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Code of Federal Regulations (Last Updated: November 8, 2024) |
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Title 40 - Protection of Environment |
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Chapter I—Environmental Protection Agency |
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SubChapter C—Air Programs |
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Part 58 - Ambient Air Quality Surveillance |
Appendix G to Part 58 - —Uniform Air Quality Index (AQI) and Daily Reporting
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Appendix G to Part 58 - Uniform Air Quality Index (AQI) and Daily Reporting
General Requirements
1. What is the AQI?
2. Why report the AQI?
3. Must I report the AQI?
4. What goes into my AQI report?
5. Is my AQI report for my MSA only?
6. How do I get my AQI report to the public?
7. How often must I report the AQI?
8. May I make exceptions to these reporting requirements?
Calculation
9. How Does the AQI Relate to Air Pollution Levels?
10. What Monitors Should I Use To Get the Pollutant Concentrations for Calculating the AQI?
11. Do I have to forecast the AQI?
12. How Do I Calculate the AQI?
Background and Reference Materials
13. What Additional Information Should I Know?
General Requirements
1. What Is the AQI?
The AQI is a tool that simplifies reporting air quality to the general public. The AQI incorporates into a single index concentrations of 5 criteria pollutants: ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The scale of the index is divided into general categories that are associated with health messages.
2. Why Report the AQI?
The AQI offers various advantages:
a. It is simple to create and understand.
b. It conveys the health implications of air quality.
c. It promotes uniform use throughout the country.
3. Must I Report the AQI?
You must report the AQI daily if yours is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with a population over 350,000.
4. What Goes Into My AQI Report?
i. Your AQI report must contain the following:
a. The reporting area(s) (the MSA or subdivision of the MSA).
b. The reporting period (the day for which the AQI is reported).
c. The critical pollutant (the pollutant with the highest index value).
d. The AQI (the highest index value).
e. The category descriptor and index value associated with the AQI and, if you choose to report in a color format, the associated color. Use only the following descriptors and colors for the six AQI categories:
Table 1 - AQI Categories
For this AQI Use this descriptor And this color1 0 to 50 “Good” Green. 51 to 100 “Moderate” Yellow. 101 to 150 “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups” Orange. 151 to 200 “Unhealthy” Red. 201 to 300 “Very Unhealthy” Purple. 301 and above “Hazardous” Maroon.1 f. The pollutant specific sensitive groups for any reported index value greater than 100. Use the following sensitive groups for each pollutant:
When this pollutant has an index value above 100 * * * Report these sensitive groups * * * Ozone Children and people with asthma are the groups most at risk. PM2.5 People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children are the groups most at risk. PM10 People with respiratory disease are the group most at risk. CO People with heart disease are the group most at risk. SO2 People with asthma are the group most at risk. NO2 Children and people with respiratory disease are the groups most at risk. ii. When appropriate, your AQI report may also contain the following:
a. Appropriate health and cautionary statements.
b. The name and index value for other pollutants, particularly those with an index value greater than 100.
c. The index values for sub-areas of your MSA.
d. Causes for unusual AQI values.
e. Actual pollutant concentrations.
5. Is My AQI Report for My MSA Only?
Generally, your AQI report applies to your MSA only. However, if a significant air quality problem exists (AQI greater than 100) in areas significantly impacted by your MSA but not in it (for example, O3 concentrations are often highest downwind and outside an urban area), you should identify these areas and report the AQI for these areas as well.
6. How Do I Get My AQI Report to the Public?
You must furnish the daily report to the appropriate news media (radio, television, and newspapers). You must make the daily report publicly available at one or more places of public access, or by any other means, including a recorded phone message, a public Internet site, or facsimile transmission. When the AQI value is greater than 100, it is particularly critical that the reporting to the various news media be as extensive as possible. At a minimum, it should include notification to the media with the largest market coverages for the area in question.
7. How Often Must I Report the AQI?
You must report the AQI at least 5 days per week. Exceptions to this requirement are in section 8 of this appendix.
8. May I Make Exceptions to These Reporting Requirements?
i. If the index value for a particular pollutant remains below 50 for a season or year, then you may exclude the pollutant from your calculation of the AQI in section 12.
ii. If all index values remain below 50 for a year, then you may report the AQI at your discretion. In subsequent years, if pollutant levels rise to where the AQI would be above 50, then the AQI must be reported as required in sections 3, 4, 6, and 7 of this appendix.
Calculation
9. How does the AQI relate to air pollution levels?
For each pollutant, the AQI transforms ambient concentrations to a scale from 0 to 500. The AQI is keyed as appropriate to the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for each pollutant. In most cases, the index value of 100 is associated with the numerical level of the short-term standard (i.e., averaging time of 24-hours or less) for each pollutant. The index value of 50 is associated with the numerical level of the annual standard for a pollutant, if there is one, at one-half the level of the short-term standard for the pollutant, or at the level at which it is appropriate to begin to provide guidance on cautionary language. Higher categories of the index are based on increasingly serious health effects and increasing proportions of the population that are likely to be affected. The index is related to other air pollution concentrations through linear interpolation based on these levels. The AQI is equal to the highest of the numbers corresponding to each pollutant. For the purposes of reporting the AQI, the sub-indexes for PM10 and PM2.5 are to be considered separately. The pollutant responsible for the highest index value (the reported AQI) is called the “critical” pollutant.
10. What monitors should I use to get the pollutant concentrations for calculating the AQI?
You must use concentration data from State/Local Air Monitoring Station (SLAMS) or parts of the SLAMS required by 40 CFR 58.10 for each pollutant except PM. For PM, calculate and report the AQI on days for which you have measured air quality data (e.g., from continuous PM2.5 monitors required in Appendix D to this part). You may use PM measurements from monitors that are not reference or equivalent methods (for example, continuous PM10 or PM2.5 monitors). Detailed guidance for relating non-approved measurements to approved methods by statistical linear regression is referenced in section 13 below.
11. Do I Have to Forecast the AQI?
You should forecast the AQI to provide timely air quality information to the public, but this is not required. If you choose to forecast the AQI, then you may consider both long-term and short-term forecasts. You can forecast the AQI at least 24-hours in advance using the most accurate and reasonable procedures considering meteorology, topography, availability of data, and forecasting expertise. The document “Guideline for Developing an Ozone Forecasting Program” (the Forecasting Guidance) will help you start a forecasting program. You can also issue short-term forecasts by predicting 8-hour ozone values from 1-hour ozone values using methods suggested in the Reporting Guidance, “Guideline for Public Reporting of Daily Air Quality.”
12. How do I calculate the AQI?
i. The AQI is the highest value calculated for each pollutant as follows:
a. Identify the highest concentration among all of the monitors within each reporting area and truncate as follows:
(1) Ozone - truncate to 3 decimal places
PM2.5 - truncate to 1 decimal place
PM10 - truncate to integer
CO - truncate to 1 decimal place
SO2 - truncate to integer
NO2 - truncate to integer
(2) [Reserved]
b. Using Table 2, find the two breakpoints that contain the concentration.
c. Using Equation 1, calculate the index.
d. Round the index to the nearest integer.
Table 2 - Breakpoints for the AQI
These breakpoints Equal these AQI's O3 (ppm)
8-hourO3 (ppm)
1-hour1PM2.5
(µg/m3)
24-hourPM10
(µg/m3)
24-hourCO
(ppm)
8-hourSO2
(ppb)
1-hourNO2
(ppb)
1-hourAQI Category 0.000-0.054 - 0.0 - 12.0 0-54 0.0-4.4 0-35 0-53 0-50 Good. 0.055-0.070 - 12.1 - 35.4 55-154 4.5-9.4 36-75 54-100 51-100 Moderate. 0.071-0.085 0.125-0.164 35.5 - 55.4 155-254 9.5-12.4 76-185 101-360 101-150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups. 0.086-0.105 0.165-0.204 3 55.5 - 150.4 255-354 12.5-15.4 4 186-304 361-649 151-200 Unhealthy. 0.106-0.200 0.205-0.404 3 150.5 - 250.4 355-424 15.5-30.4 4 305-604 650-1249 201-300 Very Unhealthy. 0.201-(2) 0.405-0.504 3 250.5 - 350.4 425-504 30.5-40.4 4 605-804 1250-1649 301-400 Hazardous. (2) 0.505-0.604 3 350.5 - 500.4 505-604 40.5-50.4 4 805-1004 1650-2049 401-500 ii. If the concentration is equal to a breakpoint, then the index is equal to the corresponding index value in Table 2. However, Equation 1 can still be used. The results will be equal. If the concentration is between two breakpoints, then calculate the index of that pollutant with Equation 1. You must also note that in some areas, the AQI based on 1-hour O3 will be more precautionary than using 8-hour values (see footnote 1 to Table 2). In these cases, you may use 1-hour values as well as 8-hour values to calculate index values and then use the maximum index value as the AQI for O3.
Where:
Ip = the index value for pollutantp
Cp = the truncated concentration of pollutantp
BPHi = the breakpoint that is greater than or equal to Cp
BPLo = the breakpoint that is less than or equal to Cp
IHi = the AQI value corresponding to BPHi
Ilo = the AQI value corresponding to BPLo.
iii. If the concentration is larger than the highest breakpoint in Table 2 then you may use the last two breakpoints in Table 2 when you apply Equation 1.
Example
iv. Using Table 2 and Equation 1, calculate the index value for each of the pollutants measured and select the one that produces the highest index value for the AQI. For example, if you observe a PM10 value of 210 µg/m3, a 1-hour O3 value of 0.156 ppm, and an 8-hour O3 value of 0.130 ppm, then do this:
a. Find the breakpoints for PM10 at 210 µg/m3 as 155 µg/m3 and 254 µg/m3, corresponding to index values 101 and 150;
b. Find the breakpoints for 1-hour O3 at 0.156 ppm as 0.125 ppm and 0.164 ppm, corresponding to index values 101 and 150;
c. Find the breakpoints for 8-hour O3 at 0.130 ppm as 0.116 ppm and 0.374 ppm, corresponding to index values 201 and 300;
d. Apply Equation 1 for 210 µg/m3, PM10:
e. Apply Equation 1 for 0.156 ppm, 1-hour O3:
f. Apply Equation 1 for 0.130 ppm, 8-hour O3:
g. Find the maximum, 206. This is the AQI. The minimal AQI report would read:
v. Today, the AQI for my city is 206 which is Very Unhealthy, due to ozone. Children and people with asthma are the groups most at risk.
13. What additional information should I know?
The EPA has developed a computer program to calculate the AQI for you. The program prompts for inputs, and it displays all the pertinent information for the AQI (the index value, color, category, sensitive group, health effects, and cautionary language). The EPA has also prepared a brochure on the AQI that explains the index in detail (The Air Quality Index), Reporting Guidance (Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality - the Air Quality Index (AQI)) that provides associated health effects and cautionary statements, and Forecasting Guidance (Guideline for Developing an Ozone Forecasting Program) that explains the steps necessary to start an air pollution forecasting program. You can download the program and the guidance documents at www.airnow.gov. Reference for relating non-approved PM measurements to approved methods (Eberly, S., T. Fitz-Simons, T. Hanley, L. Weinstock., T. Tamanini, G. Denniston, B. Lambeth, E. Michel, S. Bortnick. Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) For Relating Federal Reference Method (FRM) and Continuous PM2.5 Measurements to Report an Air Quality Index (AQI). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-454/B-02-002, November 2002) can be found on the Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center (AMTIC) Web site, http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/.
[64 FR 42547, Aug. 4, 1999, as amended at 73 FR 16513, Mar. 27, 2008; 75 FR 6537, Feb. 9, 2010; 75 FR 35602, June 22, 2010; 78 FR 3286, Jan. 15, 2013; 80 FR 65468, Oct. 26, 2015]