[Federal Register Volume 62, Number 168 (Friday, August 29, 1997)]
[Notices]
[Pages 45815-45821]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 97-23084]
[[Page 45815]]
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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Health Care Financing Administration
[HSQ-219-GNC]
RIN 0938-AG87
CLIA Program; Fee Schedule Revision
AGENCY: Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HHS.
ACTION: General Notice with comment period.
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SUMMARY: This notice updates the certificate fees for laboratories
established under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of
1988 (CLIA) consistent with the methodology set forth in 42 CFR part
493. Section 353(m) of the Public Health Service Act requires that fees
be collected to recoup costs of general administration of the CLIA
Program. By economizing at every opportunity, the CLIA program has
managed to maintain the fees established in 1992 and has absorbed all
increases in costs. Revisions to the fees are necessary because the
current fees are no longer sufficient to support the administration of
the CLIA program. This restructuring of fees will more equitably
distribute fees across all sizes and complexity of laboratories. For
purposes of simplification, this notice announces a flat fee of $100
for a certificate of registration.
DATES: Effective Date: The updated fee schedule is effective for
certificate fees assessed as of January 1, 1998, unless we announce
changes in response to public comments in a subsequent notice.
Comments: Comments will be considered if we receive them at the
appropriate address, as provided below, no later than 5 p.m. on October
28, 1997. We will not consider comments concerning any other issue.
ADDRESSES: Mail written comments (1 original and 3 copies) to the
following address: Health Care Financing Administration, Department of
Health and Human Services, Attention: HSQ-219-GNC, P.O. Box 26676,
Baltimore, MD 21207.
If you prefer, you may deliver your written comments (1 original
and 3 copies) to one of the following addresses:
Room 309-G, Hubert H. Humphrey Building, 200 Independence Avenue, SW.,
Washington, DC 20201, or
Room C5-09-26, 7500 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21244-1850.
Because of staffing and resource limitations, we cannot accept
comments by facsimile (FAX) transmission. In commenting, please refer
to file code HSQ-219-GNC. Comments received timely will be available
for public inspection as they are received, generally beginning
approximately 3 weeks after publication of a document, in Room 309-G of
the Department's offices at 200 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington,
DC, on Monday through Friday of each week from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
(phone: (202) 690-7890).
Copies: To order copies of the Federal Register containing this
document, send your request to: New Orders, Superintendent of
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Judith Yost (410) 786-3531.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
On October 31, 1988, the Congress enacted the Clinical Laboratory
Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA), Pub. L. 100-578. CLIA replaced
in its entirety section 353 of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act and
applies to every laboratory in the United States and its territories
that examines human specimens for the diagnosis, prevention, or
treatment of any disease or impairment of, or the assessment of the
health of, human beings subject to the requirements established by the
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). These requirements apply
whether or not a laboratory receives reimbursement for services,
participates in the Medicare or Medicaid program, and whether or not it
tests specimens in interstate commerce. Section 353 of the PHS Act
requires HHS to establish certification requirements for any laboratory
that performs tests on human specimens. An amendment to the Social
Security Act also requires laboratories to meet the CLIA requirements
if they choose to participate in the Medicare or Medicaid programs.
On February 28, 1992, we published regulations (57 FR 7002) that
contain the CLIA standards that all laboratories must meet. Also on
that date, we issued regulations (57 FR 7188) concerning CLIA fees and
their collection. Section 353(m) of the PHS Act requires HHS to impose
fees sufficient to cover the general costs of administration incurred
by HHS in implementing the CLIA program.
The preamble to the final regulations published on February 28,
1992, stated that, as experience was gained from administering the CLIA
program, the fee schedules would be revised as necessary. The
regulations themselves provide for periodic updating (Sec. 493.638(b)).
The statute requires that CLIA be a self-funded program with two
separate types of fees: (1) Certificate fees and (2) additional fees
for laboratory specific monitoring activities. Of these two types of
fees, this notice revises only certificate fees, which is the only type
of fee authorized by the statute to cover general administrative
program costs.
Certificate fee means a fixed charge for the issuance and
renewal of certificates. Section 353(b) of the PHS Act requires that
every laboratory have in effect a certificate issued by the Secretary
applicable to the nature and scope of tests performed. The categories
or types of certificates are described in the regulations at Part 493.
Section 353(m) of the PHS Act requires that certificate fees must be
sufficient to cover the Federal administrative costs of the program.
These Federal administration costs to be recouped include costs
incurred by HCFA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
and contractors for both agencies. Administrative activities
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include locating and registering laboratories, issuing and reissuing
certificates, developing regulatory standards, evaluating States'
requests for exemption and accrediting organizations' petitions for
deemed status, reviewing, approving and monitoring proficiency testing
programs, evaluating which procedures, tests, or examinations meet the
criteria for inclusion in the appropriate complexity category, carrying
out special public health research studies required by law, providing
public information, training surveyors, developing and maintaining a
comprehensive CLIA data system, and developing and overseeing the
fiscal management of the program.
This notice updates the fees associated with issuance of
certificates, consistent with the applicable statutory requirements and
regulations. Certificate fees, as required in part 493 subpart F,
support the Federal CLIA administration activities.
Additional fees are the fees associated with the
inspection of laboratories found in Sec. 493.643 of the CLIA
regulation. These fees are to be used for the costs associated with the
inspection of laboratories and to assess compliance with CLIA
requirements. This notice does not increase these fees.
II. Current Types of Certificates and Fees
Laboratories must pay the following applicable fees biennially
depending on the type of certificate they receive. (These fees and
certificates do not apply to laboratories licensed in States which are
CLIA-exempt under subpart E of this part. In this case the State pays a
fee for CLIA administrative costs.)
Certificate of Waiver (Sec. 493.638). A laboratory that
performs only tests categorized as waived must obtain a certificate of
waiver. The certificate of waiver fee, established in 1992, is $100.
Certificate for Provider-Performed Microscopy (PPM)
Procedures (Sec. 493.638). A certificate for PPM procedures is required
for a laboratory that performs:
1. Only tests specified as PPM procedures, or
2. Only tests specified as PPM procedures and tests categorized as
waived.
The certificate fee for PPM procedures, set in 1993, is $150, which
is $50 more than the fee for certificates of waiver and Schedules LVA,
A, B, and C laboratories. (See Section IV Volume and Scope of
Laboratory Services.) This fee reflects the additional expenses
involved in reviewing moderate complexity tests to determine if they
meet the criteria for classification as PPM procedures. (NOTE: This
subcategory was first established in a rule published January 19, 1993,
(58 FR 5212) and subsequently revised in a rule published April 24,
1995 (60 FR 20035).)
Certificate of Registration (part 493, subparts B and C)
The CLIA regulations, issued on February 28, 1992, and revised
April 24, 1995, describe the fees charged for a certificate of
registration. Every laboratory is required to obtain a certificate of
registration (subparts B and C) except for the following: laboratories
performing only those tests categorized as waived; laboratories
performing only tests specified as PPM procedures or performing PPM
procedures and waived tests; and laboratories located in and licensed
by a State which has a CLIA exemption, as specified in subpart E. In
the 1992 regulations the cost to the laboratory for the certificate of
registration varied with the volume and specialties of services of the
laboratory. The fees for the certificate of registration, established
by the February 28, 1992 regulations, are: $100 (Small volume
laboratories), $350 (Medium volume laboratories), and $600 (Large
volume laboratories). (See Table I)
Certificate of Accreditation (Sec. 493.638). Any
laboratory performing testing beyond waived and PPM procedures may
request a certificate of accreditation based on its accreditation by a
HCFA approved accrediting body. The laboratory must initially pay a fee
for a certificate of registration. The certificate of registration fee
is based on the laboratory's volume and number of specialties. The
certificate of registration is valid for a period of no more than 2
years or until such time as the laboratory shows proof of compliance
with the requirements of the accreditation organization. Once
compliance is established through the accreditation program, the
laboratory must pay the appropriate certificate fee based on volume and
number of specialties, prior to the issuance of the certificate of
accreditation. The fees, set in 1992, for these certificates are: $100
(Small volume laboratories), $350 (Medium volume laboratories), and
$600 (Large volume laboratories).
Certificate of Compliance (Sec. 493.638). All laboratories
performing testing beyond waived and PPM procedures and requesting a
certificate of compliance must initially pay a fee for a certificate of
registration. The certificate of registration fee is based on the
laboratory's volume and number of specialties. The certificate of
registration is valid for no more than 2 years or until such time as an
inspection by HCFA or a HCFA agent establishes compliance with the CLIA
requirements. Once compliance is established, the laboratory must pay
the appropriate certificate fee based on volume and number of
specialties, prior to the issuance of the certificate of compliance.
The fees for these certificates, set in 1992, are: $100 (Small volume
laboratories), $350 (Medium volume laboratories), and $600 (Large
volume laboratories).
III. Revisions to Certificates
If a laboratory issued a certificate, changes its name, location,
or meets any conditions specified in Sec. 493.639 of our regulations
before the certificate expiration date, the administrative fee to issue
the revised certificate is $50. (The categorization of laboratories by
scope and volume (see below) was discussed in detail in the preamble to
the February 28, 1992 rule (at page 7194) and is specified in our
regulations at Sec. 493.643(c).)
IV. CLIA Schedules Defined by Number of Specialties and Volume
(See Table II)
Section 493.643(c), lists the schedules based on the laboratory's
number of specialties and volume of testing (including PPM procedures
but excluding tests performed for quality control, quality assurance,
and proficiency testing purposes). These schedules, as set forth below,
are used to establish the certificate fees, as well as fees associated
with monitoring activities.
Schedule A Low Volume (LVA). The laboratory performs not
more than 2,000 laboratory tests annually.
Schedule A. The laboratory performs tests in no more than
three specialties of service with a total annual volume of more than
2,000, but not more than 10,000 laboratory tests.
Schedule B. The laboratory performs tests in at least four
specialties of service with a total annual volume of more than 2,000,
but not more than 10,000 laboratory tests.
Schedule C. The laboratory performs tests in no more than
three specialties of service with a total annual volume of more than
10,000, but not more than 25,000 laboratory tests.
Schedule D. The laboratory performs tests in at least four
specialties with a total annual volume of more than 10,000, but not
more than 25,000 laboratory tests.
Schedule E. The laboratory performs more than 25,000, but
not more than 50,000 laboratory tests annually.
Schedule F. The laboratory performs more than 50,000, but
not
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more than 75,000 laboratory tests annually.
Schedule G. The laboratory performs more than 75,000, but
not more than 100,000 laboratory tests annually.
Schedule H. The laboratory performs more than 100,000, but
not more than 500,000 laboratory tests annually.
Schedule I. The laboratory performs more than 500,000, but
not more than 1,000,000 laboratory tests annually.
Schedule J. The laboratory performs more than 1,000,000
laboratory tests annually.
For purposes of assessing certificate fees in 1992, we considered
laboratories in Schedules LVA through C as small volume ($100 fee), in
Schedules D through G as medium volume ($350 fee), and Schedules H
through J as large volume ($600 fee).
V. Need for Increased Fees
After careful review of CLIA administration costs and revenues
generated from the current certificate fees, we have concluded that
current certificate fees are not sufficient to satisfy the requirements
of section 353 of the PHS Act. According to our regulations at
Sec. 493.638, the total of fees collected must be sufficient to cover
the general costs of administering the CLIA program. The total cost of
the CLIA program is estimated to be approximately $37.5 million
annually. CLIA generates about $25 million in total revenue annually,
through a combination of certificate fees and additional fees, leaving
a projected shortfall of approximately $12.5 million annually.
The shortfall in revenue is the result of two factors. First, more
than half of all registered laboratories now pay fees based on their
performing only waived tests or performing only PPM procedures, or
both. When the initial fees were established in February 1992, there
were no national data available on the number or types of testing
performed. We projected that only 15 percent of all laboratories would
have a certificate of waiver, and the PPM procedures category had not
yet been established. Second, our revenue projections were based on an
initial estimate of 180,000 to 250,000 registered laboratories. In
fact, less than 150,000 laboratories are currently registered. This
number does not include laboratories in CLIA exempt States.
This shortfall has been exacerbated by the lack of appropriations
for start up costs at the inception of the program in 1988. As a
result, we have taken a number of steps to curtail CLIA costs and
administrative activities in order to meet the statutory mandate which
requires CLIA revenues to cover the costs of administering the program.
These steps have included: implementing survey efficiencies, improving
the fee collection process, limiting or postponing CLIA research
projects, restricting hiring of additional staff and delaying some
other Federal administrative activities. Overall Federal administrative
costs have been reduced significantly by decreasing staff positions and
reducing costs for travel, printing, subscriptions, and training.
Even though we have reduced administrative costs, a portion of
CLIA's administrative expenditures remains fixed and cannot be reduced
without seriously undermining the effectiveness of the program. These
costs are associated with activities such as: evaluating test systems
for appropriate complexity categorization under CLIA; revising survey
procedures, such as instituting the Alternate Quality Assessment Survey
(AQAS); providing training and consultation to States, other Federal
agencies, professional organizations, and laboratories; mailing
information and application materials to laboratories; and operating
and maintaining the accounting and data systems needed to provide
accurate and timely information about laboratory registration and about
CLIA receipts and expenses. Other costs are those associated with
collecting unpaid fees and administration of the enforcement process.
In order to comply with statutory requirements requiring that CLIA
be self-funded, we have already made substantial efforts to decrease
Federal administrative costs. Now, we must also seek additional
revenues within the authority of the statute and existing regulations
to eliminate an anticipated CLIA shortfall.
While this increase in fees will have a varying impact on
laboratories, depending on the size and volume of testing performed and
other market place factors, it will ultimately provide for a more
effective and efficient management of the CLIA program and be a cost
effective investment. For example, research projects will enable us to
identify, expand and develop innovative, less burdensome survey
processes, appropriate personnel qualifications, effective quality
control requirements, and could ultimately reduce costs to individual
laboratories.
VI. Revised Fees
The CLIA regulations require laboratories to pay a fee for the
issuance of a CLIA certificate. In updating the certificate fee levels
to meet statutory revenue requirements, the methodology set forth in
Sec. 493.638(b) has been retained. This is consistent with the intent
to allocate fees to avoid any undue burden and to maintain site
neutrality among all laboratories. This means that laboratories
performing similar types and volumes of testing despite the location of
testing have the same fees imposed upon them. Currently, there are
three certificate fees for small, medium and large volume laboratories.
This notice sets forth a $150 certificate fee for Schedules LVA, A and
B laboratories. It also establishes eight other certificate fees based
on volume differences in laboratories.
Registration Fee--Currently, a laboratory pays the same amount for
a certificate of registration and its certificate of compliance or
certificate of accreditation. Schedules LVA, A, B, and C laboratories
pay $100. Schedules D, E, F, and G laboratories pay $350; and Schedules
H, I, and J laboratories pay $600. To be consistent, a set registration
fee of $100 will be charged to every laboratory applying for a
certificate of accreditation or certificate of compliance. Therefore,
this notice provides for a reduction in certificate of registration
fees for Schedules D through J laboratories. The fee for Schedules LVA,
A, B, and C laboratories will remain $100. (See Table I). We invite
comments if there are other alternatives which might be adopted in
place of this flat registration fee.
Fee for Revised Certificates--The regulations require laboratories
to provide notification of certain changes such as name, location,
director, and deleting or adding services as outlined in Sec. 493.639.
Prior to the expiration of the certificate, these changes require
payment of a fee for the issuance of a revised certificate. Based on
the costs involved to issue a revised certificate, this fee will
increase from $50 to $75. It should be noted that, to date, no fees
have been charged for issuing revised certificates, due to changes in
the CLIA program such as the addition of PPM procedures; categorization
of additional waived tests and revisions to other federal regulations
pertaining to laboratory ownership.
Biennial Certificate Fees--The statute requires fees be imposed to
cover the costs of administering the CLIA program. Even though
significant cost reductions in the program have already occurred, the
certificate fees must be increased to maintain program integrity. In
order to equitably distribute the biennial certificate fees, the
average annual testing volume for laboratories in
[[Page 45818]]
Schedules LVA through J were considered. Table III in this section
lists average annual testing volumes for the various schedules of
laboratories.
The regulations at Sec. 493.643(c) require that certificate fees be
based on the ``number of specialties and volume of testing.'' It was
determined that an equitable manner to spread costs while conforming to
regulatory requirements would be to set certificate fees for Schedules
C through J laboratories on an average per-test basis. Fees for
Schedules LVA, A, and B laboratories would be set at a minimum amount--
$150. Use of this basis to determine fees is expected to result in a
more appropriate allocation of cost across all fee schedules. (See
Table III).
Economies of scale among laboratories are accounted for by applying
reductions in the per-test rates as the number of specialties and
volume of a laboratory increases. New fees for laboratory Schedules C
through J are calculated by multiplying the average testing volume by
the corresponding per-test rate. This will result in a fairer
allocation of costs than the current flat fees for small, medium and
large laboratories. The revised fees are summarized below.
Certificate of Waiver (Sec. 493.638). The biennial fee for
this certificate is being increased from $100 to $150. This increase is
necessary to cover added administrative costs to the CLIA program as
more tests are waived. Laboratories may perform these tests at any
volume and pay only $150 biennially.
Certificate for Provider-Performed Microscopy (PPM)
Procedures (Sec. 493.638). The biennial fee for the certificate is
being increased from $150 to $200. This increase in fees is required to
cover administrative costs associated with this subcategory of testing.
This certificate allows a laboratory to conduct both PPM procedures and
waived tests, at any volume and pay no other fee.
Certificate of Compliance and Certificate of Accreditation
(Sec. 493.638).
Schedule A Low Volume. If the laboratory performs not more
than 2,000 laboratory tests annually, the biennial certificate fee will
be $150.
Schedule A. If the laboratory performs tests in no more
than three specialties of service with a total annual volume of more
than 2,000, but not more than 10,000 laboratory tests, the biennial
certificate fee will be $150.
Schedule B. If the laboratory performs tests in at least
four or more specialties of service with a total annual volume of not
more than 10,000 laboratory tests, the biennial certificate fee will be
$150.
Schedule C. If the laboratory performs tests in no more
than three specialties of service with a total annual volume of more
than 10,000, but not more than 25,000 laboratory tests, the biennial
certificate fee will be $430.
Schedule D. If the laboratory performs tests in at least
four or more specialties with a total annual volume of more than
10,000, but not more than 25,000 laboratory tests, the biennial
certificate fee will be $440.
Schedule E. If the laboratory performs more than 25,000,
but not more than 50,000 laboratory tests annually, the biennial
certificate fee will be $650.
Schedule F. If the laboratory performs more than 50,000,
but not more than 75,000 laboratory tests annually, the biennial
certificate fee will be $1,100.
Schedule G. If the laboratory performs more than 75,000,
but not more than 100,000 laboratory tests annually, the biennial
certificate fee will be $1,550.
Schedule H. If the laboratory performs more than 100,000,
but not more than 500,000 laboratory tests annually, the biennial
certificate fee will be $2,040.
Schedule I. If the laboratory performs more than 500,000,
but not more than 1,000,000 laboratory tests annually, the biennial
certificate fee will be $6,220.
Schedule J. If the laboratory performs more than 1,000,000
laboratory tests annually, the biennial certificate fee will be $7,940.
The revised certificate fees in schedule C through J are based on the
average annual number of tests performed.
The following examples illustrate how these fees are determined:
The average annual test volume for laboratories in
Schedule D is 16,445 tests each year. The certificate fee, rounded to
the nearest $10, for those laboratories is $0.0269 times 16,445 annual
tests, or $440.
Similarly, the average annual test volume for Schedule J
laboratories is 2,886,393. At a per-test rate of $0.00275, Schedule J
laboratories will pay a biennial certificate fee, rounded to the
nearest $10, of $7,940.
Table I.--Reductions in Most Registration Fees
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Current Reduction in New registration
Type of lab registration fee registration fee fee
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Waived................................................. N/A N/A N/A
PPM.................................................... N/A N/A N/A
Low Vol A.............................................. $100 $0 $100
Schedule A............................................. 100 0 100
Schedule B............................................. 100 0 100
Schedule C............................................. 100 0 100
Schedule D............................................. 350 250 100
Schedule E............................................. 350 250 100
Schedule F............................................. 350 250 100
Schedule G............................................. 350 250 100
Schedule H............................................. 600 500 100
Schedule I............................................. 600 500 100
Schedule J............................................. 600 500 100
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Table II.--CLIA Laboratory Schedule
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Number of Current biennial New biennial
Type of lab specialties Annual test volume certificate fee certificate fee
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Waived.......................... N/A................ N/A................ $100 $150
PPM............................. N/A................ N/A................ 150 200
[[Page 45819]]
Low Vol A....................... N/A................ Less than 2,000.... 100 150
Sch. A.......................... 3 or Fewer......... 2,000-10,000....... 100 150
Sch. B.......................... 4 or More.......... 2,000-10,000....... 100 150
Sch. C.......................... 3 or Fewer......... 10,001-25,000...... 100 430
Sch. D.......................... 4 or More.......... 10,001-25,000...... 350 440
Sch. E.......................... N/A................ 25,001-50,000...... 350 650
Sch. F.......................... N/A................ 50,001-75,000...... 350 1,100
Sch. G.......................... N/A................ 75,001-100,000..... 350 1,550
Sch. H.......................... N/A................ 100,001-500,000.... 600 2,040
Sch. I.......................... N/A................ 500,001-1,000,000.. 600 6,220
Sch. J.......................... N/A................ Greater than 600 7,940
1,000,000.
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TABLE III.--CLIA Laboratories by Testing Volume
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Current biennial Number of labs as Average annual Biennial per test New biennial
Type of lab cert. fee of 3/96 testing volume rate cert. fee
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Waived................................................. $100 70948 N/A N/A $150
PPM.................................................... 150 26707 N/A N/A 200
Low Vol A.............................................. 100 18307 852 N/A 150
Sch. A................................................. 100 11204 4911 N/A 150
Sch. B................................................. 100 2864 5509 N/A 150
Sch. C................................................. 100 3599 15969 $0.027 430
Sch. D................................................. 350 1840 16445 0.0269 440
Sch. E................................................. 350 2990 35928 0.0181 650
Sch. F................................................. 350 1417 61669 0.0179 1,100
Sch. G................................................. 350 938 87145 0.0178 1,550
Sch. H................................................. 600 3566 226237 0.0090 2,040
Sch. I................................................. 600 988 711213 0.00875 6,220
Sch. J................................................. 600 1058 2886393 0.00275 7,940
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VII. Comment Opportunities and Alternatives Considered
We are publishing this as a general notice with opportunity to
comment because it relates only to the application of Sec. 493.638 by
the agency, and is limited to the issue of the amount of the CLIA
certificate fee. While we will be accepting public comment on this
notice, a fee increase is required by statute because section
353(m)(3)(A) of the PHS Act mandates that certificate fees cover the
cost of general CLIA program administration. Moreover, we believe this
fee increase is consistent with the methodology set forth in our
regulations at Secs. 493.638 and 493.649.
We will consider all comments received within 60 days of the date
of publication of this notice, and if necessary, we may revise the
certificate fees laid out in this notice based on issues raised by
commenters. Other alternatives to the changes in fee schedules may
exist, and we will consider options suggested by commenters. If we
determine that changes in the certificate fees are required in response
to public comments, we will announce the changes in a subsequent
notice. Otherwise, the certificate fees announced in this notice will
become effective on January 1, 1998.
We considered several options before establishing the certificate
fees. The first option we considered was to establish a single
registration and certificate fee for all laboratories, regardless of
their size. This option was first presented in the proposed rule on
CLIA program fees in May 1990 (55 FR 31758). After further discussion
and consideration of public comments, it was rejected because a single
certificate fee would create an unfair burden on small laboratories.
The second option we considered was to retain separate registration
and certificate fees for small, medium, and large laboratories, using
the existing size categories; that is, for purposes of assessing fees,
we considered laboratories in Schedules LVA through C as small volume,
in Schedules D through G as medium volume, and in Schedules H through J
as large volume. We dismissed this option because, in order to generate
adequate revenue, the increase in fees from one category to another
would be too extreme. Laboratories with nearly identical test volumes
could, under this option, pay extremely disparate fees.
We also considered basing certificate fees on each laboratory's
annual revenue, but dismissed this option because accurate information
regarding revenues for each laboratory is not readily available.
Therefore, after careful evaluation of these options, it was determined
that a set fee would be assessed for certificates of waiver, PPM
procedures, registration and Schedules LVA, A and B laboratories.
Certificate of compliance and certificate of accreditation fees, for
Schedules C through J laboratories, are based on the average annual
test volume and number of specialties. This was the most equitable and
practical method for determining fees. This approach has the merit of
assessing larger fees to large volume laboratories, while setting their
cost per test performed at a lower rate than that of smaller
laboratories to acknowledge economies of scale. This approach is based
on the fee methodology already set forth in the CLIA regulations.
We will continue to review these certificate fees and may adjust
the fee amounts in the future as additional experience in program
implementation is gained. We are considering whether to establish a
mechanism to adjust fees periodically for inflation and invite specific
suggestions on mechanisms, including specific indices, which could be
used to accommodate adjustments
[[Page 45820]]
based on inflation and changes to the program. Any future changes in
the fees will be preceded by an announcement in the Federal Register.
VIII. Impact Analysis
A. Regulatory Impact Statement
We generally prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis that is
consistent with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601
through 612) unless the Secretary certifies that a final rule will not
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. For purposes of the RFA, all laboratories are considered to
be small entities. Individuals and States are not included in the
definition of a small entity. Although this notice would not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities,
we are preparing the following voluntary regulatory flexibility
analysis.
This notice revises the fees for all CLIA certificates. The effect
of this notice will vary widely among laboratories. This notice is
projected to generate certificate fees of $50 million on a biennial
basis or $25 million annually.
Section 353(m) of the PHS Act, as amended by CLIA, requires HHS to
impose fees for the issuance and renewal of certificates and for
determining program compliance. The statute requires that all
certificate holders share in the costs that the government incurs in
administering the CLIA program. The statute states that the fees
imposed vary by group or classification of laboratory, based on such
considerations as the Secretary determines are relevant. Hence, the
imposition of fees is not a discretionary action on the part of HHS or
HCFA.
The CLIA fee collection rule, published on February 28, 1992,
established 12 classifications of laboratories based on volume and
scope of services. (A thirteenth schedule, certificate for PPM
procedures, was added January 19, 1993.) These classifications are
unchanged by this notice. Previously, laboratories applying for
certificate of waiver or certificate of PPM procedures paid a set fee.
Laboratories applying for certificates of compliance or accreditation
paid one of three registration and certificate fees determined by
number of specialties and volume of services.
In developing the CLIA regulations and implementation policies, we
were cognizant of the costs and attempted to avoid unnecessary burden
on laboratories due to unreasonable costs of regulation, particularly
on small providers in rural areas. The graduated fee amounts also were
adopted in order to avoid any undue burden on small laboratories and
represented our best attempt, using the limited data available at the
time, to apportion the estimated costs of administering CLIA while
maintaining site neutrality among the projected universe of
laboratories.
In the comprehensive regulatory impact analysis of the February 28,
1992, regulations implementing CLIA, we presented several assumptions
regarding the universe of laboratories and the projected distribution
of laboratories by certificate fee category. Our most conservative
assumption estimated a universe of 180,000 laboratories, with 50
percent of the laboratories paying the lowest fee of $100 by virtue of
being classified as waived or small, and 50 percent paying either $350
or $600, depending on whether they were classified as medium or large.
Our 1992 projections have proven to be incorrect. At that time,
there was no way to accurately predict that the total number of
laboratories registering under CLIA would fall short of our estimate,
and the number of waived and small laboratories would exceed our
projection. Recent data indicate that approximately 90 percent of the
registered laboratories pay minimum fees because they hold certificates
of waiver, PPM procedures, or are categorized as small based on volume
of testing. The remaining 10 percent (Schedules C through J) have
average annual testing volumes greater than 10,000.
Current total CLIA revenues generated are approximately $25 million
annually and are not sufficient to fully support the continued
operation of the CLIA program and retain the intended goals of the
program. Even with the reduction in administrative activities, we
estimate that the cost of the program will be approximately $37.5
million annually or $75 million biennially. After enactment of this
certificate fee schedule, we estimate that annual CLIA revenues,
through a combination of certificate fees and additional fees, will
maintain the viability of the program.
Once this notice is effective, there will be a set fee for
certificates of registration, waiver, PPM procedures and the
certificates for Schedules LVA, A and B laboratories. For Schedules C
through J laboratories, the certificate fee changes in this notice
result in increases in fee amounts from one schedule to another, based
on test volume. These changes also retain the policy of allowing the
laboratories doing the least amount of testing to pay the lowest
certificate fee necessary to cover the costs of implementing the CLIA
requirements. This is a minimal change because laboratories holding a
certificate of waiver, certificate for PPM procedures, or laboratories
falling in Schedules LVA through B will each see an increase of only
$50 over a 2 year period, amounting to less than $.07 per day.
Currently, laboratories pay $100, $350, or $600 for a certificate
of registration, depending on their volume of testing. The new
certificate of registration fee for all laboratories will be $100,
regardless of testing volume. We believe this approach is in keeping
with our policy of attempting to minimize fee increases for
laboratories performing a smaller volume of testing, and at the same
time, simplifies the registration process.
A certificate of registration allows the laboratory to begin
performing testing before compliance is assessed. We will maintain the
policy of not requiring a certificate of registration for laboratories
seeking a certificate of waiver or a certificate for PPM procedures;
therefore, these laboratories' will not have to pay a certificate of
registration fee. We will assess these laboratories fees biennially
only for their respective certificate of waiver or certificate for PPM
procedures.
We are soliciting comments on whether assessing even a new minimal
$100 registration fee for laboratories seeking a certificate of
compliance or certificate of accreditation creates a barrier into the
market place. If so, specifically how do such fees create a barrier
into the market place?
When we examined total fees related to the volume of tests
performed, we concluded that disproportionally small fees were being
collected from large laboratories. Under the current certificate fees,
laboratories holding a certificate of waiver, certificate for PPM
procedures and laboratories falling in Schedules LVA, through B
(approximately 130,000 or 89 percent of the total number of
laboratories) pay 70 percent of the administrative costs of the CLIA
program through the certificate fees. Under the new certificate fees,
the same laboratories pay only 42 percent of the administrative costs.
We were conservative in raising the certificate fees for small
laboratories in order to be sensitive to their need to provide direct
patient care and not impede access to quality laboratory testing.
Larger laboratories, based on the volume of tests, reap a greater
financial benefit than the smaller laboratories due to the conceivable
economies of scale and, therefore, have unlimited potential to provide
service to a larger share of the
[[Page 45821]]
market. In an effort to distribute costs more equitably among the
various types and sizes of laboratories, while generating sufficient
revenue, we now rely more heavily on average annual test volumes to
determine certificate fees. The fees for certificate of waiver or PPM
procedures have been, and will continue to be, a flat fee irrespective
of volume of testing performed. The $50 fee increase for these
laboratories is based on expenditures related to these types of
certificates. These costs include: reviewing test systems for
categorization as waived or PPM procedures; maintaining and updating
the data systems; issuing certificates; issuing test categorization
notices; collecting fees; and analyzing data.
For other certificate types, instead of using the three-tiered fee
schedule based on general ranges of test volume, we are maintaining the
11 laboratory schedules, LVA through J, previously established on
February 28, 1992. The new biennial certificate fees for each schedule
are computed using a decreasing per test rate as the volume of tests
increases. This per-test rate is multiplied by the average annual test
volume performed in each schedule, with the exception of the smallest
laboratories, LVA through B, being charged a certificate fee of $150.
Laboratories in Schedules C through G, which encompass test volumes up
to 100,000, each will pay a certificate fee based on the per-test rate.
(See Table III) Between Schedules G and H laboratories, the per-test
rate is being reduced by almost one half, because of the dramatic
increase in volume for Schedule H laboratories. These test volumes
range from more than 100,000 to 500,000. Another very large increase in
volume occurs for Schedule J laboratories, which perform over 1 million
tests annually. Between Schedules I and J laboratories, the per-test
rate is being reduced by approximately three-fourths, in recognition of
the large increase in the test volume of these laboratories.
The revisions to the CLIA certificate fees will significantly alter
the biennial certificate fees for some laboratories. Table III presents
the approximate number of laboratories in each laboratory type and
their new biennial certificate fees.
The effect of this new fee schedule will vary widely among clinical
laboratories. Nearly 62 percent of the laboratories now hold
certificate of waiver or certificate for PPM procedures and pay a flat
certificate fee. For certificates of waiver, laboratories will pay $150
biennially and for certificates for PPM procedures, the biennial fee
will be $200. These $50 biennial increases amount to less than $0.07
per day per laboratory. The new fees take into account the increased
number of tests that may be performed under these types of
certificates.
Laboratories with a change in name, location or in any of the
conditions specified in Sec. 493.639 of our regulations will find the
fee for a revised certificate increased by $25, from $50 to $75.
As previously stated, we are required by statute to establish fees
to support the CLIA program. Although certificate fees increase
proportionately, we believe that by relating the fee more precisely to
the number of tests a laboratory performs each year, the costs of
administering CLIA will be distributed more equitably across all
laboratories. The laboratories bearing the largest increase in
certificate fees, Schedules C through J, account for more than 90
percent of the annual test volume in this country. Because of their
large test volumes we have applied the lowest possible per-test rates
to those laboratories, consistent with generating sufficient revenues.
We concluded that basing certificate fees on the average annual test
volume for each schedule and a decreasing per-test rate was the most
equitable and practical method for constructing the fee schedule. (See
Table III) This approach has the merit of charging larger laboratories
less per test performed, while still basing the overall fees directly
on the volume of testing. These fees will result in large increases in
certificate fees for the laboratories with the highest test volumes.
These differences are directly proportional to test volumes, resulting
in laboratories with similar volumes paying similar fees.
For the reasons given above, we certify that this proposed fee
schedule would not have a significant effect on a substantial number of
small entities and that a regulatory flexibility analysis is not
needed.
B. Rural Hospital Impact Statement
Section 1102(b) of the Act requires us to prepare a regulatory
impact analysis if a rule may have a significant impact on the
operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals. This
analysis must conform to the provisions of section 604 of the RFA. For
purposes of section 1102(b) of the Act, we define a small rural
hospital as a hospital that is located outside of a Metropolitan
Statistical Area and has fewer than 50 beds. We are not preparing a
rural impact statement since we have determined, and certify, that this
notice would not have a significant impact on the operations of a
substantial number of small rural hospitals.
In accordance with the provisions of Executive Order 12866, this
notice was reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget.
(Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Program No. 93-778, Medical
Assistance Program; No. 93.773 Medicare--Hospital Insurance Program;
and No. 93-774, Medicare--Supplementary Medical Insurance Program)
Dated: December 20, 1996.
Bruce C. Vladeck,
Administrator, Health Care Financing Administration.
Dated: December 11, 1996.
David A. Satcher,
Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Dated: March 26, 1997.
Donna E. Shalala,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 97-23084 Filed 8-28-97; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4210-01-P
