[Federal Register Volume 63, Number 246 (Wednesday, December 23, 1998)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 71018-71026]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 98-33633]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 180
[OPP-300702; FRL-6024-5]
RIN 2070-AB78
Triazamate; Time-Limited Pesticide Tolerance
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This regulation establishes a time-limited tolerance relative
to an Experimental Use Permit for combined residues of triazamate (RH-
7988) and its metabolite (RH-0422) in or on apples. Rohm and Haas
Company requested this tolerance under the Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), as amended by the Food Quality Protection Act
(FQPA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-170). The tolerance will expire on December
31, 2001.
DATES: This regulation is effective December 23, 1999. Objections and
requests for hearings must be received by EPA on or before February 22,
1999.
ADDRESSES: Written objections and hearing requests, identified by the
docket control number, [OPP-300702], must be submitted to: Hearing
Clerk (1900), Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. M3708, 401 M St.,
SW., Washington, DC 20460. Fees accompanying objections and hearing
requests shall be labeled ``Tolerance Petition Fees'' and forwarded to:
EPA Headquarters Accounting Operations Branch, OPP (Tolerance Fees),
P.O. Box 360277M, Pittsburgh, PA 15251. A copy of any objections and
hearing requests filed with the Hearing Clerk identified by the docket
control number, [OPP-300702], must also be submitted to: Public
Information and Records Integrity Branch, Information Resources and
Services Division (7502C), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. In person,
bring a copy of objections and hearing requests to Rm. 119, Crystal
Mall (CM) #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA.
A copy of objections and hearing requests filed with the Hearing
Clerk may also be submitted electronically by sending electronic mail
(e-mail) to: opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov. Copies of objections and
hearing requests must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the use of
special characters and any form of encryption. Copies of objections and
hearing requests will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect 5.1/6.1
file format or ASCII file format. All copies of objections and hearing
requests in electronic form must be identified by the docket control
number [OPP-300702]. No Confidential Business Information (CBI) should
be submitted through e-mail. Electronic copies of objections and
hearing requests on this rule may be filed online at many Federal
Depository Libraries.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: By mail: Mark Dow, Registration
Division 7505C, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460. Office location,
telephone number, and e-mail address: CM #2, 1921 Jefferson Davis Hwy.,
Arlington, VA, 703 305-5533, e-mail: dow.mark@epamail.epa.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the Federal Register of March 6, 1998 (63
FR 11240)(FRL-5777-5), EPA, issued a notice pursuant to section 408 of
the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(e)
announcing the filing of a pesticide petition (PP) for tolerance by
Rohm and Haas Company, 100 Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA
19108-2399. This notice included a summary of the petition prepared by
Rohm and Haas Company, the registrant. There were no comments received
in response to the notice of filing.
The petition requested that 40 CFR part 180 be amended by
establishing a time-limited tolerance for combined residues of the
insecticide triazamate (RH-7988) and its metabolite (RH-0422), in or on
apples at 0.1 part per million (ppm). This tolerance will expire on
December 31, 2001.
I. Risk Assessment and Statutory Findings
New section 408(b)(2)(A)(i) of the FFDCA allows EPA to establish a
tolerance (the legal limit for a pesticide chemical residue in or on a
food) only if EPA determines that the tolerance is ``safe.'' Section
408(b)(2)(A)(ii) defines ``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable
certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to the
pesticide chemical residue, including all anticipated dietary exposures
and all other exposures for which there is reliable information.'' This
includes exposure through drinking water and in residential settings,
but does not include occupational exposure. Section 408(b)(2)(C)
requires EPA to give special consideration to exposure of infants and
children to the pesticide chemical residue in establishing a tolerance
and to ``ensure that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will
result to infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide
chemical residue. . . .''
EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from
aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. First, EPA determines the
toxicity of pesticides based primarily on toxicological studies using
laboratory animals. These studies address many adverse health effects,
including (but not limited to) reproductive effects, developmental
toxicity, toxicity to the nervous system, and carcinogenicity. Second,
EPA examines exposure to the pesticide through the diet (e.g., food and
drinking water) and through exposures that occur as a result of
pesticide use in residential settings.
A. Toxicity
1. Threshold and non-threshold effects. For many animal studies, a
dose response relationship can be determined, which provides a dose
that causes adverse effects (threshold effects) and doses causing no
observed effects (the ``no-observed effect level'' or ``NOEL'').
Once a study has been evaluated and the observed effects have been
determined to be threshold effects, EPA generally divides the NOEL from
the study with the lowest NOEL by an uncertainty factor (usually 100 or
more) to determine the Reference Dose (RfD). The RfD is a level at or
below which daily aggregate exposure over a lifetime will not pose
appreciable risks to human health. An uncertainty factor (sometimes
called a ``safety factor'') of 100 is commonly used since it is assumed
that people may be up to 10 times more sensitive to pesticides than the
test animals, and that one person or subgroup of the population (such
as infants and children) could be up to 10 times more sensitive to a
pesticide than another. In addition, EPA assesses the potential risks
to infants and children based on the weight of the evidence of the
toxicology studies and determines whether an additional uncertainty
factor is warranted. Thus, an aggregate daily exposure to a pesticide
residue at or below the RfD (expressed as 100% or less of the RfD) is
generally considered acceptable by EPA. EPA generally uses
[[Page 71019]]
the RfD to evaluate the chronic risks posed by pesticide exposure. For
shorter term risks, EPA calculates a margin of exposure (MOE) by
dividing the estimated human exposure into the NOEL from the
appropriate animal study. Commonly, EPA finds MOEs lower than 100 to be
unacceptable. This 100-fold MOE is based on the same rationale as the
100-fold uncertainty factor.
Lifetime feeding studies in two species of laboratory animals are
conducted to screen pesticides for cancer effects. When evidence of
increased cancer is noted in these studies, the Agency conducts a
weight of the evidence review of all relevant toxicological data
including short-term and mutagenicity studies and structure activity
relationship. Once a pesticide has been classified as a potential human
carcinogen, different types of risk assessments (e.g., linear low dose
extrapolations or MOE calculation based on the appropriate NOEL) will
be carried out based on the nature of the carcinogenic response and the
Agency's knowledge of its mode of action.
2. Differences in toxic effect due to exposure duration. The
toxicological effects of a pesticide can vary with different exposure
durations. EPA considers the entire toxicity data base, and based on
the effects seen for different durations and routes of exposure,
determines which risk assessments should be done to assure that the
public is adequately protected from any pesticide exposure scenario.
Both short and long durations of exposure are always considered.
Typically, risk assessments include ``acute,'' ``short-term,''
``intermediate term,'' and ``chronic'' risks. These assessments are
defined by the Agency as follows.
Acute risk, by the Agency's definition, results from 1-day
consumption of food and water, and reflects toxicity which could be
expressed following a single oral exposure to the pesticide residues.
High end exposure to food and water residues are typically assumed.
Short-term risk results from exposure to the pesticide for a period
of 1-7 days, and therefore overlaps with the acute risk assessment.
Historically, this risk assessment was intended to address primarily
dermal and inhalation exposure which could result, for example, from
residential pesticide applications. However, since enaction of FQPA,
this assessment has been expanded to include both dietary and non-
dietary sources of exposure, and will typically consider exposure from
food, water, and residential uses when reliable data are available. In
this assessment, risks from average food and water exposure, and high-
end residential exposure, are aggregated. High-end exposures from all 3
sources are not typically added because of the very low probability of
this occurring in most cases, and because the other conservative
assumptions built into the assessment assure adequate protection of
public health. However, for cases in which high-end exposure can
reasonably be expected from multiple sources (e.g. frequent and
widespread homeowner use in a specific geographical area), multiple
high-end risks will be aggregated and presented as part of the
comprehensive risk assessment/characterization. Since the toxicological
endpoint considered in this assessment reflects exposure over a period
of at least 7 days, an additional degree of conservatism is built into
the assessment; i.e., the risk assessment nominally covers 1-7 days
exposure, and the toxicological endpoint/NOEL is selected to be
adequate for at least 7 days of exposure. (Toxicity results at lower
levels when the dosing duration is increased.)
Intermediate-term risk results from exposure for 7 days to several
months. This assessment is handled in a manner similar to the short-
term risk assessment.
Chronic risk assessment describes risk which could result from
several months to a lifetime of exposure. For this assessment, risks
are aggregated considering average exposure from all sources for
representative population subgroups including infants and children.
B. Aggregate Exposure
In examining aggregate exposure, FFDCA section 408 requires that
EPA take into account available and reliable information concerning
exposure from the pesticide residue in the food in question, residues
in other foods for which there are tolerances, residues in groundwater
or surface water that is consumed as drinking water, and other non-
occupational exposures through pesticide use in gardens, lawns, or
buildings (residential and other indoor uses). Dietary exposure to
residues of a pesticide in a food commodity are estimated by
multiplying the average daily consumption of the food forms of that
commodity by the tolerance level or the anticipated pesticide residue
level. The Theoretical Maximum Residue Contribution (TMRC) is an
estimate of the level of residues consumed daily if each food item
contained pesticide residues equal to the tolerance. In evaluating food
exposures, EPA takes into account varying consumption patterns of major
identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and children.
The TMRC is a ``worst case'' estimate since it is based on the
assumptions that food contains pesticide residues at the tolerance
level and that 100% of the crop is treated by pesticides that have
established tolerances. If the TMRC exceeds the RfD or poses a lifetime
cancer risk that is greater than approximately one in a million, EPA
attempts to derive a more accurate exposure estimate for the pesticide
by evaluating additional types of information (anticipated residue data
and/or percent of crop treated data) which show, generally, that
pesticide residues in most foods when they are eaten are well below
established tolerances.
Percent of crop treated estimates are derived from federal and
private market survey data. Typically, a range of estimates are
supplied and the upper end of this range is assumed for the exposure
assessment. By using this upper end estimate of percent of crop
treated, the Agency is reasonably certain that exposure is not
understated for any significant subpopulation group. Further, regional
consumption information is taken into account through EPA's computer-
based model for evaluating the exposure of significant subpopulations
including several regional groups, to pesticide residues. For this
pesticide, ``The chronic dietary risk (food only) for triazamate...does
not exceed the Agency's level of concern.''
II. Aggregate Risk Assessment and Determination of Safety
Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D), EPA has reviewed the
available scientific data and other relevant information in support of
this action, EPA has sufficient data to assess the hazards of
triazamate and to make a determination on aggregate exposure,
consistent with section 408(b)(2), for a time-limited tolerance for
combined residues of triazamate (RH-7988) and its metabolite (RH-0422)
on apples at 0.1 ppm. EPA's assessment of the dietary exposures and
risks associated with establishing the tolerance follows.
A. Toxicological Profile
EPA has evaluated the available toxicity data and considered its
validity, completeness, and reliability as well as the relationship of
the results of the studies to human risk. EPA has also considered
available information concerning the variability of the sensitivities
of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including infants and
children. The nature of the
[[Page 71020]]
toxic effects caused by triazamate are discussed below.
B. Toxicological Endpoints
1. Acute toxicity. The data base for acute toxicity is considered
complete. No additional studies are required at this time. Acute
toxicity categories for triazamate are: Acute oral and acute inhalation
are toxicity category II; Acute dermal, Occular irritation and Dermal
irritation are toxicity category IV; and Dermal sensitization is Not
Applicable.
Triazamate produces significant toxicity via the oral and
inhalation routes. In the acute oral studies in the rat and the mouse,
the LD50 values were less than 500 miligrams/kilograms (mg/
kg). In the acute inhalation study in the rat, the LC50
value was less than 0.5 miligram/liter (mg/L).
2. Short - and intermediate - term toxicity. The data base for
subchronic toxicity is considered complete.
i. Thirteen week dietary in rats. In a subchronic toxicity study,
RH-7988 was administered to 10 rats/sex/dose at dietary concentrations
of 0, 50, 500, 1,500 or 3,000 ppm (mean measured concentrations of 0,
3, 31, 93 or 192 mg/kg/day for males and 0, 4, 39, 117 or 250 mg/kg/day
for females) for 13 weeks. In conjunction with the primary study, 10
additional rats/sex were fed RH-7988 at 0, 50, 500, 1,500 or 3,000 ppm
(mean measured concentrations of 0, 3, 31, 95 or 188 mg/kg/day for
males and 0, 4, 39, 119 or 250 mg/kg/day for females) for 13 weeks to
determine the effects of RH-7988 on cholinesterase activities.
In the primary study, body weights for the 1,500 and 3,000 ppm
treatment groups were significantly (p < 0.05)="" depressed="" for="" most="" or="" all="" weekly="" intervals.="" body="" weight="" gains="" for="" the="" 1,500="" and="" 3,000="" ppm="" treatment="" groups="" were="" 16-23%="" and="" 27-37%="" lower,="" respectively,="" than="" the="" controls="" at="" the="" end="" of="" the="" study.="" decreased="" food="" consumption="" by="" the="" 1,500="" ppm="" treatment="" groups="" was="" significant="" (p="">< 0.05)="" during="" the="" initial="" 3-4="" weeks="" and="" at="" one="" or="" several="" later="" weekly="" intervals="" compared="" to="" the="" controls.="" the="" lowest="" observed="" adverse="" effect="" level="" (loael)="" for="" this="" study="" is="" 93.37="" mg/kg/day="" (1,500="" ppm)="" based="" on="" decreased="" body="" weights="" and="" decreased="" food="" consumption="" in="" both="" sexes.="" the="" noel="" is="" 31.45="" mg/kg/day="" (500="" ppm).="" in="" the="" cholinesterase="" study,="" both="" sexes="" in="" the="" 500,="" 1,500,="" and="" 3,000="" ppm="" treatment="" groups="" exhibited="" concentration-dependent="" decreases="" in="" red="" blood="" cell="" (12-41%)="" and="" plasma="" (58-95%)="" cholinesterase="" activities="" compared="" to="" the="" controls.="" both="" sexes="" in="" the="" 1,500="" and="" 3,000="" ppm="" treatment="" groups="" had="" concentration-dependent="" decreases="" in="" brain="" cholinesterase="" activities="" (28-56%)="" compared="" to="" the="" controls.="" the="" loael="" for="" this="" study="" is="" 30.96="" mg/kg/day="" (500="" ppm)="" based="" on="" decreased="" plasma="" cholinesterase="" activities="" in="" both="" sexes="" and="" decreased="" red="" blood="" cell="" cholinesterase="" activity="" in="" females.="" the="" noel="" is="" 3.09="" mg/kg/day="" (50="" ppm).="" ii.="" subchronic="" oral="" toxicity="" in="" mice.="" in="" a="" 3="" month="" dietary="" toxicity="" study,="" crl:="" cd-1="" (icr)="" br="" mice="" (10="" per="" group="" per="" sex)="" were="" exposed="" to="" triazamate="" at="" dose="" levels="" of="" 0,="" 0.5,="" 2,="" 25,="" 250="" or="" 1,000="" ppm="" (in="" males="" 0,="" 0.09,="" 0.34,="" 4.55,="" 49.75="" and="" 159.43="" mg/kg/day;="" in="" females="" 0,="" 0.13,="" 0.53,="" 6.56,="" 71.82,="" and="" 223.19="" mg/kg/day).="" compound="" related="" toxicity="" was="" observed="" at=""> 25 ppm as evidenced by cholinesterase inhibition in both
sexes. Plasma cholinesterase levels were significantly decreased in a
dose-dependent manner at 25 ppm in males (11-67% of control) and
females (13-73% of control). At these same dose levels, red blood cell
cholinesterase levels were significantly decreased in males (72-84% of
controls) and in females (84-93% of controls). Brain cholinesterase
levels were significantly decreased in males at 1,000 ppm (81% of
controls). No other treatment related effects were observed.
Based on plasma cholinesterase inhibition at 25 ppm, the NOEL and
LOAEL were 0.34 - 0.53 mg/kg and 4.55 - 6.56 mg/kg, respectively, for
both males and females.
iii. Subchronic dog (non-guideline) 14-day dietary. In a non-
guideline range-finding study, triazamate (99%) was administered to
male beagles (4/dose) at dietary levels of 0, 140, 300 or 700 ppm (0,
5.16, 9.64 or 11.25 mg/kg/day) for a period of 2 weeks. Dose levels of
3,500 and 7,000 ppm were initiated but the 3,500 ppm was continued for
only one week, with recovery on basal diet (2-week average dose: 8.75
mg/kg/day); animals receiving 7,000 ppm for one day only were fed basal
diet for 6 days prior to use as test animals at the 300 ppm level.
There were no unscheduled deaths in this study. The most obvious
toxic effect of triazamate is its inhibition of cholinesterase activity
in plasma at very low doses (140 ppm, 48% of control; 300 ppm, 54% of
control; 700 ppm 54% of control). Other significant effects observed at
140 ppm included only irregular feces. At 300 ppm and above, emesis was
reported and decreases were observed in white blood cell count (86%
control), alkaline phosphatase activity (67% control) and serum
glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity (58% control). Numerous
incidences of no fecal output were observed at 70 ppm and above.
From the data presented in this 2-week study, the NOEL for
triazamate is < 140="" ppm="" (5.16="" mg/kg/day)="" based="" on="" inhibition="" of="" plasma="" cholinesterase="" and="" irregular="" feces="" (diarrhea,="" soft="" stool,="" mucoid="" feces,="" no="" fecal="" output).="" the="" loael="" is="" start=""> 140 ppm.
iv. Subchronic oral toxicity-13-week dog. In a subchronic toxicity
study, triazamate (95.3%) was administered to beagle dogs (4/sex/dose)
in the diet at dose levels of 0, 1, 10, 100 or 400 ppm (0, 0.03, 0.31,
3.11 or 10.98 mg/kg/day for a period of 13 weeks.
No treatment related clinical signs were observed in the 1 ppm that
were related to treatment. In the 10 ppm group, food-like vomitus was
observed in 2/4 males. In the 100 ppm, the same observation was made in
2/4 males and 2/4 females. Other observations included fluid vomitus in
1/4 females, bloated abdomen in 1/4 males, 1/4 females was considered
thin and 1/4 females had decreased total blood protein (88% control).
Triazamate greatly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in blood
plasma at all dose levels but did not appear to do so in red blood
cells or brain. No NOEL was established for cholinesterase inhibition.
The LOAEL for inhibition of plasma cholinesterase inhibition was
less than 1 ppm (0.03 mg/kg/day) based on inhibition of plasma
cholinesterase activity (74% of control) in females receiving this dose
level.
The NOEL for systemic effects is 10 ppm (0.31 mg/kg/day) based on
vomiting in both sexes, thin appearance in (1/4 females) and bloated
abdomen in 1/4 males.
The study satisfied the requirements for a subchronic nonrodent
study and is acceptable.
v. 21-day dermal - rat. In a 21-day dermal study groups of Crl:CD
BR rats (6/sex/dose) received 15 repeated dermal applications of
triazamate (97%, technical) at doses of 0, 10, 100 and 1,000 mg/kg, 6
hours/day, 5 days /week over a three week period. An other group of 6
male and 6 female rats received repeated dermal applications of a
formulation product (50WP, 52% active ingredient (a.i.)) at a dose
equivalent to 10 mg a.i./kg/day. Under the conditions of this study,
there were no treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity for either
product. At 10 mg/kg, there was a biologically significant decrease in
plasma cholinesterase for both the technical (females only) and 50WP
formulations (both sexes). At 100 mg/kg and at 1,000 mg/kg, there was a
statistically significant decrease in
[[Page 71021]]
plasma, red cell and brain cholinesterase when compared to controls. At
100 mg/kg, the plasma cholinesterase activity was 50% and 58% of
control values for females and males, respectively. The red cell
cholinesterase activity was 67% in females and 72% in males and the
brain cholinesterase activity was 87% of control activity in both
sexes. At 1,000 mg/kg, Plasma cholinesterase activity was 25% in
females, and 19% of controls in males; red cell activity was 67% of
controls in females and 72% of controls in males and brain
cholinesterase activity was 47% in females and 42% in males. Based on
the results of this study, for systemic toxicity, the LOAEL was 10 mg/
kg based on the biologically significant decreases in plasma
cholinesterase activity; a NOEL was not established.
The study satisfied the requirements for a 21-day dermal rat study
and is acceptable.
3. Chronic toxicity-- i. Oncogenicity. EPA has established the RfD
for triazamate at 0.000164 (0.0002 rounded off) milligrams/kilogram/day
(mg/kg/day). This Reference Dose (RfD) is based on a NOEL of 0.0164 mg/
kg/day and an uncertainty factor of 100; NOEL established from a
combined chronic feeding study in the dog; LOAEL = 0.0236 mg/kg/day.
The data base for chronic toxicity and oncogenicity is considered
complete.
a. Chronic nonrodent - 1 year dog. In a chronic toxicity study
triazamate (94.9%) was administered to purebred beagle dogs (4/sex/
dose)in the diet at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 15.0 or 150
ppm (corresponding to 0, 0.0025, 0.0078, 0.0164, 0.0236, 0.3904, or
4.42 mg/kg/day) for 52 weeks.
The most significant effect observed was inhibition of plasma, red
blood cell and brain cholinesterase activity. Decreases in activity
were reported at several dose levels. Plasma cholinesterase activity
was decreased (9 to 87% of control value) in both sexes at the two
highest dose levels. At 150 ppm red blood cell cholinesterase activity
was decreased (64 to 82%) of control values. This finding was not
reported at doses equal to and lower than 15 ppm. Brain cholinesterase
activity was significantly decreased (53 to 80% of controls) at both
the 15 and 150 ppm levels, but statistical significance was only
reported for females in the 150 ppm group. Brain cholinesterase
activity was decreased (88% of control) for males in the 0.9 ppm group.
This decrease in activity is considered biologically significant since
the reported decrease is greater than 10% of the control value. Brain
cholinesterase inhibition was not observed in animals receiving
triazamate at dose levels lower than 0.9 ppm.
The NOEL for cholinesterase inhibition was 0.6 ppm (0.0164 mg/kg/
day) based on the inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity (88% of
control value) in males at the LOAEL of 0.9 ppm triazamate in the diet
(0.0236 mg/kg/day).
No biologically significant treatment related effects were noted
with respect to mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food
consumption, food efficiency, hematology, clinical chemistry,
urinalysis, organ weights, organ/body weight ratios, organ/brain weight
ratios, or gross or microscopic pathology. The NOEL for systemic
effects is 150 ppm (4.42 mg/kg/day); the LOAEL is > 150
ppm.
The study is acceptable and satisfies the requirement for a chronic
oral non-rodent study.
b. Chronic oral toxicity/oncogenicity in mice. In a 78 week oral
toxicity/oncogenicity study in mice, groups of 60 CD-1 mice/sex were
fed dietary levels of 0, 1, 50, or 1,500 ppm triazamate (equivalent to
0, .13, 6.7, or 210 mg/kg/day for females and 0, 0.17, 8.4 or 262 mg/
kg/day for males. At week 55, the highest dose levels were reduced to
1,000 ppm(127 mg/kg and 146 mg/kg for males and females, respectively)
due to high mortality. Groups of 10/sex/dose level were included for
sacrifice at 12 months.
At 50 ppm, plasma cholinesterase activity was decreased in males
(64 to 75%) and in females (69 to 80%) at 6, 12, or 18 months. At the
high dose of 1,000/1,500 ppm, a significantly decreased survival rate
and a debilitated state of health were observed during the first 12
months in both sexes. Body weight gains overall were depressed compared
to controls in males and females (16%), food consumption was slightly
decreased in males and marginal decreases in erythrocyte parameters
(RBC, HGB and HCT) were observed at 12 and 18 months in males. An
increase in the incidence of inhalation pneumonia was observed in both
sexes. Inhibition of erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activity was
also observed at 1,000 ppm.
The Lowest Effect Level (LEL) for cholinesterase inhibition is 50
ppm (6.7 and 8.4 mg/kg/day in males and females, respectively) based on
plasma cholinesterase activity. The NOEL is for cholinesterase
inhibition is 1 ppm (0.13 and 0.17 mg/kg/day, in males and females
respectively).
The systemic LEL is 1,000 ppm (127 and 146 mg/kg/day , males and
females, respectively) based on decreased body weight gains and
inhalation pneumonia. The systemic NOEL was 50 ppm.
There is no evidence of carcinogenic potential. Dosing was
excessive at the highest dose (1,000/1,500 ppm) but sufficient numbers
of mice were considered available at termination to assess the
carcinogenicity at the highest dose. The study is Core Guideline for
carcinogenicity and satisfies the requirement for an oncogenicity study
in mice as per 83-2(b). For chronic toxicity, the study is core
supplementary. No ophthalmoscopic examinations or clinical chemistry
determinations were performed, other than for inhibition of
cholinesterase activity.
c. Chronic/carcinogenicity study - rats. In a combined chronic/
oncogenicity study, RH-7988 was administered to 70 Sprague-Dawley rats/
sex/dose in the diet at dose levels of 0, 10, 250, or 1,250 ppm (0,
0.45, 11.50, and 59.18 mg/kg/day for males, and 0.58, 14.54, and 73.70
mg/kg/day for females) for 24 months. A total of 10 rats/sex/group were
terminated at 12 months and all remaining animals were sacrificed at 24
months of the study.
Chronic toxicity in rats receiving the 1,250 ppm diet was
characterized in males by significant decreases in mean body weights
(decrease 5-7%; p 0.05) and body weight gains ( 8-18%; p
0.05) and by reduced plasma (decrease 71-87%; p
0.05), erythrocyte (decrease 37-62%; p 0.05), and brain
cholinesterase activities (decrease 26-38%; p 0.05) in both
males and females. In the 250 ppm group animals, reduced plasma
(decrease 31-65%; p 0.05) and erythrocyte (decrease 16-29%;
p 0.05) cholinesterase activities were also observed.
The chronic LOAEL is 250 ppm (11.50 and 14.54 mg/kg/day in males
and females, respectively) based on inhibition of plasma and
erythrocyte cholinesterase activities in the 250 ppm animals. The
chronic NOEL is 10 ppm (0.45 and 0.58 mg/kg/day for males and females,
respectively).
Under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence of
carcinogenic potential.
Dosing was considered adequate based on decreased body weight and
body weight gain in the high-dose males and decreased activity of
plasma and Red Blood Cell (RBC) cholinesterase at the mid and high
doses and brain cholinesterase at the high dose.
This study is classified as acceptable and satisfies the guideline
requirements for a chronic toxicity study (Series 83-1) and a
carcinogenicity study (Series 83-2) on the rat.
[[Page 71022]]
ii. Developmental toxicity. The data base for developmental
toxicity is considered complete.
a. Oral (gavage) developmental toxicity study - rats. In a
developmental toxicity study, RH-7988 (95.7% a.i.) was administered to
25 Crl:CD Br rats/dose by gavage in a corn oil suspension at dose
levels of 0, 4, 16, or 64 mg/kg/day from days 6 through 15 of
gestation.
Maternal toxicity was demonstrated at 64 mg/kg/day by treatment-
related clinical signs of toxicity and decreased body weights (days 8,
10, 13, 16, and 20, decrease 5-6%, p > 0.05), body weight gains
(overall treatment period, decrease 25%, p > 0.05), and feed
consumption (decrease 25 and 12%, p > 0.05, days 6-10 and 10-16,
respectively). Clinical signs of toxicity noted during the treatment
period in the high-dose group included fasciculations, salivation,
rapid breathing, diarrhea, mucoid feces, tan stained perineum, and red
stained nose. Body weights, body weight gains, feed consumption, and
clinical signs of toxicity were unaffected by treatment at dose levels
of 4 and 16 mg/kg/day. Cesarean section parameters were similar between
the controls and all treated groups. No treatment-related changes were
noted in mortality or gross pathology at any dose level. The maternal
LOAEL is 64 mg/kg/day, based on treatment-related clinical signs of
toxicity and decreased body weights, body weight gains, and feed
consumption. The maternal NOEL is 16 mg/kg/day.
There were no treatment-related effects in developmental parameters
at any administered dose level. The developmental LOAEL was not
observed. The developmental NOEL is 64 mg/kg/day.
b. Developmental toxicity - rabbits. In a developmental toxicity
study, 21 New Zealand White rabbits per group received RH-7988
(triazamate, 94.9%) by gavage on gestational days 7-19 at dose levels
of 0, 0.05, 0.5 or 10 mg/kg/day. Corn oil served as the control
substance and vehicle for the test article. The study authors did not
indicate if doses were adjusted for concentration of active ingredient.
Analytical chemistry results demonstrated that the lowest dose was 136%
of target, i.e. 0.068 mg/kg/day.
Maternal toxicity was observed at 10 and 0.5 mg/kg/day as evidenced
by increased incidences of clinical signs (soiled perineum, diarrhea
and scant/no feces), significantly decreased body weight gain and food
consumption during the entire gestational period. Based on these
results, the maternal toxicity NOEL is 0.068 mg/kg/day and the maternal
toxicity LOAEL is 0.5 mg/kg/day.
Developmental toxicity was not observed in this study, therefore,
the developmental NOEL was 10 mg/kg, the developmental LOAEL was not
determined.
iii. Reproductive toxicity The data base for reproductive toxicity
is considered complete.
Two generation reproduction study in rats. In a two-generation
reproduction study, Crl: CDBR rats (25/group) received RH-7988
(triazamate, 94.9%) at dietary levels of 0, 10, 250, or 1,500 ppm
(equal to 0, 0.8, 19.9 or 116.8 mg/kg/day for females and 0, 0.7, 17.0,
or 101.4 mg/kg/day for males) during premating.
The NOEL for systemic toxicity was 10 ppm. The LOAEL was 250 ppm
based on decreased red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase activity in
males and females in both generations.
At 250 ppm, plasma cholinesterase activity was 25 to 38% of control
value and at 1,500 ppm the plasma cholinesterase activity was 6 to 13%
of control level. Red blood cell activity was 65 to 80% of control at
250 ppm and 53-57% of control at 1,500 ppm. Additional findings at
1,500 ppm included decreased body weight (F0 males,
F1 males and F1 females), decreased food
consumption (F0 males, F1 males and F1
females) and an increased incidence of clinical signs (soft feces,
small irregular shaped feces) in males in the F0 and both
sexes in the F1.
The NOEL for reproductive toxicity was 250 ppm (17 - 19.9 mg/kg).
The LOAEL was 1,500 ppm (101.4 - 116.8 mg/kg) based on decreased pup
body weight on lactation days 14 and 21 in both generations.
iv. Neurotoxicity. Adequacy of data base for neurotoxicity (Series
81-8, 82-5): This chemical is not an OP and hen studies were not
performed or required. Because of the cholinesterase inhibiting
properties of the compound, acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies
were conducted. The data base for neurotoxicity is considered to be
complete. No additional studies are required at this time.
In an Acute neurotoxicity study, RH-7988 was administered to Crl
CD:BR rats of both sexes (10/sex/dose) by gavage at single doses of 0,
5, 25 or 75 mg/kg. There was no neuropathology reported on brain,
spinal cord (and ganglia) and peripheral nerves. There were no
treatment related mortalities. Cholinesterase activity was not
assessed.
Based on study results the NOEL is 5 mg/kg. A threshold NOEL could
be considered at 25 mg/kg due to the marginal effects observed in
males, only at that dose level. This guideline [Series 81-8] acute
neurotoxicity study is not yet classified because a formal review has
not yet been done. The NOEL and LOAEL are tentative at this time.
In a Subchronic neurotoxicity study RH7988 was administered to Crl
CD:BR (Sprague-Dawley) rats of both sexes at dietary levels of 0, 10,
250 or 1,500 ppm (0, 0.6, 14.3 or 86.8 mg/kg/day, respectively for
males and 0, 0.7, 17.1 or 103.5 mg/kg/day for females). There was no
effect on motor activity when dosed groups were compared to controls
and no treatment related deaths were reported. Necropsy and
histopathology did not reveal any lesions that could be correlated to
treatment with the test material. Brain weights were comparable between
groups.
Based on the results reported, the NOEL is 10 ppm (0.6/ 0.7 mg/kg/
day[M/F]). The LOAEL is 250 ppm (14.3/17.1 mg/kg/day[M/F]) based on
statistically and biologically significant decreases in plasma and red
blood cell cholinesterase activity. This guideline [Series 82-5]
subchronic neurotoxicity study is not yet classified because a formal
review has not yet been done. The NOEL and LOAEL are tentative at this
time.
v. Mutagenicity. The data base for Mutagenicity is considered
adequate.
vi. Metabolism. The data base for metabolism is considered to be
complete.
Groups of male and female Wistar rats were dosed with
14C-labeled RH-7988 at oral doses of 0.3 or 30 mg/kg and at
14-day repeated oral doses of RH-7988 at 3 ppm followed by a single
oral dose of 14C-RH-7988 at 0.3 mg/kg. In addition, groups
of rats were subjected to dietary administration of 14C-RH-
7988 at 300 ppm (males only) and 3,000 ppm (females only). The
excretion of radioactivity into urine and feces was rapid and complete
in all groups tested and most of the test compound administered was
excreted in the urine (67-109%) and feces (10-33%) from the animals.
Total recovery of radioactivity ranged between 101% and 128% of the
administered dose for all tested groups within 3 to 4 days after
dosing. No marked sex-related difference was observed in the excretion
patterns.
Peak plasma/whole blood 14C-concentration was attained
5-15 minutes after oral dosing (0.3 or 30 mg/kg/day) and 12-24 hours
after dietary administration (300 ppm or 3,000 ppm).
At 3 days after oral administration of a low-dose (0.3 mg/kg,
single or 14-day repeated dosing) or single high-dose (30 mg/kg), 0.6-
4% of the administered
[[Page 71023]]
radioactivity remained in the tissues (0.1-0.2%) and carcass (0.4-4%).
There were no sex-dependent differences in retention or distribution of
the test article. The greatest amount of radioactivity (expressed as
percent of the administered dose) was associated with the fat, liver,
and muscle. At 3 days after oral administration of a single low- or
high-dose of RH-7988, thyroid contained the highest tissue
14C-concentration (expressed as ppm equivalent/tissue).
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of urine and
feces from rats after oral administration of 30 mg/kg of
14C-RH-7988 showed four 14C containing
metabolites. Parent was not detected in any sample analyzed. The urine
contained Metabolite 1 (35.5-49.4% of the dose), Metabolite 2 (9.5-
13.7%), Metabolite 3 (0.9-2.7%) and a trace of Metabolite 4. The feces
contained only Metabolite 1 (16.7-19.8%) and a trace of Metabolite 4.
Most of the metabolites are cleavage products of RH-7988 either at the
carbamoyl functionality or at the ester. The authors provided a
proposed metabolic pathway that is consistent with the available data.
vii. Dermal absorption . In a dermal absorption study
14-C triazamate was administered to male Crl:CDBR rats at a
single dermal application at 0.5, 0.05 or 0.005 mg/centimeter (cm). The
fur was removed from the intrascapular region of the back 24 hours
prior to the administration of the test material. Dermal absorption at
the highest concentration was less than 2% at 1, 10 and 24 hours. At
the mid concentration, the dermal absorption ranged from less than 1%
at 1 hour to approximately 13% after 24 hours. At the lowest
concentration of 0.005 mg/cm, the highest percentage of absorption
(19%) was reported at 24 hours; at 1 hour, the absorption was less than
1%.
Dermal Absorption Factor: A dermal absorption factor of 10% should
be used for correcting oral dosing to dermal dosing.
C. Exposures and Risks
1. From food and feed uses. Risk assessments were conducted by EPA
to assess dietary exposures and risks from RH-7988 and RH-0422 as
follows:
i. Acute dietary exposure and risk. Acute dietary risk assessments
are performed for a food-use pesticide if a toxicological study has
indicated the possibility of an effect of concern occurring as a result
of a one day or single exposure.
For assessment of acute dietary risk, a maternal NOEL of 0.068 mg/
kg/day is used from a developmental toxicity study on rabbits. The
selected endpoint is based on clinical signs and decreases in body
weight gain and food consumption at a dose level of 0.5 mg/kg/day.
The Margin of Exposure (MOE) is a measure of how closely the
anticipated exposure comes to the NOEL and is calculated as a ratio of
the NOEL to the exposure (NOEL/exposure = MOE). The Agency is not
generally concerned unless the MOE is below 100 when the NOEL is based
upon data generated in animal studies. The 100 factor is to take into
account interspecies extrapolation and intraspecies variability. For
triazamate, the Agency's level of concern is for MOEs that are below
100.
A dietary risk evaluation system (DRES) analysis assuming 100% crop
treated and using the proposed tolerance level of 0.05 ppm for apples
and average residue concentrations from field trial data for apple
juice was conducted. Average residues for apple juice were derived The
resulting MOEs for triazamate are summarized below.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subgroup NOEL mg/kg/day MOE
------------------------------------------------------------------------
General U.S. Population......... 0.068............. 68
Infants (< 1="" yr)................="" 0.068.............="" 34="" children="" (1-6="" yrs)..............="" 0.068.............="" 45="" females="" (13+="" yrs)...............="" 0.068.............="" 226="" males="" (13+="" yrs).................="" 0.068.............="" 226="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" as="" shown="" above,="" the="" moes="" for="" adult="" males="" and="" females="" are="" greater="" than="" 100="" and="" moes="" for="" the="" subgroups="" general="" u.s.="" population,="" infants="">< 1="" year),="" and="" children="" (1-6="" years="" old)="" are="" below="" 100.="" however,="" the="" agency="" determined="" that="" in="" reality,="" the="" moes="" will="" be="" above="" a="" level="" of="" concern="" (="">100) because of the following factors: 1) While the DRES
analysis assumes 100% crop treated, less than 5% of the crop is
``actually'' treated with triazamate; 2) the acreage treated is
approximately 3,000 acres, in 20 states over a 2-year period; 3) the
field trial data show non-detectable residue levels ( < 0.01="" ppm)="" after="" a="" post-treatment="" interval="" of="" 21="" days;="" and="" 4)="" the="" unlikely="" leaching="" of="" this="" chemical="" due="" to="" its="" physical="" and="" chemical="" properties.="" ii.="" chronic="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" (anticipated="" residue="" contribution="" or="" arc)="" the="" chronic="" dietary="" exposure="" analysis="" was="" conducted="" using="" a="" rfd="" of="" 0.0002="" mg/kg/day.="" the="" rfd="" is="" based="" on="" the="" noel="" for="" cholinesterase="" inhibition="" of="" 0.0164="" mg/kg/day="" in="" male="" dogs="" from="" the="" chronic="" toxicity="" study="" in="" beagle="" dogs="" and="" an="" uncertainty="" factor="" of="" 100,="" applicable="" to="" all="" population="" subgroups.="" in="" conducting="" this="" chronic="" dietary="" risk="" assessment,="" epa="" is="" assuming="" that="" triazamate="" will="" be="" applied="" under="" the="" experimental="" use="" permit="" directions="" for="" use:="" 2,107.5="" lbs="" ai="" to="" be="" applied="" on="" 2,810="" acres="" over="" a="" 2-year="" period.="" under="" these="" assumptions,="" the="" crop="" may="" contain="" triazamate="" residues="" when="" approximately="" 1%="" of="" the="" crop="" are="" treated.="" anticipated="" residue="" values="" of="" 0.05="" ppm="" derived="" from="" field="" trial="" data="" were="" used.="" there="" are="" no="" other="" published,="" pending,="" or="" section="" 18="" tolerances="" for="" triazamate.="" the="" resulting="" arcs="" are="" equivalent="" to="" the="" following="" percents="" of="" the="" rfd="" for="" the="" subgroups="" listed="" below.="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" subgroup="" %rfd="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" u.s.="" population="" (48="" states)...............="" 0.045%="" northeast="" region..........................="" 0.056%="" western="" region............................="" 0.054%="" hispanics.................................="" 0.048%="" non-hispanic="" whites.......................="" 0.047%="" non-hispanic="" others.......................="" 0.047%="" nursing="" infants="">< 1="" yr)..................="" 0.329%="" non-nursing="" infants="">< 1yr)...............="" 0.0442%="" children="" (1-6="" yrs)........................="" 0.034%="" children="" (7-12="" yrs).......................="" 0.060%="" ------------------------------------------------------------------------="" the="" subgroups="" listed="" above="" are:="" (1)="" the="" u.s.="" population="" (48="" states);="" (2)="" those="" for="" infants="" and="" children;="" and="" (3)="" the="" other="" subgroups="" for="" which="" the="" percentage="" of="" the="" rfd="" occupied="" is="" greater="" than="" that="" occupied="" by="" the="" subgroup="" u.s.="" population="" (48)="" states.="" the="" chronic="" dietary="" risk="" (food="" only)="" for="" triazamate="" therefore,="" does="" not="" exceed="" the="" agency's="" level="" of="" concern.="" [[page="" 71024]]="" 2.="" drinking="" water="" risk="" (acute="" and="" chronic).="" drinking="" water="" levels="" of="" concern="" (dwloc)="" are="" the="" concentrations="" of="" triazamate="" in="" drinking="" water="" which="" would="" result="" in="" unacceptable="" aggregate="" risk,="" after="" factoring="" in="" all="" food="" exposures="" and="" other="" non-occupational="" for="" which="" the="" agency="" has="" reliable="" data.="" to="" calculate="" the="" dwloc="" for="" acute="" exposure="" relative="" to="" an="" acute="" dietary="" toxicity="" endpoint,="" the="" acute="" dietary="" food="" exposure="" is="" subtracted="" from="" the="" ratio="" of="" the="" acute="" noel="" (used="" for="" acute="" dietary="" assessments)="" to="" the="" moe.="" however,="" for="" triazamate,="" the="" acute="" dwloc="" could="" not="" be="" calculated="" because="" this="" ratio="" is="" less="" than="" the="" food="" exposure.="" to="" calculate="" the="" dwloc="" for="" chronic="" (non-cancer)="" exposure="" relative="" to="" a="" chronic="" toxicity="" endpoint,="" the="" chronic="" dietary="" food="" exposure="" (from="" dres)="" is="" subtracted="" from="" the="" rfd="" to="" obtain="" the="" acceptable="" chronic="" (non-="" cancer)="" exposure="" to="" triazamate="" in="" drinking="" water.="" dwlocs="" were="" then="" calculated="" using="" default="" body="" weights="" and="" drinking="" water="" consumption="" figures.="" the="" dwlocs="" for="" triazamate="" are="" 6.97="">/L for adults and 1.99
/L for children (1-6 years old) which are higher than the
estimated average concentrations for triazamate in surface (0.25
/L) and ground water (0.000063 /L). Therefore, for
the use proposed in this action, the Agency concludes with reasonable
certainty that residues of triazamate in drinking water would not
result in unacceptable levels of aggregate health risk at this time.
D. Statement of the Adequacy of the Residential Exposure Data- base to
Assess Infants' and Children's Exposures
There are no residential uses associated with this product,
therefore exposures and risks for children from such uses are not a
concern.
E. Cumulative Exposure to Substances with Common Mechanism of Toxicity
Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) requires that, when considering whether to
establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency consider
``available information'' concerning the cumulative effects of a
particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances that have a
common mechanism of toxicity.'' The Agency believes that ``available
information'' in this context might include not only toxicity,
chemistry, and exposure data, but also scientific policies and
methodologies for understanding common mechanisms of toxicity and
conducting cumulative risk assessments. For most pesticides, although
the Agency has some information in its files that may turn out to be
helpful in eventually determining whether a pesticide shares a common
mechanism of toxicity with any other substances, EPA does not at this
time have the methodologies to resolve the complex scientific issues
concerning common mechanism of toxicity in a meaningful way. EPA has
begun a pilot process to study this issue further through the
examination of particular classes of pesticides. The Agency hopes that
the results of this pilot process will increase the Agency's scientific
understanding of this question such that EPA will be able to develop
and apply scientific principles for better determining which chemicals
have a common mechanism of toxicity and evaluating the cumulative
effects of such chemicals. The Agency anticipates, however, that even
as its understanding of the science of common mechanisms increases,
decisions on specific classes of chemicals will be heavily dependent on
chemical specific data, much of which may not be presently available.
Although at present the Agency does not know how to apply the
information in its files concerning common mechanism issues to most
risk assessments, there are pesticides as to which the common mechanism
issues can be resolved. These pesticides include pesticides that are
toxicologically dissimilar to existing chemical substances (in which
case the Agency can conclude that it is unlikely that a pesticide
shares a common mechanism of activity with other substances) and
pesticides that produce a common toxic metabolite (in which case common
mechanism of activity will be assumed).
EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine
whether triazamate has a common mechanism of toxicity with other
substances or how to include this pesticide in a cumulative risk
assessment. Unlike other pesticides for which EPA has followed a
cumulative risk approach based on a common mechanism of toxicity,
triazamate does not appear to produce a toxic metabolite produced by
other substances. For the purposes of this tolerance action, therefore,
EPA has not assumed that triazamate has a common mechanism of toxicity
with other substances.
F. Aggregate Exposure and Risk Assessment/Characterization
1. Acute aggregate exposure and risk. As indicated from the acute
dietary (food only) risk assessment, a high-end exposure estimate was
calculated for these subgroups: general U.S. population, infants (< 1="" year="" old),="" children="" (1-6="" years="" old),="" females="" 13+="" years,="" and="" males="" 13+.="" three="" of="" the="" population="" subgroups,="" general="" u.s.="" population,="" infants=""><1 year="" old)="" and="" children="" (1-6="" years="" old),="" yielded="" moes="" below="" 100%.="" however,="" given="" the="" limited="" acreage="" proposed="" for="" use="" in="" this="" action,="" the="" low="" percent="" crop="" actually="" treated,="" and="" the="" physical="" and="" chemical="" properties="" of="" this="" chemical="" (e.g.,it="" does="" not="" leach,="" is="" not="" persistent,="" degrades="" rapidly,="" etc.),="" and="" based="" on="" best="" scientific="" judgement,="" the="" agency="" concludes="" with="" reasonable="" confidence="" that="" residues="" of="" triazamate="" in="" drinking="" water="" will="" not="" contribute="" significantly="" to="" the="" aggregate="" acute="" human="" health="" risk="" when="" considering="" the="" use="" proposed="" by="" this="" action.="" 2.="" short-="" and="" intermediate-="" term="" aggregate="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" triazamate="" is="" not="" currently="" registered="" for="" any="" residential="" uses.="" therefore,="" a="" risk="" assessment="" for="" short-="" and="" intermediate-="" term="" aggregate="" risk="" is="" not="" required.="" 3.="" chronic="" aggregate="" exposure="" and="" risk.="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population,="" 0.045%="" of="" the="" rfd="" is="" occupied="" by="" dietary="" (food)="" exposure.="" triazamate="" is="" not="" currently="" registered="" for="" residential="" uses,="" thus,="" no="" chronic="" residential="" exposure="" is="" anticipated.="" the="" estimated="" average="" concentrations="" (eecs)="" of="" triazamate="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population="" and="" for="" children="" (1-6="" years="" old)="" in="" surface="" and="" ground="" water="" are="" less="" than="" opp's="" levels="" of="" concern="" for="" triazamate="" in="" drinking="" water="" as="" a="" contribution="" to="" chronic="" aggregate="" exposure="" when="" considering="" the="" use="" proposed="" by="" this="" action.="" 4.="" determination="" of="" safety="" (u.s.="" population,="" infants,="" and="" children).="" triazamate="" has="" been="" classified="" as="" a="" ``not="" likely''="" human="" carcinogen,="" based="" on="" a="" lack="" of="" evidence="" of="" carcinogenicity="" in="" mice="" and="" rats="" at="" dose="" levels="" judged="" to="" be="" adequate="" to="" assess="" the="" carcinogenic="" potential.="" thus,="" a="" cancer="" risk="" assessment="" is="" not="" required.="" triazamate="" does="" not="" have="" residential="" uses;="" therefore,="" no="" residential="" risk="" assessment="" is="" required.="" acute="" dietary="" (food="" +="" water)="" risk="" estimates="" do="" exceed="" the="" agency's="" level="" of="" concern="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population="" and="" for="" infants="" and="" children.="" chronic="" dietary="" (food="" +="" water)="" risk="" for="" the="" u.s.="" population="" and="" for="" infants="" and="" children="" do="" not="" exceed="" the="" agency's="" level="" of="" concern.="" however,="" given="" the="" limited="" acreage="" proposed="" for="" use="" in="" this="" action,="" the="" low="" percent="" crop="" actually="" treated,="" and="" the="" physical="" and="" chemical="" properties="" of="" this="" chemical="" (e.g.,="" it="" does="" not="" leach,="" is="" not="" persistent,="" degrades="" rapidly,="" etc.),="" and="" based="" on="" best="" scientific="" judgement,="" the="" agency="" concludes="" with="" reasonable="" confidence="" that="" residues="" of="" triazamate="" in="" drinking="" [[page="" 71025]]="" water="" will="" not="" contribute="" significantly="" to="" the="" aggregate="" acute="" and="" chronic="" human="" health="" risk="" when="" considering="" the="" use="" proposed="" by="" this="" action.="" iii.="" other="" considerations="" endocrine="" disruption.="" epa="" is="" required="" to="" develop="" a="" screening="" program="" to="" determine="" whether="" certain="" substances="" (including="" all="" pesticides="" and="" inerts)="" ``may="" have="" an="" effect="" in="" humans="" that="" is="" similar="" to="" an="" effect="" produced="" by="" a="" naturally="" occurring="" estrogen,="" or="" such="" other="" endocrine="" effect....''="" the="" agency="" is="" currently="" working="" with="" interested="" stakeholders,="" including="" other="" government="" agencies,="" public="" interest="" groups,="" industry="" and="" research="" scientists="" in="" developing="" a="" screening="" and="" testing="" program="" and="" a="" priority="" setting="" scheme="" to="" implement="" this="" program.="" congress="" has="" allowed="" 3="" years="" from="" the="" passage="" of="" fqpa="" (august="" 3,="" 1999)="" to="" implement="" this="" program.="" at="" that="" time,="" epa="" may="" require="" further="" testing="" of="" this="" active="" ingredient="" and="" end="" use="" products="" for="" endrocrine="" disrupter="" effects.="" iv.="" international="" tolerances="" there="" are="" no="" approved="" codex="" maximum="" residue="" levels="" (mrls)="" established="" for="" residues="" of="" triazamate.="" no="" previous="" experimental="" use="" permits="" have="" been="" requested="" for="" triazamate="" and="" no="" permanent="" or="" temporary="" tolerances="" have="" been="" established="" for="" residues="" of="" triazamate="" or="" its="" metabolites="" in/on="" raw="" agricultural="" or="" animal="" commodities.="" v.="" analytical="" method="" nitrogen="" phosphorus="" detector/gas="" liquid="" chromatography="" (npd/glc)="" (method="" tr-34-89-37)="" has="" been="" submitted="" and="" validated.="" vi.="" conclusion="" therefore,="" the="" tolerance="" is="" established="" for="" combined="" residues="" of="" triazamate="" (rh-7988)="" and="" its="" metabolite="" (rh-0422)="" in="" or="" on="" apples="" at="" 0.1="" ppm.="" vii.="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" the="" new="" ffdca="" section="" 408(g)="" provides="" essentially="" the="" same="" process="" for="" persons="" to="" ``object''="" to="" a="" tolerance="" regulation="" issued="" by="" epa="" under="" new="" section="" 408(e)="" and="" (l)(6)="" as="" was="" provided="" in="" the="" old="" section="" 408="" and="" in="" section="" 409.="" however,="" the="" period="" for="" filing="" objections="" is="" 60="" days,="" rather="" than="" 30="" days.="" epa="" currently="" has="" procedural="" regulations="" which="" govern="" the="" submission="" of="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests.="" these="" regulations="" will="" require="" some="" modification="" to="" reflect="" the="" new="" law.="" however,="" until="" those="" modifications="" can="" be="" made,="" epa="" will="" continue="" to="" use="" those="" procedural="" regulations="" with="" appropriate="" adjustments="" to="" reflect="" the="" new="" law.="" any="" person="" may,="" by="" february="" 22,="" 1999,="" file="" written="" objections="" to="" any="" aspect="" of="" this="" regulation="" and="" may="" also="" request="" a="" hearing="" on="" those="" objections.="" objections="" and="" hearing="" requests="" must="" be="" filed="" with="" the="" hearing="" clerk,="" at="" the="" address="" given="" above="" (40="" cfr="" 178.20).="" a="" copy="" of="" the="" objections="" and/or="" hearing="" requests="" filed="" with="" the="" hearing="" clerk="" should="" be="" submitted="" to="" the="" opp="" docket="" for="" this="" rulemaking.="" the="" objections="" submitted="" must="" specify="" the="" provisions="" of="" the="" regulation="" deemed="" objectionable="" and="" the="" grounds="" for="" the="" objections="" (40="" cfr="" 178.25).="" each="" objection="" must="" be="" accompanied="" by="" the="" fee="" prescribed="" by="" 40="" cfr="" 180.33(i).="" if="" a="" hearing="" is="" requested,="" the="" objections="" must="" include="" a="" statement="" of="" the="" factual="" issues="" on="" which="" a="" hearing="" is="" requested,="" the="" requestor's="" contentions="" on="" such="" issues,="" and="" a="" summary="" of="" any="" evidence="" relied="" upon="" by="" the="" requestor="" (40="" cfr="" 178.27).="" a="" request="" for="" a="" hearing="" will="" be="" granted="" if="" the="" administrator="" determines="" that="" the="" material="" submitted="" shows="" the="" following:="" there="" is="" genuine="" and="" substantial="" issue="" of="" fact;="" there="" is="" a="" reasonable="" possibility="" that="" available="" evidence="" identified="" by="" the="" requestor="" would,="" if="" established,="" resolve="" one="" or="" more="" of="" such="" issues="" in="" favor="" of="" the="" requestor,="" taking="" into="" account="" uncontested="" claims="" or="" facts="" to="" the="" contrary;="" and="" resolution="" of="" the="" factual="" issues="" in="" the="" manner="" sought="" by="" the="" requestor="" would="" be="" adequate="" to="" justify="" the="" action="" requested="" (40="" cfr="" 178.32).="" information="" submitted="" in="" connection="" with="" an="" objection="" or="" hearing="" request="" may="" be="" claimed="" confidential="" by="" marking="" any="" part="" or="" all="" of="" that="" information="" as="" cbi.="" information="" so="" marked="" will="" not="" be="" disclosed="" except="" in="" accordance="" with="" procedures="" set="" forth="" in="" 40="" cfr="" part="" 2.="" a="" copy="" of="" the="" information="" that="" does="" not="" contain="" cbi="" must="" be="" submitted="" for="" inclusion="" in="" the="" public="" record.="" information="" not="" marked="" confidential="" may="" be="" disclosed="" publicly="" by="" epa="" without="" prior="" notice.="" viii.="" public="" record="" and="" electronic="" submissions="" epa="" has="" established="" a="" record="" for="" this="" rulemaking="" under="" docket="" control="" number="" [opp-300702]="" (including="" any="" comments="" and="" data="" submitted="" electronically).="" a="" public="" version="" of="" this="" record,="" including="" printed,="" paper="" versions="" of="" electronic="" comments,="" which="" does="" not="" include="" any="" information="" claimed="" as="" cbi,="" is="" available="" for="" inspection="" from="" 8:30="" a.m.="" to="" 4="" p.m.,="" monday="" through="" friday,="" excluding="" legal="" holidays.="" the="" public="" record="" is="" located="" in="" rm.="" 119="" of="" the="" public="" information="" and="" records="" integrity="" branch,="" information="" resources="" and="" services="" division="" (7502c),="" office="" of="" pesticide="" programs,="" environmental="" protection="" agency,="" cm="" #2,="" 1921="" jefferson="" davis="" highway,="" arlington,="" va.="" electronic="" comments="" may="" be="" sent="" directly="" to="" epa="" at:="">opp-docket@epamail.epa.gov.
Electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file avoiding the
use of special characters and any form of encryption.
The official record for this rulemaking, as well as the public
version, as described above will be kept in paper form. Accordingly,
EPA will transfer any copies of objections and hearing requests
received electronically into printed, paper form as they are received
and will place the paper copies in the official rulemaking record which
will also include all comments submitted directly in writing. The
official rulemaking record is the paper record maintained at the
Virginia address in ``ADDRESSES'' at the beginning of this document.
IX. Regulatory Assessment Requirements
A. Other Acts and Executive Orders
This final rule establishes a tolerance under FFDCA section 408(d)
in response to a petition submitted to the Agency. The Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these types of actions from
review under Executive Order 12866, entitled Regulatory Planning and
Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). This final rule does not contain
any information collections subject to OMB approval under the Paperwork
Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., or impose any enforceable
duty or contain any unfunded mandate as described under Title II of the
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Pub. L. 104-4). Nor does
it require any prior consultation as specified by Executive Order
12875, entitled Enhancing the Intergovernmental Partnership (58 FR
58093, October 28, 1993), or special considerations as required by
Executive Order 12898, entitled Federal Actions to Address
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994), or require OMB review in
accordance with Executive Order 13045, entitled Protection of Children
from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April
23, 1997).
B. Executive Order 12875
Under Executive Order 12875, entitled Enhancing Intergovernmental
[[Page 71026]]
Partnerships (58 FR 58093, October 28, 1993), EPA may not issue a
regulation that is not required by statute and that creates a mandate
upon a State, local or tribal government, unless the Federal government
provides the funds necessary to pay the direct compliance costs
incurred by those governments. If the mandate is unfunded, EPA must
provide to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) a description of
the extent of EPA's prior consultation with representatives of affected
State, local and tribal governments, the nature of their concerns,
copies of any written communications from the governments, and a
statement supporting the need to issue the regulation. In addition,
Executive Order 12875 requires EPA to develop an effective process
permitting elected officials and other representatives of State, local
and tribal governments ``to provide meaningful and timely input in the
development of regulatory proposals containing significant unfunded
mandates.''
Today's rule does not create an unfunded federal mandate on State,
local or tribal governments. The rule does not impose any enforceable
duties on these entities. Accordingly, the requirements of section 1(a)
of Executive Order 12875 do not apply to this rule.
Executive Order 13084
Under Executive Order 13084, entitled Consultation and
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (63 FR 27655, May 19,1998),
EPA may not issue a regulation that is not required by statute, that
significantly or uniquely affects the communities of Indian tribal
governments, and that imposes substantial direct compliance costs on
those communities, unless the Federal government provides the funds
necessary to pay the direct compliance costs incurred by the tribal
governments. If the mandate is unfunded, EPA must provide OMB, in a
separately identified section of the preamble to the rule, a
description of the extent of EPA's prior consultation with
representatives of affected tribal governments, a summary of the nature
of their concerns, and a statement supporting the need to issue the
regulation. In addition, Executive Order 13084 requires EPA to develop
an effective process permitting elected and other representatives of
Indian tribal governments ``to provide meaningful and timely input in
the development of regulatory policies on matters that significantly or
uniquely affect their communities.''
Today's rule does not significantly or uniquely affect the
communities of Indian tribal governments. This action does not involve
or impose any requirements that affect Indian Tribes. Accordingly, the
requirements of section 3(b) of Executive Order 13084 do not apply to
this rule.
In addition, since these tolerances and exemptions that are
established on the basis of a petition under FFDCA section 408(d), such
as the tolerance in this final rule, do not require the issuance of a
proposed rule, the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
(5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply. Nevertheless, the Agency has
previously assessed whether establishing tolerances, exemptions from
tolerances, raising tolerance levels or expanding exemptions might
adversely impact small entities and concluded, as a generic matter,
that there is no adverse economic impact. The factual basis for the
Agency's generic certification for tolerance actions published on May
4, 1981 (46 FR 24950) and was provided to the Chief Counsel for
Advocacy of the Small Business Administration.
X. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule,
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the
United States. EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other
required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. house of
Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior
to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. This rule is not a
``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR part 180
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Agricultural commodities, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: November 18, 1998.
Joseph J. Merenda,
Acting Director, Office of Pesticide Programs.
Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:
PART 180 ---- [AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 180 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 21 U.S.C. 346a and 371.
2. Section 180.536 is added to read as follows:
Sec. 180.536 Triazamate; tolerances for residues.
(a) General. Time-limited tolerances are established for the
combined residues of triazamate (RH-7988) ethyl(3-tert-butyl-1-
dimethylcarbamoyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylthio)acetate and its metabolite
(RH0422) in or on the following commoditie(s):
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expiration/
Commodity Parts per million Revocation Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apples.......................... 0.1 12/31/01
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Section 18 emergency exemptions.
(c) Tolerances with regional registrations. [Reserved]
(d) Indirect or inadvertent residues. [Reserved]
[FR Doc. 98-33633 Filed 12-22-98; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-F
