2020-18816. Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions

AGENCY:

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

ACTION:

Proposed revisions to statement of policy; request for comment.

SUMMARY:

The FDIC is proposing to revise its Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions. Section 308 of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 established several goals related to encouraging, assisting, and preserving minority depository institutions. The FDIC has long recognized the unique role and importance of minority depository institutions and has historically taken steps to preserve and encourage minority-owned and minority-led financial institutions. The revised Statement of Policy updates, strengthens, and clarifies the agency's policies and procedures related to minority depository institutions.

DATES:

Written comments must be received on or before November 24, 2020.

ADDRESSES:

Interested parties are encouraged to submit written comments. Commenters are encouraged to use the title “Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions” to facilitate the organization and distribution of comments. You may submit comments, identified by RIN 3064-ZA19, by any of the following methods:

• Agency Website: https://www.fdic.gov/​regulations/​laws/​federal/​. Follow the instructions for submitting comments on the FDIC's website.
• Email: [e-mail]. Include RIN 3064-ZA19 in the subject line of the message.
• Mail: Robert E. Feldman, Executive Secretary, Attention: Comments/Legal ESS, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 550 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20429.

Instructions: Comments submitted must include “FDIC” and “RIN 3064-ZA19.” Comments received will be posted without change to https://www.fdic.gov/​regulations/​laws/​federal/​,, including any personal information provided.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Misty Mobley, Senior Review Examiner, Division of Risk Management and Supervision, [phone], [e-mail]; Lauren Whitaker, Senior Attorney, Legal Division, [phone], [e-mail]; or Gregory Feder, Counsel, Legal Division, [phone], [e-mail], Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 550 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20429. For the hearing impaired only, TDD users may contact [phone].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Background

II. Revisions to the Proposed Statement of Policy

III. Proposed Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions

IV. Administrative Matters

I. Background

Section 308 of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) ^[1] established several goals related to minority depository institutions (MDIs): (1) Preserving the number of MDIs; (2) preserving the minority character in cases of merger or acquisition; (3) providing technical assistance to prevent insolvency of institutions not now insolvent; (4) promoting and encouraging creation of new MDIs; and (5) providing for training, technical assistance, and education programs.

On April 3, 1990, the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC Board and FDIC, respectively) adopted the Policy Statement on Encouragement and Preservation of Minority Ownership of Financial Institutions (1990 Policy Statement). The framework for the 1990 Policy Statement resulted from key provisions contained in Section 308 of FIRREA. The 1990 Policy Statement provided information to the public and minority banking industry regarding the agency's efforts in achieving the goals of Section 308.

During the 1990s, many MDIs continued to underperform industry averages for profitability and experience failure rates that were significantly higher than those of the industry overall. In order to discuss the challenges that MDIs faced, and identify best practices and possible ways the regulatory agencies could promote and preserve MDIs, the FDIC and other banking regulatory agencies—with assistance from several minority bank trade associations—invited officers from 156 MDIs to participate in a “Bankers and Supervisors Regulatory Forum” held in March of 2001. Approximately 70 bankers attended.

The FDIC also formed an Interdivisional Working Group to consider measures to modernize the policies and procedures related to MDIs. The working group incorporated many suggestions from the March 2001 forum into a revised Policy Statement Regarding Minority Depository Institutions, issued by the FDIC, after notice and comment, in April of 2002 (2002 Policy Statement).^[2] The FDIC issued the 2002 Policy Statement to provide additional information regarding the FDIC's initiatives related to Section 308. The 2002 Policy Statement provided a more structured framework that set forth initiatives of the FDIC to promote the preservation of, as well as to provide technical assistance, training, and educational programs for, MDIs by working with those institutions, their trade associations, and the other federal financial regulatory agencies.

Over the years, the FDIC has continued to modify and enhance its MDI Program to better carry out the FDIC's efforts to meet the goals in Section 308 of FIRREA. The revisions in the proposed Statement of Policy are intended, in part, to strengthen and improve the various aspects of the MDI Program and how each component of the MDI Program is carried out by various responsible entities that are part of the MDI Program. The proposed revisions to the 2002 Policy Statement reflected in the proposed Statement of Policy describe the FDIC's enduring and strengthened commitment to, and engagement with, MDIs in furtherance of its goal of preserving and promoting MDIs.

In 2019, the FDIC established a new MDI Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Community Banking (CBAC). The MDI Subcommittee held its inaugural meeting in December 2019. There are nine executives serving as members of the MDI Subcommittee, representing African American, Native American, Hispanic American, and Asian American MDIs across the country. The MDI Subcommittee provides recommendations regarding the FDIC's MDI Program to the CBAC for consideration. The MDI Subcommittee serves as a source of feedback with regard to the FDIC's efforts to fulfill its statutory goals to preserve and promote MDIs; provides a platform for MDIs to promote collaboration, partnerships, and best practices; and identifies ways to highlight the work of MDIs in their communities.

The FDIC published, also in 2019, an MDI research study, which explores changes in MDIs, their role in the financial services industry, and their impact on the communities they serve.^[3] The study period covered 2001 to 2018 and looked at the demographics, structural change, geography, financial performance, and social impact of MDIs.

Additionally, to discuss the challenges that MDIs face, provide information on best practices, and collaborate on possible ways the regulatory agencies can promote and preserve MDIs, in June of 2019, the FDIC hosted the Interagency MDI and Community Development Financial Institution (CDFI) Bank Conference, Focus on the Future: Prospering in a Changing Industry, in collaboration with the Office of the Comptroller of Currency and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. More than 80 MDI and CDFI bankers, representing 61 banks, attended the two-day conference.^[4]

All of these various efforts by the FDIC to enhance its MDI Program have informed the proposed revisions to the Statement of Policy. The FDIC has received suggestions from bankers at outreach and trade association meetings as well as feedback from the June 2019 conference. The MDI Subcommittee has also provided feedback to the CBAC for consideration and recommendation to the FDIC. Many of these suggestions and feedback have been incorporated into the revised Statement of Policy. The following section summarizes the significant changes from the 2002 Policy Statement.

II. Revisions to the Policy Statement

The FDIC is proposing to revise its MDI Policy Statement in the following areas:

Technical assistance and other engagement. The proposed Statement of Policy clarifies that technical assistance is not a supervisory activity and is not intended to present additional regulatory burden. Further, the proposed Statement of Policy states that examination teams will not view requests for, or acceptance of, technical assistance negatively when evaluating institution performance or assigning ratings.

FDIC outreach. The proposed Statement of Policy was updated to provide additional outreach opportunities, including with the Chairman's office and the National Director for Minority and Community Development Banking.

MDI Subcommittee. The proposed Statement of Policy describes the newly established FDIC MDI Subcommittee of the CBAC, which serves as source of feedback on FDIC strategies to fulfill statutory goals to preserve and promote MDIs. The MDI Subcommittee may also make recommendations or offer ideas to the CBAC for consideration and presentation to the FDIC. The MDI Subcommittee provides a platform for MDIs to promote collaboration, partnerships, and best practices. The MDI Subcommittee also identifies ways to highlight the work of MDIs in their communities.

1. The FDIC requests comment on other methods to identify and provide engagement opportunities that would be beneficial to MDIs.

Definitions. The proposed Statement of Policy adds definitions for terms used in the MDI Program: Technical assistance, training and education, and outreach. Technical assistance is defined as individual assistance that a regulator will provide to a MDI in response to an institution's request for assistance in addressing specific areas of concern. The proposed Statement of Policy also notes that technical assistance is a tool to provide on-going support to institutions in an effort to facilitate timely implementation of recommendations, full understanding of regulatory requirements, and in some instances, the viability of the institution. Training and education programs consist of instruction designed to impart proficiency or skills related to a particular job, process, or regulatory policy. This training and education can be provided in person, through webinars or conference calls, or in a conference setting. Outreach consists of FDIC representatives meeting with financial institutions with a primary focus of building relationships and open communication and providing information and resources. Outreach is generally offered by the FDIC and can include meetings between financial institution management and senior FDIC management.

2. The FDIC invites comment on the definitions assigned to technical assistance, training and education, and outreach.

Reporting. The proposed Statement of Policy updates the reporting requirements of the FDIC's MDI Program, including the Annual Report to Congress on the Preservation and Promotion of Minority Depository Institutions pursuant to Section 367 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and Section 308 of FIRREA. The Section 367 requirements were enacted since the Statement of Policy was last updated in 2002.

3. The FDIC invites the public to comment on the types of information that would be helpful and beneficial to include in annual reports or the MDI Program website regarding the MDI Program.

Measurement of effectiveness. The proposed Statement of Policy also establishes new requirements to measure the effectiveness of the MDI Program. The National Director and the regional office staff will routinely solicit feedback from MDIs to assess the effectiveness of the FDIC's technical assistance, training and education, and outreach efforts and the MDI Program in general. The FDIC will track instances of technical assistance, training and education, and outreach and solicit feedback on the effectiveness of these activities by administering periodic surveys and holding discussions with bank management.

4. The FDIC invites the public to comment on other methods to identify and provide technical assistance, outreach, and training and education resources that would be beneficial to MDIs.

Examinations. The proposed Statement of Policy adds a description of how the FDIC applies rating systems at examinations of MDIs. Specifically, the proposed Statement of Policy describes how the Uniform Financial Rating System (UFIRS) and the Uniform Interagency Consumer Compliance Rating System (UICCR) are designed to reflect an assessment of the individual institution, including its size and sophistication, the nature and complexity of its business activities, and its risk profile rather than a comparison to peer institutions

5. The FDIC invites comment on whether this approach to incorporate specific considerations when examining MDIs is clear and understandable.

III. Proposed Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions

The text of the proposed Statement of Policy follows:

The FDIC has long recognized the importance of minority depository institutions in the financial system and their unique role in promoting the economic viability of minority and under-served communities. The FDIC historically has implemented programs to preserve and promote these financial institutions. This Statement of Policy describes the framework the FDIC has put into place and the initiatives the FDIC will undertake to fulfill its statutory goals with respect to minority depository institutions (MDI Program).

Statutory Framework

In August 1989, Congress enacted the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA). Section 308 of FIRREA established the following goals:

• Preserve the number of minority depository institutions;
• Preserve the minority character in cases of merger or acquisition;
• Provide technical assistance to prevent insolvency of institutions not now insolvent;
• Promote and encourage creation of new minority depository institutions; and
• Provide for training, technical assistance, and educational programs.

Definitions

Section 308 of FIRREA defines “minority depository institution” as any Federally insured depository institution where 51 percent or more of the voting stock is owned by one or more “socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.” “Minority,” as defined by Section 308 of FIRREA, means any “Black American, Native American, Hispanic American, or Asian American.” Therefore, for the purposes of this Statement of Policy, “minority depository institution” is defined as any Federally insured depository institution where 51 percent or more of the voting stock is owned by minority individuals. This includes institutions collectively owned by a group of minority individuals, such as a Native American Tribe. Ownership must be by U.S. citizens or permanent legal U.S. residents to be counted in determining minority ownership. In addition to the institutions that meet the ownership test, for the purposes of this Statement of Policy, institutions will be considered minority depository institutions if a majority of the Board of Directors is minority and the community that the institution serves is predominantly minority.

Identification of Minority Depository Institutions

To ensure that all minority depository institutions are able to participate in the MDI Program, the FDIC will maintain a list of Federally insured minority depository institutions. Institutions that are not already identified as minority depository institutions can request to be designated as such by certifying that they meet the above definition. For institutions supervised directly by the FDIC, examiners will review the appropriateness of their inclusion on the list during the examination process. In addition, case managers in regional offices will note changes to the list while processing deposit insurance applications, merger applications, change of control notices, or failures of minority depository institutions. The FDIC will work closely with the other Federal banking regulators to ensure that institutions not directly supervised by the FDIC are accurately captured on the list. In addition, the FDIC will periodically provide the list to relevant trade associations and seek input regarding the accuracy of the list. Inclusion in the FDIC's MDI Program is voluntary. Any minority depository institution not wishing to participate in the MDI Program will be removed from the official list upon request.

Organizational Structure

The FDIC has designated a national director for the FDIC's MDI Program in the Washington Office and a regional coordinator in each Regional Office. The national director will consult with officials from the following FDIC Divisions to ensure appropriate personnel are involved and resources are made available with regard to MDI Program initiatives: Division of Risk Management Supervision, Division of Depositor and Consumer Protection, Division of Resolutions and Receiverships, Division of Insurance and Research, Legal Division, and the Office of Minority and Women Inclusion. The national director will also consult with other organizations within the FDIC as appropriate.

As the primary Federal regulator for State nonmember banks and State savings associations, the FDIC will focus its efforts on minority depository institutions with those charters. However, the national director will meet periodically with the other Federal banking regulators to discuss each agency's outreach efforts, to share ideas, and to identify opportunities where the agencies can work together to assist minority depository institutions. Representatives of other divisions and offices may participate in these meetings.

Engagement With Minority Depository Institutions

The FDIC's MDI Program will provide for continual engagement with minority depository institutions through ongoing interaction with the Washington, Regional, and Field Office staff. This interaction includes providing technical assistance to share information and expertise on supervisory topics, outreach initiatives to provide opportunities for open dialogue with senior FDIC staff, and training initiatives to offer opportunities to gain additional knowledge about specific regulatory requirements.

Further, trade associations affiliated with minority depository institutions serve as a significant resource in identifying specific interests or concerns for those institutions. The national director will regularly contact minority depository institution trade associations to seek feedback on the FDIC's efforts under the MDI Program, discuss possible training initiatives, and explore options for promoting and preserving minority depository institutions. The national director and the regional coordinators also will solicit information from trade associations and other organizations about groups that may be interested in establishing new minority depository institutions. FDIC representatives will be available to address such groups to discuss the application process, the requirements of becoming FDIC insured, and the various programs supporting minority depository institutions. The regional coordinators will contact all new minority state nonmember banks and state savings associations identified through insurance applications, merger applications, or change in control notices to familiarize the institutions with the resources available through the MDI Program.

Technical Assistance

Technical assistance, as defined by the FDIC's MDI Program, is individual assistance that a regulator will provide to a minority depository institution in response to an institution's request for assistance in understanding supervisory topics or findings. At any time, the FDIC will share information and expertise with bank management on various topics including, but not limited to, understanding bank regulations, FDIC policies, examination procedures, accounting practices, supervisory recommendations, risk management procedures, and compliance management procedures. In providing technical assistance, FDIC staff will not actually perform tasks expected of an institution's management or employees. For example, FDIC staff may explain Call Report instructions as they relate to specific accounts, but will not assist in preparing an institution's Call Report. FDIC staff may provide information on community reinvestment opportunities, but will not recommend a specific transaction.

An institution can contact its field office representatives, case manager, or review examiner to request technical assistance. In addition, the regional coordinators and the institution's assigned case manager and review examiner are knowledgeable about minority bank issues and are available to answer questions or to direct inquiries to the appropriate FDIC office or staff member with expertise on the subject for response. Case managers can explain the application process and the type of analysis and information required for different applications. Field office representatives also serve as a significant resource to minority depository institutions by readily answering examination related questions and explaining regulatory requirements. Other staff members within the FDIC with expertise in various regulatory topics will also be available to share knowledge to assist minority depository institutions in complying with regulations or implementing supervisory recommendations.

During examinations, the FDIC expects examiners to fully explain supervisory recommendations and offer to help management understand satisfactory methods to address such recommendations. At the conclusion of each examination of a minority depository institution directly supervised by the FDIC, the FDIC will be available to return to the institution to provide technical assistance by reviewing areas of concern or topics of interest to the institution. The purpose of return visits is to assist management in understanding and implementing examination recommendations, not to identify new problems.

Technical assistance is a tool to provide on-going support to institutions in an effort to ensure timely implementation of recommendations, full understanding of regulatory requirements, and in some instances, the viability of the institution. Technical assistance is not a supervisory activity and is not intended to present additional regulatory burden. Further, examination teams will not view requests for, or acceptance of, technical assistance negatively when evaluating institution performance or assigning ratings.

Outreach

Outreach, as defined by the FDIC's MDI Program, consists of FDIC representatives meeting with financial institutions with a primary focus of building relationships and open communication and providing information and resources. Outreach is generally offered by the FDIC and can include meetings between financial institution management and senior FDIC management.

The FDIC maintains an MDI Subcommittee of its Advisory Committee on Community Banking (CBAC) comprised of executives of minority depository institutions. The MDI Subcommittee serves as a source of feedback on FDIC strategies to fulfill statutory goals to preserve and promote minority depository institutions. The MDI Subcommittee may also make recommendations or offer ideas to the CBAC for consideration and presentation to the FDIC. The MDI Subcommittee provides a platform for minority depository institutions to promote collaboration, partnerships, and best practices. The Subcommittee will also identify ways to highlight the work of minority depository institutions in their communities.

Executives and staff in the FDIC's regional offices will communicate regularly with each minority depository institution to outline the FDIC's efforts to promote and preserve minority depository institutions; will offer annually to have a member of regional management meet with the institution's board of directors to discuss issues of interest, including through roundtable discussions and training sessions; and will seek input regarding any training or other technical assistance the institution may desire.

The FDIC will explore opportunities to facilitate collaboration and partnering initiatives among minority depository institutions or between minority depository institutions and non-minority depository institutions. The FDIC recognizes that by facilitating these collaborative relationships, institutions can have opportunities to better meet the needs of their communities.

Training and Educational Programs

Training and educational programs, as defined by the FDIC's MDI program, consist of instruction designed to impart proficiency or skills related to a particular job, process, or regulatory policy. The FDIC will work with other banking regulatory agencies and trade associations representing minority depository institutions to periodically assess the need for, and provide for, training and educational opportunities. The FDIC will partner with other Federal banking agencies and trade associations to offer training programs. This training and education can be provided in person, through webinars or conference calls, or in a conference setting.

Reporting

The regional coordinators will report regional office activities related to the MDI Program to the national director quarterly. The national director will develop a comprehensive report on all MDI Program activities and submit the report quarterly to the Chairman. The FDIC's efforts to preserve and promote minority depository institutions will also be highlighted in the FDIC's Annual Report and the Annual Report to Congress on the Preservation and Promotion of Minority Depository Institutions pursuant to Section 367 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and Section 308 of FIRREA.

Measuring Program Effectiveness

The national director and the regional office staff will routinely solicit feedback from minority depository institutions to assess the effectiveness of the FDIC's technical assistance, outreach, and training/education efforts and the MDI Program in general. The FDIC will track instances of technical assistance, outreach, and training and education and solicit feedback on the effectiveness of these activities by administering periodic surveys and holding discussions with bank management.

Examinations

All insured institutions must be operated in a safe and sound manner, in accordance with FDIC's regulations. Likewise, all examinations must be conducted within the parameters of FDIC exam policies and should consistently measure the risk an institution poses to the FDIC's deposit insurance fund. Notwithstanding, and consistent with the Uniform Financial Institutions Rating System (UFIRS) and the Uniform Interagency Consumer Compliance Rating System (UICCR), examiners are expected to recognize the distinctive characteristics and differences in core objectives of each financial institution and to consider those unique factors when evaluating an institution's financial condition and risk management practices.

Under the UFIRS and UICCR, each financial institution is assigned a composite rating based on an evaluation of specific components, which are also rated. For UFIRS, these component ratings reflect an institution's capital adequacy, asset quality, management capabilities, earnings sufficiency, liquidity position, and sensitivity to market risk (commonly referred to as the CAMELS ratings). Likewise, the UICCR is organized under broad components that assess the institution's board and management oversight, compliance program, and violations of law and consumer harm. The uniform rating systems and evaluation and rating criteria are specific to the examination types performed. Further, the assignment of the rating is based solely on the subject institution's individual performance under the specific components.

Management practices, particularly as they relate to risk management, vary considerably among financial institutions depending on size and sophistication, the nature and complexity of business activities, and risk profile. Each institution must properly manage risks and have appropriate policies, processes, or practices in place that management follows and uses. Activities undertaken in a less complex institution engaging in less sophisticated risk-taking activities may only need basic management and control systems compared to the detailed and formalized systems and controls used for the broader and more complex range of activities undertaken at a larger and more complex institution.

Peer comparison data are not included in the rating systems. The principal reason is to avoid over reliance on statistical comparisons to justify the component rating being assigned. This is very important when evaluating minority depository institutions due to their unique characteristics. For example, many minority depository institutions were established to serve an otherwise under-served market. High profitability may not be as essential to the organizers and shareholders of the institution. Instead, community development, improving consumer services, and promoting banking services to the unbanked or under-banked segment of its community may drive many of the organization's decisions. The UFIRS allows for consideration of the characteristics by considering not only the level of an institution's earnings, but also the trend and stability of earnings, the ability to provide for adequate capital, the quality and sources of earnings, and the adequacy of budgeting systems.

Examiners are instructed to consider all relevant factors when assigning a component rating. The rating systems are designed to reflect an assessment of the individual institution, including its size and sophistication, the nature and complexity of its business activities, and risk profile.

Failing Institutions

The FDIC will attempt to preserve the minority character of failing institutions during the resolution process. In the event of a potential failure of a minority depository institution, the Division of Resolutions and Receiverships will contact all minority depository institutions nationwide that qualify to bid on failing institutions. The Division of Resolutions and Receiverships will solicit qualified minority depository institutions' interest in the failing institution, discuss the bidding process, and offer to provide technical assistance regarding completion of the bid forms. In addition, the Division of Resolutions and Receiverships, with assistance from the Office of Minority and Women Inclusion, will maintain a list of minority individuals and nonbank entities that have expressed an interest in acquiring failing minority depository institutions and have been pre-approved by the Division of Risk Management Supervision and the chartering authority for access to the FDIC's virtual data room for online due diligence.

Internet Site

The FDIC will maintain a website to promote the MDI Program. Among other things, the website will describe the tools and resources available under the program. The website will include the name, phone number, and email address of the national director, each regional coordinator, and additional staff. The website will also contain links to the list of minority depository institutions, pertinent trade associations, and other Federal agency programs. The FDIC will also explore the feasibility and usefulness of posting other items to the page, such as statistical information and comparative data for minority depository institutions. Visitors will have the opportunity to provide feedback regarding the FDIC's program and the usefulness of the website.

IV. Administrative Law Matters

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA) ^[5] states that no agency may conduct or sponsor, nor is the respondent required to respond to, an information collection unless it displays a currently valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number.

The proposed Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions does not create any new or revise any existing information collections pursuant to the PRA. Rather, any reporting, recordkeeping, or disclosure activities mentioned in the proposed Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions are usual and customary and should occur in the normal course of business as defined in the PRA.^[6] Consequently, no submissions will be made to the OMB for review.

6. The agencies request comment on its conclusion that this aspect of the proposed Statement of Policy Regarding Minority Depository Institutions does not create any new or revise any existing information collections.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

By order of the Board of Directors.

Dated at Washington, DC, on August 21, 2020.

James P. Sheesley,

Acting Assistant Executive Secretary.

Footnotes

1.  Public Law 101-73, title III, § 308, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 353, as amended by Public Law 111-203, title III, § 367(4), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1556, codified at 12 U.S.C. 1463 note.

2.  67 FR 18618 (Apr. 16, 2002).

3.  See FDIC MDI research study, published June 2019, Minority Depository Institutions: Structure, Performance, and Social Impact, https://www.fdic.gov/​regulations/​resources/​minority/​2019-mdi-study/​full.pdf.

4.  See Chairman Jelena McWilliams Keynote Remarks, MDI and Community Development Financial Institution bank conference, Focus on the Future: Prospering in a Changing Industry, https://www.youtube.com/​watch?​v=​o0H6Ko00qTk&​feature=​youtu.be.

5.  44 U.S.C. 3501, et seq.

6.  5 CFR 1320.3(b)(2).