be
able to comply with if the petitioner is granted the patent license
that is the subject of the petition;
(ii) An identification of the nature and purpose of the
petitioner's intended use of the patent license;
(iii) An explanation of the relationship between the patented
technology and the activities to which petitioner proposes to apply the
patented technology, including an estimate of the effect on such
activities stemming from the grant or denial of the patent license;
(iv) A summary of facts demonstrating that the patent under which a
mandatory patent license is sought is being used or is intended for
public or commercial use;
(v) An explanation of why a mandatory patent license is necessary
for the petitioner to comply with the requirements of sections 111, 112
or 202 of the Act, and why the patented technology is not otherwise
available;
(vi) An explanation of why there are no other reasonable
alternatives for accomplishing compliance with sections 111, 112 or 202
of the Act;
(vii) An explanation of why the unavailability of a mandatory
patent license may result in a substantial lessening of competition or
a tendency to create a monopoly in any line of commerce in any section
of the United States;
(viii) A summary of efforts made by the petitioner to obtain a
patent license from the owner of the patent, including the terms and
conditions of any patent license proposed by petitioner to the patent
owner; and
(ix) The terms, if any, on which the owner of the patent has
proposed to grant the petitioner a patent license.
(5) Each petition shall include a proposed patent license that
states all of the terms and conditions that the petitioner proposes for
the patent license.
(6) Petitions shall be addressed to the Assistant Administrator for
Air and Radiation, Mail Code 6101, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC 20460.
(c) Petitions that do not include all of the information required
in paragraph (b) of this section shall be returned to the petitioner.
The petitioner may supplement the petition and resubmit the petition.
(d) If the Administrator, or the Administrator's designee, finds
that the criteria in Sec. 95.3 are not met, or otherwise decides to
deny the petition, a denial of the petition shall be sent to the
petitioner, along with an explanation of the reasons for the denial.
(e) If the Administrator, or the Administrator's designee, finds
that the criteria in Sec. 95.3 are met and decides to apply to the
Attorney General for a patent license under section 308 of the Act,
notice of such application shall be given to the petitioner, along with
a copy of the application sent to the Attorney General.
Sec. 95.3 Findings prior to application to Attorney General.
The Administrator, or the Administrator's designee, may apply to
the Attorney General for a mandatory patent license pursuant to section
308 of the Act (42 U.S.C. 7608) either in response to a petition under
Sec. 95.2 or on the Administrator's or designee's own initiative, only
after expressly finding that each one of the following mandatory
criteria is met:
(a) The application is for a patent license covering no more than
one patent;
(b) The party to whom the proposed patent license is to be granted
has presented the Administrator or designee with evidence that such
party has made reasonable efforts to obtain a patent license from the
patent owner with terms similar to the license terms to be proposed in
the application to the Attorney General;
(c) The patent under which a patent license is sought in the
application to the Attorney General is being used or is intended for
public or commercial use;
(d) The mandatory patent license is necessary for a party to comply
with the requirements of sections 111, 112 or 202 of the Act (42 U.S.C.
7411, 7412 or 7521);
(e) The patented technology is not otherwise reasonably available,
and there are no other reasonable alternatives for accomplishing
compliance with sections 111, 112 or 202 of the Act (42 U.S.C. 7411,
7412 or 7521); and
(f) The unavailability of a mandatory patent license may result in
a substantial lessening of competition or a tendency to create a
monopoly in any line of commerce in any section of the United States.
Sec. 95.4 Limitations on mandatory licenses.
(a) If the Administrator, or the Administrator's designee, decides
to apply to the Attorney General for a mandatory patent license in
accordance with Sec. 95.3, the application shall include a proposed
patent license with the following limitations:
(1) The scope and duration of the patent license shall be limited
to that necessary to permit the proposed licensee to comply with the
requirements of the Act;
(2) The patent license shall be nonexclusive;
(3) The patent license shall be non-assignable, except with that
part of the enterprise or goodwill that enjoys the license;
(4) The patent license shall be for use of the licensed technology
in the United States only;
(5) The patent license shall extend only to those uses necessary to
enable the licensee to comply with sections 111, 112 or 202 of the Act
(42 U.S.C. 7411, 7412 or 7521);
(6) The patent license shall provide for termination, subject to
adequate protections of the legitimate interests of the licensed party,
when the circumstances that made the compulsory patent license
necessary cease to exist and are unlikely to recur; and
(7) The patent license shall provide for adequate remuneration that
takes into account the economic value of the license.
(b) The Administrator, or the Administrator's designee may decide
as appropriate to include additional conditions, terms or limitations
on the scope of the patent license for which application is made to the
Attorney General.
[FR Doc. 94-21189 Filed 8-26-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P
