01-23607. Azoxystrobin; Pesticide Tolerances

AGENCY:

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

This regulation establishes tolerances for combined residues of azoxystrobin in or on acerola, atemoya, avocado, biriba, black sapote, leafy greens (Brassica) subgroup (subgroup 5B), bushberry subgroup (subgroup 13B), canistel, cherimoya, custard apple, eggplant, feijoa, grass forage, grass hay, guava, ilama, jaboticaba, jackfruit, juneberry, lingonberry, longan, loquat, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, okra, passion fruit, pawpaw, papaya, pepper, peppermint (tops), persimmon, pulasan, rambutan, salal, sapodilla, soursop, Spanish lime, spearmint (tops), star apple, starfruit, strawberry, sugar apple, tamarind, turnip (tops), watercress, wax jambu, and white sapote. The Interregional Research Project #4 (IR-4) requested these tolerances under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. This final rule establishes permanent tolerances for azoxystrobin, and as part of that process the Agency has reassessed existing tolerances. By law, EPA is required to reassess 66% of the tolerances in existence on August 2, 1996, by August 2002, or about 6,400 tolerances. All permanent tolerances for azoxystrobin were established after August 2, 1996. Consequently, regarding the actions in this final rule, no tolerance reassessments are counted toward the August 2002 review deadline of FFDCA section 408(q).

DATES:

This regulation is effective September 21, 2001. Objections and requests for hearings, identified by docket control number OPP-301174, must be received by EPA on or before November 20, 2001.

ADDRESSES:

Written objections and hearing requests may be submitted by mail, in person, or by courier. Please follow the detailed instructions for each method as provided in Unit VI. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, your objections and hearing requests must identify docket control number OPP-301174 in the subject line on the first page of your response.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

By mail: Hoyt Jamerson, Registration Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW.,Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: [phone]; and e-mail address: [e-mail].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. General Information

A. Does this Action Apply to Me?

You may be affected by this action if you are an agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer. Potentially affected categories and entities may include, but are not limited to:

Categories	NAICS Codes	Examples of Potentially Affected Entities
Industry	111	Crop production
	112	Animal production
	311	Food manufacturing
	32532	Pesticide manufacturing

This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. Other types of entities not listed in the table could also be affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining whether or not this action might apply to certain entities. If you have questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

B. How Can I Get Additional Information, Including Copies of this Document and Other Related Documents?

1. Electronically. You may obtain electronic copies of this document, and certain other related documents that might be available electronically, from the EPA Internet Home Page at http://www.epa.gov/​. To access this document, on the Home Page select “Laws and Regulations,” “Regulations and Proposed Rules,” and then look up the entry for this document under the “Federal Register—Environmental Documents.” A frequently updated electronic version of 40 CFR part 180 is available at http://www.access.gpo.gov/​nara/​cfr/​cfrhtml_​00/​Title_​40/​40cfr180_​00.html,, a beta site currently under development.

2. In person. The Agency has established an official record for this action under docket control number OPP-301174. The official record consists of the documents specifically referenced in this action, and other information related to this action, including any information claimed as Confidential Business Information (CBI). This official record includes the documents that are physically located in the docket, as well as the documents that are referenced in those documents. The public version of the official record does not include any information claimed as CBI. The public version of the official record, which includes printed, paper versions of any electronic comments submitted during an applicable comment period is available for inspection in the Public Information and Records Integrity Branch (PIRIB), Rm. 119, Crystal Mall #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA, from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The PIRIB telephone number is [phone].

II. Background and Statutory Findings

In the Federal Register of May 30, 2001 (66 FR 29317) (FRL-6782-2), EPA issued a notice pursuant to section 408 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) (Public Law 104-170) announcing the filing of pesticide petitions (PP) for tolerances by IR-4, 681 U.S. Highway #1 South, North Brunswick, NJ 08902-3390. This notice included a summary of the petitions prepared by Zeneca Ag Products, the registrant. There were no comments received in response to the notice of filing.

The petitions requested that 40 CFR 180.507 be amended by establishing tolerances for combined residues of the fungicide azoxystrobin, methyl (E)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate) and its Z-isomer (methyl (Z)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate, in or on food commodities as follows:

1. PP 0E6211 proposed to establish tolerances for strawberry at 10 parts per million (ppm), mint at 30 ppm, grass forage (from grass grown for seed) at 15 ppm, grass (from grass grown for seed) hay at 20 ppm, and watercress, tropical fruits, persimmon, paw paw, tamarind, jackfruit, and loquat at 3.0 ppm. Since “tropical fruits” are not defined for tolerance purposes by EPA, the petition was amended by IR-4 to delete tropical fruits at 3.0 ppm and to add proposed tolerances for acerola, atemoya, avocado, biriba, black sapote, canistel, cherimoya, custard apple, feijoa, guava, ilama, jaboticaba, longan, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, passion fruit, papaya, pulasan, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, Spanish lime, star apple, starfruit, sugar apple, wax jambu and white sapote at 2.0 ppm. In addition, the proposed tolerance levels for persimmon, paw paw, tamarind, jackfruit and loquat were reduced to 2.0 ppm.

2. PP 1E6238 proposed to establish tolerances for bushberry subgroup, lingonberries, juneberries, and salal at 3.0 ppm.

3. PP 1E6264 proposed to establish tolerances for the leafy Brassica greens subgroup and turnip greens at 25 ppm, and pepper, eggplant and okra at 2.0 ppm.

Section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of the FFDCA allows EPA to establish a tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is “safe.” Section 408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines “safe” to mean that “there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.” This includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings, but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C) requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance and to “ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue. . . .”

EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. For further discussion of the regulatory requirements of section 408 and a complete description of the risk assessment process, see the final rule on Bifenthrin Pesticide Tolerances (62 FR 62961, November 26, 1997) (FRL-5754-7).

III. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety

Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the available scientific data and other relevant information in support of this action. EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of and to make a determination on aggregate exposure, consistent with section 408(b)(2), for tolerances for combined residues of azoxystrobin on acerola, atemoya, avocado, biriba, black sapote, canistel, cherimoya, custard apple, eggplant, feijoa, guava, ilama, jaboticaba, jackfruit, longan, loquat, lychee, mamey sapote, mango, okra, passion fruit, pawpaw, papaya, pepper, persimmon, pulasan, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, Spanish lime, star apple, starfruit, sugar apple, tamarind, wax jambu and white sapote at 2.0 ppm; bushberry subgroup, juneberry, lingonberry, salal, and watercress at 3.0 ppm; strawberry at 10 ppm; grass forage at 15 ppm; grass hay at 20 ppm; leafy greens (Brassica) subgroup and turnip (tops) at 25 ppm; peppermint (tops) and spearmint (tops) at 30 ppm. EPA's assessment of exposures and risks associated with establishing the tolerances follows.

A. Toxicological Profile

EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children. The nature of the toxic effects caused by azoxystrobin are discussed in Unit III.A. of the Federal Register of September 29, 2000 (65 FR 58404).

B. Toxicological Endpoints

The dose at which no adverse effects are observed (the NOAEL) from the toxicology study identified as appropriate for use in risk assessment is used to estimate the toxicological level of concern (LOC). However, the lowest dose at which adverse effects of concern are identified (the LOAEL) is sometimes used for risk assessment if no NOAEL was achieved in the toxicology study selected. An uncertainty factor (UF) is applied to reflect uncertainties inherent in the extrapolation from laboratory animal data to humans and in the variations in sensitivity among members of the human population as well as other unknowns. An UF of 100 is routinely used, 10X to account for interspecies differences and 10X for intraspecies differences.

For dietary risk assessment (other than cancer) the Agency uses the UF to calculate an acute or chronic reference dose (acute RfD or chronic RfD) where the RfD is equal to the NOAEL divided by the appropriate UF (RfD = NOAEL/UF). Where an additional safety factor is retained due to concerns unique to the FQPA, this additional factor is applied to the RfD by dividing the RfD by such additional factor. The acute or chronic Population Adjusted Dose (aPAD or cPAD) is a modification of the RfD to accommodate this type of FQPA Safety Factor.

For non-dietary risk assessments (other than cancer) the UF is used to determine the LOC. For example, when 100 is the appropriate UF (10X to account for interspecies differences and 10X for intraspecies differences) the LOC is 100. To estimate risk, a ratio of the NOAEL to exposures (margin of exposure (MOE) = NOAEL/exposure) is calculated and compared to the LOC.

The linear default risk methodology (Q^*) is the primary method currently used by the Agency to quantify carcinogenic risk. The Q^* approach assumes that any amount of exposure will lead to some degree of cancer risk. A Q^* is calculated and used to estimate risk which represents a probability of occurrence of additional cancer cases (e.g., risk is expressed as 1 x 10^-6 or one in a million). Under certain specific circumstances, MOE calculations will be used for the carcinogenic risk assessment. In this non-linear approach, a “point of departure” is identified below which carcinogenic effects are not expected. The point of departure is typically a NOAEL based on an endpoint related to cancer effects though it may be a different value derived from the dose response curve. To estimate risk, a ratio of the point of departure to exposure (MOE_cancer = point of departure/exposures) is calculated. A summary of the toxicological endpoints for azoxystrobin used for human risk assessment is shown in the following Table 1:

Table 1.—Summary of Toxicological Dose and Endpoints for Azoxystrobin for Use in Human Risk Assessment

Exposure Scenario	Dose Used in Risk Assessment, UF	FQPA SF* and Level of Concern for Risk Assessment	Study and Toxicological Effects
Acute dietary (general population including infants and children)	NOAEL = <200 mg/kg/day UF = 300 Acute RfD = 0.67 mg/kg/day	FQPA SF = 1X aPAD = acute RfD ÷ FQPA SF = 0.67 mg/kg/day	Acute neurotoxicity study in rats LOAEL = 200 mg/kg/day based on diarrhea at 2-hours post dose at all dose levels up to and including 200 mg/kg/day (the LOAEL)
Chronic dietary (all populations)	NOAEL= 18 mg/kg/day UF = 100 Chronic RfD = 0.18 mg/kg/day	FQPA SF = 1X cPAD = chronic RfD ÷ FQPA SF = 0.18 mg/kg/day	Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity feeding study in rats LOAEL = 34/117 mg/kg/day in males/females based on reduced body weights in both sexes and bile duct lesions in males
Short-term (1-7 days) Incidental oral (residential)	NOAEL= 25 mg/kg/day UF = 100	FQPA SF = 1X	Prenatal developmental oral toxicity study in rats LOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day based on increased maternal diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and salivation
Intermediate-term (1 week to several months) Incidental oral (residential)	NOAEL= 20 mg/kg/day UF = 100	FQPA SF = 1X	90-Day feeding study in rats LOAEL = 211/223 mg/kg/day in males/females based on decreased body weight gain in both sexes and clinical signs indicative of reduced nutrition
Short-intermediate, and long-term dermal (residential)	None	None	21-Day repeated dose dermal study in rats. No dermal or systemic toxicity was seen at the limit dose (1,000 mg/kg/day). This risk assessment is not required
Short-term inhalation (1 to 7 days) (residential)	Oral study NOAEL= 25 mg/kg/day (inhalation absorption rate = 100%)	LOC for MOE = 100 (residential)	Prenatal developmental oral toxicity study in rats LOAEL = 100 mg/kg/day based on increased maternal diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and salivation
Intermediate-term inhalation (1 week to several months) (residential)	Oral study NOAEL = 20 mg/kg/day (inhalation absorption rate = 100%)	LOC for MOE = 100 (residential)	90-Day feeding study in rats LOAEL = 211/223 mg/kg/day in males/females based on decreased body weight gain in both sexes and clinical signs indicative of reduced nutrition
Long-term inhalation (>180 days) (residential)	None	None	This risk assessment is not applicable to the use of azoxystrobin
Cancer (oral, dermal, inhalation)	None	None	Azoxystrobin is classified “as not likely to be carcinogenic in humans”
* The reference to the FQPA Safety Factor refers to any additional safety factor retained due to concerns unique to the FQPA.

C. Exposure Assessment

1. Dietary exposure from food and feed uses. Tolerances have been established (40 CFR 180.507) for the combined residues of azoxystrobin, in or on a variety of raw agricultural commodities. Risk assessments were conducted by EPA to assess dietary exposures from azoxystrobin in food as follows:

i. Acute exposure. Acute dietary risk assessments are performed for a food-use pesticide if a toxicological study has indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result of a 1 day or single exposure. The Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model (DEEM^TM) analysis evaluated the individual food consumption as reported by respondents in the USDA 1989-1992 nationwide Continuing Surveys of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) and accumulated exposure to the chemical for each commodity. The following assumptions were made for the acute exposure assessments: Tolerance level residues were assumed and it was also assumed that 100% of the crops and other commodities with proposed or established azoxystrobin tolerances contained those residues. Anticipated residues, and percent crop treated (PCT) values of less than 100%, were not used.

ii. Chronic exposure. In conducting this chronic dietary risk assessment, the DEEM^TM analysis evaluated the individual food consumption as reported by respondents in the USDA 1989-1992 nationwide CSFII and accumulated exposure to the chemical for each commodity. The following assumptions were made for the chronic exposure assessments: Tolerance level residues were assumed and it was also assumed that 100% of the crops and other commodities with proposed or established azoxystrobin tolerances contained those residues. Anticipated residues, and PCT values of less than 100%, were not used.

iii. Cancer. Since carcinogenicity studies produced no evidence that azoxystrobin is a carcinogen, the Agency concluded that azoxystrobin is unlikely to be a human carcinogen. There is also, as a consequence, no carcinogenicity endpoint, and this analysis was not performed.

2. Dietary exposure from drinking water. Although moderately persistent in soils and stable to hydrolysis, the likelihood of azoxystrobin moving into ground and surface water is low due to high soil/water partitioning coefficients and low single application rates. However, with multiple applications and repeated usage, azoxystrobin and especially its degradate compound 2 may eventually build up in environmental compartments and move into drinking water resources. Compound 2 has greater potential to leach into ground water than the parent as indicated in the terrestrial field studies. In these studies, the parent azoxystrobin remained on the soil surface whereas compound 2 was detected in deeper soil profiles.

The Agency lacks sufficient monitoring exposure data to complete a comprehensive dietary exposure analysis and risk assessment for azoxystrobin in drinking water. Because the Agency does not have comprehensive monitoring data, drinking water concentration estimates are made by reliance on simulation or modeling taking into account data on the physical characteristics of azoxystrobin.

The Agency uses the First Index Reservoir Screening Tool (FIRST) or the Pesticide Root Zone/Exposure Analysis Modeling System (PRZM/EXAMS), to produce estimates of pesticide concentrations in an index reservoir. The SCI-GROW model is used to predict pesticide concentrations in shallow ground water. For a screening-level assessment for surface water EPA will use FIRST (a tier 1 model) before using PRZM/EXAMS (a tier 2 model). The FIRST model is a subset of the PRZM/EXAMS model that uses a specific high-end runoff scenario for pesticides. While both FIRST and PRZM/EXAMS incorporate an index reservoir environment, the PRZM/EXAMS model includes a percent crop (PC) area factor as an adjustment to account for the maximum PC coverage within a watershed or drainage basin.

None of these models include consideration of the impact processing (mixing, dilution, or treatment) of raw water for distribution as drinking water would likely have on the removal of pesticides from the source water. The primary use of these models by the Agency at this stage is to provide a coarse screen for sorting out pesticides for which it is highly unlikely that drinking water concentrations would ever exceed human health levels of concern.

Since the models used are considered to be screening tools in the risk assessment process, the Agency does not use estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) from these models to quantify drinking water exposure and risk as a %RfD or %PAD. Instead drinking water levels of comparison (DWLOCs) are calculated and used as a point of comparison against the model estimates of a pesticide's concentration in water. DWLOCs are theoretical upper limits on a pesticide's concentration in drinking water in light of total aggregate exposure to a pesticide in food, and from residential uses. Since DWLOCs address total aggregate exposure to azoxystrobin, they are further discussed in the aggregate risk sections below.

Based on the FIRST and SCI-GROW models, the estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) of azoxystrobin for acute exposures are estimated to be 170 parts per billion (ppb) for surface water and 0.06 ppb for ground water. The EECs for chronic exposures are estimated to be 33 ppb for surface water and 0.06 ppb for ground water.

3. From non-dietary exposure. The term “residential exposure” is used in this document to refer to non-occupational, non-dietary exposure (e.g., for lawn and garden pest control, indoor pest control, termiticides, and flea and tick control on pets).

Azoxystrobin is currently registered for use on the following residential non-dietary sites: turf and ornamentals. The risk assessment was conducted using the following residential exposure assumptions:

Products containing azoxystrobin may be applied to turf 1 to 5 times per year at rates up to 0.95 lb active ingredient (a.i) per acre (i.e., not to exceed 5 lb a.i. per acre per year) and to ornamentals at rates up to 0.75 lb a.i. per acre every 7 to 14 days, but not to exceed 5 lb a.i./acre/year. The currently registered labels do not prohibit homeowners from mixing/loading/applying either the flowable concentrate or the water-dispersible granule formulations. This residential exposure and risk assessment was conducted using the application rate for turf because it is the highest use rate.

Residential handlers may be exposed to azoxystrobin for both short-term dermal and inhalation exposure to azoxystrobin when mixing, loading and applying the formulations. Adults and children may be exposed to azoxystrobin residues from dermal contact with foliage during post-application activities. Toddlers may receive short-term and intermediate-term oral exposure from incidental ingestion during post-application activities.

As no dermal endpoint was selected, a dermal exposure and risk assessment was not conducted for residential handlers or post-application activities. NOAELs of 25 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day were selected for assessing the risk from short-term and intermediate-term incidental oral exposures, respectively. These same NOAELs were selected for assessing the risks from short-term and intermediate-term inhalation exposures. The level of concern for risk assessment purposes is 100.

No chemical-specific exposure or residue dissipation data for handler or post-application activities were submitted in support of the registered lawn uses. EPA's Draft Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Residential Exposure Assessments, and Recommended Revisions, were used as the basis for all residential handler exposure calculations. Some of the handler exposure data used in this assessment are from the Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force (ORETF). The task force recently submitted proprietary data to the Agency on hose-end sprayers, push-type granular spreaders, and handgun sprayers. The ORETF data were used in this assessment in place of Pesticide Handler Exposure Data (PHED) for the garden hose-end sprayer scenario. The ORETF data were designed to replace the present PHED data base with higher-confidence, higher quality data that contains more replicates than the PHED data for those scenarios.

4. Cumulative exposure to substances with a common mechanism of toxicity. Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider “available information” concerning the cumulative effects of a particular pesticide's residues and “other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity.”

EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine whether azoxystrobin has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk assessment. Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity, azoxystrobin does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore, EPA has not assumed that azoxystrobin has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances. For information regarding EPA's efforts to determine which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to evaluate the cumulative effects of such chemicals, see the final rule for Bifenthrin Pesticide Tolerances (62 FR 62961, November 26, 1997).

D. Safety Factor for Infants and Children

1. Safety factor for infants and children—i. In general. FFDCA section 408 provides that EPA shall apply an additional tenfold margin of safety for infants and children in the case of threshold effects to account for prenatal and postnatal toxicity and the completeness of the data base on toxicity and exposure unless EPA determines that a different margin of safety will be safe for infants and children. Margins of safety are incorporated into EPA risk assessments either directly through use of a margin of exposure (MOE) analysis or through using uncertainty (safety) factors in calculating a dose level that poses no appreciable risk to humans.

ii. Prenatal and postnatal sensitivity. Prenatal development studies in rats and rabbits, and a 2-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats did not indicate increased susceptibility of young rats or rabbits to in utero and/or postnatal exposure.

iii. Conclusion. There is a complete toxicity data base for azoxystrobin and exposure data are complete or are estimated based on data that reasonably accounts for potential exposures. The Agency has determined that the 10X FQPA safety factor to protect infants and children should be removed (that is, set to 1) because, in addition to the completeness of the toxicological data base and the lack of increased susceptibility of young rats and rabbits to prenatal and postnatal exposure to azoxystrobin, the unrefined chronic dietary exposure estimates will overestimate dietary exposure, and ground and surface water modeling data produce upper-bound concentration estimates.

E. Aggregate Risks and Determination of Safety

To estimate total aggregate exposure to a pesticide from food, drinking water, and residential uses, the Agency calculates DWLOCs which are used as a point of comparison against the model estimates of a pesticide's concentration in water (EECs). DWLOC values are not regulatory standards for drinking water. DWLOCs are theoretical upper limits on a pesticide's concentration in drinking water in light of total aggregate exposure to a pesticide in food and residential uses. In calculating a DWLOC, the Agency determines how much of the acceptable exposure (i.e., the PAD) is available for exposure through drinking water e.g., allowable chronic water exposure (mg/kg/day) = cPAD - (average food + residential exposure). This allowable exposure through drinking water is used to calculate a DWLOC.

A DWLOC will vary depending on the toxic endpoint, drinking water consumption, and body weights. Default body weights and consumption values as used by the USEPA Office of Water are used to calculate DWLOCs: 2L/70 kg (adult male), 2L/60 kg (adult female), and 1L/10 kg (child). Default body weights and drinking water consumption values vary on an individual basis. This variation will be taken into account in more refined screening-level and quantitative drinking water exposure assessments. Different populations will have different DWLOCs. Generally, a DWLOC is calculated for each type of risk assessment used: Acute, short-term, intermediate-term, chronic, and cancer.

When EECs for surface water and ground water are less than the calculated DWLOCs, EPA concludes with reasonable certainty that exposures to the pesticide in drinking water (when considered along with other sources of exposure for which EPA has reliable data) would not result in unacceptable levels of aggregate human health risk at this time. Because EPA considers the aggregate risk resulting from multiple exposure pathways associated with a pesticide's uses, levels of comparison in drinking water may vary as those uses change. If new uses are added in the future, EPA will reassess the potential impacts of residues of the pesticide in drinking water as a part of the aggregate risk assessment process.

1. Acute risk. Using the exposure assumptions discussed in this unit for acute exposure, the acute dietary exposure from food to azoxystrobin will occupy 11% of the aPAD for the U.S. population, 11% of the aPAD for females 13 years and older, and 20% of the aPAD for children 1 to 6 years, the subpopulation at greatest exposure. In addition, there is potential for acute dietary exposure to azoxystrobin in drinking water. After calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA does not expect the aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the aPAD, as shown in the following Table 2:

Table 2.—Aggregate Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Azoxystrobin

Population Subgroup	aPAD (mg/kg)	%aPAD (Food)	Surface Water EEC (ppb)	Ground Water EEC (ppb)	Acute DWLOC (ppb)
U.S. population	0.67	11	170	0.06	21,000
Females (13 to 50 years)	0.67	11	170	0.06	18,000
Children (1 to 6 years)	0.67	20	170	0.06	5,400

2. Chronic risk. Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for chronic exposure, EPA has concluded that exposure to azoxystrobin from food will utilize 12% of the cPAD for the U.S. population, 11% of the cPAD for females 13 to 50 years, and 18% of the cPAD for children 1 to 6 years, the subpopulation at greatest exposure. Based on the use pattern, chronic residential exposure to residues of azoxystrobin is not expected. In addition, there is potential for chronic dietary exposure to azoxystrobin in drinking water. After calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA does not expect the aggregate exposure to exceed 100% of the cPAD, as shown in the following Table 3:

Table 3.—Aggregate Risk Assessment for Chronic (Non-Cancer) Exposure to Azoxystrobin

Population Subgroup	cPAD mg/kg/day	%cPAD (Food)	Surface Water EEC (ppb)	Ground Water EEC (ppb)	Chronic DWLOC (ppb)
U.S. population	0.18	12	33	0.06	5,600
Females (13 to 50 years)	0.18	11	33	0.06	4,800
Children (1 to 6 years)	0.18	18	33	0.06	1,500
Seniors 55+ years	0.18	12	33	0.06	5,600

3. Short-term risk. Short-term aggregate exposure takes into account residential exposure plus chronic exposure to food and water (considered to be a background exposure level). Azoxystrobin is currently registered for use that could result in short-term residential exposure and the Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic food and water and short-term exposures for azoxystrobin. A short-term risk assessment is required for adults because there is a residential handler inhalation exposure scenario. In addition, a short-term risk assessment is required for infants and children because there is a residential post-application oral exposure scenario. As no short-term or intermediate-term dermal endpoint was established, there is no dermal component to these aggregate risk assessments. For adults, the daily inhalation dose is aggregated with the chronic exposure to food and water. For infants and children, the incidental oral exposure from residential post-application activities for infants and children was aggregated with chronic exposure from food and water.

Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for short-term exposures, EPA has concluded that food and residential exposures aggregated result in aggregate MOEs of 1,183 for adults and 490 for children 1 to 6 years. These aggregate MOEs do not exceed the Agency's level of concern for aggregate exposure to food and residential uses. In addition, short-term DWLOCs were calculated and compared to the EECs for chronic exposure of azoxystrobin in ground and surface water. After calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA does not expect short-term aggregate exposure to exceed the Agency's level of concern, as shown in the following Table 4:

Table 4.—Aggregate Risk Assessment for Short-Term Exposure to Azoxystrobin

Population Subgroup	Aggregate MOE (Food + Residential)	Aggregate Level of Concern (LOC)	Surface Water EEC (ppb)	Ground Water EEC (ppb)	Short-Term DWLOC (ppb)
U.S. population	1,183	100	33	0.06	8,050
Children (1 to 6 years)	490	100	33	0.06	2,000

4. Intermediate-term risk. Intermediate-term aggregate exposure takes into account residential exposure plus chronic exposure to food and water (considered to be a background exposure level). Azoxystrobin is currently registered for use(s) that could result in intermediate-term residential exposure, and the Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic food and water and intermediate-term exposures for azoxystrobin. An intermediate-term risk assessment is not required for adults because residential handler scenarios are not expected to occur for longer than a short-term timeframe. However, an intermediate-term risk assessment is required for infants and children because of the residential post-application oral exposure scenario. As no dermal endpoint was established, there is no dermal component to this aggregate risk assessment. As was necessary for the short-term aggregate assessment, the incidental oral exposure from residential post application activities for infants and children was aggregated with average exposure from food and water.

Using the exposure assumptions described in this unit for intermediate-term exposures, EPA has concluded that food and residential exposures aggregated result in an aggregate MOE of 580 for children 1 to 6 years. This aggregate MOE does not exceed the Agency's level of concern for aggregate exposure to food and residential uses. In addition, intermediate-term DWLOCs were calculated and compared to the EECs for chronic exposure of azoxystrobin in ground and surface water. After calculating DWLOCs and comparing them to the EECs for surface and ground water, EPA does not expect intermediate-term aggregate exposure to exceed the Agency's level of concern, as shown in the following Table 5:

Table 5.—Aggregate Risk Assessment for Intermediate-Term Exposure to Azoxystrobin

Population Subgroup	Aggregate MOE (Food + Residential)	Aggregate Level of Concern (LOC)	Surface Water EEC (ppb)	Ground Water EEC (ppb)	Intermediate-Term DWLOC (ppb)
Children (1 to 6 years old)	580	100	33	0.06	2,100

5. Aggregate cancer risk for U.S. population. Azoxystrobin is classified as “not likely to be carcinogenic in humans” based on the results of carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats. Therefore, azoxystrobin is not expected to pose a cancer risk to humans.

6. Determination of safety. Based on these risk assessments, EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the general population, and to infants and children from aggregate exposure to azoxystrobin residues.

IV. Other Considerations

A. Analytical Enforcement Methodology

Adequate methodology is available for enforcement of the proposed tolerances. RAM 243, is a gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (GC/NDP) method previously submitted by the registrant which can be used for the analysis of the tolerances in or on non-oily commodities. This method has been reviewed and validated by the Agency, and will be submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for inclusion in Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM) II. The method may be requested from: Calvin Furlow, PIRIB, IRSD (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: [phone]; e-mail address: [e-mail].

B. International Residue Limits

No Codex, Canadian, or Mexican maximum residue levels have been established for residues of azoxystrobin in or on these commodities. Therefore, no tolerance discrepancies exist between countries for this chemical.

V. Conclusion

Therefore, the tolerances are established for combined residues of azoxystrobin, methyl (E)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate) and its Z-isomer (methyl (Z)-2-(2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-methoxyacrylate, in or on acerola at 2.0 ppm, atemoya at 2.0 ppm, avocado at 2.0 ppm, biriba at 2.0 ppm, black sapote at 2.0 ppm, bushberry subgroup at 3.0 ppm, canistel at 2.0 ppm, cherimoya at 2.0 ppm, custard apple at 2.0 ppm, eggplant at 2.0 ppm, feijoa at 2.0 ppm, grass forage at 15 ppm, grass hay at 20 ppm, guava at 2.0 ppm, ilama at 2.0 ppm, jaboticaba at 2.0 ppm, jackfruit at 2.0 ppm, juneberry at 3.0 ppm, leafy greens (Brassica) subgroup at 25 ppm, lingonberry at 3.0 ppm, longan at 2.0 ppm, loquat at 2.0 ppm, lychee at 2.0 ppm, mamey sapote at 2.0 ppm, mango at 2.0 ppm, okra at 2.0 ppm, passion fruit at 2.0 ppm, pawpaw at 2.0 ppm, papaya at 2.0 ppm, pepper at 2.0 ppm, peppermint (tops) at 30 ppm, persimmon at 2.0 ppm, pulasan at 2.0 ppm, rambutan at 2.0 ppm, salal at 3.0 ppm, sapodilla at 2.0 ppm, soursop at 2.0 ppm, Spanish lime at 2.0 ppm, spearmint, tops at 30 ppm, star apple at 2.0 ppm, starfruit at 2.0 ppm, strawberry at 10 ppm, sugar apple at 2.0 ppm, tamarind at 2.0 ppm, turnip (tops) at 25 ppm, watercress at 3.0 ppm, wax jambu at 2.0 ppm, white sapote at 2.0 ppm.

VI. Objections and Hearing Requests

Under section 408(g) of the FFDCA, as amended by the FQPA, any person may file an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a hearing on those objections. The EPA procedural regulations which govern the submission of objections and requests for hearings appear in 40 CFR part 178. Although the procedures in those regulations require some modification to reflect the amendments made to the FFDCA by the FQPA of 1996, EPA will continue to use those procedures, with appropriate adjustments, until the necessary modifications can be made. The new section 408(g) provides essentially the same process for persons to “object” to a regulation for an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance issued by EPA under new section 408(d), as was provided in the old FFDCA sections 408 and 409. However, the period for filing objections is now 60 days, rather than 30 days.

A. What Do I Need to Do to File an Objection or Request a Hearing?

You must file your objection or request a hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided in this unit and in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify docket control number OPP-301174 in the subject line on the first page of your submission. All requests must be in writing, and must be mailed or delivered to the Hearing Clerk on or before November 20, 2001.

1. Filing the request. Your objection must specify the specific provisions in the regulation that you object to, and the grounds for the objections (40 CFR 178.25). If a hearing is requested, the objections must include a statement of the factual issues(s) on which a hearing is requested, the requestor's contentions on such issues, and a summary of any evidence relied upon by the objector (40 CFR 178.27). Information submitted in connection with an objection or hearing request may be claimed confidential by marking any part or all of that information as CBI. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. A copy of the information that does not contain CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public record. Information not marked confidential may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice.

Mail your written request to: Office of the Hearing Clerk (1900), Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. You may also deliver your request to the Office of the Hearing Clerk in Rm. C400, Waterside Mall, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. The Office of the Hearing Clerk is open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Office of the Hearing Clerk is [phone].

2. Tolerance fee payment. If you file an objection or request a hearing, you must also pay the fee prescribed by 40 CFR 180.33(i) or request a waiver of that fee pursuant to 40 CFR 180.33(m). You must mail the fee to: EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, Office of Pesticide Programs, P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. Please identify the fee submission by labeling it “Tolerance Petition Fees.”

EPA is authorized to waive any fee requirement “when in the judgement of the Administrator such a waiver or refund is equitable and not contrary to the purpose of this subsection.” For additional information regarding the waiver of these fees, you may contact James Tompkins by phone at [phone], by e-mail at [e-mail], or by mailing a request for information to Mr. Tompkins at Registration Division (7505C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.

If you would like to request a waiver of the tolerance objection fees, you must mail your request for such a waiver to: James Hollins, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460.

3. Copies for the docket. In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the Hearing Clerk as described in Unit VI.A., you should also send a copy of your request to the PIRIB for its inclusion in the official record that is described in Unit I.B.2. Mail your copies, identified by docket control number OPP-301174, to: Public Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20460. In person or by courier, bring a copy to the location of the PIRIB described in Unit I.B.2. You may also send an electronic copy of your request via e-mail to: [e-mail]. Please use an ASCII file format and avoid the use of special characters and any form of encryption. Copies of electronic objections and hearing requests will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 6.1/8.0 or ASCII file format. Do not include any CBI in your electronic copy. You may also submit an electronic copy of your request at many Federal Depository Libraries.

B. When Will the Agency Grant a Request for a Hearing?

A request for a hearing will be granted if the Administrator determines that the material submitted shows the following: There is a genuine and substantial issue of fact; there is a reasonable possibility that available evidence identified by the requestor would, if established resolve one or more of such issues in favor of the requestor, taking into account uncontested claims or facts to the contrary; and resolution of the factual issues(s) in the manner sought by the requestor would be adequate to justify the action requested (40 CFR 178.32).

VII. Regulatory Assessment Requirements

This final rule establishes tolerances under FFDCA section 408(d) in response to a petition submitted to the Agency. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these types of actions from review under Executive Order 12866, entitled Regulatory Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). Because this rule has been exempted from review under Executive Order 12866 due to its lack of significance, this rule is not subject to Executive Order 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001). This final rule does not contain any information collections subject to OMB approval under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., or impose any enforceable duty or contain any unfunded mandate as described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Public Law 104-4). Nor does it require any special considerations under Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994); or OMB review or any other Agency action under Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997). This action does not involve any technical standards that would require Agency consideration of voluntary consensus standards pursuant to section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note). Since tolerances and exemptions that are established on the basis of a petition under FFDCA section 408(d), such as the tolerances in this final rule, do not require the issuance of a proposed rule, the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply. In addition, the Agency has determined that this action will not have a substantial direct effect on States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as specified in Executive Order 13132, entitled Federalism (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999). Executive Order 13132 requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure “meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.” “Policies that have federalism implications” is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have “substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.” This final rule directly regulates growers, food processors, food handlers and food retailers, not States. This action does not alter the relationships or distribution of power and responsibilities established by Congress in the preemption provisions of FFDCA section 408(n)(4). For these same reasons, the Agency has determined that this rule does not have any “tribal implications” as described in Executive Order 13175, entitled Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (65 FR 67249, November 6, 2000). Executive Order 13175, requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure meaningful and timely input by tribal officials in the development of regulatory policies that have tribal implications. “Policies that have tribal implications” is defined in the Executive Order to include regulations that have “substantial direct effects on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship between the Federal government and the Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal government and Indian tribes.” This rule will not have substantial direct effects on tribal governments, on the relationship between the Federal government and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal government and Indian tribes, as specified in Executive Order 13175. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this rule.

VIII. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General

The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of this final rule in the Federal Register. This final rule is not a “major rule” as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 180

• Environmental protection
• Administrative practice and procedure
• Agricultural commodities
• Pesticides and pests
• Reporting and recordkeeping requirements

Dated: September 10, 2001.

Peter Caulkins,

Director, Registration Division, Office of Pesticide Programs.

Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:

PART 180—[AMENDED]

1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346(a) and 371.

2. Section 180.507 is amended by alphabetically adding the following commodities to the table in paragraph (a)(1) to read as follows:

§ 180.507

Azoxystrobin; tolerances for residues.

(a) * * *

Commodity	Parts per million
Acerola	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Atemoya	2.0
Avocado	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Biriba	2.0
Brassica, leafy greens, subgroup	25
Bushberry subgroup	3.0
Canistel	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Cherimoya	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Custard apple	2.0
Eggplant	2.0
Feijoa	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Grass, forage1	15
Grass, hay1	20
Guava	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Ilama	2.0
Jaboticaba	2.0
Jackfruit	2.0
Juneberry	3.0
Lingonberry	3.0
Longan	2.0
Loquat	2.0
Lychee	2.0
Mango	2.0
Okra	2.0
Passion fruit	2.0
Pawpaw	2.0
Papaya	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Pepper	2.0
Peppermint, tops	30
Persimmon	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Pulasan	2.0
Rambutan	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Salal	3.0
Sapodilla	2.0
Sapote, black	2.0
Sapote, mamey	2.0
Sapote, white	2.0
Soursop	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Spanish lime	2.0
Spearmint, tops	30
Star apple	2.0
Starfruit	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Strawberry	10
Sugar apple	2.0
Tamarind	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
Turnip, tops	25
*   *   *   *   *
Watercress	3.0
Wax jambu	2.0
*   *   *   *   *
1 There are no U.S. registrations for rangeland or pasture grass.

* * * * *